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Iteration Methods

The document describes two methods for finding roots of equations: the bisection method and the regula falsi method. The bisection method uses the formula x=(a+b)/2 to iteratively narrow the interval [a,b] containing the root. The regula falsi method uses the formula x=a*(f(b)-f(x))/(f(b)-f(a)) to find better approximations of the root at each step. Examples of applying both methods to find the root of equations like x^3-5x^2=0 are shown.

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Marc Alamo
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85 views16 pages

Iteration Methods

The document describes two methods for finding roots of equations: the bisection method and the regula falsi method. The bisection method uses the formula x=(a+b)/2 to iteratively narrow the interval [a,b] containing the root. The regula falsi method uses the formula x=a*(f(b)-f(x))/(f(b)-f(a)) to find better approximations of the root at each step. Examples of applying both methods to find the root of equations like x^3-5x^2=0 are shown.

Uploaded by

Marc Alamo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as XLSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

BRACKETING METHODS

1. BISECTION METHOD
=1/2 (+)
^3+24=0

A
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.125
1.125
1.157
1.173
1.173
1.177
1.179

A
1.000
1.111
1.111
1.154
1.179
1.180
1.179

INTERVAL
FUNCTION VALUES
B
X
FA
FB
FX
2.000
1.500
-1.000
8.000
2.375
1.500
1.250
-1.000
2.375
0.453
1.250
1.125
-1.000
0.453
-0.326
1.250
1.188
-0.326
0.453
0.050
1.188
1.157
-0.326
0.053
-0.140
1.188
1.173
-0.137
0.053
-0.043
1.188
1.181
-0.040
0.053
0.006
1.181
1.177
-0.040
0.009
-0.015
1.181
1.179
-0.015
0.009
-0.003
1.181 =((1.180
0.009
0.0030
)())/((-0.0031
)
())
^3+24=0
2. REGULA FALSI METHOD

INTERVAL
B
2.000
2.000
1.154
1.181
1.181
1.181
1.180

X
1.111
1.154
1.181
1.179
1.180
1.180
1.180

FUNCTION VALUES
FA
FB
FX
-1.000
8.000
-0.406
-0.406
8.000
-0.155
-0.407
-0.155
0.006
-0.155
0.009
0.000
-0.003
0.009
0.000
0.003
0.009
0.000
-0.003
0.003
0.000

BRACKETING METHODS
1. BISECTION METHOD
=1/2 (+)
^3+24=0

A
1.000
1.100
1.200
1.150
1.175
1.179
1.180
1.179

INTERVAL
B
2.000
1.400
1.300
1.190
1.185
1.184
1.181
1.180

X
1.500
1.250
1.250
1.170
1.180
1.182
1.181
1.180
0.000

FUNCTION VALUES
FA
FB
FX
-1.000
8.000
2.375
-0.469
1.544
0.453
0.128
0.797
0.453
-0.179
0.065
-0.058
-0.028
0.034
0.003
-0.003
0.028
0.012
0.003
0.009
0.006
-0.003
0.003
0.000
-4.000
-4.000
-4.000

=(()())/
(()())
^3+24=0
2. REGULA FALSI METHOD

A
1.0000
1.2000
1.1700
1.1800
1.1795

INTERVAL
B
2.0000
1.5000
1.1900
1.1890
1.1796

X
1.1111
1.1829
1.1795
1.1795
1.1795
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!

FUNCTION VALUES
FA
FB
FX
-1.0000
8.0000
-0.4060
0.1280
2.3750
0.0210
-0.0584
0.0652
-0.0004
0.0030
0.0589
0.0000
-0.0001
0.0006
0.0000
-4.0000
-4.0000
#DIV/0!
-4.0000
-4.0000
#DIV/0!
-4.0000
-4.0000
#DIV/0!

OPEN METHODS
1. NEWTON'S METHOD
_1=_0((_0))/
((_0))
^3+24=0

^ ()=3^2+2
Xn
0.000
2.000
1.429
1.210
1.180

f(Xn)
-4.000
8.000
1.776
0.192
0.003

f ' (Xn)
2.000
14.000
8.126
6.392
6.177

Xn+1
2.000
1.429
1.210
1.180
1.180

2. FIXED POINT ITERATION METHOD


_(+1)=(_)

^3+24=0

_(+1)=(4
_ ^3)/2
Xn
0.000
2.000
1.000
1.250
1.150
1.170
1.180
1.179
1.181

_(+1)=(3&4
2)
Xn+1
2.000
-2.000
1.500
1.023
1.240
1.199
1.178
1.181
1.176

Xn
0.000
2.000
1.000
1.250
1.150
1.170
1.180
1.179
1.181

Xn+1
1.587
0.000
1.260
1.145
1.193
1.184
1.179
1.180
1.179

OPEN METHODS
1. NEWTON'S METHOD
_1=_0((_0))/
((_0))
^3+24=0

^ ()=3^2+2
Xn
1.000
1.200
1.180

f(Xn)
-1.000
0.128
0.003
-4.000
-4.000

f ' (Xn)
5.000
6.320
6.177
2.000
2.000

2. FIXED POINT ITERATION METHOD


_(+1)=(_)

^3+24=0

_(+1)=(4
_ ^3)/2
Xn=A
1.000
1.250
1.160

Xn+1=B
1.500
1.023
1.220
2.000
2.000
2.000

_(+1)=(42
)
Xn=C
1.000
1.150
1.180

S
HOD

Xn+1
1.200
1.180
1.180
2.000
2.000

ON METHOD

)=(42
Xn+1=D
1.260
1.193
1.179
1.587
1.587
1.587

FA
FB
FC
FD
-1
2.375
-1
0.5198421
0.453125 -0.881152 -0.179125 0.0869664
-0.119104 0.2529523 0.003032 -0.001453
-4
8
-4
3.1748021
-4
8
-4
3.1748021
-4
8
-4
3.1748021

BRACKETING METHODS
1. BISECTION METHOD
=1/2 (+)

^5^2=0

A
0.0000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5625
0.5938
0.5938
0.6016
0.6055
0.6036
0.6046
0.6051
0.6051

INTERVAL
B
1.0000
1.0000
0.7500
0.6250
0.6250
0.6250
0.6094
0.6094
0.6016
0.6055
0.6055
0.6055
0.6053

X
0.5000
0.7500
0.6250
0.5625
0.5938
0.6094
0.6016
0.6055
0.6036
0.6046
0.6051
0.6053
0.6052

FUNCTION VALUES
FA
FB
FX
1.0000
-2.2817
0.3987
0.3987
-2.2817
-0.6955
0.3987
-0.6955
-0.0849
0.3987
-0.0849
0.1730
0.1730
-0.0849
0.0481
0.0479
-0.0849
-0.0175
0.0479
-0.0175
0.0154
0.0154
-0.0175
-0.0010
-0.0010
0.0154
0.0072
0.0070
-0.0010
0.0030
0.0028
-0.0010
0.0009
0.0007
-0.0010
-0.0001
0.0007
-0.0001
0.0003

2. REGULA FALSI METHOD


=(()())/(()
())
^5^2=0

A
0.0000
0.3047
0.5000
0.5744
0.5967
0.6029
0.6046
0.6051
0.6052
0.6052
0.6053

INTERVAL
B
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6053
0.6054

X
0.3047
0.5001
0.5744
0.5967
0.6029
0.6046
0.6051
0.6052
0.6052
0.6053
0.6053

FUNCTION VALUES
FA
FB
FX
1.000
-2.282
0.892
0.892
-2.282
0.398
0.399
-2.282
0.126
0.126
-2.282
0.036
0.036
-2.282
0.010
0.010
-2.282
0.003
0.003
-2.282
0.001
0.001
-2.282
0.000
0.000
-2.282
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.001
0.000

BRACKETING METHODS
1. BISECTION METHOD
=1/2 (+)

^5^2=0

A
0.0000
-0.2000
-0.3000
-0.3600
-0.3650
-0.3710
-0.3715
-0.3712
-0.3713
-0.3714
-0.3715

INTERVAL
B
-1.0000
-0.3000
-0.4000
-0.3900
-0.3700
-0.3740
-0.3720
-0.3714
-0.3714
-0.3715
-0.3716

X
-0.5000
-0.2500
-0.3500
-0.3750
-0.3675
-0.3725
-0.3718
-0.3713
-0.3714
-0.3715
-0.3716

FUNCTION VALUES
FA
FB
FX
1.0000
-4.6321
-0.6435
0.6187
0.2908
0.4663
0.2908
-0.1297
0.0922
0.0497
-0.0834
-0.0158
0.0281
0.0062
0.0172
0.0018
-0.0114
-0.0048
-0.0004
-0.0026
-0.0015
0.0010
0.0001
0.0005
0.0005
0.0001
0.0003
0.0001
-0.0004
-0.0001
-0.0004
-0.0008
-0.0006

2. REGULA FALSI METHOD


=(()())/(()
())
^5^2=0

A
0.0000
-0.1776
-0.2828
-0.2828
-0.4000
-0.3600
-0.3714
-0.3713

INTERVAL
B
-1.0000
-1.0000
-1.0000
-0.5000
-0.4500
-0.3700
-0.3715
-0.3714

X
-0.1776
-0.2828
-0.3337
-0.3599
-0.3736
-0.3714
-0.3714
-0.3714

FUNCTION VALUES
FA
FB
FX
1.000
-4.632
0.680
0.680
-4.632
0.354
0.354
-4.632
0.160
0.354
-0.643
0.050
-0.130
-0.375
-0.009
0.050
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000

BRACKETING METHODS
1. BISECTION METHOD
=1/2 (+)

^5^2=0

A
4.0000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.5625
0.5938
0.5938
0.6016
0.6055
0.6036
0.6046
0.6051
0.6051

INTERVAL
B
5.0000
1.0000
0.7500
0.6250
0.6250
0.6250
0.6094
0.6094
0.6016
0.6055
0.6055
0.6055
0.6053

X
4.5000
0.7500
0.6250
0.5625
0.5938
0.6094
0.6016
0.6055
0.6036
0.6046
0.6051
0.6053
0.6052

FUNCTION VALUES
FA
FB
FX
-25.4018
23.4132
-11.2329
0.3987
-2.2817
-0.6955
0.3987
-0.6955
-0.0849
0.3987
-0.0849
0.1730
0.1730
-0.0849
0.0481
0.0479
-0.0849
-0.0175
0.0479
-0.0175
0.0154
0.0154
-0.0175
-0.0010
-0.0010
0.0154
0.0072
0.0070
-0.0010
0.0030
0.0028
-0.0010
0.0009
0.0007
-0.0010
-0.0001
0.0007
-0.0001
0.0003

2. REGULA FALSI METHOD


=(()())/(()
())
^5^2=0

A
0.0000
0.3047
0.5000
0.5744
0.5967
0.6029
0.6046
0.6051
0.6052
0.6052
0.6053

INTERVAL
B
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6053
0.6054

X
0.3047
0.5001
0.5744
0.5967
0.6029
0.6046
0.6051
0.6052
0.6052
0.6053
0.6053

FUNCTION VALUES
FA
FB
FX
1.000
-2.282
0.892
0.892
-2.282
0.398
0.399
-2.282
0.126
0.126
-2.282
0.036
0.036
-2.282
0.010
0.010
-2.282
0.003
0.003
-2.282
0.001
0.001
-2.282
0.000
0.000
-2.282
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.001
0.000

OPEN METHODS
1. NEWTON'S METHOD
_1=_0((_0))/
((_0))
^5^2=0

^ ()=10
Xn
0.0000
1.0000
0.7718
0.6662
0.6253
0.6115

f(Xn)
1.0000
-2.2817
-0.8147
-0.2723
-0.0862
-0.0265

f ' (Xn)
0.0000
-10.0000
-7.7180
-6.6620
-6.2530
-6.1150

Xn+1
#DIV/0!
0.7718
0.6662
0.6253
0.6115
0.6072

0.6072
0.6059
0.6055
0.6053
0.6054

-0.0082
-0.0027
-0.0010
-0.0001
-0.0006

-6.0720
-6.0590
-6.0550
-6.0530
-6.0540

0.6059
0.6055
0.6053
0.6053
0.6053

2. FIXED POINT ITERATION METHOD


_(+1)=(_)

^5^2=0

_+=(^/5)
Xn
0.000
2.000
1.000
1.250
1.150
1.170
1.180
1.179
1.181

_=(^/5)
Xn+1
2.000
-2.000
1.500
1.023
1.240
1.199
1.178
1.181
1.176
2.000
2.000

Xn
0.000
2.000
1.000
1.250
1.150
1.170
1.180
1.179
1.181

Xn+1
1.587
0.000
1.260
1.145
1.193
1.184
1.179
1.180
1.179
1.587
1.587

2.000

1.587

OPEN METHODS
1. NEWTON'S METHOD
_1=_0((_0))/
((_0))
^5^2=0

^ ()=10
Xn
0.0000
1.0000
0.7718
0.6662
0.6253
0.6115

f(Xn)
1.0000
-2.2817
-0.8147
-0.2723
-0.0862
-0.0265

f ' (Xn)
0.0000
-10.0000
-7.7180
-6.6620
-6.2530
-6.1150

Xn+1
#DIV/0!
0.7718
0.6662
0.6253
0.6115
0.6072

0.6072
0.6059
0.6055
0.6053
0.6054

-0.0082
-0.0027
-0.0010
-0.0001
-0.0006

-6.0720
-6.0590
-6.0550
-6.0530
-6.0540

0.6059
0.6055
0.6053
0.6053
0.6053

2. FIXED POINT ITERATION METHOD


_(+1)=(_)

^5^2=0

Xn
0.000
2.000
1.000
1.250
1.150
1.170
1.180
1.179
1.181

Xn+1
2.000
-2.000
1.500
1.023
1.240
1.199
1.178
1.181
1.176
2.000
2.000

Xn
0.000
2.000
1.000
1.250
1.150
1.170
1.180
1.179
1.181

Xn+1
1.587
0.000
1.260
1.145
1.193
1.184
1.179
1.180
1.179
1.587
1.587

2.000

1.587

4x y 2z 0
2 x 5 y z 11
x y 4 z 5
GAUSS-JACOBI METHOD
N
X
Y
1
0
0
2
0
2.2
3
1.175
2.45
4
0.9625
1.87
5
0.933125 2.00125
6
1.011875 2.031375
7
0.9993281 1.9918438
8
0.9955234 1.9992938
9
1.000759 2.0021648
10
1.0000699 1.9995079
11
0.9997012 1.9999017
12
1.0000457 2.0001476
13
1.0000118 1.9999717
14
0.9999802 1.9999902
15
1.0000026 2.0000099
16
1.0000012 1.9999985
0.9999987 1.9999991
GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
N
X
Y
1
0
0
2
0
2.2
3
0.9
1.98
4
0.985
2.002
5
0.998375
1.9998
6
0.9997719 2.00002
7
0.999974 1.999998
8
0.9999965 2.0000002
9
1
2
10
1
2

Z
0
-1.25
-0.7
-0.93125
-1.023125
-0.982969
-0.995125
-1.001871
-0.999057
-0.999649
-1.000141
-0.99995
-0.999975
-1.00001
-0.999998
-0.999998
-1.000001

1
0
-4.7
0.85
0.1175
-0.315
0.0501875
0.0152188
-0.020942
0.0027563
0.0014747
-0.001378
0.0001354
0.0001266
-8.9E-005
5.30E-006
1.02E-005
-5.7E-006

2
-11
-1.25
2.9
-0.65625
-0.150625
0.1976563
-0.03725
-0.014355
0.0132848
-0.001969
-0.001229
0.0008795
-9.2E-005
-9.9E-005
5.73E-005
-3.3E-006
-7.6E-006

Z
0
-0.7
-0.98
-0.99575
-0.999644
-0.999938
-0.999994
-0.999999
-1
-1

1
0
-3.6
-0.34
-0.0535
-0.005588
-0.000808
-9.0E-005
-1.2E-005
-1.4E-006
-1.9E-007

2
-11
-0.7
-0.28
-0.01575
-0.003894
-0.000294
-5.6E-005
-5.1E-006
-8.3E-007
-8.4E-008

4x y 2z 0
2 x 5 y z 11
x y 4 z 5

3
5
-2.2
0.925
0.3675
-0.160625
0.048625
0.0269844
-0.011255
0.0023645
0.0019679
-0.000763
9.86E-005
0.0001421
-5.0E-005
2.61E-006
1.01E-005
-3.2E-006
3
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

GAUSS-JACOBI METHOD
N
X
Y
1
0
0
2
0
2.2
3
1.175
2.45
4
0.9625
1.87
5
0.933125 2.00125
6
1.011875 2.031375
7
0.9993281 1.9918438
8
0.9955234 1.9992938
9
1.000759 2.0021648
10
1.0000699 1.9995079
11
0.9997012 1.9999017
12
1.0000457 2.0001476
13
1.0000118 1.9999717
14
0.9999802 1.9999902
15
1.0000026 2.0000099
16
1.0000012 1.9999985
0.9999987 1.9999991
GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
N
X
Y
1
0
0
2
0
2.2
3
0.9
1.98
4
0.985
2.002
5
0.998375
1.9998
6
0.9997719 2.00002
7
0.999974 1.999998
8
0.9999965 2.0000002
9
1
2
10
1
2

Z
0
-1.25
-0.7
-0.93125
-1.023125
-0.982969
-0.995125
-1.001871
-0.999057
-0.999649
-1.000141
-0.99995
-0.999975
-1.00001
-0.999998
-0.999998
-1.000001
Z
0
-0.7
-0.98
-0.99575
-0.999644
-0.999938
-0.999994
-0.999999
-1
-1

4x y 2z 0
2x 5 y z 1

x y 4 z 5
1
0
-4.7
0.85
0.1175
-0.315
0.0501875
0.0152188
-0.020942
0.0027563
0.0014747
-0.001378
0.0001354
0.0001266
-8.9E-005
5.30E-006
1.02E-005
-5.7E-006
1
0
-3.6
-0.34
-0.0535
-0.005588
-0.000808
-9.0E-005
-1.2E-005
-1.4E-006
-1.9E-007

2
-11
-1.25
2.9
-0.65625
-0.150625
0.1976563
-0.03725
-0.014355
0.0132848
-0.001969
-0.001229
0.0008795
-9.2E-005
-9.9E-005
5.73E-005
-3.3E-006
-7.6E-006
2
-11
-0.7
-0.28
-0.01575
-0.003894
-0.000294
-5.6E-005
-5.1E-006
-8.3E-007
-8.4E-008

3
5
-2.2
0.925
0.3675
-0.160625
0.048625
0.0269844
-0.011255
0.0023645
0.0019679
-0.000763
9.86E-005
0.0001421
-5.0E-005
2.61E-006
1.01E-005
-3.2E-006
3
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

GAUSS-JACOBI METHOD
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

4x y 2z 0
2 x 5 y z 11
x y 4 z 5

ACOBI METHOD
X
0
0
1.175
0.9625
0.933125
1.011875
0.9993281
0.9955234
1.000759
1.0000699
0.9997012
1.0000457
1.0000118
0.9999802
1.0000026
1.0000012

Y
0
2.2
2.45
1.87
2.00125
2.031375
1.9918438
1.9992938
2.0021648
1.9995079
1.9999017
2.0001476
1.9999717
1.9999902
2.0000099
1.9999985

Z
0
-1.25
-0.7
-0.93125
-1.023125
-0.982969
-0.995125
-1.001871
-0.999057
-0.999649
-1.000141
-0.99995
-0.999975
-1.00001
-0.999998
-0.999998

SEIDEL METHOD
X
Y
Z
0
0
0
0
2.2
-0.7
0.9
1.98
-0.98
0.985
2.002
-0.99575
0.998375
1.9998
-0.999644
0.9997719 2.00002 -0.999938
0.999974 1.999998 -0.999994
0.9999965 2.0000002 -0.999999
1
2
-1
1
2
-1

eq1

eq2

eq3

0
-4.7
0.85
0.1175
-0.315
0.0501875
0.0152188
-0.020942
0.0027563
0.0014747
-0.001378
0.0001354
0.0001266
-8.9E-005
5.30E-006
1.02E-005

-11
-1.25
2.9
-0.65625
-0.150625
0.1976563
-0.03725
-0.014355
0.0132848
-0.001969
-0.001229
0.0008795
-9.2E-005
-9.9E-005
5.73E-005
-3.3E-006

5
-2.2
0.925
0.3675
-0.160625
0.048625
0.0269844
-0.011255
0.0023645
0.0019679
-0.000763
9.86E-005
0.0001421
-5.0E-005
2.61E-006
1.01E-005

eq1

eq2

eq3

0
-3.6
-0.34
-0.0535
-0.005588
-0.000808
-9.0E-005
-1.2E-005
-1.4E-006
-1.9E-007

-11
-0.7
-0.28
-0.01575
-0.003894
-0.000294
-5.6E-005
-5.1E-006
-8.3E-007
-8.4E-008

5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

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