This document discusses various networking devices and their functions. It begins by defining network segments and describing the layers of the OSI model. It then explains the roles of networking cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and gateways. NICs attach addresses to packets and transmit signals. Repeaters extend networks but extend collision domains. Bridges filter packets but pass broadcasts. Switches limit collision domains like bridges. Routers connect different network segments and determine best paths. Gateways allow communication across different network protocols.
This document discusses various networking devices and their functions. It begins by defining network segments and describing the layers of the OSI model. It then explains the roles of networking cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and gateways. NICs attach addresses to packets and transmit signals. Repeaters extend networks but extend collision domains. Bridges filter packets but pass broadcasts. Switches limit collision domains like bridges. Routers connect different network segments and determine best paths. Gateways allow communication across different network protocols.
This document discusses various networking devices and their functions. It begins by defining network segments and describing the layers of the OSI model. It then explains the roles of networking cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and gateways. NICs attach addresses to packets and transmit signals. Repeaters extend networks but extend collision domains. Bridges filter packets but pass broadcasts. Switches limit collision domains like bridges. Routers connect different network segments and determine best paths. Gateways allow communication across different network protocols.
This document discusses various networking devices and their functions. It begins by defining network segments and describing the layers of the OSI model. It then explains the roles of networking cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and gateways. NICs attach addresses to packets and transmit signals. Repeaters extend networks but extend collision domains. Bridges filter packets but pass broadcasts. Switches limit collision domains like bridges. Routers connect different network segments and determine best paths. Gateways allow communication across different network protocols.
NODE A Sending Device Layer 7 Application Layer Layer 6 Presentation Layer Layer 5 Session Layer Layer 4 Transport Layer Layer 3 Network Layer Layer 2 Data Link Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer
Supports the communication between
applications over the network Presents data to the receiver in a form it recognises Establishes a connection and terminates it when no longer required Acknowledges the flow of data including re-transmission where required Adds the appropriate network addresses to packets
Adds the MAC addresses to packets
Transmits the data on the medium
Layer 7 Application Layer Layer 6 Presentation Layer Layer 5 Session Layer Layer 4 Transport Layer Layer 3 Network Layer Layer 2 Data Link Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer
NETWORK SEGMENTS
Usually an area of a LAN
The area of the network bound by bridges or switches
where collisions are propagated, or the area bound by a router to prevent the propagation of broadcasts
Dividing a network in to segments allows the majority
of traffic to stay remain local
NETWORK SEGMENTS Switch
Hub Hub Hub
Segment 1
Segment 3 Segment 2
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
At source: Receives the data packet from the Network Layer Attaches its the MAC address to the data packet Attaches the MAC address of the destination device to the data packet Converts data in to packets suitable for the particular network (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI) Converts packets in to electrical, light or radio signals Provides the physical connection to the media
MAC ADDRESS
Media Access Control address, a hardware address that
uniquely identifies each node of a network.
The Data Link Control (DLC) layer of the OSI
Reference Model is divided into two sublayers: the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer and the Media Access Control (MAC) layer.
The MAC layer interfaces directly with the network
medium. Consequently, each different type of network medium requires a different MAC layer.
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
As a destination device Provides the physical connection to the media Translates the signal in to data Reads the MAC address to see if it matches its own address If it does match, passes the data to the Network Layer
REPEATER
Allows the connection of segments, therefore extends the network beyond the maximum length of a single segment
Functions at the Physical Layer of the OSI model
Connects segments of the same network, even if they use different media
Has three basic functions
Receives a signal and cleans it Re-times the signal to avoid collisions Transmits the signal on to the next segment
Advantages & Disadvantages:
Repeater
Advantages
Can connect different types of media,
Can extend a network in terms of distance, Does not increase network traffic
Disadvantages
Extends the collision domain,
Can not filter data, Can not connect different network architectures, Limited number only can be used in network
Advantages & Disadvantages:
Repeater
Advantages
Can connect different types of media,
Can extend a network in terms of distance, Does not increase network traffic
Disadvantages
Extends the collision domain,
Can not filter data, Can not connect different network architectures, Limited number only can be used in network
In reality a Hub is a Repeater with multiple ports
Functions in a similar manner to a Repeater
HUB
Works at the Physical Layer of the OSI model
Passes data no matter which device it is addressed to
How to work HUB
Advantages & Disadvantages:
Hub
Advantages
Cheap, Can connect different media types
Disadvantages
Extends the collision domain,
Can not filter information, Passes packets to all connected segments
BRIDGE
Like a Repeater or Hub it connects segments
Works at Data Layer not Physical
Uses MAC address to make decisions
Acts as a filter, by determining whether or not to
forward a packet on to another segment
BRIDGE
Builds a Bridging Table, keeps track of devices on each
segment
Filters packets, does not forward them, by examining
their MAC address
It forwards packets whose destination address is on a
different segment from its own
It divides a network in to multiple collision domains
so reducing the number of collisions
Advantages & Disadvantages:
Bridge
Advantages
Limits the collision domain,
Can extend network distances, Uses MAC address to filter traffic, Eases congestion, Can connect different types of media, Some can connect differing architectures
Disadvantages
Broadcast packets can not be filtered,
More expensive than a repeater, Slower than a repeater due to additional processing of packets
COLLISION DOMAIN
A collision occurs when a station begins transmission
and then receives the beginning of a frame from another station.
The station will immediately stop transmission and
issue a JAM signal onto the wire.
This will indicate to the other transmitting station that a
collision has occurred and both stations will back off for a random amount of time and try to re-transmit
COLLISION DOMAIN
Collision Domain is defined as all the segments
between a pair of bridges or other layer 2 devices.
The reason for this is that all traffic must appear on all the cables between bridges.
Thus if a frame is transmitted from a station on a
concentrator, all the stations on that concentrator will see the frame at nearly the same time.
BRIDGE Uses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to decide whether to pass a packet on to a different network segment Bridge
A Transmits to C, bridge will not pass it to Segment B
Segment A
D B
G Transmits to B, bridge will pass it to Segment A
Segment B
H F
Collisions
SWITCH
A multiport Bridge, functioning at the Data
Link Layer
Each port of the bridge decides whether to
forward data packets to the attached network
Keeps track of the MAC addresses of all
attached devices (just like a bridge)
Acts like a Hub, but filters like a Bridge
SWITCH
How to work Switch
Advantages & Disadvantages:
Switch
Advantages
Limits the collision domain,
Can provide bridging, Can be configured to limit broadcast domain
Disadvantages
More expensive than a hub or bridge,
Configuration of additional functions can be very complex
ROUTER
Works at Network Layer.
Can connect different network segments, if they are in the same building or even on the opposite side of the globe
Work in LAN, MAN and WAN environments
Allows access to resources by selecting the best path
Can interconnect different networks Ethernet with Token Ring
Changes packet size and format to match the requirements of the destination network
ROUTER
Two primary functions to determine the best path
and to share details of routes with other routers
Routing Table a database which keeps track of the
routes to networks and the associated costs
ROUTER
Static Routing routes are manually configured by a
network administrator
Dynamic Routing adjust automatically to changes in
network topology, and information it receives from other routers
Routing Protocol uses a special algorithm to route
data across a network.
Advantages & Disadvantages
Router
Advantages
Limits the collision domain,
Can function in LAN or WAN, Connects differing media and architectures, Can determine best path/route, Can filter broadcasts
Disadvantages
Expensive, Must use routable protocols, Can be difficult to configure (static routing), Slower than a bridge
Advantages & Disadvantages
Router
Advantages
Limits the collision domain,
Can function in LAN or WAN, Connects differing media and architectures, Can determine best path/route, Can filter broadcasts
Disadvantages
Expensive, Must use routable protocols, Can be difficult to configure (static routing), Slower than a bridge
GATEWAY
Allows different networks to communicate by offering
a translation service from one protocol stack to another
They work at all levels of the OSI model due to the
type of translation service they are providing
GATEWAY
Address Gateway connects networks using the same
protocol, but using different directory spaces such as Message Handling Service
Protocol Gateway connects network using different
protocols. Translates source protocol so destination can understand it
Application Gateway translates between applications
such as from an Internet email server to a messaging server
