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Introductionintroduction

Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones. Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help defend against infection and foreign organisms. Platelets initiate clotting to prevent blood loss from injuries. Overall, blood performs critical functions of transport, defense, regulation, and hemostasis to maintain homeostasis in the body.

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66 views29 pages

Introductionintroduction

Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones. Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help defend against infection and foreign organisms. Platelets initiate clotting to prevent blood loss from injuries. Overall, blood performs critical functions of transport, defense, regulation, and hemostasis to maintain homeostasis in the body.

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kikaramparmar7408
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HEMATOLOGY

BY
DR.P.R.CHOUDHARY

BLOOD
What is blood?
Blood is a liquid connective tissue
River of life
Fluid of life

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
BLOOD
pH 7.4 (0.05)
(7.35 to
7.45)
Viscosity - five times more than
water
Temperature 37C (98.6F)
Blood Volume 8% of the body
weight
Males (5 to 6 liter)
Females (4 to 5 liter)

SEPARATION OF BLOOD
COMPONENTS

Plasma
(55% of whole
blood)
1

Withdraw
blood and
place in tube

Buffy coat:
leukocyctes and platelets
(<1% of whole blood)

Centrifuge

Erythrocytes
(45% of whole
blood)

Formed
elements

COMPOSITION OF
BLOOD
2 major components
Liquid = plasma (55%)
Formed elements (45%)
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells
(RBCs)
Leukocytes, or white blood cells
(WBCs)
Platelets - fragments of
megakaryocytes in marrow

Blood Components

Figure 16-1: Composition of blood

PLASMA

LIQUID PART OF BLOOD (PALE YELLOW IN COLOR)

Water
Plasma proteins
Molecules

water

90-92%

SOLID
8-10%
ORGANIC
INORGANIC

SOLID COMPONENTS

ORGANIC COMPONENTS
GLUCOSE
CARBOHYDRATES
AMINO ACIDS
PROTEINS
ALBUMINS
GLOBULINS
FIBRINOGEN

PLASMA PROTEINS
Colloid
Liquid containing suspended substances that dont
settle out
ALBUMIN:
Important in regulation of water movement between
tissues and blood
Helps control osmotic pressure
Helps control diffusion of water (recall edema)

GLOBULIN

Globulins: Immune system or transport molecules


Includes antibodies (Abs)
Transport proteins (lipids, iron, copper, etc.)

FIBRINOGEN:
Responsible for formation of blood clots

19-10

INORGANIC COMPONENTS

Electrolytes
sodium, potassium, calcium,
chloride, bicarbonate
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
lactic acid, urea, creatinine
Respiratory gases
oxygen and carbon dioxide

SERUM
Plasma with clotting factors removed
Let blood sit, pour off supernatant

FORMED ELEMENTS
RED BLOOD CELLS
(ERYTHROCYTES)

WHITE BLOOD CELLS


(LEUKOCYTES)

GRANULOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS

EOSINOPHILS

BASOPHILS
AGRANULOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES

MONOCYTES

PLATELETS
(THROMBOCYTES)

19-13

Blood smear
Light microscope
Stained

RBCs (erythrocytes)
WBCs (leukocytes)
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

17.2b

ERYTHROCYTES
7-8 m diameter
Biconcave disc shape
surface area
efficiency for
diffusion of O2 & CO2

(17.3)

LEUKOCYTES (WBCS)
Part of defense system
Protect against bacteria, viruses, parasites

Attracted to sites of infection


Diapedesis: leave capillary by
squeezing between endothelial cells
Ameboid movement
Travel toward infection

Originate in bone marrow


Granulocytes / agranulocytes

GRANULOCYTES
WBCs with granules in cytoplasm
Visible with LM

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Phagocytic
Larger than RBCs
Lobed nuclei

(17.9)

NEUTROPHILS
60% of WBCs
Lobed nucleus
Light staining granules
Digestive enzymes

Function
Phagocytize & destroy bacteria

First cells to respond to


infection
Secrete antibacterial
(~17.4,17.9)
http://www.sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/BloodCells/blood98/default.htm#Bloodchemicals
Neutrophils

EOSINOPHILS

1-4% of WBCs
Lobed nucleus
Eosin-staining granules
Phagocytize allergen-Ab
complexes
Secrete antihistamine
Attack parasites
(~17.4,17.9)
http://www.sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/BloodCells/blood98/default.htm#BloodNeutrophils

BASOPHILS
0.5% of WBCs
Lobed nucleus
Large granules stained dark
purple
Granules
Histamine creates
inflammation in allergic
reaction

(~17.4,17.9)

http://www.sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/BloodCells/blood98/default.htm#BloodNeutrophils

LYMPHOCYTES
Agranulocyte
20-45% of WBCs
Spherical, darkstaining nucleus
Thin rim of blue
staining cytoplasm
Each lymphocyte
(~17.4,17.9)
recognizes and acts
against a specific
http://www.sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/BloodCells/blood98/default.htm#Bloodantigen
Neutrophils

Lymphocytes
T lymphocytes can attack foreign cells
directly

(17.6)

(17.6a)

Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes transform into plasma
cells and secrete antibodies

(17.6b)

MONOCYTES

Agranulocyte
4-8% of WBCs
Horseshoe shaped nucleus
Grey-blue stained cytoplasm
Become wandering macrophages after
diapedesis
(~17.4,17.9)

http://www.sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/BloodCells/blood98/default.htm#BloodNeutrophils

PLATELETS
(THROMBOCYTES)
Fragments of
megakaryocytes in bone
marrow
Attracted to hemorrhage
Plugs leaks
Promotes constriction of
blood vessel
Triggers inflammation
Initiates clotting reaction
http://www.sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/BloodCells/blood98/default.htm#BloodNeutrophils

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
TRANSPORTS:
Nutrients
Electrolytes
O2 & CO2
Waste Products
Hormones

Maintains

DEFENSE:
Foreign organisms
Injury/infection
Clotting process

Body temperature

Homeostasi
s

BLOOD - FUNCTIONS
RESPIRATORY
Transport O2 from lungs to tissues
Transport CO2 from tissues to
lungs

NUTRITION
Transport food from gut to
tissues (cells)

EXCRETORY
Transport waste from tissues to
kidney (urea, uric acid, water)

TRANSPORT OF:
Gases, nutrients, waste products
Processed molecules
Regulatory molecules

REGULATION OF PH AND OSMOSIS


MAINTENANCE OF BODY
TEMPERATURE
PROTECTION AGAINST FOREIGN
SUBSTANCES
CLOT FORMATION
19-28

THANK YOU

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