Logical Function

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AND
Returns TRUE if all its arguments
are TRUE; returns FALSE if one or
more argument is FALSE.
Syntax
AND(logical1,logical2, ...)
Logical1, logical2 ... are 1 to 30
conditions you want to test that can
be either TRUE or FALSE.
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Example

Formula

Description (Result)

=AND(TRUE, TRUE)

All arguments are TRUE

(TRUE)

=AND(TRUE, FALSE)

One argument is FALSE

(FALSE)

=AND(2+2=4, 2+3=5)

All arguments evaluate to TRUE

(TRUE)

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A
50
104
Formula

Description (Result)

=AND(1<A2, A2<100)

Because 50 is between 1 and 100

(TRUE)

=IF(AND(1<A3, A3<100), A3,

"The value is out of range.")

Displays the second number above,

if it is between 1 and 100,
otherwise displays a message (The
value is out of range.)

=IF(AND(1<A2, A2<100), A2,

"The value is out of range.")
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Displays the first number above, if

it is between 1 and 100, otherwise
a message (50)
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OR
Returns TRUE if any argument is
TRUE; returns FALSE if all
arguments are FALSE.
Syntax
OR(logical1,logical2,...)

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Logical1,logical2,... are 1 to 30
conditions you want to test that can be
either TRUE or FALSE.
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Eg:

Formula

Description (Result)

=OR(TRUE)

One argument is TRUE (TRUE)

=OR(1+1=1,2+2=5)

All arguments evaluate to

FALSE (FALSE)

=OR(TRUE,FALSE, At least one argument is TRUE

TRUE)
(TRUE)
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NOT
Reverses the value of its
argument. Use NOT when you
want to make sure a value is not
equal to one particular value.

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Syntax
NOT(logical)
Logical is a value or expression
that can be evaluated to TRUE or
FALSE.
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Eg:
Formula

Description (Result)

=NOT(FALSE)

Reverses FALSE (TRUE)

=NOT(1+1=2)

Reverses an equation that evaluates to

TRUE (FALSE)

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TRUE
Returns the logical value
TRUE.
Syntax
TRUE( )
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FALSE
Returns the logical
value FALSE.
Syntax
FALSE( )
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IF
Returns one value if a condition you

specify evaluates to TRUE and another

value if it evaluates to FALSE.
Use IF to conduct conditional tests on
values and formulas.

Syntax
IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_f
alse)

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Example
A
50
Formula

Description (Result)

=IF(A2<=100,"Within
budget","Over budget")

If the number above is less than or equal to 100, then the

formula displays "Within budget". Otherwise, the function
displays "Over budget" (Within budget)

=IF(A2=100,SUM(B5:B15),"") If the number above is 100, then the range B5:B15 is

calculated. Otherwise, empty text ("") is returned ()

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Actual Expenses Predicted Expenses

1500

900

500

900

500

925

Formula

Description (Result)

=IF(A2>B2,"Over
Budget","OK")

Checks whether the first row is over

budget (Over Budget)

=IF(A3>B3,"Over
Budget","OK")

Checks whether the second row is over

budget (OK)

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If Score is

Then return

Score

Greater than 89

45

From 80 to 89

90

From 70 to 79

78

From 60 to 69

Less than 60

Formula

Description (Result)

=IF(A2>89,"A",IF(A2>79,"B",
IF(A2>69,"C",IF(A2>59,"D","F"))))

Assigns a letter grade to the

first score (F)

=IF(A3>89,"A",IF(A3>79,"B",
IF(A3>69,"C",IF(A3>59,"D","F"))))

Assigns a letter grade to the

second score (A)

=IF(A4>89,"A",IF(A4>79,"B",
IF(A4>69,"C",IF(A4>59,"D","F"))))

Assigns a letter grade to the

third score (C)

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Text Function

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Code

Returns a numeric code for

the first character in a text
string. The returned code
corresponds to the
character set used by your
Syntax CODE(text)
computer.

Text is the text for which you want

the code of the first character.

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Formula

Description (Result)

=CODE("A") Displays the numeric code for A

(65)
=CODE("!") Displays the numeric code for !
(33)

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CHAR
Returns the character specified by a
number. Use CHAR to translate code
page numbers you might get from files
on other types of computers into
characters.
Syntax CHAR (number)
Number is a number between 1 and
255 specifying which character you
want. The character is from the
character set used by your computer.

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Formula

Description (Result)

=CHAR(65) Displays the 65 character in the set (A)

=CHAR(33) Displays the 33 character in the set (!)

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CONCATENATE

Joins several text strings into one text string.

Syntax
CONCATENATE (text1,text2,...)
Text1, text2, ... are 1 to 30 text items to be
joined into a single text item. The text items
can be text strings, numbers, or single-cell
references.
Remarks
The "&" operator can be used instead of
CONCATENATE to join text items.

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Data
brook trout
species
32

Formula

Description

=CONCATENATE("Stream
population for ",A2," ",A3," is
",A4,"/mile")

Concatenates a sentence from the data

above (Stream population for brook trout
species is 32/mile)

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EXACT
Compares two text strings and returns
TRUE if they are exactly the same,
FALSE otherwise. EXACT is casesensitive but ignores formatting
differences. Use EXACT to test text
being entered into a document.
Syntax
EXACT(text1,text2)
Text1 is the first text string.
Text2 is the second text string.

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First string Second string

word

word

Word

word

w ord

word

Formula

Description (Result)

=EXACT(A2,B2) Checks whether the strings in the first row match (TRUE)
=EXACT(A3,B3) Checks whether the strings in the second row match
(FALSE)
=EXACT(A4,B4) Checks whether the strings in the third row match (FALSE)

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FIND
FIND finds one text string (find_text) within
another text string (within_text), and returns
the number of the starting position of
find_text, from the first character of
within_text.
Syntax
FIND(find_text,within_text,start_num)
Find_text is the text you want to find.
Within_text is the text containing the text you
want to find.
Start_num specifies the character at which to
start the search. The first character in
within_text is character number 1. If you
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omit start_num, it is
assumed to be 1.

Data
Miriam McGovern

Formula

Description (Result)

=FIND("M",A2) Position of the first "M" in the string above (1)

=FIND("m",A2) Position of the first "m" in the string above (6)

=FIND("M",A2,3)

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Position of the first "M" in the string above, starting with the third
character (8)

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SEARCH
SEARCH returns the number of the
character at which a specific
character or text string is first found,
beginning with start_num.
Syntax SEARCH(find_text,within_text,start_num)
Find_text is the text you want to
find.
Within_text is the text in which you
want to search for find_text.
Start_num is the character number
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Data
Statements
Profit Margin
margin

Formula

Description (Result)

=SEARCH("e",A2,6)

Position of the first "e" in the first string above,

starting at the sixth position (7)

=SEARCH(A4,A3)

Position of "margin" in "Profit Margin" (8)

=REPLACE(A3,SEARCH(A4,A3), Replaces "Margin" with "Amount" (Profit Amount)

6,"Amount")

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LEFT
LEFT returns the first character or
characters in a text string, based on the
number of characters you specify.
Syntax
LEFT(text,num_chars)
Text is the text string that contains the
characters you want to extract.
Num_chars specifies the number of
characters you want LEFT to extract.

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Num_chars must be greater than or equal to zero.

If num_chars is greater than the length of text,
LEFT returns all of text.
If num_chars is omitted, it is assumed to be 1.
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Data
Sale Price
Sweden

Formula

Description (Result)

=LEFT(A2,4) First four characters in the first string

(Sale)
=LEFT(A3)

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First character in the second string (S)

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RIGHT
RIGHT returns the last character or
characters in a text string, based on
the number of characters you specify.
Syntax
RIGHT(text,num_chars)

text is the text string containing the

characters you want to extract.
num_chars specifies the number of
characters you want RIGHT to extract.

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Data
Sale Price
Stock Number

Formula

Description (Result)

=RIGHT(A2,5) Last 5 characters of the first string (Price)

=RIGHT(A3)

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Last character of the second string (r)

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MID
MID returns a specific number of
characters from a text string, starting at
the position you specify, based on the
number of characters you specify
Syntax
MID(text,start_num,num_chars)

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text is the text string containing the characters

you want to extract.
start_num is the position of the first character
you want to extract in text. The first character in
text has start_num 1, and so on.
num_chars specifies the number of characters
you want MID to return from text.
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LEN
LEN returns the number of
characters in a text string.
Syntax
LEN(text)

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text is the text whose length you want

to find. Spaces count as characters.

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Data
Fluid Flow

Formula Description (Result)

=MID(A2,1,5)

Five characters from the string above, starting at the first

character (Fluid)

=MID(A2,7,20)

Twenty characters from the string above, starting at the

seventh (Flow)

=MID(A2,20,5)

Because the starting point is greater than the length of

the string, empty text is returned ()

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Data
Phoenix, AZ
One

Formula

Description (Result)

=LEN(A2)

Length of the first string (11)

=LEN(A3)

Length of the second string (0)

=LEN(A4)

Length of the third string, which includes 5 spaces (8)

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LOWER
Converts all uppercase letters in a text string
to lowercase.
Syntax

LOWER(text)
Text is the text you want to

convert to lowercase. LOWER does not

change characters in text that are not letters.

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Data
E. E. Cummings
Apt. 2B

Formula
=LOWER(A2)
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Description
(Result)
Lower case of
first string (e. e.
cummings)
Lower case of

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VALUE
Converts a text string that represents a
number to a number.
Syntax

VALUE(text)
Text is the text enclosed in

quotation marks or a reference to a cell

containing the text you want to convert.

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Example

Formula
=VALUE("$1,000")

Description (Result)
Number equivalent of
the string (1000)

The serial number

equivalent to 4 hours
=VALUE("16:48:00")and 48 minutes, which
VALUE("12:00:00")
is
"16:48:00"-"12:00:00"
(0.2 or 4:48)
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Date & Time Functions

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Now()
Returns the serial number of the current date
and time
Remarks
Microsoft Excel stores dates as sequential serial
numbers so they can be used in calculations. By
default, January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and
January 1, 2008 is serial number 39448 because
it is 39,448 days after January 1, 1900.
Numbers to the right of the decimal point in the
serial number represent the time; numbers to
the left represent the date. For example, the
serial number .5 represents the time 12:00
noon.

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Syntax NOW(
)
Eg:
Now()
After ten minutes
repeat this
Now()

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Data

Format

1/1/1900

Date

1
_General
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Today()
Returns the serial number of the current date.
Syntax
TODAY( )

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Date()
Returns the sequential serial
number that represents a particular
date.
Syntax

DATE(year,month,day)

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Year Month Day

2008 1

Formula

Description (Result)

=DATE(A2,B2,C2)

Serial date for the date above, using the 1900 date system
(1/1/2008 or 39448)

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Time()
Returns the decimal number for a
particular time.
Syntax
TIME(hour,minute,second)

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Hour Minute Second

12

16

48

10

=TIME(A2,B2,C2) Decimal part of a day, for the first time above (0.5)
=TIME(A3,B3,C3) Decimal part of a day, for the second time above (0.700115741)

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Day()
Returns the day of a date,
represented by a serial number. The
day is given as an integer ranging
from 1 to 31.
Syntax
DAY(serial_number)

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Date
15-Apr-2008

Formula

Description (Result)

=DAY(A2)

Day of the date above (15)

=Day(4-Jan)

Day of the date equals 4

=Day(26885)

Day of the date equals 9

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Month()

Returns the month of a date

represented by a serial number. The
month is given as an integer, ranging
from 1 (January) to 12 (December).

Syntax
MONTH (serial_number)

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Date
15-Apr-2008

Formula

Description (Result)

=MONTH(A2)

Month of the date above (4)

=Month(366)

Month of the date above (12)

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YEAR()

Returns the year corresponding

to a date. The year is returned as
an integer in the range 19009999.

Syntax
YEAR(serial_number)

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Date
7/5/2008
7/5/10

Formula

Description (Result)

=YEAR(A2)

Year of the first date (2008)

=YEAR(A3)

Year of the second date (2010)

=Year(29747.007)

Year of the date (1981)

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Hour()
Returns the hour of a time value.
The hour is given as an integer,
ranging from 0 (12:00 A.M.) to 23
(11:00 P.M.).
Syntax
HOUR(serial_number)

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Time
3:30:30 AM
3:30:30 PM
15:30

Formula

Description (Result)

=HOUR(A2)

Hour of first time (3)

=HOUR(A3)

Hour of second time (15)

=HOUR(A4)

Hour of third time (15)

=HOUR(29447.7) Hour of time (16)

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Weekday()
Returns the day of the week
corresponding to a date. The day is given
as an integer, ranging from 1 (Sunday) to
7 (Saturday), by default.
Syntax
WEEKDAY(serial_number,return_type)

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Return_type

Number returned

1 or
omitted

Numbers 1 (Sunday) through 7 (Saturday).

Numbers 1 (Monday) through 7 (Sunday).

Numbers 0 (Monday) through 6 (Sunday).

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Data
2/14/2008

Formula

Description (Result)

=WEEKDAY(A2)

Day of the week, with numbers 1 (Sunday) through 7 (Saturday) (5)

=WEEKDAY(A2,2) Day of the week, with numbers 1 (Monday) through 7 (Sunday) (4)
=WEEKDAY(A2,3) Day of the week, with numbers 0 (Monday) through 6 (Sunday) (3)

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