1431928792session II CT & VT
1431928792session II CT & VT
1431928792session II CT & VT
By
Vivek Pushpakar
Dy MANAGER(EMD)
NTPC BARH
BUS-1
BUS-2
BUS-2
BUS-1
BUS-2
BUS-2
1-52 CB
BUS-1
1-52 CB
BUS-2
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
2-52 CB
3-52 CB
BUS-2
1-52 CB
LINE-1
BUS-1
1-52 CB
BUS-2
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
LINE-2
2-52 CB
3-52 CB
LINE-1
BUS-2
LINE-2
LINE-1
BUS-1
1-52 CB
BUS-2
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
LINE-2
2-52 CB
3-52 CB
LINE-1
BUS-2
LINE-2
1-52 CB
LINE-1
BUS-1
1-52 CB
BUS-2
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
LINE-2
2-52 CB
3-52 CB
LINE-1
BUS-2
LINE-2
10. FOR ANY PROBLEM IN LINE-1 OR LINE-2 ALONG WITH MAIN BREAKER
THE MIDDLE BREAKER OR SAY TIE BREAKER (2-52 CB) MUST TRIP.
1-52 CB
LINE-1
BUS-1
1-52 CB
BUS-2
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
LINE-2
2-52 CB
3-52 CB
LINE-1
BUS-2
LINE-2
LINE-1
BUS-1
1-52 CB
BUS-2
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
LINE-2
2-52 CB
3-52 CB
LINE-1
BUS-2
LINE-2
LINE-1
BUS-1
14. THE BAY BETWEEN BUS-1 & LINE-1 IS CALLED MAIN BAY FOR FEEDER-1.
BUS-1
2-52 CB
LINE-2
3-52 CB
1-52 CB
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
LINE-1
BUS-2
BUS-2
LINE-2
2-52 CB
LINE-2
3-52 CB
15. THE BAY BETWEEN LINE-1 & LINE-2 IS CALLED TIE BAY FOR FEEDER-1 & 2.
BUS-1
1-52 CB
MAIN BAY(1ST BAY) FOR FEEDER-1
LINE-1
1-52 CB
BUS-1
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
LINE-1
BUS-2
BUS-2
LINE-2
3-52 CB
BUS-2
BUS-1
1-52 CB
BUS-2
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
LINE-1
LINE-2
LINE-2
16. THE BAY BETWEEN BUS-2 & LINE-2 IS CALLED MAIN BAY FOR FEEDER-2.
2-52 CB
LINE-1
1-52 CB
BUS-1
3-52 CB
BUS-2
BUS-1
1-52 CB
BUS-2
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
LINE-1
LINE-2
LINE-2
2-52 CB
LINE-1
1-52 CB
BUS-1
3-52 CB
BUS-2
1-52 CB
BUS-2
3-52 CB
2-52 CB
LINE-1
LINE-2
LINE-2
BUS-1
2-52 CB
LINE-1
1-52 CB
SUBSTATION DESIGN/LAYOUT
(I-CONFIGUARATION)
BAY16
BAY17
BAY18
BAY14
BAY13
DIA6
BAY15
BAY6
FEEDER11
DIA5
BAY11
BAY7
BAY5
BAY1
BAY2
BAY3
DIA4
BAY10
DIA3
BAY4
DIA2
FEEDER9
FEEDER7
BAY8
BUS-1 DIA1
FEEDER5
BAY12
FEEDER3
BAY9
FEEDER1
BUS-2
FEEDER2
FEEDER4
FEEDER6
FEEDER8
FEEDER10
FEEDER12
SUBSTATION DESIGN/LAYOUT
(D-CONFIGUARATION)
FEEDER10
BAY14
BAY13
BAY7
DIA1
FEEDER9
BAY8
BAY3
BAY1
BAY2
FEEDER6
DIA3
BAY15
FEEDER5
FEEDER2
BAY9
FEEDER1
DIA5
BUS-1
BAY5
FEEDER3
BAY11
FEEDER4
FEEDER7
DIA6
BAY18
BAY16
DIA4
BAY12
BAY10
DIA2
BAY6
BAY4
BUS-2
BAY17
FEEDER8
FEEDER11
FEEDER12
SUBSTATION DESIGN/LAYOUT
(DOUBLE BUS & DOUBLE BREAKER SYSTEM)
FEEDER1
FEEDER3
FEEDER1
FEEDER3
BAY6
BAY5
BAY2
BAY1
BAY7
BAY5
BAY3
BAY1
BUS-1
BUS-1
BAY8
BAY7
BAY4
BAY3
BAY8
BAY6
BAY4
BAY2
BUS-2
BUS-2
FEEDER2
FEEDER4
FEEDER2
FEEDER4
FEEDER 8
FEEDER 1
1-52 CB
FEEDER 2
2-52 CB
8-52 CB
3-52 CB
MESH / RING
LAYOUT
FEEDER 7
7-52 CB
4-52 CB
5-52 CB
6-52 CB
FEEDER 6
FEEDER 3
FEEDER 5
FEEDER 4
SUBSTATION DESIGN/LAYOUT
(DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM)
T/F-1
T/F-2
BUS COUPLER
BUS-1
BUS-2
BAY1
BAY2
FEEDER1 FEEDER2
BAY4
TRANSFER BUS
BAY5
TRANSFER BUS
COUPLER
BAY3
BAY6
BAY7
BAY8
FEEDER3 FEEDER4
FOR ECONOMICAL& RELIABULITY PURPOSE THIS SYSTEM ADOPTED IN 400 & 220 KV SYSTEM
SUBSTATION DESIGN/LAYOUT
(DOUBLE MAIN BUS & CB BYPASS ISO SYSTEM)
T/F-1
BAY1
BAY2
T/F-2
BAY6
BAY4
BAY7
BUS-2
BAY3
BUS COUPLER
BUS-1
BAY5
FEEDER1
FEEDER2
FEEDER3
FEEDER4
SUBSTATION DESIGN/LAYOUT
(SINGLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM)
T/F-2
T/F-1
BUS-1
BAY1
FEEDER1
BAY2
FEEDER2
BAY3
BAY4
TRANSFER BUS
BAY5
BAY6
FEEDER3
BAY7
FEEDER4
FOR ECONOMICAL& RELIABULITY PURPOSE THIS SYSTEM ADOPTED IN 220 & 132 KV SYSTEM
CT METHODS
IN
ONE AND HALF
CIRCUIT BREAKER
SCHEME
CB
LINE
CB
LINE
CB
LINE
CB
CB
4 CT METHOD
CB
CB
CB
AT/F
AT/F
CB
CB
6 CT METHOD
CB
LINE
CB
5 CT METHOD
LINE
LINE
CB
3 CT METHOD
CB
CB
6 CT METHOD
CB
CB
6 CT METHOD
CB
AT/F
AT/F
AT/F
AT/F
BUS-2
1-89
3-89
1-52CB
1-CT
3-52CB
P2
P2
P1
P1
1-89A
3-CT
3-89A
2-CT
3
3
P1
2-89A 2-52CB
1-89L
P2
2-89B
3-89T
LINE 1
T/F-1
BUS-2
1-89
3-89
1-52CB
1-CT
3-52CB
P2
P2
P1
P1
1-89A
3-89A
P2
2-89A
P1
2-BCT
P1
2-52CB
2-ACT
1-89L
3-CT
P2
2-89B
3-89T
LINE 1
T/F-1
BUS-2
1-89
3-89
1-52CB
3-52CB
P2
1-CT
P2
P1
3-CT
P1
1-89A
3-89A
2-CT
P1
2-89A
2-52CB
P2
2-89B
1-89L
1L-CT
3-89T
P2
P2
P1
P1
3T-CT
LINE 1
T/F-1
BUS-2
1-89
P2
P1
3-89
3 1A-CT
3A-CT
1-52CB
P2
P2
P1
3-52CB
P1
3B-CT
1B-CT
1-89A
P2
P1
3-89A
P2
2-89A
P1
2B-CT
2A-CT
1-89L
P1
2-52CB
P2
2-89B
3-89T
T/F-1
LINE 1
BUS-2
1-89
3-89
1-52CB
P2
3-52CB
P1
3-CT
1-CT
1-89A
P1
2B-CT
P2
2-89A
P1
2-52CB
P2
2-89B
1-89L
P1
P1
3-89A
2A-CT
P2
P2
3-89T
3 1L-CT
3T-CT
P2
P1
T/F-1
LINE 1
BUS-2
1-89
P2
P1
P2
1-CT
P1
1-52CB
3-89A
P2
2-89A
P1
2B-CT
2A-CT
P1
2-52CB
P2
2-89B
1-89L
P1
3-CT
3-52CB
1-89A
P2
3-89
3-89T
3 1L-CT
3T-CT
P2
P1
T/F-1
LINE 1
1-1/2 CB SYSTEM
(SIEMENS VATECH)
VD
VD
CT
DS
CT
CB
CT
DS
DS
CT
CB
GS
GS
GS
GS
VD
GS
GS
GS
GS
VD
CT
DS
DS
CT
CB
DS
CORE WISE
APLICATION OF
CTs IN
ONE AND HALF
CIRCUIT BREAKER
SCHEME
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS IN 3CT METHOD
1 CT
2 CT
3 CT
BUSBAR-1
2CTs SECONDARIES ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL AND
CORE 1
( PS)
CORE 2
( PS)
CORE 3
PROTECTION
BUSBAR-1 CHECKUP
PROTECTION (SPARE)
SPARE
( 0.5 / 0.2)
CORE 4
SPARE
BUSBAR-2 CHECKUP
PROTECTION (SPARE)
BUSBAR-2
PROTECTION
(0.5 / 0.2)
CORE 5
( PS)
CORE 6
( PS)
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS IN 3CT METHOD
1 CT
2 CT
3 CT
BUSBAR-1
2CTs SECONDARIES ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL AND
CORE 1
( PS)
CORE 2
( PS)
CORE 3
PROTECTION
BUSBAR-1 CHECKUP
PROTECTION (SPARE)
SPARE
BUSBAR-2 CHECKUP
PROTECTION (SPARE)
BUSBAR-2
PROTECTION
(0.5 / 0.2)
CORE 4
( PS)
CORE 5
( PS)
BUSHING CT
METERING
CORE (0.5 / 0.2)
NORMALLY THIS SYTEM ADOPTS, WHEN ONE SIDE LINE, OTHER SIDE AUTO
TRANSFORMER / BUS REACTOR IS PROVIDED IN A DIA OF ONE AND HALF BREAKER
SYSTEM, IF BUSHING CT METERING CORE IS AVAILABLE, THEN IT IS USED FOR
METERING & ENERGY METER FOR AT/F OR BUS REACTOR.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS IN 4CT METHOD
CORE-1
(PS)
CORE-2
(PS)
CORE-3
(0.5/0.2)
CORE-4
(PS)
CORE-5
(PS)
1- CT
2-BCT
2-ACT
3-CT
CT SECONDARY
CORE IS
CONNECTED TO
BUSBAR-1
PROTECTION
SPARE
SPARE
CT SECONDARY
CORE IS
CONNECTED TO
BUSBAR-2
PROTECTION
BUSBAR-1
CHECKUP
PROTECTION
(SPARE)
SPARE
SPARE
BUSBAR-2
CHECKUP
PROTECTION
(SPARE)
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS IN 5CT METHOD
1-CT
1-LCT
2-CT
3-TCT
3-CT
CORE-1
(PS)
CORE-2
(PS)
BUSBAR-1
PROTECTION
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 1&2)
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 2&3)
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 2&3)
BUSBAR-2
PROTECTION
BUSBAR-1
CHECKUP
PROTECTION
(SPARE)
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 1&2)
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 2&3)
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 2&3)
BUSBAR-2
CHECKUP
PROTECTION
(SPARE)
CORE-3
(0.5/0.2)
SPARE
METERING &
ENERGY
METER
SPARE
METERING &
ENERGY
METER
SPARE
CORE-4
(PS)
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 1&2)
AFTER
LBB/BFR
(1-52)
MAIN-2
PROTECTION
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 1&2)
AFTER
LBB/BFR
(2-52)
BACKUP
PROTECTION
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 2&3)
AFTER
LBB/BFR
(3-52)
CORE-5
(PS)
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 1&2)
MAIN-1
PROTECTION
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 1&2)
MAIN
PROTECTION
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 2&3)
Paralleling of 2Nos CTs to the Main-1/Main-2/Backup line protection is not required. This gives better
transient response. Separate STUB protection can be connected (Nothing BUT TEED Protection).
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS IN 6CT METHOD
(GIS or AIS with DEAD TANK CBs)
1B-CT
CORE-1
(PS)
CORE-2
(PS)
BUSBAR-1
PROTECTION
BUSBAR-1
CHECKUP
PROTECTION
(SPARE)
CORE-3
(0.5/0.2)
SPARE
1A-CT
2B-CT
2A-CT
3A-CT
2CTs SECONDARIES
ARE CONNECTED
IN PARALLEL AND
CONNECTED TO
MAIN-1 PROTECTION
2CTs SECONDARIES
ARE CONNECTED
IN PARALLEL AND
CONNECTED TO
MAIN-1 PROTECTION
2CTs SECONDARIES
ARE CONNECTED IN
PARALLEL AND
CONNECTED TO
MAIN-2 PROTECTION
AFTER LBB/BFR
2CTs SECONDARIES
ARE CONNECTED IN
PARALLEL AND
CONNECTED TO
BACKUP PROTECTION
AFTER LBB/BFR
2CTs SECONDARIES
ARE CONNECTED IN
PARALLEL AND
CONNECTED TO
PANEL METERS &
ENERGY METER
2CTs SECONDARIES
ARE CONNECTED IN
PARALLEL AND
CONNECTED TO
PANEL METERS &
ENERGY METER
3B-CT
BUSBAR-2
PROTECTION
BUSBAR-2
CHECKUP
PROTECTION
(SPARE)
SPARE
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CONNECTIONS IN 6CT METHOD
1-CT
1L-CT
2A-CT
2B-CT
3T-CT
3-CT
CORE-1
(PS)
CORE-2
(PS)
BUSBAR-1
PROTECTION
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 1&2)
SPARE
SPARE
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 2&3)
BUSBAR-2
PROTECTION
BUSBAR-1
CHECKUP
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 1&2)
SPARE
SPARE
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 2&3)
BUSBAR-2
CHECKUP
CORE-3
(0.5/0.2)
SPARE
METERING &
ENERGY
METER
SPARE
SPARE
METERING &
ENERGY
METER
SPARE
CORE-4
(PS)
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 1&2)
MAIN-2
PROTECTION
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 2&3)
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 1&2)
BACKUP
PROTECTION
TEED PROT-2
(BAY 2&3)
CORE-5
(PS)
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 1&2)
PROTECTION
(SPARE)
PROTECTION
(SPARE)
AFTER LBB/BFR
(1-52)
AFTER LBB/BFR
(2-52)
MAIN-1
PROTECTION
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 2&3)
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 1&2)
AFTER LBB/BFR
(3-52)
MAIN
PROTECTION
TEED PROT-1
(BAY 2&3)
CT CORES
CONEECTION
DIAGRAMS IN
ONE AND HALF
CIRCUIT BREAKER
SCHEME
3
3
3
BB-EVT
/ CVT
1-52CB
3
3
3
CORES
3
4
MAIN-1 PROTECTION
MAIN-2/BACKUP PROTECTION
BUS
METERING
1-89
P2
1-89L
1-CVT
79
CVT
VBB1
21M1
VBB1
VL1
25
VL1 / VL2
OR VBB2
BF
87L
21M2
VL1
CVT
VL1
FEEDER1 / LINE1
79
VL1 / VBB1
VL2 / VBB2
25
BF
FEEDER2 / LINE2
MAIN-1
BF
VL2 / VL1
OR VBB1
CVT
VBB2
VBB2
CVT VL2
79
25
BUSBAR-2
87BB2
79
CVT
VBB1
21M1
VBB1
VL1
25
VL1 / VL2
OR VBB2
BF
87L
21M2
VL1
CVT
VL1
FEEDER1 / LINE1
79
VL1 / VBB1
VL2 / VBB2
25
BF
FEEDER2 / LINE2
MAIN-1
BF
VL2 / VL1
OR VBB1
CVT
VBB2
VBB2
CVT VL2
79
25
BUSBAR-2
87BB2
21M1
VBB1
BF
79
VBB1
VL1
25
87L
VL1 / VL2
OR VBB2
21M2
VL1
CVT
VL1
FEEDER1 / LINE1
79
VL1 / VBB1
VL2 / VBB2
25
BF
FEEDER2 / LINE2
CVT VL2
MAIN-1
VL2 / VL1
OR VBB1
CVT
VBB2
VBB2
BF
79
MAIN-2
PROTECTION OF LINE2
(OR TRANSFORMER, IF APPLICABLE)
25
BUSBAR-2
87BB2
79
87 TD1 HZ
CVT
VBB1
VBB1
VL1
25
VL1 / VL2
OR VBB2
BF
87L
87 TD2 LZ
21M2
VL1
CVT
VL1
FEEDER1 / LINE1
79
VL1 / VBB1
VL2 / VBB2
25
BF
FEEDER2 / LINE2
.
BF
VL2 / VL1
OR VBB1
CVT
VBB2
VBB2
CVT VL2
MAIN-1
PROTECTION OF LINE2
(OR TRANSFORMER, IF APPLICABLE)
MAIN-2
87 TD2 LZ
79
87 TD1 HZ
25
BUSBAR-2
87BB2
79
87 TD1 HZ
CVT
VBB1
VBB1
VL1
25
VL1 / VL2
OR VBB2
BF
87L
87 TD2 LZ
21M2
VL1
CVT
VL1
FEEDER1 / LINE1
79
VL1 / VBB1
VL2 / VBB2
25
BF
FEEDER2 / LINE2
.
BF
VL2 / VL1
OR VBB1
CVT
VBB2
VBB2
CVT VL2
MAIN-1
PROTECTION OF LINE2
(OR TRANSFORMER, IF APPLICABLE)
MAIN-2
87 TD2 LZ
79
87 TD1 HZ
25
BUSBAR-2
87BB2
VL1
87 TD1 HZ
CVT
VBB1
BF
79
VBB1
87L
87 TD2 LZ
21M2
VL1
CVT
VL1
25
VL1 / VL2
OR VBB2
FEEDER1 / LINE1
79
VL1 / VBB1
VL2 / VBB2
VL2 / VL1
OR VBB1
VBB2
25
BF
FEEDER2 / LINE2
79
CVT VL2
25
MAIN-1
PROTECTION OF LINE2
(OR TRANSFORMER, IF APPLICABLE)
MAIN-2
87 TD2 LZ
BF
VBB2
CVT
87 TD1 HZ
BUSBAR-2
87BB2
3 CT
METHOD
4 CT
METHOD
6 CT (S)
METHOD
5 CT
METHOD
6 CT (T1)
METHOD
6 CT (T2)
METHOD
BUSBAR &
BUSBAR
CHECKUP
PROTECTION
1 CT
1 CT
1B CT
1 CT
1 CT
1 CT
3 CT
3 CT
3B CT
3 CT
3 CT
3 CT
MAIN-1
MAIN-2
PROTECTION
&
METERING
1 - CT & 2 - CT
1 CT & 2 B - CT
1 A CT & 2 B CT
1 L - CT
1 L - CT
1 L - CT
ADDITIONAL
PROTECTION
AVAILABLE
BLIND
ZONE
ADVANTAGES
&
3 - CT & 2 A - CT
3 A - CT & 2 A - CT
3 L - CT
3 L CT
A FAULT BETWEEN CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND CT (END FAULT) MAY THEN STILL BE FED FROM ONE SIDE
EVEN WHEN THE BREAKER HAS BEEN OPENED. CONSEQUENTLY, FINAL FAULT CLEARING BY CASCADED
TRIPPING HAS TO BE ACCEPTED IN THIS CASE. THIS SITUATION LBB/BFR OPERATES AND TIME TAKEN TO
CLEAR FAULT IS ABOUT 300 mSECs. THIS IS BLIND ZONE AREA.
MINIMUM CT
METHOD. REDUCING
THE COST OF CTs
WHEN THE FAULT IS TAKEN PLACE BETWEEN THE MAIN CB, TIE CB &
LINE ISOLATOR DURING SERVICE ONLY, TEED PROTECTION IN
ADDITION TO DISTANCE SCHEME SHOULD TAKE CARE.
PRIMARY CONNECTIONS : P1 P2
CURRENT RATING : 2000 AMPS
1000/ 1A
500/ 1A
1S1 1S3
1S1 1S2
1S2 1S3
__
BUSBAR
PROTECTION
PS
BUSBAR
CHECKUP 2S1 2S3
PROTECTION
2S1 2S2
2S2 2S3
__
METERING
3S1 3S3
3S4 3S2
3S1 3S2
3S4 3S3
CORE-4
MAIN-2
4S1 4S3 4S1 4S2
4S1 4S4
PROTECTION
4S4 4S2 4S4 4S3
MAIN-1
5S1 5S4
PROTECTION
5S1 5S3
5S4 5S2
3
3
5S1
5S2
5S3
5S4
4S1
4S2
4S3
4S4
3S1
3S2
3S3
3S4
PS
5S1 5S2
5S4 5S3
3S1
3S2
3S3
3S4
CORE-5
PS
3S1 3S4
2S1
2S2
2S3
CORE-2
1S1
1S2
1S3
PS
CORE-1
2000/ 1A
PURPOSE
P2
CLASS
P1
3
3
CORES
SECONDARY CONNECTIONS
CURRENT RATING : 1A
P2
HAIR
PIN /
U SHAPE
DESIGN
EYE BOLT
DESIGN
CT PARAMETERS
1. Top cover
2. Oil level indicator
3. Oil expansion device
4. Metal box LV screen and cores
5. Bar-type or wound type primary
6. Paper-oil insulation
7. Porcelain insulator
8. LV screens
9. Secondary terminal box
10. Base
Paper insulation
Secondary cores
IT range
1. Dome
2. Nitrogen filling valve
3. Primary terminal
4. Collar
5. Porcelain insulator
6. Primary conductor with
insulation
7. Adaptor cylinder
8. Secondary cores
9. Base
10. Oil drain plug
Hair-Pin design
FUNDAMENTALS
WHAT IS CT?
WHEN IS CT REQUIRED ?
WHY IS CT REQUIRED?
HOW IS CT CONNECTED?
WHERE IS CT CONNECTED?
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
WHAT IS CT?
back
WHEN IS CT REQUIRED ?
WHY IS CT REQUIRED?
HOW IS CT CONNECTED?
HOW IS CT CONNECTED?
contd
Is
S1
PRIMARY
P1
M/R
Ip
P2
S2
back
WHERE IS CT CONNECTED?
WHERE IS CT
CONNECTED?
contd
Power Station to be protected
One prim two or more sec
One prim one sec
Unit
prot
Nonunit
prot
meter
Unit
prot
prot
meter
Dist
prot
meter
back
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd metering
WHAT IS INACCURACY?
THE SECONDARY CURRENT WHICH WE
GET IS NOT TRUE REFLECTION OF ITS
PRIMARY CURRENT. FOR EXAMPLE, FOR A
CT WITH CT RATIO OF 1000/1AMPS, IF WE
GET 0.99 AMPS IN SECONDARY LEADING
PRIMARY CURRENT BY 15 MINUTES FOR
PRIMARY CURRENT OF 1000AMPS, SO THE
CT HAS RATIO ERROR OF (0.99-1)/1 x 100=1% AND PHASE ERROR OF 15 MINUTES.
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd metering
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd metering
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd metering
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
contd
25
25
25
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd metering
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd metering
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
contd
PROTECTION CLASS:
HERE, MAIN REQUIREMENT IS ABILITY OF
CT TO FAITHFULLY TRANSFORM THE
PRIMARY
CURRENT
DURING
FAULT
CONDITION.
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd protection PR
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd protection PR
ACCURACY
LIMIT
FACTOR(SALF):
= RATED ACC. LIMIT PRIMARY CURR.
RATED CURRENT
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd protection PR
5,10,15,20,30
VALUES
OF
SALF
ARE
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd protection PR
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd protection
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd protection PX
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd protection PX
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd protection PX
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
contd protection PX
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
contd protection PX
IF
TWO
CTs
HAVE
DIFFERENT
MAGNETISING CURRENT AND HIGH
LEAKAGE
REACTANCE,
IT
WILL
INTRODUCE HIGH CURRENT AS WELL AS
PHASE
ERROR.THUS,
RESULTANT
CURRENT OF THESE CT SECONDARIES
MAY LEAD TO HIGH SPILL(DIFFERENTIAL)
CURRENT DURING THROUGH FAULT.THIS
MAY LEAD TO PROTECTION OPERATION
DURING THROUGH FAULT.
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
Contd protection PX
WHICH CT IS CONNECTED?
contd
Current Transformers
Causes of Failure and
Monitoring/Maintenance
energisation. This
Special test
Special test
B. Temperature coefficient test:
The CT is heated in a oven to approximately 90Deg C. The tan delta is
measured at ambient, 80 and 90 deg C at voltages of 0.3,0.7,1.0 and
1.1Um/Sqrt3.
This test demonstrates the healthiness at high extreme temperature conditions.
Current Transformers
Type Tests
a) short-time current tests
b) temperature rise test
Current Transformer
Routine tests
Routine tests
The following tests apply to each individual transformers:
a) verification of terminal markings
b) power-frequency withstand test on primary winding
c) partial discharge measurement
d) power-frequency withstand test on secondary windings
VT PARAMETERS
FUNDAMENTALS
WHAT IS VT?
WHEN IS VT REQUIRED ?
WHY IS VT REQUIRED?
HOW IS VT CONNECTED?
WHERE IS VT CONNECTED?
WHICH VT IS CONNECTED?
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Capacitor stack
Inductive VT
WHAT IS VT?
back
WHEN IS VT REQUIRED ?
WHY IS VT REQUIRED?
WHY IS VT REQUIRED?
Contd
WHY IS VT REQUIRED?
Contd
back
HOW IS VT CONNECTED?
HOW IS VT CONNECTED?
contd
M
P
P
HOW IS VT CONNECTED?
contd
M
P
P
back
CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
WHERE IS VT CONNECTED?
WHERE IS VT
CONNECTED?
contd
Power Station to be protected
back
WHICH VT IS CONNECTED?
FOR
DISTANCE
PROTECTION, O/V,U/V, O/F AND U/F
PROTECTIONS, FIELD FAILURE, OVERFLUXING,etc.
WHICH VT IS CONNECTED?
contd
WHICH VT IS CONNECTED?
Contd metering
WHICH VT IS CONNECTED?
Contd metering
WHICH VT IS CONNECTED?
contd
WHICH VT IS CONNECTED?
contd protection
WHICH VT IS CONNECTED?
Contd protetcion
Capacitor Voltage
Transformer
Causes of Failure and
Monitoring/Maintenance
Causes of Failure
Due to Ferroresonance caused by primary/secondary disturbances
Oil leak at sealing points leading to ingress of moisture and
degradation of capacitor
Monitoring
Capacitance and tangent measurement using the tan delta kit at
periodic intervals or whenever there is a shut down
Using thermovision camera especially for 220kV to detect any high
temperature abnormalities
IR check on secondary
To check the resistance of the damping wdg externally and also the
condition of the Lightning arrester in the sec terminal box
Capacitor Unit
(or unit)
Assembly of elements in an
insulating container: 245 kV.
Can be connected to a HV line
Ground
Capacitor STACK
(or stack)
Assembly of elements to reach
higher voltage levels : 800 kV
Ground
C1
Voltage :
10 to 20 kV/3
S1
C2
P2
S2
UP
Vp . C1
= k . (C +C
1
2)
L
Rw
Lfs
Rs
La
Ra
Equivalent Diagram
Lfs
Rs
Rw
Us
Zc
Paper
Aluminum foil
folded for contact
with next element
Primary voltage
t
Short-circuit at zero crossing
Vs
Secondary voltage
t
Primary voltage
Secondary error
IEC today :
max 10% after 20ms
10%
5%
Vs
Secondary voltage
0
IEC 186
error limits
100
200
300
t
t
[ms]
20 ms
High
burden
jeopardize
accuracy
R-L-R
Efficient
Easy to design
Efficient
Sophisticated design
Expensive
Economical
C2
SGC
Ith
N2
N1
R1
L
D
"Transformer type"
compensating
inductance
L1
L'1
RL
L2
R2
Ferroresonance
Damping device
on inductive PT
L'2
SGL
Ferroresonance
Damping device
on inductance
Tension
primaire
Primary
Voltage
200
600
550
500
450
400
350
Tension
secondaire
Secondary
Voltage
100
0
350
400
450
500
550
600
350
400
450
500
550
600
-200
300
-100
300
R-L-R
R-L-R
300
% error
at secondary
% Erreur
secondaire
(transitoire)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
50
0
-50
-100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
Primary voltage
300
-150
Fuse
operation
800
600
400
Short-circuit
200
0
800
700
600
500
400
Secondary
current
900
Secondary
voltage
800
700
600
500
Without
damping
device
400
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
300
-800
300
-400
-600
900
-200
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
Primary
voltage
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
Secondary
current
400
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
350
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
350
With
damping
device
600
400
200
0
-200
Secondary
voltage
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
-600
350
-400
Capacitor Voltage
Transformers
Routine
Routine
tests tests (IEC 60044-5)
The following tests apply to each individual transformer:
a) Verification of terminal markings
Voltage transformers
Protection accuracy classes
IEC 600 44-2
Voltage
(ratio)
error
3%
Phase
displacement
[minutes]
120
Cl 6P
6%
24O
Condition Monitoring
and Failure
Investigations of
Instrument
Transformers
Types of CTs
Hair
Pin Design
Eye Bolt Design
Live tank Design
CT Standards
IEC
IS
60044 1
2705
CT Design
Core Material The main aim is to
give high accuracy with low
saturation factor.
Core Material is made of CRGO
Silicon steel
For very low loss characteristics,
material (Alloy of Ni-Fe) is used
CT accuracies
As per IEC-60044(1)
5% of
rated I
20% of
rated I
100% of
rated I
120% of
rated I
0.2
0.75
0.35
0.2
0.2
0.5
1.5
0.75
0.5
0.5
Protection Cores
Class
Current Error at
rated Primary
Current
Composite Error at
rated accuracy limit
Primary Current
5P
1%
5%
10P
3%
10%
Ratio Error
Ratio Error = (KnIs- Ip)*100/ Ip
Kn = Rated transformation ratio
Ip = Actual primary current
Is = Actual secondary current
Insulation Levels
For Windings having Um greater than
300kV, the rated insulation level is
determined by rated switching and
lightning impulse withstand voltage
For voltages < 300kV, insulation levels
are decided by lightning impulse and
power-frequency withstand voltages
Insulation Levels
System
Voltage
1 min
Power
Freq.
Voltage
Switching
Impulse
withstand
Voltage
Lightning
Impulse
withstand
Voltage
220kV
395kV
460kV
950kV
1050kV
400kV
630kV
1050kV
1425kV
Pre-stress
Voltage for 1
min
Test Voltage
Um
80% of 1 min
P.F. Voltage
Um- 10pC
1.2Um/3-5pC
Creepage Distances
Pollution Levels
Creepage distance
Light
16mm/kV
Medium
20mm/kV
Heavy
25mm/kV
Very Heavy
31mm/kV
Ratio Test
Primary Current Injection Test
Secondary Current Injection
Test
Condition Monitoring
Checking of Bellow expansion - M
Visual Inspection for leakages - M
Tan Delta Measurement 2Y
Thermovision Scanning - Y
CT Insulation
CT Equivalent Circuit
For C1: Apply 10kV between HV and test tap on UST mode.
For C2: Apply 500 V between Test tap and Ground with
HV Guarded on GSTg mode
Phasor Diagram
CT FAILURES
Reasons of CT Failures
CT under Flames
CT under Flames
Burnt CT
Wrinkles in Paper
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
99
98
97
96
% age CT
FAILURES
Capacitive Voltage
Transformer
Construction and Condition
Monitoring
Compensating Reactor
Compensating Reactor is provided
to compensate for the phase
displacement in Capacitor elements
L = 1/ (C1+C2)
L = 1/ 2 (C1+C2)
Ferro Resonance
Ferro resonance in CVTs is due to the
Capacitance in Voltage Divider in series with
the inductance of the Transformer and series
reactor. This circuit is brought to resonance
by various disturbances in the network that
may saturate the iron core of the transformer,
over heat electro magnetic unit and lead to
insulation breakdown.
CVT VA Ratings
Condition Monitoring
Secondary Voltage
measurement
Capacitance and Tan delta
measurement of stacks
CVT Failures
Failure of Bellow
Rusting of flange
4
3
2
1
0
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
% age per
year
YEAR
Drift in Sec.
Voltage
Condition of CVT
Measurement
Frequency
Healthy
Six monthly
Needs monitoring
Three monthly
Needs close
monitoring
Needs close
monitoring
15 days
Alarming/ critical
Needs replacement
Needs close
monitoring
15 days
Alarming
Needs replacement
Thank You