CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 2
09/04/2009
Pressure loss velocity relationship
School of Civil Engineering
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Laminar
p u
Turbulent
Fluid Flow in Pipes: Lecture 2
p u1.7 to 2.0
Dr Andrew Sleigh
Dr Ian Goodwill
t w 4L
d
tw is almost impossible to measure
CIVE2400: Fluid Mechanics
www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2
Pressure loss in Laminar Flow
Laminar flow example
In laminar flow it is possible to do theoretical
analysis
Determine the diameter of a pipe that is to convey 0.057 cumecs
(m3/s) of oil a horizontal distance of 300m, if the pressure loss is not
to be greater than 140 kN/m2.
At the operating temperature the relative density of the oil is 0.9 and
the dynamic viscosity is 1.43 Ns/m2.
Q
0.057 4 0.0726
Flow velocity
u 2
d / 4 3.142 d 2
d2
fluid particles move in straight lines
Hagen-Poiseuille equation
See level 1 fluids notes
32 Lu
p
d2
Hagen-Poiseuille
p
p gh
32 Lu
d2
Equate
In terms of head loss
32 Lu
hf
gd 2
Check Re:
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2
pd 2 140 1000 d 2
10.198 d 2
32 L 32 1.43 300
0.0726
10.198 d 2
d2
d 0.29 m
0.0726
u
0.86
d2
<2000
OK
Re
ud 0.9 1000 0.86 0.29
157
1.43
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2
Pressure loss in Turbulent Flow
Pressure loss in Turbulent Flow
Consider the forces on this element of fluid
flowing down the slope (open channel)
L
p1 A
A
The first pressure loss term is the piezometric
head, p*, loss per unit length, dp*/dx p p gz t
L
dp*
P
1
dx
P
z
Wetted perimeter
W=gAL,
tPL
p2 A
Writing p*= phf
sin = -Dz/L
p1 p2 gz t P 0
L
A
t m
P
0
A
Hydraulic mean depth, m
p1 A p2 A t LP W sin 0
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2
A
P
dp *
dx
Gives shear stress in terms of head loss
gh f
t m
L
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 2
09/04/2009
Introduction of Friction factor
Darcy-Weisbach equation
To make use of this equation we must introduce
gh
a friction factor, f
t m
L
u 2
tf
2
This is the Darcy-Weisbach equation
Gives head loss due to friction in a circular pipe
4 fLu 2
hf
2 gd
Equating and rearranging gives
hf
For a circular pipe, m
Giving
Q Au
A d / 4 d
P
d
4
hf
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2
Often referred to as the Darcy equation
In terms of Q
fLu 2
2 gm
2
d 2
4
4Q
hf
d 2
64 fLQ2
2 gd 5
In metric terms, g=9.81m2/s then
4 fLu 2
2 gd
Or
7
hf
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2
hf
fLQ 2
3d 5
fLQ2
3.03d 5
8
Darcy-Weisbach equation
f, American f and l
Have an equation to describe head-loss due to
friction
4 fLu 2
hf
In terms of velocity u
2 gd
The f described here is that common in UK
4 fLu 2
(in text books and practice)
hf
2 gd
In US (and some text book) famerican = 4f,
fLQ 2
hf
3d 5
Of discharge Q
so
hf
fLu 2
2 gd
To try and avoid confusion this is sometime
written as l,
lLQ 2
And a friction factor, f
hf
The value of f is crucial to calculation of hf
How do we find this?
BE CAREFULL!
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2
When using any book, look at the equation for hf
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2
10
Pipeline Analysis
What is f dependent on?
The friction factor depends on many physical things
Two reservoirs have a height difference 15m.
They are connected by a pipeline 350 mm in diameter and 1000 m long with a friction
factor f of 0.005. What is the flow in the pipe? (ignore all local losses)
15m
d=0.35m
f =0.005
hf L
hf v2
hf 1/d
hf depends on surface roughness of pipes,
k = size, k spacing, a = shape of particles
L=1000m
z A z B hpump hL entry hL expansion hL exit h f
fLQ 2 0.005 1000 Q 2
317.33Q 2
3d 5
3 0.355
Q 0.0473 0.217 m3 / s 217 litres / s
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Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture 2
3d 5
hf depends on fluid density and viscosity
hf independent of pressure difference in pipe
Cannot be constant!
11
ud k k '
Can be written: f , d , d , a
2
Fluid Mechanics: Pipe Flow Lecture
f is complex !!
12
CIVE2400: Pipeflow - Lecture 2
09/04/2009
Todays lecture:
Friction Head loss, hf
Laminar and Turbulent
Darcy Weisbach Eqn
In terms of Q
hf
4 fLu 2
2 gd
hf
fLQ 2
3d 5
First application of analysis of pipeline
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