Ronald Hazzard v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 951 F.2d 435, 1st Cir. (1991)

951 F.
2d 435
Ronald HAZZARD, Petitioner,

v.
IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE,
Respondent.
No. 91-1338.
United States Court of Appeals,

First Circuit.
Heard Nov. 7, 1991.
Decided Dec. 18, 1991.
Jeremiah Friedman with whom Harvey Kaplan and Kaplan, O'Sullivan &
Friedman, Boston, Mass., were on brief, for petitioner.
Charles E. Pazar, Atty., Office of Immigration Litigation, with whom
Stuart M. Gerson, Asst. Atty. Gen., and Robert Kendall, Jr., Asst.
Director, Washington, D.C., were on brief, for respondent.
Before BREYER, Chief Judge, SELYA and CYR, Circuit Judges.
CYR, Circuit Judge.
Petitioner Ronald Hazzard, also known as John Hazan, seeks review of a final
order of the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") affirming an immigration
judge's denial of petitioner's application for discretionary relief from
deportation under section 212(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act
("Act"), 8 U.S.C. 1182(c).1 Upon rehearing, we affirm. 2
2* BACKGROUND
3
Petitioner came to the United States in 1969 at the age of twelve and is a lawful
permanent resident. Since entering the United States, petitioner has been
convicted of three state drug charges.3 In 1984, he pled guilty to a federal
cocaine distribution charge. Petitioner received suspended sentences on each
state charge, and a two-year prison term, followed by a three-year special
parole term, on the federal drug charge.
Following the federal conviction, the Immigration and Naturalization Service

("INS") ordered petitioner to show cause why he should not be deported
pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 1251(a)(11), which empowers the Attorney General to
deport an alien convicted of a controlled substance offense. Petitioner conceded
deportability but requested discretionary relief pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 1182(c).
After several hearings, at which petitioner and his mother and father testified,
the immigration judge reviewed the evidence and found several factors
favoring relief: extended residence in the United States; extensive family ties in
the United States, with parents, several siblings and a natural child who is a
United States citizen; numerous favorable character references; and a worthy
employment history. The immigration judge found, however, that these positive
factors were outweighed by the "adverse factors of respondent's involvement
[in] distribution of narcotics." The immigration judge further found that
petitioner's "recidivist behavior" indicated an absence of rehabilitation, and
concluded that the application for discretionary relief from deportation should
be denied.
Petitioner appealed to the BIA, claiming that the immigration judge had
assigned insufficient weight to the favorable factors and requesting the BIA to
consider petitioner's changed circumstances following the immigration judge's
decision, including the birth of two children (also U.S. citizens), the successful
completion of the special parole term, the absence of any new criminal charges,
and petitioner's establishment of a house painting business. Based on its review
of all the evidence, including the new evidence adduced by petitioner, the BIA
found that
6 adverse factors in this case, i.e., the respondent's criminal convictions for
the
distribution of controlled substances are weighty evidence of the respondent's
undesirability as a permanent resident. The pernicious effects of drugs on American
society are well documented. Therefore, we cannot state that the immigration
judge's decision to deny 212(c) relief in the exercise of discretion was error, as a
matter of law.
II
DISCUSSION
7
At the discretion of the Attorney General, section 212(c) of the Act permits a
waiver of excludability to otherwise inadmissible aliens. 8 U.S.C. 1182(c).
The discretionary authority vested in the Attorney General is delegated to the
BIA, which determines its exercise by "balanc[ing] the adverse factors
evidencing an alien's undesirability as a permanent resident with the social and
humane considerations presented in his behalf." Matter of Marin, 16 I. & N.
Dec. 581, 584 (BIA 1978).

8
The petitioner bears the burden of demonstrating that he merits a discretionary

waiver of excludability. Id. at 583. Ordinarily, a petitioner with a criminal
record is required to demonstrate rehabilitation in order to qualify for
discretionary relief, id. at 588, although rehabilitation is not an absolute
prerequisite to relief, Matter of Edwards, Interim Decision 3134 (BIA 1990).
Moreover, a petitioner who stands convicted of serious drug offenses,
especially drug trafficking offenses, must demonstrate "unusual or outstanding
countervailing equities," Marin, 16 I. & N. Dec. at 586 n. 4. Yet even "such a
showing does not compel" a waiver of excludability. Matter of Buscemi, 19 I.
& N. Dec. 628, 634 (BIA 1988). Due to its discretionary nature, we consider
only whether the BIA's denial of a waiver of excludability was "arbitrary,
capricious or an abuse of discretion." McLean v. INS, 901 F.2d 204, 205 (1st
Cir.1990). "The denial will be upheld unless it was made without a rational
explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested on an
impermissible basis." Id., quoting Williams v. INS, 773 F.2d 8, 9 (1st
Cir.1985).
Petitioner presents three claims: (1) the BIA improperly denied a waiver solely
on the basis of petitioner's drug convictions and thereby deviated from the
intent of Congress; (2) the BIA abused its discretion by inexplicably departing
from established policy; and (3) the BIA did not conduct proper review of the
decision of the immigration judge.
A. "Outstanding Equities"
10
11
The BIA determination that the "outstanding equities" demonstrated by

petitioner were insufficient to overcome his four drug convictions did not
constitute an abuse of discretion. Neither the BIA, Matter of Buscemi, 19 I. &
N. Dec. at 635, nor this court, see Joseph, 909 F.2d at 607 (denial of 212(c)
relief held proper despite BIA finding of "outstanding equities"), has ever held
that a finding of "outstanding equities" compels allowance of a waiver of
excludability. Rather, the BIA is required to evaluate each individual
petitioner's desirability as a permanent resident and to provide a rational
explanation of its decision. In the present case, following a thorough review of
the record, the BIA found that petitioner did not merit discretionary relief,
despite the "outstanding equities," due to his numerous drug convictions. As
there was no abuse of discretion in the BIA's balancing of the favorable and
unfavorable factors relating to the petitioner, we decline to interpose the more
lenient disposition sought by petitioner. See id. at 607.
12
Petitioner contends, nonetheless, that a denial of discretionary relief, due solely

to his drug convictions, distorts the intent of Congress. Although petitioner
concedes that "the immigration laws clearly reflect the strong Congressional
policy against lenient treatment of drug trafficking offenders," Blackwood v.
INS, 803 F.2d 1165, 1167 (11th Cir.1986); Ayala-Chavez v. INS, 944 F.2d
638, 641 (9th Cir.1991), he contends that Congress nevertheless intended that
otherwise inadmissible aliens who have been convicted of drug offenses remain
eligible for a waiver of excludability. According to petitioner, the BIA
effectively precludes drug offenders from a meaningful opportunity to obtain
discretionary relief. Petitioner insists that he demonstrated all that could
reasonably be required to merit discretionary relief, since the BIA found that he
possessed "outstanding equities" and, according to petitioner, implicitly found
that he was rehabilitated. We must disagree.
13
First, contrary to petitioner's assertion, the BIA made no rehabilitation finding,

either explicit or implicit. The BIA did state that "respondent testified that he is
sincerely remorseful for his past criminal behavior and maintains that he is
completely rehabilitated." But the BIA made no determination that
rehabilitation had taken place, nor did it take issue with the contrary finding
explicitly made by the immigration judge--that petitioner had not demonstrated
rehabilitation. Second, the BIA's determination that the "outstanding equities"
were insufficient to overcome petitioner's four drug convictions was in no sense
tantamount to a disentitlement of drug offenders generally, or petitioner in
particular, to a meaningful opportunity to seek discretionary relief. The BIA is
required to make a case-by-case determination. See, e.g., Marin, 16 I. & N.
Dec. at 584 ("it has been held that each case must be judged on its own
merits"). Drug offenders demonstrating either more outstanding equities or less
serious criminal records might well be accorded discretionary relief. The BIA
did no more than determine that relief was not warranted in petitioner's case.
We find no distortion of congressional intent.
B. Departure from BIA Policies

14
Petitioner alleges abuse of discretion based on an inexplicable departure from

established BIA policies, see McLean, 901 F.2d at 205; Williams, 773 F.2d at
9, relating to BIA procedures for considering discretionary relief for drug
offenders. Petitioner perceives two recent policy shifts: one relating to the
manner in which the BIA evaluates the applications of petitioners who are
required to demonstrate outstanding equities; and a second policy relating to the
demonstration of rehabilitation. Since both of the alleged shifts are seen as
emanating from the same decision, we discuss them together.
15
Petitioner argues that the recent BIA decision in Matter of Edwards, Int.Dec.
3134, modifies BIA procedure in cases like the present. The BIA made clear in
Edwards that the BIA is required to conduct a "full examination of an alien's
equities" in all cases, including those involving drug offenders. Id. The Edwards
clarification was considered appropriate because the BIA believed that certain
language in an earlier case, Buscemi, was potentially "misleading." Id. Buscemi
indicated, in effect, that an alien who established unusual or outstanding
equities had not thereby demonstrated that discretionary relief was merited, but
had merely met the "threshold test for having a favorable exercise of discretion
considered in his case." Buscemi, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 634. The Edwards decision
expressed concern that Buscemi might have been taken to imply that "a full
examination of an alien's equities can somehow be pretermitted." Edwards,
Int.Dec. 3134. Edwards disavowed the potentially misleading language and
confirmed that a proper merit determination "can only be made after a complete
review of the favorable factors in [each] case." Id. Edwards also made clear that
certain language in Marin, 16 I. & N. Dec. at 588, and Buscemi, 19 I. & N.
Dec. at 635--stating, in effect, that a petitioner with a criminal record
"ordinarily" is required to demonstrate rehabilitation before relief can be
granted--did not mean that rehabilitation was an "absolute prerequisite" to
relief, but a factor to be considered in exercising discretion. Edwards, Int.Dec.
3134.
16
We cannot agree that Edwards represents an inexplicable shift in BIA policy or,
for that matter, any significant shift at all. Edwards did no more than clarify
ambiguous language in earlier BIA decisions. See Ayala-Chavez, 944 F.2d at
641 n. 3 (Edwards "merely explained Buscemi and made it clear that a full
examination of an alien's equities could not be pretermitted"). Nor did the
potentially misleading language improperly influence the BIA in its disposition
of petitioner's application. The BIA in the instant case considered all relevant
factors, balanced the equities and did not treat rehabilitation as an absolute
prerequisite to relief.
C. Standard of Review by BIA

17
Finally, petitioner asserts that the BIA deferred to the decision of the
immigration judge, whereas it should have conducted de novo review.
Although petitioner concedes that the BIA is under no legal obligation to
conduct de novo review,4 he argues that de novo review was required because
the BIA made findings of fact which differed from those of the immigration
judge and because it made supplemental findings based on the new evidence
petitioner submitted to the BIA.
18
We discern no contradiction between the findings of the BIA and those of the
immigration judge. Petitioner argues that, unlike the immigration judge, the
BIA explicitly found that the petitioner possessed "outstanding equities" and
implicitly found that petitioner had been rehabilitated. As previously explained,
we cannot agree with petitioner's contention that the BIA made an implicit
finding of rehabilitation. Moreover, while the immigration judge did not make
an explicit finding of "outstanding equities," he found that several factors
favored discretionary relief, and there is nothing in the immigration judge's
opinion which would suggest that these favorable factors were not "outstanding
equities."
19
Finally, while the BIA made supplemental findings, we perceive no sound

basis, either in law or reason, for concluding that the BIA was thereby disabled
from upholding the immigration judge's decision. The BIA "has full power to
determine factual issues in cases before it," 1 C. Gordon & S. Mailman,
Immigration Law and Procedure, 3.05[b] at p. 3-57; see, e.g., Matter of B., 7
I. & N. Dec. 1, 14 (BIA 1956), and may consider new evidence not presented to
the immigration judge, Matter of Demosthenes, 13 I. & N. Dec. 345, 346 n. 1
(BIA 1969); Matter of Godfrey, 13 I. & N. Dec. 790, 791 n. 1 (BIA 1971).
Moreover, at least in cases where no new ground for deportation is presented,
see, e.g., Matter of Rios-Carrillo, 10 I. & N. Dec. 291 (BIA 1963) (remanding
after presentation of new ground for deportation), the BIA may uphold an
immigration judge's decision even after considering new evidence in favor of
petitioner, see, e.g., Matter of Reyes, 16 I. & N. Dec. 475 (BIA 1978)
(affirming decision by District Director after considering legal memoranda and
affidavit of foreign lawyer). The BIA made an extensive review of the evidence
presented before the immigration judge, as well as the newly-presented
evidence in favor of petitioner's request for discretionary relief. It then made its
determination that the immigration judge's denial of discretionary relief under
section 212(c) did not constitute an abuse of discretion. We find no error in this
determination. Accordingly, we uphold the deportation decision of the BIA.
20
The petition for review is denied and the deportation order is enforced.
We have jurisdiction to review final orders for deportation. See Joseph v. INS,
909 F.2d 605, 606 (1st Cir.1990)
We affirmed the BIA order in an earlier, unpublished per curiam decision, see
Hazzard v. INS, 940 F.2d 647 (1st Cir.1991) (Table), but thereafter granted
rehearing
In 1976 petitioner was convicted of conspiracy to distribute marijuana and of

possessing marijuana, with intent to distribute. In 1983, he was convicted of
possessing marijuana, with intent to distribute
The BIA has the discretionary power to conduct de novo review of an

immigration judge's decision. See, e.g., Damaize-Job v. INS, 787 F.2d 1332,
1338 (9th Cir.1986); Matter of Vilanova-Gonzalez, 13 I. & N. Dec. 399, 402
(BIA 1969). Of course, the BIA does not invariably do so. See, e.g., Matter of
Marinho, 10 I. & N. Dec. 214, 218 (BIA 1963) (BIA acknowledges its
authority to make findings of fact and conclusions of law, but decides to defer
to factfinder in the first instance); Matter of T----, 7 I. & N. Dec. 417, 419 (BIA
1957) (deferring to findings of special inquiry officer)

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951 F.

Ronald HAZZARD, Petitioner,

United States Court of Appeals,

Following the federal conviction, the Immigration and Naturalization Service

Dec. 581, 584 (BIA 1978).

The petitioner bears the burden of demonstrating that he merits a discretionary

The BIA determination that the "outstanding equities" demonstrated by

Petitioner contends, nonetheless, that a denial of discretionary relief, due solely

First, contrary to petitioner's assertion, the BIA made no rehabilitation finding,

B. Departure from BIA Policies

Petitioner alleges abuse of discretion based on an inexplicable departure from

C. Standard of Review by BIA

Finally, while the BIA made supplemental findings, we perceive no sound

In 1976 petitioner was convicted of conspiracy to distribute marijuana and of

The BIA has the discretionary power to conduct de novo review of an

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