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Math 3D Homework 3 Solutions

The document provides solutions to differential equations homework problems. It covers higher order linear ODEs, nonhomogeneous equations, and finding general solutions using characteristic equations and initial conditions. Methods include finding complementary functions and particular solutions. Several examples are worked through step-by-step.

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Christopher Tsang
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181 views4 pages

Math 3D Homework 3 Solutions

The document provides solutions to differential equations homework problems. It covers higher order linear ODEs, nonhomogeneous equations, and finding general solutions using characteristic equations and initial conditions. Methods include finding complementary functions and particular solutions. Several examples are worked through step-by-step.

Uploaded by

Christopher Tsang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 3D Elementary Differential Equations Homework Answers 3

2.3

Higher order linear ODEs


1 y000 y00 + y0 y = 0 has characteristic equation
0 = 3 2 + 1 = ( 1)(2 + 1)
with solutions = 1, i. The general solution is therefore
y( x ) = c1 e x + c2 cos x + c3 sin x
2 y(4) 5y000 + 6y00 = 0 has characteristic equation
0 = 4 53 + 62 = 2 (2 5 + 6) = 2 ( 3)( 2)
with solutions = 0, 0, 2, 3. The general solution is therefore
y( x ) = c1 + c2 x + c3 e2x + c4 e3x
3 y000 + 2y00 + 2y0 = 0 has characteristic equation
0 = 3 + 22 + 2 = (2 + 2 + 2)

with solutions = 0, 22 48 = 0, 1 i. The general solution is therefore


y( x ) = c1 + e x (c2 cos x + c3 sin x )
4

(a) Multiplying out the characteristic equation we obtain


0 = (r 1)2 (r 2)2 = (r2 2r + 1)(r2 4r + 4) = r4 6r3 + 13r2 12r + 4
The differential equation is therefore y(4) 6y000 + 13y00 12y0 + 4y = 0
(b) The roots of the characteristic equation are 1, 1, 2, 2, hence the general solution is
y( x ) = (c1 + c2 x )e x + (c3 + c4 x )e2x

(a) If 2e4x x cos x is a solution, then e4x cos x is a solution, corresponding to the root = 4 + i
of the characteristic equation. Since e4x x cos x is a solution, this root has multilpicity at
least two. However, 4 i must also be a root of the same multiplicity. Thus the roots are
4 i, 4 i. Note that = 4 i satisfies ( 4)2 = 1, hence the characteristic equation
of degree four is necessarily

2
0 = ( 4)2 + 1 = 4 163 + 982 272 + 289
The ODE is therefore
y(4) 16y000 + 98y00 272y + 289y = 0
1

(b) We need four initial conditions for this ODE:

y( x ) = 2e4x x cos x

y0 ( x ) = 2e4x (cos x + 4x cos x x sin x )


y00 ( x ) = 2e4x (8 cos x 2 sin x + 15x cos x 8x sin x )

y000 ( x ) = 2e4x (45 cos x 24 sin x + 52x cos x 47x sin x )

= y(0) = 0
= y0 (0) = 2
= y00 (0) = 16
= y000 (0) = 90

101 y(5) y(4) = 0 has characteristic equation


0 = 5 4 = 4 ( 1)
with solutions = 0, 0, 0, 0, 1. The general solution is therefore
y ( x ) = c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2 + c4 x 3 + c5 e x
102

(a) The characteristic equation has factors 3 for the 3, and 2 + 4 for the 2i. Hence
0 = ( 3)(2 + 4) = 3 32 + 4 12
(b) The differential equation is
y000 3y00 + 4y0 12y = 0
(c) The general solution is
y( x ) = c1 e3x + c2 cos 2x + c3 sin 2x

103 You can fight your way through the characteristic equation process if you like, or. . .
Observe that y( x ) 0 solves the equation with the given initial conditions. Since this equation
satisfies the existence and uniqueness theorem, such is indeed the solution.

2.5

Nonhomogeneous Equations
2 Try y P = ae2x . Then y0P = 2ae2x and y00P = 4ae2x , thus
y00P y0P 6y P = 4ae2x
We therefore require a = 14 for a particular solution y P = 41 e2x
3 Try y P = ae2x . Then y0P = 2ae2x and y00P = 4ae2x , thus
y00P 4y0P + 4y P = 0
This is no good. Indeed y( x ) = (c1 + c2 x )e2x is the complementary function, so we must instead
try y P = ax2 e2x . Then y0P = 2a( x2 + x )e2x and y00P = 2a(2x2 + 4x + 1)e2x , thus
y00P 4y0P + 4y P = 2a(2x2 + 4x + 1)e2x 8a( x2 + x )e2x + 4ax2 e2x = 2ae2x
We therefore require a = 21 for a particular solution y P = 21 e2x
2

4 The characteristic equation is


0 = 2 + 9
with roots = 3i. The complementary function is therefore
yC = c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x
We must therefore try the particular solution y P = ax cos 3x + bx sin 3x. Then
y0P = a(cos 3x 3x sin 3x ) + b(sin 3x + 3x cos 3x )
y00P = a(6 sin 3x 9x cos 3x ) + b(6 cos 3x 9x sin 3x )
whence
y00P + 9y P = a(6 sin 3x 9x cos 3x ) + b(6 cos 3x 9x sin 3x ) + 9( ax cos 3x + bx sin 3x )

= 6a sin 3x + 6b cos 3x
We therefore require a = 16 and b = 16 for a particular solution y P = 61 x (sin 3x cos 3x ).
The general solution to the ODE is therefore
1
y( x ) = yC + y P = c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x + x (sin 3x cos 3x )
6
Now apply the initial conditions.
(

y( x ) = c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x + 16 x (sin 3x cos 3x )


y0 ( x ) = 3c1 sin 3x + 3c2 cos 3x + 16 [sin 3x cos 3x + 3x (cos 3x + sin 3x )]
Thus c1 = 2 and c2 =

7
18

y( x ) = 2 cos 3x +

y (0) = 2 = c1
y0 (0) = 1 = 3c2

1
6

for the solution

7
1
sin 3x + x (sin 3x cos 3x )
18
6

9 y00 y = ecx has characteristic equation 2 1 = 0 with roots = 1 and complementary


function
y C ( x ) = c1 e x + c2 e x
If c 6= 1 then we may try y P = aecx . Then
y00P y P = a(c2 1)ecx
whence a = c2 11 .
If c = 1 we need to try y P = axecx . Then
y00P y P = a(c2 x + 2c x )ecx = 2acecx

(since c = 1 = c2 = 1. . . )

1
whence a = 2c
.
A particular solution is therefore

1
cx

c 6 = 1
c2 1 e
1
x
y P ( x ) = 2 xe
c=1

1 x
2 xe
c = 1

102

(a) Try y P = ae x + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e. Then


y0P = ae x + 3bx2 + 2cx + d

y00P = ae x + 6bx + 2c

whence
y00P + 2y P = ae x + 6bx + 2c + 2( ae x + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e)

= 3ae x + 2bx3 + 2cx2 + (6b + 2d) x + 2c + e


1
1
3
= e x + x3 a = , b = , c = 0, d = 3b = , e = 2c = 0
3
2
2
A particular solution is therefore
1
1
3
y P = e x + x3 x
3
2
2
103 The characteristic equation is
0 = 2 + 2 + 1 = ( + 1)2
with roots = i. The complementary function is therefore
yC = c1 cos x + c2 sin x
Since the RHS x2 is quadratic, we must try the particular solution y P = ax2 + bx + c. Then
y0P = 2ax + b

y00P = 2a

whence
y00P + 2y0P + y P = 2a + 2(2ax + b) + ax2 + bx + c = ax2 + (4a + b) x + 2a + 2b + c

= x2 a = 1, b = 4a = 4, c = 2a 2b = 6
The general solution to the ODE is therefore
y( x ) = yC + y P = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + x2 4x + 6
Now apply the initial conditions.
(
y( x ) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + x2 4x + 6
y0 ( x ) = c1 sin x + c2 cos x + 2x 4

y (0) = 1 = c1 + 6
y 0 (0) = 2 = c2 4

Thus c1 = 5 and c2 = 6 for the solution


y( x ) = 5 cos x + 6 sin x + x2 4x + 6
105 y00 2y = sin( x + c) has complementary function

y C ( x ) = c1 e

2x

+ c2 e

2x

Try a particular solution y P = a sin( x + c) (Dont need the cosine since the second derivative of sine
is also sine. . . ). Then
1
y00P 2y P = a(1 2) sin( x + c) = sin( x + c) a =
3
The general solution is therefore

y ( x ) = c1 e

2x

+ c2 e

2x

1
sin( x + c)
3

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