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TK 3231 .F3
FARR, HOLLAND H.
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
MANUAL /

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Water and Power Resources Service
Denver, Colorado

1980

Transmission Line
Design Manual

by
Holland H. Farr

Reference Services
NOV 0 91981
Detroit Edison
A guide for the investigation, development,
and design of power transmission lines.

A Water Resources Technical Publication

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the

Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands
and natural resources.
This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources,
protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural
values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the
enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation.
The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works
to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people.
The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian
reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories
under U.S. administration.

On November 6, 1979, the Bureau of Reclamation was renamed the

Water and Power Resources Service in the U.S. Department of the
Interior. The new name more closely identifies the agency with its
principal functions supplying water and power.
The text of this publication was prepared prior to adoption of the new
name; all references to the Bureau of Reclamation or any derivative
thereof are to be considered synonymous with the Water and Power
Resources Service.

n
SI METRIC

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

DENVER: 1980

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402,
and the Water and Power Resources Service, Engineering and Research Center, Attn D-922,
P O Box 25007, Denver Federal Center, Denver CO 80225,
Stock Number 024-003-00135-0

PREFACE
The purpose of this manual is to outline the various requirements for, and the procedures to be
followed in the design of power transmission lines by the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department
of the Interior. Numerous design studies, which have been made on specific aspects of transmission
line design, are included with explanations of their applications. Information is presented concerning
such aspects as selection of type of construction, conductor sags and tensions, insulation, lightning
protection, clearance patterns, galloping conductors, structure limitation and guying charts, and
structure spotting. Structure design examples are limited to wood-pole construction. Interpretations
of the National Electrical Safety Code and other codes are made as required. Some of the example
problems were developed when the sixth edition of NESC was current, and are so noted; however,
most examples use the 1977 edition of NESC.
The transmission line network of the Bureau, while considered sparce by some s t a n d a r d s ,
encompasses some 16 000 circuit miles of lines having voltages up to and including 500 kilo volts.
In addition, to properly distribute this power, Bureau engineers have also designed and built some
300 substations and switchyards. This total transmission system represents an installed transformer
capacity of approximately 22 million kilovolt amperes. In many areas, a Bureau line is the only source
of electricity and, if an outage occurs, an area may be completely without power. The vast land area
covered by Bureau lines offers almost every conceivable type of climatic condition, and because a
large percentage of lines are in remote areasmaintenance is both difficult and time consuming.
Therefore, the line designs shown in this manual are more conservative than designs which might
ordinarily be considered.
The Bureau of Reclamation recognized the need for this manual and consequently initiated its
preparation. With the advent of the Western Area Power Administration, Department of Energy in
October of 1977, many of the electrical power features of the Bureau, including most transmission
lines, were transferred to the jurisdiction of Energy. However, it was deemed prudent to have the
Bureau complete the manual so that the design expertise gained through years of practical experience
would be readily available to other organizations as well as being a technical guide for Bureau
engineers designing new lines and maintaining the remaining facilities.
This manual contains the engineering tools and concepts that have proven to be successful over
many years of transmission line design by the Bureau. The manual is not a textbook, but a useful
reference and guide for Bureau designers. In keeping with the Metric Conversion Act of 1975, SI
metric units have been shown throughout the manual in addition to U.S. customary units.
There are occasional references to proprietary materials or products in this publication. These must
not be construed in any way as an endorsement, as we cannot endorse proprietary products or
processes of manufacturers or the services of commercial firms for advertising, publicity, sales, or
other purposes.
The author, Mr. Holland H. Farr, has more than 30 years of transmission line design experience
as an electrical engineer with the Bureau of Reclamation. He gratefully acknowledges the many
contributions to this manual by the personnel of both the Bureau of Reclamation and the Western
Area Power Administration. Special recognition is given to F. F. Priest for his encouragement,
suggestions, and consultation; to H. J. Kientz for his computer treatment of the concepts; and to
R. D. Mohr who provided the technical continuity. This manual was prepared and published by the
Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior, Engineering and Research Center, Denver,
Colorado.
Ill

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

ACSR
AIEE
Alcoa
ANSI
AWG
BIL

CIGRE
EHV
IEEE
K
LP
MSI
NBS

NESC
OGW
SAS

UHV
USBR
GPa
Hz

kcmil
kPa

kV-A
kWh
MPa

N/m
N*m

aluminum conductor, steel reinforced

American Institute of Electrical Engineers
Aluminum Company of America
American National Standards Institute
American Wire Gage
basic impulse insulation level
International Conference on Large Electric Systems
extra high voltage
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
conductor loading constant
low point (distance between low points in adjacent spans)
maximum sag increase
National Bureau of Standards
National Electrical Safety Code
overhead ground wire
sum of adjacent spans
ultra high voltage
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
gigapascal
hertz
thousand circular mils
kilopascal
kilovolt ampere
kilowatt hour
megapascal
newtons per meter
newton meter

IV

CONTENTS
Preface
Abbreviations and symbols

iii
iv

C H A P T E R I. BASIC D A T A

Section

1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10

Page

Field data
Safety codes
Cost estimates
Selection of type of construction
(a) Single wood-pole structures
(b) H-frame, wood-pole structures
(c) Single-circuit steel structures
(d) Double-circuit steel structures
(e) Structures for special conditions
(f) Transpositions
(g) Special long-span construction
Normal, ruling, and effective spans
Selection of conductors
Stress-strain curves
The parabola and the catenary
Design instructions
Transmission line data summary form

1
2
2
4
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
7
9
10
14
21
23

C H A P T E R II. C O N D U C T O R SAGS A N D T E N S I O N S
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

General information
Sag and tension calculations using Copperweld sag calculating
charts
Preparation of sag template
Inclined spans
Galloping conductors
Broken conductors
Insulator effect on sag and tension in short spans
Spans with concentrated loads

25
29
32
38
50
56
77
99

C H A P T E R III. I N S U L A T I O N , L I G H T N I N G P R O T E C T I O N ,
A N D CLEARANCE P A T T E R N S
19
20
21

Insulation coordination
Lightning protection
Conductor clearance patterns

103
106
Ill
v

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Section

Page

C H A P T E R IV. S T R U C T U R E L I M I T A T I O N A N D
GUYING CHARTS
22
23
24

General
Components of charts
Preparation of charts

127
127
127

C H A P T E R V. A D D I T I O N A L D A T A
25
26

27
28
29
30

31

Stresses in wood-pole structures

Structure spotting
(a) Data and equipment required
(b) Process of spotting
(c) Determining uplift
(d) Insulator sideswing
(e) General instructions
Right-of-way and building clearance
Armor rods and vibration dampers
Corona
Stringing sag data
(a) Sag tables
(b) Sag and insulator offset data for inclined spans
Transmission line equations

Bibliography

213
266
266
266
268
268
273
274
282
284
292
292
292
300
303

APPENDIXES
A.
B.
C.
Index

A method for computing transmission line sags and tensions in

spans adjacent to a broken conductor
Useful figures and tables
Conductor and overhead ground wire data tables

307
339
441
479

CONTENTS

vii

FIGURES

Figure

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

Page

Conductor and overhead ground wire catenary design criteria

for USER transmission lines
Mathematical solution for transpositions
Standard sag and tension calculation form (metric)
Standard sag and tension calculation form (U.S. customary) . . . .
Stress-strain and creep curves illustrating origin of values used
in sag and tension calculations
Stress-strain and creep curves for an ACSR, 2 6 / 7 conductor as
furnished by the Aluminum Association
Parabolic curve and equations
Catenary curve and equations
Sag and tension calculation form for example problems on
parabolic and catenary curves (metric)
Sag and tension calculation form for example problems on
parabolic and catenary curves (U.S. customary)
Catenary curve showing percentage relationship between sag
and span length
Transmission line data summary form
Explanation of standard sag and tension calculation form
Typical sag template construction
Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on sag
template (metric)
Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on sag
template (U.S. customary)
Sag on inclined spanequivalent span method
Sag on inclined spanaverage tension method
Sag on inclined spanparameter Z" method
Results of example problem on an inclined span using
parameter Z method (metric)
Results of example problem on an inclined span using
parameter Z method (U.S. customary)
Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example
problem on galloping conductors (metric)
Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example
problem on galloping conductors (U.S. customary)
Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for
example problem on galloping conductors (metric)
Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for
example problem on galloping conductors (U.S. customary) . . . .
Half-sag ellipses for example problem on galloping conductors . . .

3
7
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
18
22
24
33
34
36
36
38
39
44
47
49
52
53
54
54
55

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Vlll

Figure

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

Page

Profile of spans used for broken conductor problem

Sag and tension calculation form for broken conductor
problem (metric)
Sag and tension calculation form for broken conductor
problem (U.S. customary)
Curves for broken conductor problem (metric)
Curves for broken conductor problem (U.S. customary)
Sag template for reduced tension due to broken conductor
Conditions for equilibrium before and after unbalanced
condition
Graphical solution of unbalanced condition (metric)
Graphical solution of unbalanced condition (U.S. customary) . . .
Nomenclature for determining insulator effect on sag and
tension in short spans
Sag and tension calculation form for insulator effect problem
(metric)
Tension-temperature curve for insulator effect problem
(metric)
Sag and tension calculation form for insulator effect problem
(U.S. customary)
Tension-temperature curve for insulator effect problem (U.S.
customary)
Spans with concentrated loads
Graphical method for determining additional length of
conductor required for concentrated load problem
Reduction of angle of protection against lightning according to
structure height
Superimposed clearance patterns for the three types of voltage
stresses
Sag and tension calculation form for clearance pattern problem
(metric)
Sag and tension calculation form for clearance pattern problem
(U.S. customary)
Assumed dimensions for side view of structure at conductor
elevation
Clearance pattern for a 30S tangent structure with single
conductor
Clearance pattern for a 30S tangent structure with duplex
conductor
Clearance pattern for a 30A angle structure with single
conductor
Clearance pattern for a 30A angle structure with duplex
conductor

57
60
61
65
66
67
68
75
76
78
81
85
90
94
100
101
110
112
113
114
121
122
123
124
125

CONTENTS
Figure

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64

65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78

ix
Page

Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example

problem on steel structure limitation chart (metric)
Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example
problem on steel structure limitation chart (U.S. customary) . . .
Center phase V-string for type 30S steel structure with no line
angle
Example of a steel structure limitation chart (metric)
Example of a steel structure limitation chart (U.S. customary) . .
Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example
problem on wood-structure limitation chart (metric)
Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example
problem on wood-structure limitation chart (U.S. customary) . .
Type HS wood-pole structure
Type HSB wood-pole structure
Type 3AC wood-pole structure
Single-line sketch of wood pole showing values needed to
compute wind force
Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for
example problem on wood-structure limitation chart (metric) . .
Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for
example problem on wood-structure limitation chart (U.S.
customary)
Single-line sketch of one pole of a type HS wood-pole
structure
Single-line sketch of top portion of a type HS wood-pole
structure with X-brace
Force triangle showing angle of bias lines for wood-structure
limitation chart (metric)
Force triangle showing angle of bias lines for wood-structure
limitation chart (U.S. customary)
Force triangle showing resultant conductor force due to line
angle
Type 3A wood-pole structure
Type 3AB wood-pole structure
Type 3TA wood-pole structure
Half- and full-sag ellipses for type HS wood-pole structure
Half- and full-sag ellipses for type HSB wood-pole structure . . . .
Half- and full-sag ellipses for type 3AC wood-pole structure . . . .
Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, tangent,
4267-mm (14-ft) pole spacing
Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, tangent,
4267-mm (14-ft) pole spacing
Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 90 line
angle, 11 278-mm (37-ft) pole spacing

135
136
137
147
148
150
151
154
155
157
158
160

161
161
163
168
168
169
177
178
180
187
189
191
193
194
195

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Figure

79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102

Page

Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 9 0 line

angle, 11 278-mm (37-ft) pole spacing
Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 60 line
angle, 4267-mm (14-ft) pole spacing
Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 6 0 line
angle, 8230-mm (27-ft) pole spacing
Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 6 0 line
angle, 4267-mm (14-ft) pole spacing
Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 6 0 line
angle, 8230-mm (27-ft) pole spacing
Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 45 line
angle, 6096-mm (20-ft) pole spacing
Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 45 line
angle, 6096-mm (20-ft) pole spacing . . . .
Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 3 0 line
angle, 4572-mm (15-ft) pole spacing
Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 3 0 line
angle, 4572-mm (15-ft) pole spacing
Instructive example of a wood-structure limitation chart
Example of a wood-structure limitation chart (metric)
Example of a wood-structure limitation chart (U.S. customary) . .
Additional data required for the wood-structure limitation
chart
Example guying chart for wood-pole structures (metric)
Example guying chart for wood-pole structures (U.S.
customary)
Standard guying arrangement for type 3TA structure
29-m type HS 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles
(one X-brace)
95-ft type HS 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles
(one X-brace)
29-m type HSB 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir
poles (one X-brace)
Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection and to the
crosstie (metric example 2)
Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection (metric
example 2)
95-ft type HSB 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles
(one X-brace)
Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection and to the
crosstie (U.S. customary example 2)
Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection (U.S.
customary example 2)

196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
214
217
219
221
223
232
234
235

CONTENTS
Figure

103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124

xi
Page

29-ni type HSB 230-kV structure with class 1 Douglas fir

poles (two X-braces)
Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection and to the
crosstie (metric example 3)
Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection (metric
example 3)
95-ft type HSB 230-kV structure with class 1 Douglas fir poles
(two X-braces)
Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection and to the
crosstie (U.S. customary example 3)
Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection (U.S.
customary example 3)
Typical sag template (plastic) used for spotting structures
Typical plan and profile drawing with conductor sag template
superimposed
Typical plan and profile drawing showing use of sag template
in determining uplift
Schematic of vibration waves in a conductor
Corona loss curves for (A) fair weather, (B) rainfall,
(C) hoarfrost, and (D) snow
Average values of corona loss under fair weather with different
conductor bundles
Corona loss curves for different voltages
Conductor tensions when using free running stringing sheaves . . .
Dimensions required for calculating insulator offset and sag
correction data during stringing operations
Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on
insulator offset and sag correction (metric)
Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on
insulator offset and sag correction (U.S. customary)
Profile of spans for example problem on insulator offset and
sag correction
Stationing equation for common point on a transmission line
survey, assumption No. 1
Stationing equation for common point on a transmission line
survey, assumption No. 2
Station designations when station back is greater than station
ahead
Station designations when station ahead is greater than station
hack

243
245
247
255
257
259
267
269
271
284
287
288
290
293
293
297
297
298
301
301
302
302

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

TABLES

Table

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

Page

NESC conductor loading constants (K)

Calculations for sag template
Functions of Z
P curve computations for example problem No. 1broken
conductor (metric)
/* curve computations for example problem No. 1broken
conductor (U.S. customary)
H curve computations for example problem No. 1broken
conductor (metric)
Hcurve computations for example problem No. 1broken
conductor (U.S. customary)
Line data computations for example problem No. 2unbalanced
condition (metric)
Line data computations for example problem No. 2unbalanced
condition (U.S. customary)
P curve computations for example problem No. 2unbalanced
condition (metric)
P curve computations for example problem No. 2unbalanced
condition (U.S. customary)
/ / c u r v e computations for example problem No. 2unbalanced
full-load condition (metric)
/ / c u r v e computations for example problem No. 2unbalanced
full-load condition (U.S. customary)
/ / c u r v e computations for example problem No. 2unbalanced
no-load condition (metric)
/ / c u r v e computations for example problem No. 2unbalanced
no-load condition (U.S. customary)
Insulation selection for 345 kV
Insulation selection for 230 kV
Insulation selection for 115 kV
Minimum factors of safety for wood-pole construction
(grade B)
Conductor clearance to pole ground wire or crossarm
surfacewood-pole construction
Angular limitations of suspension insulator swing for standard
USBR wood-pole structures
Minimum factors of safety for wood-pole construction in
California
Conductor clearance to pole ground wire or crossarm
surfacewood-pole construction in California

27
37
41
62
63
63
64
69
69
70
70
71
72
73
74
107
108
109
129
129
129
131
131

CONTENTS
Table

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

Xlll

''age

Summary of loads in structure members for various span

lengths and low-point distances (metric example 2)
Summary of loads in structure members for various span
lengths and low-point distances (U.S. customary example 2) . . .
Summary of loads in structure members for various span
lengths and low-point distances (metric example 3)
Summary of loads in structure members for various span
lengths and low-point distances (U.S. customary example 3) . . .
Minimum horizontal clearance to buildingsUSBR standard for
NESC light, medium, and heavy loading (metric)
Minimum horizontal clearance to buildingsUSBR standard for
NESC light, medium, and heavy loading (U.S. customary) . . . .
Right-of-way valuesNESC light loading (metric)
Right-of-way valuesNESC light loading (U.S. customary)
Right-of-way valuesNESC medium loading (metric)
Right-of-way valuesNESC medium loading (U.S. customary) . . .
Right-of-way valuesNESC heavy loading (metric)
Right-of-way valuesNESC heavy loading (U.S. customary) . . . .
Data from example problem on insulator offset and sag
correction (metric)
Data from example problem on insulator offset and sag
correction (U.S. customary)

231
242
254
266
275
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
299
299

F I G U R E S IN A P P E N D I X E S

Figure

B-l
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5

Page

Typical township showing section numbering

Typical land section showing corner and 1/16 designations
Azimuth chart
Development of formula for maximum moment of resistance
on wood poles
Ground resistivity in the United States

340
341
342
343
344

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

TABLES IN A P P E N D I X E S

Table

B-l
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-6
B-7
B-8
B-9
B-10
B-ll
B-l2
B-l3
B-l4
B-l5
C-l
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6

Page

Maximum moment of resistance for pole circumferences at

ground line-USBR standard
Maximum moment of resistance for pole circumferences at
ground lineANSI standard
Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pine . . .
Pole circumferences for western red cedar
Permanent set values for Alumoweld strand
Permanent set values for steel strand
Flashover characteristics of suspension insulator strings and air
gaps
Flashover values of air gaps
Relative air density and barometric pressure
Barometric pressure versus elevation
Mass per unit volume and relative mass density of wood
species used for poles
Conductor temperature coefficients of expansion for normal
sag-tension computations
Pressure on a projected area due to wind velocity
Equivalent metric data for standard electrical conductors
Selected Si-metric conversions
Permanent set, creep, and initial and final modulus values
(metric)
Permanent set, creep, and initial and final modulus values
(U.S. customary)
Conductor and overhead ground wire data (metric)
Conductor and overhead ground wire data (U.S. customary) . . . .
Conductor and overhead ground wire values for NESC light,
medium, and heavy loading (metric) .
Conductor and overhead ground wire values for NESC light,
medium, and heavy loading (U.S. customary)

345
348
351
385
419
420
423
424
426
426
427
428
429
430
431
442
452
462
466
470
474

 Chapter I

BASIC D A T A
1. Field Data.Before design requirements for a transmission line can be formulated, it is
necessary to gather certain preliminary information prior to establishing the voltage, type of
construction, and the desired conductor and overhead ground wire sizes and types. Usually, the
establishment of the voltage on major transmission lines, the number and type of lines required in
a given area, and the type of construction t o be used depends on a comprehensive system study. This
study would include the size and location of generators and loads, and the possibility of using existing
transmission facilities. After a system study has established the required voltages and the end points
of the transmission lines, the following information is required to establish the details of construction
and to prepare designs:
a. Operating voltage of the line.
b. Average and peak loads to be transmitted over the line, or the peak load and estimated load
factor.
c. Value in mills per kilowatt hour of the energy to be transmitted, and the value per kilowatt
per month or year of capacity to be served.
d. A summary of local climatic conditions including:
(1) Maximum and minimum temperatures.
(2) Maximum wind velocities with and without ice.
(3) Radial thickness of ice expected on the conductors.
(4) Presence of corrosive smoke or fog atmospheres.
e. A summary of soil conditions, that is, the presence of rock, sand, alkali or other corrosive agents,
swamps, and muskeg.
f. A map showing the general route of the line, and locations of terminal and intermediate
substations.
g. The length of, and navigation clearance requirements for, river and lake crossings.
The information from a., b., and c , is used to determine the most economic conductor size. The
other information is used mainly to establish the required mechanical and structural requirements
for the line.
To prepare specifications and designs, the following additional information is required:
h. Whether the line will be constructed by contract or Government forces.
i. Date delivery of power is required.
j . Delivery points for Government-furnished materials, and the proportion of each item of
material required at each point.
k. Key map, plan and profile sheets, and special crossing drawings.
1. Drill logs and a summary of footing conditions for steel tower lines or special steel structures.
1

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

2 . Safety Codes.-The N E S C (National Electrical Safety Code), issued by ANSI (American

National Standards Institute), contains safety rules for the installation and maintenance of electric
supply and communication lines. Because overhead transmission lines are constructed over open areas
where it is not possible to isolate them from the general public by fencing, it is very important that
certain safety rules be observed in the construction and maintenance of these lines. We construct
our transmission lines in accordance with NESC unless the regulations of the state in which the
particular transmission line is being constructed are more stringent than those of NESC. The rules
do not provide detailed specifications, b u t r a t h e r are intended to cover the more i m p o r t a n t
requirements from the standpoint of safety to the transmission line work force and to the public.
The code specifies clearances, grades of construction, design loadings for conductors and supporting
structures, strength requirements, and special requirements for crossings of railroads, thoroughfares,
power circuits, and communication circuits. The code also specifies the general geographic areas in
which the design of transmission lines shall be based on light, medium, or heavy loading conditions.
However, when designing a particular transmission line, local weather and climatic conditions should
also be taken into account as local conditions may indicate the use of heavier loading conditions than
those prescribed by NESC for that general area.
Loading conditions and conductor and overhead ground wire tensions shall be in accordance with
the latest edition of NESC with exceptions as shown on figure 1 or by specific heavier loading
conditions than those prescribed for the general area in which the line is being designed.
Many states and municipalities have special rules regarding electrical construction; however, most
states recognize NESC as the standard for transmission lines and distribution circuits. Transmission
lines in California should be designed in accordance with Rules for Overhead Electric Line Construction,
General Order No. 95 of the California Public Utilities Commission [I]. 1
Some of the example problems in this manual were developed using the Sixth Edition of NESC [2];
however, most of the problems use the current 1977 Edition [3]. Problems using the old Sixth Edition
have been so noted. It is imperative that the latest editions of the applicable state code and NESC
be used for all designs of transmission lines. Care should be taken to assure that all applicable factors
in a code have been used to make certain that at least a minimum allowable design will be met.
One of the most important factors of safety, and one that is too often overlooked, is the proper
climbing clearance for linemen on structures. Ensure t h a t all structures have the safe climbing
clearances prescribed by the codes.
3 . Cost Estimates.Two general types of cost estimates are made, a preliminary and a final
engineers' estimate. Preliminary estimates are used to determine the economic feasibility of a
transmission line, and also to determine the amount of funds to be requested in the budget for
construction. They are also used to compare the cost of construction on alternate routes, and to
compare costs of various types of line construction. For example, these comparisons would be used
when making system studies in which the economy and feasibility of different voltages and alternate
types of construction are to be determined. This is especially true at voltages of 230 kV and above.
A final Engineers Cost Estimate, based on the cost of all items involved in the construction of
the line, is prepared for each construction specification. Both the preliminary and final estimates are
based on past cost and bid data and on current prices of materials as quoted by manufacturers.

Numbers in brackets refer to items in the Bibliography.

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

CONDUCTOR AND OGW CATENARY DESI6N CRITERIA

FOR USBR TRANSMISSION LINES

AREA

FULL LOAD
INITIAL
TEMP.
%ULT.
F
c

LOADING

P*^M Light
1
1 Medium'
Y/////A Heavy'
V/////A California Light2
2

California Heavy
All of obove

CONDUCTOR
NO LOAD
INITIAL
TEMP.
%ULT.
F
c

50

30

-I.I

33*

50

15

-9.4

33*

50

50

25 - 3.9

50

-17.8 33*

NO LOAD
FINAL
TEMP.
%ULT.
F
c

-17.8

25

- 2 0 -28.9

25

- 4 0 -40

33i 0 -17.8
-17.8 33i - 2 0 -28.9

25
25
25

OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE

NO LOAD
FULL LOAD
NO LOAD
INITIAL
INITIAL
FINAL
TEMP.
TEMP.
TEMP.
%ULT.
%ULT.
%ULT.
F
F
F
c
c
c

-17.8

50

-20 -28.9

50

- 4 0 -40
0

-17.8

- 2 0 -28.9

18 Max. 60

15.6

30

50

33*
15 - 9.4 3 3 i
0 -17.8 3 3 *

50

25

50

-3.9 3 3 *
-17.8 3 3 i

-17.8

25

- 2 0 -28.9

25

-20 -28.9

- 4 0 -40

25

-40 -40

-17.8

25

- 2 0 -28.9

25

-17.8

-17.8

-20 -28.9
15 Max. 60 15.6

The obove criteria opply to conductors and overhead ground wires of any type and
material with the exception as noted in footnote 3.
California Heavy Loading applies to all oreas above 914-m (3000-ft) elevation}
USBR uses NESC Medium Loading in northern California.
'National Electrical Safety Code.
e
Generol Order No. 95, Colifornio Public Utilities Commission.
3
Extra -high-strength overhead ground wire should be limited to maximum of
20 percent of ultimate strength at temperature indicated.

Figure 1.-Conductor and overhead ground wire catenary design criteria for USBR transmission lines. 104-D-1046.
From Dwg. 40-D-5169.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

4 . Selection of Type of Construction.When selecting the type of construction to be used on

a transmission line, it is necessary to consider the voltage of the line, size and type of conductors
to be used, desired or necessary span lengths, costs of construction, and the availability of materials
to be used in the structures. The structures used in a transmission line are divided into three classes
according to function: (1) tangent, (2) angle, and (3) tension. Usually, 80 to 90 percent of the
structures in a transmission line are of the tangent class. Standard wood-pole structures, hardware,
and methods of installation have been designed and established as standard design drawings for general
use on transmission lines for various voltage ratings. These drawings are to be used for all transmission
lines, except where special conditions require special structural designs. All standard design drawings
are given 40-D- numbers. Design data drawings, such as sag templates, limitation charts, and sag
tables, are usually developed for specific transmission lines and are given 104-D- or project numbers.
All original drawings are on file in the Bureau's Denver office, and reproducible prints of applicable
drawings are supplied to design units associated with various field offices.
Since the conductor and loading conditions for transmission lines are often different, span lengths
and structure heights and types are varied to maintain efficient and economical use of the standard
structures. Brief discussions on the basic types of structures are presented in the following paragraphs.
(a) Single Wood-Pole Structures .The Bureau usually uses single wood-pole structures for voltages
from 2.3 through 46 kV. In addition, where right-of-way is severely restricted, it is sometimes
necessary to use single wood-pole construction for 69- and 115-kV lines. For lines up to and including
69 kV, two types of single-pole structures are used which, with reference to the arrangement of the
conductors, are designated flattop and triangular. In the flattop type of construction, the three
conductors are supported by a single crossarm and are arranged in the same horizontal plane. In the
triangular type, the middle conductor is supported at the top of the pole and the two outside
conductors are supported by a crossarm below the top of the pole. Pin-type insulators are used in
b o t h single-pole and H-frame construction. For 69-kV lines, a type of single-pole triangular
construction is used; however, suspension insulators with two conductors suspended from the upper
crossarm are used. For 115-kV lines, a single wishbone-type structure is used. The common, basic
types of single-pole, single-circuit structures and their nomenclature are:
SS
SD
SA
SAT
ST
STR

=
=
=
=
=
=

suspension, tangent, single crossarm

suspension, small line angle, double crossarm
suspension, medium line angle (up to 6 0 ) , vertical conductor attachment
tension, large line angle (60 to 9 0 ) , vertical conductor attachment
tension, medium line angle ( 0 t o 6 0 ) , vertical conductor attachment
suspension, transposition structure

(b) H-Frame Wood-Pole Structures .The Bureau usually uses H-frame, wood-pole structures for
voltages from 69 through 161 kV. The H-frame designation originates from the appearance of the
tangent structure which has a double-plank crossarm. Occasionally, this type of construction must
be used for lower voltages where long spans cannot be avoided; however, it is sometimes used for
230-kV lines. The use of X-braces between the poles is standard on H-frame structures to permit
the use of longer spans and heavier conductors, and to support the structures under transverse loading.
The use of wood poles longer than 27 m (90 ft) is not recommended, except for very special cases,
because they are not economical and are difficult to obtain. For normal wood-pole construction, it
is preferred that the majority of poles on lines with overhead ground wires should not exceed 19.8 m

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

(65 ft) in length; and on lines without overhead ground wires, the majority of poles should not exceed
18.3 m (60 ft).
Although we normally use wood-pole structures for all lines up to 161 kV, occasional situations
arise (other than to obtain high clearance for crossings) where it is necessary to use steel towers. For
example, it is our policy not to guy any structure within 183 m (600 ft) of a substation; therefore,
self-supporting steel structures are used in these locations to permit large line angles, where required,
and to permit reduced tensions on conductors and overhead ground wires in the approach spans to
the substation.
The basic types of structures for H-frame construction and their nomenclature are:
HS
=
3AC
=
3A and 3AB =
3TA
=

two-pole, suspension, tangent, double-plank crossarm

three-pole, suspension, small line angle
three-pole, suspension, medium line angle
three-pole, tension, 0 to 90 line angle

(c) Single-Circuit Steel Structures .Normally, steel construction is used for all voltages above
161 kV. Steel structures are also used for lower voltages under special conditions such as crossings
over navigable streams where high clearance and long spans are required, for approach spans into
substations and switchyards, and for extra-heavy loadings.
Steel transmission line structures are usually of the self-supporting type and are designed in three
general types: (1) tangent, (2) angle, and (3) dead end, according to their function in the line. For
many years steel structures were designated by a nomenclature system in which identifying letters
were used:
S
T
A
D

=
=
=
=

Suspension
Tension
Angle
Double Circuit

L
M
H
TR

=
=
=
=

Light
Medium
Heavy
Transposition

T h u s , an SAL-type structure was a single-circuit, suspension, angle structure designed for light
climatic loading.
In 1975, the system was changed, and a two-digit number is now used as a basic designation for
a set of structures designed for a specific voltage and for specific loadings. The first digit indicates
the voltage; for example, a 2 indicates 230 kV. The second digit is a design designator for a particular
series of towers. This system permits the steel structure designers to immediately identify the basic
set of structures used for any given line. The following letters are added to the two-digit number to
designate the function of the structure:
S = Suspension
X = Heavier suspension with small line angle ( 0 t o 5 ) capability
ST = Heavier suspension type, no line angle capability, outside phases in suspension, center
phase dead-ended
A = Angle (insulators in suspension)
T = Tension with small line angle ( 0 t o 5 ) capability
Y = Tension with large line angle (5 to 3 0 ) capability
D = Dead end with variable line angle capability
R = Transposition

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Thus, a type 30S structure would be a 345-kV suspension structure with a design designation of zero.
The limitations of a given set of structures will depend upon conductor size, maximum tension
in the conductors and overhead ground wires, and the loading area where the structures are to be
used.
(d) Double-Circuit Steel Structures .-Double-circuit steel structures may be used where it is
necessary to place two transmission lines on a restricted right-of-way, or if it is desired to reduce the
cost of two lines along the same route. On double-circuit structures, the conductors for each circuit
are arranged vertically on one side of the structure. In areas where snow and ice loading are not
expected, the conductors may be located directly above one another; however, where snow and ice
loading are expected, it is desirable to offset the center conductor to minimize the possibility of any
contact between the conductors. Contact can be caused by galloping conductors or uneven snow and
ice loading on the conductors. For example, if the three conductors are located directly above one
another and covered with ice, one of the lower conductors may drop its ice and spring up into the
conductor above. Double-circuit steel structures are constructed in the same general types as the
single-circuit structures.
(e) Structures for Special Conditions .-Special conditions frequently arise in the designing of
transmission lines which necessitate the use of special structures. Special structures are required
where: (1) a lower voltage line is carried on the same structure below a higher voltage line, (2) a branch
line takes off from a main line, (3) switches are required in a line, and (4) long spans, such as those
for a river or lake crossing, require higher than normal structures to maintain navigational clearances
or wider spacings between conductors. Where navigational clearances over rivers or lakes are required,
it is usually necessary to use steel structures to obtain sufficient height.
(f) Transpositions .To maintain balanced conditions of reactance and capacitance on the three
phases of a transmission line, at least one transposition barrel should be placed between major
terminals. However, it has been determined that for less than 161 km (100 mi) between terminals,
the unbalance is not sufficient to affect the operation of the transmission line or the protective relays.
The term barrel, as used by the Bureau of Reclamation, refers to a section of a three-phase power
transmission line of uniform configuration that is divided into three parts of approximately equal
length by two transpositions arranged so that each conductor occupies each phase position for
one-third the length of the section. Specific instructions regarding transpositions should be given in
the design instructions for each transmission line.
The distances between conductors in a transposition must be studied to determine if adequate
minimum electrical clearances will be obtained in a given case. If possible, it is helpful to set up a
model of the transposition. A model will give good results and will also present the whole problem
in perspective. A problem area in a transposition may be difficult to locate correctly without a
thorough analysis. A model eliminates the possibility of selecting the wrong area. The model, of course,
must be made to scale. A large sheet of plywood for a base, dowels to support the conductors, screws
to hold the dowels in the desired locations, and adequate string to represent the conductors provide
an inexpensive way of duplicating various questionable line situations such as clearances between
conductors, between conductors and structures, or between conductors and guys.
Another method t h a t may be used to determine these clearances is by applying descriptive
geometry to the problem. This method should be used after an analysis of the whole system has been
made and the problem areas determined. The formulas derived on figure 2 may be applied to many
transposition problems.

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

Span (S)

First derivative of D with respect to k:

kS

^H

= -2DH2 + 2k(Dv2+DH2)

V= k S - ^ = k D v
_L
S-kS

Solution of differential equation2x2

D 2 =D H 2 -2D

H = (S-kS)-^=DH(l-k)
D= y(kDv)2 ^ [DH(l-k)]:

D 2 =

(D
*" 7 T T T T T T I
D
(D/+DH
v *DH'

_DH2(DV2-.-DH2)-2DH4

(D/ + D/)

DH4

(D/+D/)

D 2 = k2 D v 2 + ( D H - k D H ) 2
2
n
D = k " D / +D H ^ - 2 k D /2+^l T2 D
H

DH2 DV2 + D H 4 -2D H 4 + D H 4

DV2*DH2

D =DH -2kDH

+ k (Dv +DH

\D v 2 ^D H 2 y
For structures

at d i f f e r e n t

DHDy
^(D V22 +D
+ n H 2 t2

elevations:

DH Remains the same (spacing between conductors on crossarm)

D v = (Vertical spacing) ( cos e ) , where e is the slope angle.
Span
Dv= V
s/tSpan) 2 * (difference in elevation) 2
Figure 2.-Mathematical solution for transpositions. 104-D-1047.

(g) Special Long-Span Construction .To take advantage of topographic conditions in areas of
rough terrain, it is often necessary to use spans longer t h a n are normal for the voltage under
consideration. To obtain the required spacing between conductors for long spans, longer crossarms
may be used on single wood-pole structures, and greater pole spacing may be used on H-frame
structures. For steel construction, the structures can be designed for any required conductor spacing.
5. Normal, Ruling, and Effective Spans.The normal span is used to determine and compare
the span lengths obtainable by using different structure heights. The normal span may be defined

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

as the maximum span attainable with a given structure height and a given conductor clearance above
level ground. The usefulness of the normal span is limited because the transmission line profile is
seldom level, and the actual spans will vary considerably from the normal span. The normal span
can be calculated from the following formula:

Normal span in meters (feet)

yhere:
P
L
C
D

=
=
=
=

-F

height of conductor support for which the normal span is to be calculated, m (ft)
conductor clearance above level ground, m (ft)
ruling span, m (ft)
conductor sag for ruling span C, m (ft)

The ruling span may be defined as that span length in which the tension in the conductor, under
changes in temperature and loading, will most nearly agree with the average tension in a series of
spans of varying lengths between dead ends. A more common definition is that the ruling span is
the span length used as a basis for calculating the conductor sags and tensions, constructing the sag
template, and preparing the stringing tables. The ruling span for any section of transmission line
having n spans of lengths Z l 9 Z 2 , L3...Ln between dead ends may be calculated from the following
equation:

ryuling span

/V+Z23+Z33
Lx +L2+L3

+...Ln3
+ ...Ln

To use this equation, the structure locations must be known. However, because the ruling span
is used as a basis for calculating the sag template, the ruling span must be estimated before the
structures are located. It is always good practice to locate structures for a transmission line so that
the span lengths are as uniform as possible. The maximum span length is limited by the strength of
the structure and conductor clearance requirements. Therefore, the ruling span can be estimated with
sufficient accuracy before the structures are located. One ruling span should usually be selected for
the entire line except for certain sections where long and short spans cannot be avoided because of
exceptionally rough profile. When this is the case, a longer or shorter ruling span should be used.
The conductor must be dead-ended at the point where a change in ruling span occurs because the
horizontal tensions in sections of line with different ruling spans do not vary by the same amounts
due to variations in temperature and loading. Unbalanced tensions result between sections of different
ruling spans. In isolated long spans, such as river crossings or over canyons which are dead-ended
at each end, the ruling span is made equal to the actual span.
Effective span is the term used to designate the portion of the conductor which is supported by
a structure. If the supports for the conductor at each end of a span are at the same elevation, the
low point of the conductor is at the middle of the span and each structure will support one-half of
the conductor. In this case, the effective span is equal to the actual span. If one support is higher
than the other, the low point of the conductor will be closer to the lower support and each structure
will then support that portion of the conductor between the structure and the low point. In effect,

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

considering the conductor load on one side of the structure only, each structure supports
the equivalent of a level span equal in length to twice the distance between the structure
low point of the conductor. This hypothetical span is called the effective span.
To determine the total conductor length supported by any one structure, it is necessary to
the spans on each side of a structure. The supported length is equal to one-half the sum of the
effective spans; or the sum of the adjacent effective spans for any given structure is equal
the distance between low points of the spans on either side of the structure.

one-half
and the
consider
adjacent
to twice

6. Selection of Conductors.When selecting the conductor for a transmission line, it is necessary

to consider the voltage of the line, load to be transmitted, value of power losses on the line, corona
and radio interference, mechanical strength of the conductor, electrical conductivity, conductor cost,
and the availability of the materials used in the conductor.
The voltage for a transmission line is usually selected from system studies and is determined before
the line is assigned to the transmission line designers for preparation of designs or design instructions.
The minimum diameter of conductor is usually determined by the permissible amount of corona loss;
which depends on the voltage, altitude above sea level, and type of conductor surface. Corona loss
is negligible for voltages of 46 kV and below.
The mechanical strength of the conductor must be sufficient to carry the wind and ice loads to
be imposed upon it without exceeding: (1) 50 percent of the ultimate strength under maximum loading
conditions, (2) 25 percent of the ultimate strength under specified no-load conditions after the
conductor has assumed its final sag, and (3) 33-1/3 percent of the ultimate strength under initial
no-load conditions. When the conductor is loaded by ice and wind, as specified for maximum loading
conditions, the conductor is permanently stretched. When the conductor is unloaded, it will assume
final sag and tension values, with the sag being greater and the tension being less than they were
initially. For example, if we string a 242 mm 2 (477 kcmil), ACSR, 24/7 conductor on a 213.4-m
(700-ft) ruling span, the initial sag at minus 18 C (0 F ) with no ice and no wind will be 2594 mm
(8.5 ft), and the tension will be 19 700 N (4429 lb). The limiting condition, as determined by the
Bureau, for this conductor under NESC heavy loading conditions is 33-1/3 percent of the ultimate
strength at minus 40 C (minus 40 F) initial, no load. The NESC heavy loading conditions are
13-mm (1/2-in) radial ice, 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) transverse wind, and a constant of 4.3782 N / m
(0.30 lb/ft). After loading the conductor to a full load tension of 33 362 N (7500 lb), the immediate
sag at minus 18 C (0 F) with no ice and no wind is 2906 mm (9.53 ft), and the tension is 17 580 N
(3954 lb). Ten years after installation, the creep factor in the conductor will cause the sag to increase
to 3700 mm (12.14 ft) with a tension of 13 832 N (3110 lb) at minus 18 C with no ice and no wind.
The strength of the conductor must be high enough and the sag of the conductor small enough
to permit the use of reasonably long spans without using excessively high structures. For some small
size conductors, the sag is so great that either short spans or very tall structures are required. The
use of either short spans or tall structures usually increases the cost of the structures on a line to
the point that it becomes more economical to use a larger size conductor that can be supported on
shorter structures with longer spans. The maximum permissible sag with standard structures may be
limited by galloping conductor considerations in addition to structure height. Section 15 describes
the galloping conductor considerations.
The electrical conductivity of the conductor must be high enough to carry the load without heating
the conductor to a temperature that would cause annealing and consequent reduction in the strength

10

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

of the conductor which, in turn, results in greater sag and reduced clearances above the ground. The
voltage drop in the line must be limited to about 10 percent; however, this can be controlled by the
use of reactors, capacitors, and synchronous condensers to control the vars (reactive volt amperes)
transmitted over the line. Usually, the value of power losses in a transmission line is sufficient to justify
a larger conductor size than is required to limit heating and voltage drop. A balance must be obtained
between the value of losses in the conductor and the fixed charges on the investment in the
transmission line such that minimum annual cost will result. Comparison must be made between the
various available types of conductors as well as determining the most economical size of any one type
of conductor.
Since 1945, ACSR (aluminum conductor, steel reinforced) conductor, because of its lower price,
has proved more economical than other conductors, such as copper or Copperweld-copper. Prior to
1945, copper prices were such that copper conductor was more economical than ACSR. Records show
that aluminum conductors are now being specified for nearly all new transmission lines, and for about
90 percent of distribution lines.
It is occasionally necessary to consider the availability of the different types of conductors because
it may be necessary to complete the transmission line in a short time without regard to the most
economical conductor.
Once the route and length of a transmission or distribution line have been determined, and a
conductor type and size selected to carry safely and economically the system voltage, current, and
power, several mechanical considerations remain which may influence the choice of conductor and
will definitely influence the installation methods. The designer must consider such factors as structure
heights and locations, span lengths, conductor sags and tensions, and ground clearances. Thus, the
designer must have detailed knowledge of conductor sag and tension as a function of span length,
temperature, and weight loading. Most of this information is supplied by conductor manufacturers
in the form of tables and graphs; however, the designer will usually have to prepare additional aids
such as forms, charts, diagrams, and templates, that are related to a specific installation. Figures 3
and 4 show a standard form that USBR designers use for conductor calculations. This form is a
variation of a form designed by the Copperweld Steel Co. of Glassport, Pa. [6]. Figure 3 shows metric
calculations for the conductor previously mentioned, and figure 4 shows the U.S. customary
calculations for the same conductor. A detailed description of this calculation form is given in section
12, chapter II.
7. Stress-Strain Curves.-Most of the mechanical properties required for sag and tension
calculations are determined by tensile testing. Wires used in the manufacture of transmission line
conductors are tested in full section. The loads determined in a tension test are reported as unit
stresses based on an area of the original section:

Load
Stress =
Area
Elongation is measured as the increase in length of a gage-marked length on a test specimen. The
elongation is then determined as

(Final Length) (Original Length)

(Original Length)

11

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

DCm-578 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR * ? < ?

/nm *

flPS

LOADWG

Jtffa

Code Name _

//cavy

Linear Force Factor:

Rated Breaking Strength 1 (o

Diameter.

So9

Dead Load Force w\

_ mm

73

Tension Limitations:

Oj22*Pa

In, t iaI ~ ?Q T.

33J-

^ J " SOZ N

ft*

mm Ice ( W )
Wind

#.47

Resultant: ( W " )

9h

N/m
N/m

25

%/?

Loaded-/i*fc.

50

%Jj? ^ 5 " / N

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

Final. 15.5 <fc

/ /

% / ^ 77J? N

0.000 0 !<} H

<yZ7\3

N/m

<Z 7* 37 SD

Final.- y<9n,

Computed by

/-?/ N

^ lo $Q

TE

Total Q on I

G03

Initially.

jg

/c An

.ADD 223

7I

7 ^ .GPa

Final ^ J _ U J ^ 1 ^ 4 _

perC

I SAG FACTOR i

SPAN LENGTH(S) <2/J,

^A

4f#

Initial A P /J>~ ^ 3 /

o y i UNSTRESSED LENGTH

Os21Lte*P*mr(W")yjf\0.qi?9

Creep 0.00 O

Modulus. (E) Final 7^? . /*OZ q p a

mm2

Date

LOADING

Permanent Set 0.00 O SO*j

J', / tf 6 fi N/m

SAG, mm

. 2 6 ^

SW,N

N
is,

TENSION, N

JE.

O. J7S2\O.OSLI

<f9\

^ 9 3

1 JTPVjT k j

j6>2

Jnitia)

Permanent Set & Creep

\Ci9f9

W/

\6'O00

'*S

o-n/4 /&, uM

Q'Q?7t

i /?// \/1 7^Q z/i/fa/

No Ice, No Wind ( W )

SPAN LENGTH(S)

J3_.

'/$/&&

kPa Wind (W") \-J& \Q. 99Q

Permanent Set

a<nQg so*

No Ice, No Wind ( W )

</J.3&.

/Of

-18 Y?,?f<f
-1
15.5
32
49

<L>cb G.COO

-/$

/O/
oo3\
/oj/O.OAOn9L

Q96, U

o./028

C-Q/3

SPAN L E N G T H f S ) . . . ^ ^ ^ <3&
0-/J/3T3,

kPa Wind (W")

Permanent Set & Creep

tf. 999
n.ool
/. 000

-18
-1

a.

J323

O. S)J7

W^

/?/'

/ / S#o

Jloo

34

/<?//

13

,.
SPAN LENGTH(S)

mm Ice
kPa Wind ( W 1 )
Permanent Set & Creep

-18 I
-1
15.5

No Ice. No Wind ( W )

32
49

SPAN LENGTH(S)

mm I r e
kPa Wind ( W " )

Permanent Set & Creep

|
i

-18
-1
15.5

No Ice. No Wind ( W )

32
49

SPAN I FNGTHm
kPa Wind

IW)

'

Permanent Set & Creep

-18
-1
No Ice. No Wind ( W )

P5 only

IT

l
I
i

15.5
32
49

No Ice, No Wind ( W )

<*2,

15.5
32
49

Figure 3.-Standard sag and tension calculation form (metric).

832

f//io

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN M A N U A L

12
DC-576 (3-78)

FINAL*1"

CONDUCTOR 477KcmiJ
F//r.fer
Code Name .
Rated Breaking Load
Diameter CL.

M.SR 3.4h

Weight Factors:
Deadweight

/ 7 ron

(W)

O, & 1'f'S

.lb/ft

+ I^in. ice (W)

inch

J l _ l b Wind

F 33T %

jSy33

Resultant: ( W " )

JiiS'l

. lb/ft

Creep 0.00<?

.lb/ft

Total nnn/ 003

/ / $"7^7

.lb/ft

Area (A)

Loaded.

Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

O F 50 %

2loO0

Permanent Set Q oo<P S0J1 ?

O . & 1 S3

Final. -*JQ F 25 % ^300

Final.

fl<J23<2.\n2

LOAOING

0.000 0/<?ff

Date

,nrh im.

_^_ib/ft^wind(w-)[
Permanent Set & Creep

ooo 323 ?\ n.

O . Q<}<? 10/ O- GOV /Jf *

No Ice. No Wind (W)

/ 3Inch Ice,
V
lb/ft 2 Wind(W'")
Permanent Set

No Ice. No Wind (W)

Inch Ice,
_ j / _ lb/ft 2 Window")
Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice. No Wind (W)

Final AE j/

^S(n

tf

lb

Initial AE 3

4j?3

6, ?8

lb

SAG, ft

SIM, lb

FEET
jyS3.\s).oi>

Q ,097/

SPAN LENGTH(S)_
O

0
30
60
90
120

O. 999 /OJ
n. ono s~o
O. 999 ,,0.noo

0
30
60
90
120

O. 99f lOl
O. OO) O03
/ . oon /r>4 O.nnn

7QQ

OIL .JT 0' t j o t t

SPAN LENGTH(S)
O

o9,

jf

SPAN LENGTH S)

$SL

IS. <Jo \ 1313. ti 1 -ISoo

8.S/

430. IS

VV-29 Trtlfi'a/

4.53

430.

IS

3<?sy

7 CO

O. 1323

tf,/4

43/}.

IS

FEET

<o. A)3

SPAN 1 F N f i T H r ^

n.nn 34

FEET

FFET

|
0
30
60
90
120
SPAN LFNGTH(S)

P3

_FEET

120

_FEET

lb/ft 2 Wind(W")
Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice. No Wind (W)

Xnit/aJ

/6\

Q-OIA

0
30
60
90

Inch Ice,
lb/ft 2 Wind(W"1)
Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice, No Wind (W)

T TENSION, lb

30
60
90
120

Inch Ice,
lb/ft 2 WirK^W")
Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice, No Wind (W)

I SAG FACTOR |

SPAN LENGTH(S)__2
o \ o . <f<f<? io,\o.

Initial 9. OJ/x 1Q6 Ib/in2

per F

[ T 0 p P - 1 UNSTRESSED LENGTHI

Modulus. (E) F i n a l ^ L ^ l x 106 Ib/in2

60 F 18 % 3 0 j(n

Computed by

l/jl

JA&** 'f-

LOADING

Tension Limitations:
Initial,-VP

SAG C A L C U L A T I 0 N S

0
30
60
90
120

Figure 4.-Standard sag and tension calculation form (U.S. customary).

3 I/O

Final

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

13

Stress-strain curves are prepared from the data obtained from these tests. As the test specimen
is slowly loaded, readings of elongation are made so that the initial curve may be plotted. As the
specimen is unloaded, elongation readings are again taken so that the final curve may be plotted.
A typical, stress-strain curve for a wire has a straight line segment, which in the deformation is
proportional to the applied load. The unit stress (load divided by original area) is proportional to
the unit strain (deformation divided by original gage length). The numerical value of this ratio
(stress/strain), usually expressed in gigapascals (pounds per square inch), is the modulus of elasticity.
For an ACSR conductor, there is no straight line segment on the initial curve, so a straight line average
of the portion of the curve under use is used for determination of the modulus of elasticity. The final
curve is always a straight line and has the same slope regardless of the maximum load applied, provided
the yield strength is not exceeded. The slope of this line is the final modulus of the conductor.
Other characteristics of the test specimen may be determined from the stress-strain test. The
proportional limit is the stress value at which the deformation ceases to be proportional to the applied
load. The maximum stress which can be applied without causing permanent deformation upon release
of the load is the elastic limit The yield strength is the stress at which the deformation ceases to be
proportional to the applied load by a specified percent of elongation (usually 0.2 percent).
Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum tensile stress which a material is capable of sustaining.
Tensile strength is calculated from the maximum load during a tension test which is carried to rupture
with the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. All metals have lower ultimate strength values
when subjected to a fluctuating stress. The amount of decrease will depend upon the range of the
fluctuating stress and the number of repetitions. Alcoa (Aluminum Co. of America) states [7] that
research and experience in transmission line design indicates that if the limits of variation in tensile
stress are approximately 10 percent, the maximum value of the fluctuating stress necessary to produce
fracture will be approximately 70 percent of the ultimate strength. This stress is referred to as the
working limit
Creep is the plastic deformation that occurs in metal at stresses below its yield strength. Metal
that is stressed below the yield point will normally return to its original shape and size when unloaded
because of its elasticity. However, if the metal is held under stress for a long period of time, permanent
deformation will occur. This deformation is in addition to the expected increase in length resulting
from the stress-strain characteristics of the metal.
Figure 5 shows a stress-strain curve that illustrates the origin of values used in conductor sag and
tension calculations for transmission lines. An explanation of figure 5 is:
ADFG represents the initial loading curve plotted from test data taken during the loading of
a specimen in a stress-strain test.
The average slope of curve AFhas been extended and labeled "Average slope of initial from
zero to full load." The slope of this line is used for the initial modulus in calculations. The value
in this example is 40 GPa (5.8 x 10 6 lb/in 2 ).
CG is the final loading curve plotted from test data during the unloading on the test specimen.
The slope of this line is the final modulus.
The conductor represented by the curves is to have a maximum stress of 69 MPa (10 000 lb/in 2 )
under full load conditions.
BFis drawn parallel to the final curve CGand between the points for full load and zero load.
AB is the permanent elongation and is called the permanent set
The 10-year creep line is drawn from previously computed values. The creep value DEis read
horizontally between a point on the initial curve and a point on the creep curve at the same
stress value.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

14
30 000

JL

"

^-Permanent Set

0.2

UNIT STRAIN, percent elongation

Figure 5.-Stress-strain and creep curves illustrating origin of values used in sag and tension calculations.
104-D-1048.

DE represents the creep value over a 10-year period. We assume that the average conductor
tension over a period of 10 years will be at 15.5 C (60 F) under no load conditions. The USBR
limits conductor stress to 18 percent of the ultimate strength at these conditions. The creep
values used for our calculations reflect all of these conditions.
Figure 6 shows stress-strain and creep curves for an ACSR, 2 6 / 7 (26 aluminum strands and 7 steel
strands) conductor as furnished by the Aluminum Association.
8. The Parabola and the Catenary .-Two curves, the parabola and the catenary, are generally
used in the calculations for conductor sags on transmission lines. The parabola, an approximate curve,
is often used because it simplifies the calculations. When a wire or cable is assumed to conform to
the curve of the parabola, the mass of the wire or cable is assumed to be uniformly distributed along
its horizontal projection (the horizontal span length). For the parabolic solution, it is safe to assume
that the sag will vary as the square of the span length for spans that are at least double the length
of the ruling span.

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

15

35 000

UNIT STRAIN, percent

Figure 6 .-Stress-strain and creep curves for an ACSR, 2 6 / 7 conductor as furnished by the Aluminum Association.
104-D-1049.

The second curve to be considered is the catenary. Any perfectly flexible material of uniform mass
will hang in the shape of a catenary when suspended between two supports. Although commercially
available wires and cables are not truly flexible, they will, in very short spans, conform closer to a
catenary than to any other curve. In longer spans, the conductors may be considered as truly flexible
since they will sag in the shape of a catenary curve. For the catenary, the mass of the conductor
is assumed to be uniformly distributed along the arc of the conductor.
The sag calculations obtained for a level, reasonably short span with no unusually large sag will
be very similar when using either the catenary or the parabola. However, the difference between a
catenary and parabolic curve can be appreciable in heavy loading areas with comparatively low
tensions in long spans. This difference becomes even more pronounced if the spans are inclined. This
is easily understood by realizing that the conductor in an inclined span is actually a small portion
of an imaginary long, level span.
Figures 7 and 8 show the parabolic and catenary curves, respectively, and also the commonly used
equations for each. Figures 9 and 10 show the metric and U.S. customary sag and tension calculations
needed for the following example problems.

16

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Parabola
P

Directrix

x2

Force

p + *- = Length of cable

2aw= ^
2

v
T

per unit length of cable and load

w(3p +8s )

si

= Horizontal tension
..

,.

= Vertical tension

.H \/p 2 +l6s 2 = Maximum tension

= Sag at any point

^ - = Maximum sag
Figure 7.-Parabolic curve and equations. 104-D-1050.

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

y = f ( e Q + e a ) = a cosh -Jw = Force per unit length ot cable and load

L = a ( e - e a ) = 2a sinh -5-= Length ot cable
H = a w = T - s w = Horizontal tension
v = y " ( e - e a ) = aw sinh = Vertical tension
T = yw=aw cosh -- = H cosh -- = Maximum tension
S = y - a = a(cosh -g--1) = Maximum sag
a= 5"

Length of cable whose mass is equal to

horizontal tension = Parameter ot catenary
Figure 8 .-Catenary curve and equations. 104-D-1051.

17

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

18

DCm-578 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL

CONDUCTOR 4/o3 //* * /)/&ft

Code Name

"M

LOADING

D rake_

Rated Breaking Strength JjO

Diameter _

/jcavj

Linear Force Factor.

11 9 N

Dead Load Force (W)

mm

/3

Tension Limitations:

Q./9/S2.

Initial " f ^ q r .

33J- KjJj,

Final. -jJO C

25

. V 3 5 Q3Q N

Loaded,UL?C,_

50

%n/) a5<l N

Final. 15.5V,

)9

^JS

no I N

>.*? r

<3'625r

N/m

kPa Wind

/<9- o ? ^ T /

N/m

Resultant ( W " )
Area (A). y&$

Permanent Set 0.00O-

N/m

mm Ice (W")

>2 b

Creep 0.00O

N/m

b I 4 ZL

Modulus. (E) Final 7 V . / f f i * QPa

mm2

lnitial_5, ^ j / f l

fiPa

Final AE ^ ^ y 7 5 " ^ , ^ 1

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

4*/ N

percC

0.000 0 / # /

Initial A P ^

Computed by
SW
AE

! ^ o ^ 1 ' U N S T R E S S E D LENGTH |

LOADING

gflz

18

\o^oa
/ , no^

/, 003
1
5-5 j / , ^ / 7 . 3

No Ice. No Wind (W)

SW

u.

\n.QQo

SAG FACTOR

SPAN LENGTH(S)

.mm Ice
-J3Q'/f/SA
kPa Wind {W")\~/f\/t
Permanent Set & Creep

3^(o

JQL ?\ 0-3ol

m \o.enn
o<ll

4 >5 >?

Total o n n o ^ V J Z

V J 9 3/9

SW, N

SAG, mm

TENSION, N

_m

r2j\n,03H

H\ (3

9 70 \/3 JQQ'7\

44 V*2

^n'it.

)L$ / 0.
5 23f.L\ZO
QL\ Fm*l
Q, a3k 27 /3 I f f
35L \Q. a no
! U 1 n, ZQ2 55 a. 038 34 / / a33 \S
fal-L',11
.*/?
^ 7 / \Q, QHO /{,# I 0,3)3
a.Qtf
77, / / J f & Lr A3? U\I9 4>M
<j$<a \Q, OQQ l<o2 I
Q*Q4I M\ /S Qt,3 IS %3%ti/tf
Q2\
J e i \Q< QQQ Ibti I

zy 39

4, 3x4 11
(It 334 21Qi QJA5Q\ IS 3S7 \ ft??. i\ 17 475

AJhlJ
(<QQ4

Figure 9.-Sag and tension calculation form for example problems on parabolic and catenary curves (metric).

DC-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR 79S ktrr?//

flC5/?

*V7

Prate

Code Name

Rated Breaking Load

Diameter /-/Of?

31 >OCD

lb

33T % /g SOO lb
-21- % 7 ??f

*> F

LOADING

lb

50 *3 /& S7<P lb

60 F /#

Computed by

2>

^_ib/ft2wmd(W-)i
Permanent Set & Creep

Q<?*/^

& '?2-7

Resultant: ( W " ) ^ ? .
Area (A) LJ?kJ

tToVq

. lb/ft

Permanent Set 0 0 0 0 ^ 7 ^

. lb/ft

Creep O . O C n / 4 ^

.lb/ft

Total O . O O O X J E L Z

in2

Modulus. (E) F i n a l / l ' 7 < k

TEMP..J

UNSTRESSED LENGTH!

SPAN LENGTH(S)
o \j,goz
0

60

120

friflfltf
\/>nn3
{<QC3
7.aa3
J. Q03
\/,ar\4

lVi\O'0QQ

$42

SQt>S[

Final AE 7 VIZ
Initial AE S <f 43

perF

SAG FACTOR

/OQ

o>acl /

Qa<q\c>. OQQ I(P2 Q. V

3&/\<?,6>na
/,f o a-dm
loUU\cptooa
/4>?<?\a.3/3
^81 \Q,rtan
/A8 o/?. dZ3
21(e\e*<?ci4
ihti <?\

x 106 Ib/in2

I n i t i a l ^ , )8't? x 1Q6 ib/in2

Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

0.000 Q / f ? ^

^
^

_ lb/ft

% S 6> 7O Ih
Date

!lA-

No Ice, No Wind (W)

(W) / Of ^O

^ L _ l b Wind

Initial, - VOF

Final.

Deadweight
+ 'Ll^. Ice ( W )

inch

Final. ZJ103*

JAe-av 9h

Weight Factors:

Tension Limitations:

Loaded.

LOADING

SAG, ft

SW, lb

(tit*
J$7S

lb
lb

TENSION, lb

.FEET
0-039

H\

4$<77

3o/Q'U\

IQ QQQ

Jni't

41-23. 3/r2> %\ y A10 Final

4 3Un, 03ft 32 45< <jti JJLLIJL
\C,03<) IS J7>tf /3/J> $ i i?e

1 O.natn %s
V
3
9 VP-aJ! 13 \

2> 334 Z \a-a4i4i\

4f.3<e

f<?>f2

JJ-UL-2-

023

(313 8\ 3 1<L%

Figure lO.-Sag and tension calculation form for example problems on parabolic and c a t e n a r y curves (U.S. customary).

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

Example

19

i.-Parabolic curve (metric)

Assume:

366-m ruling span

403-mm 2 , ACSR, 26/7 conductor
44 482-N maximum tension
NESC heavy loading (13-mm ice, 0.19-kPa wind plus constant at minus 18 C)

15.5 C sag at no load = 14 556 mm

SagRs
2

(RS)

Sag,

(Span,)2

where:
SagRS
Sag x
RS
Span j

s a g m ruling span, mm
= sag in any other given span, mm
= ruling span length, m
= span length of any other given span, m

(SagRS){Span,)2
8i =

iRsy

SagRS

( pan

' -*

14.556 _

^-(^F-(366^-10866x10
Span,,
m
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

(Span,)2,
10 4 m 2
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100

Sagi ^KiSpanO2
mm
1087
4 346
9 780
17 386
27 166
39 119
53 245
69 544
88 017
108 663

Example 2.Parabolic curve (U.S. customary)

Assume:

1200-ft ruling span

795 kcmil, ACSR, 26/7 conductor
10 000-lb maximum tension
NESC heavy loading (1/2-in ice, 4-lb/ft 2 wind plus constant at 0 F )

60 F sag at no load = 47.69 ft

20

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

SagRS_ Sag,
(RS)2'(Span,)2
where:
Sagfis
Sag
RS
Spanl

=
=
=
=

sag in ruling span, ft

sag in any other given span, ft
ruling span length, ft
span length of any other given span, ft

81

(SagRS)(Span,)2
(RS)2

SagRS

-lRf

47.69

(Span, f

=(T5ooK {Span,)2,
105ft2

Spani,
ft
200
400
600
800

0.4
1.6
3.6
6.4

1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000

10.0
14.4
19.6
25.6
32.4
40.0
48.4
57.6
67.6
78.4
90.0

3 3118x10

""-

Sag, =K {Span,)2,

1.32
5.30
11.92
21.20
33.12
47.69
64.91
84.78
107.30
132.47
160.29
190.76
223.88
259.65
298.06

Example J.Catenary curve (metric)

Assume:

366-m ruling span

403-mm 2 , ACSR, 26/7 conductor
44 482-N maximum tension
NESC heavy loading (13-mm ice, 0.19-kPa wind at minus 18 C)

15.5 C sag at no load = 14

15.5 C tension at no load =
From figure 8:
H = aw = T- sw = 18 638
a = H/w = 18 405/15.9657

556 mm
18 638 N
- (14.556) (15.9657) = 18 405 N
= 1152.7839 m

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

x =p/2 = 1/2 span,

m
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500

cosh 1

21
Sag = a (cosh -

-).

mm

0.043 373
0.086 746
0.130 120
0.173 493
0.216 866
0.260 240
0.303 613
0.346 986
0.390 359
0.433 733

0.000 940 756

0.003 764 794
0.008 477 558
0.015 087 698
0.023 607 738
0.034 053 971
0.046 445 571
0.060 806 071
0.077 162 490
0.095 546 051

1084
4 340
9 773
17 393
27 215
39 257
53 542
70 096
88 952
110 144

Example 4.Catenary curve (U.S. customary)

Assume:

1200-ft ruling span

795 kcmil, ACSR, 26/7 conductor
10 000-lb maximum tension
NESC heavy loading (1/2-in ice, 4-lb/ft 2 wind at 0 F )

60 F sag at no load = 47.69 ft

60 F tension at no load = 4190 lb
H = aw = T- sw = 4190 - (47.69) (1.0940) = 4137.83 lb
a = H/w = 4137.83/1.0940 = 3782.29 ft
x =p/2 - 111 span,
ft
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500

cosh - 1
a
0.026 439
0.052 878
0.079 317
0.105 756
0.132 195
0.158 634
0.185 073
0.211512
0.237 951
0.264 390
0.290 829
0.317 268
0.343 707
0.370 146
0.396 585

0.000 349 531

0.001 398 367
0.003 147 243
0.005 597 738
0.008 750 491
0.012 608 781
0.017 174 947
0.022 452 180
0.028 444 171
0.035 155 107
0.042 589 680
0.050 753 087
0.059 651 036
0.069 289 745
0.079 675 954

z
Sag a (cosh- - 1 J,

ft

1.322
5.289
11.904
21.172
33.097
47.690
64.961
84.921
107.584
132.967
161.087
191.963
225.618
262.074
301.358

Figure 11 is a catenary curve showing the percentage relationship between sag and span length.
This relationship may be particularly useful in determining a clearance at any point in a span.
Parabolic and catenary curves are discussed further in chapter II.
9. Design Instructions.A proportion of the design work on transmission lines is delegated to
the Regional Directors of the Bureau's seven regions. Design instructions are issued to these directors
by the Denver office to cover the technical design of each transmission line and include the following:

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

22

30
40
PERCENT

50
SPAN

60
70
LENGTH

00

Figure ll.-Catenary curve showing percentage relationship between sag and span length. 104-D-1052.

a.

Design data.
Length of line
(1
Voltage of line
(2
Number of circuits
(3
(4
Type of structures
Ruling span
(5
Insulators: number, size, and type
(6
Conductors and overhead ground wires: number, size, and type
(7
Maximum tension under loaded conditions for conductors and overhead ground wires
(8.
Final tension at 15.5 C (60 F ) with no wind for conductors and overhead ground
(9
wires
(10) For steel towers, the horizontal and vertical spacing between conductors and overhead
ground wires

CHAPTER l-BASIC DATA

23

(11)
(12)

For steel towers, the conductor clearances to tower steel

Final sag at 15.5 C (60 F) and 49 C (120 F ) with no load for conductors and
overhead ground wires
(13) Midspan clearance at 15.5 C (60 F ) between the conductors and overhead ground
wires
(14) The annual isoceraunic level and the probable number of power outages due to lighting.
This number is calculated either per 100 kilometers or per 100 miles of transmission
line length; the numerical coefficent for the "per-100-miles" value is 1.6 times the
"per-100-kilometers" value.
b. Design loading conditions.
c. Minimum clearances, other than those given in a.
d. Drawings and characteristics of structures to be used.
e. Number and locations of transpositions.
f. Design data drawings including sag templates, structure limitation charts, steel tower clearance
diagrams, and conductor height tables for wood-pole structures.
10. Transmission Line Data Summary Form.A Transmission Line Data Summary form, as
shown on figure 12, should be prepared for each transmission line designed. This form should contain
all pertinent data concerning the line so that a compact, ready reference is available.
Initial entries on the summary form should be made when the design work is assigned. Additional
entries should be made as data are obtained, and by the time the transmission line is put into service,
the form should be completely filled out. The completed form should be placed in a looseleaf
notebook, along with summary sheets for other lines, for easy reference. Nothing is better than good
recordsif they are kept. The summary sheet is simple in layout, easy to fill out, contains all data
normally required, has room for any additional data t h a t might be useful, and is an excellent
information source.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

24

TRANSMISSION LINE DATA SUMMARY

Region:
Project:
Name of Line:
Length:
Elevation, min.-max.:
NESC loading:

Specifications No.
Voltage:
In service:
Data by:
kPa wind, +K(0.
lb/ft 2 wind, +K(0.
Contractor:

km
mm ice,
in ice,

Type of construction:
Insulators Size:
Strength:
Number per string:

mm (
_N (_

in)

Key map:
Plan-profile drawings:
Sag template:
Stringing sag tables Conductor:
Overhead ground wire:

C
F

Conductor to ground clearance

at 15.5 C (60 F)
_n_

_lb)

Conductor
Conductor and overhead ground wire
Name:
Size:
Type:
Stranding:
Ultimate strength:
Tension limitations 50% US at
C(
F) initial
33-1/3% US at
C(
F) initial
25% US at
C(
F) final
18% US at 15.5 C( 60 F) final
15% US at 15.5 C( 60 F; final
Diameter:
Area:
Temp, coeff. of linear expansion:
Modulus of elasticity Final:
Initial:
NESC Force (weight) per unit length
Bare:
Iced:
Wind:
Resultant (with constant):
Ellipse resultant:
Ruling span:
Sags Full load:
Cold curve:
C (_
F)
Ellipse:
15.5 C (60 F) final:
49 C (]20 F) final:
Tensions Full load:
Cold curve:
Ellipse:
15.5 C (60 F) final:
49 C (]20 F) final:

) , at
) , at

mm 2

Overhead ground wire

kcmil

mm dia.

in dia

lb

N
N
N
N

lb
lb
lb
lb

N
N
N

lb
lb
lb

in
in2

N
mm
mm2

lb

mm
mm2

in2

perC

perF

perC

perF

GPa

GPa
GPa

lb/in 2
lb/in^
lb/ft
lb/ft
lb/ft
lb/ft
lb/ft

lb

in

GPa

lb/in
lb/in 2

N/m
N/m
N/m
N/m
N/m
m

lb/ft
lb/ft
lb/ft
lb/ft
lb/ft
ft

N/m
N/m
N/m
N/m
N/m
m

ft

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

ft
ft
ft

mm
mm
mm

ft

mm

ft
ft
ft
ft

ft

mm

ft

N
N
N
N
N

lb
lb
lb
lb
lb

N
N
N
N

lb
lb
lb
lb
lb

Structure Limitation Chart:

Figure 12.-Transmission line data summary form. 104-D-1053.

Chapter II

C O N D U C T O R SAGS A N D T E N S I O N S
1 1 . General I n f o r m a t i o n . - T h e determination of sags and corresponding tensions for any
conductor under various conditions of temperature and loading is of basic importance in transmission
line design. This determination enables design elements, such as the most economical span length,
to be established and permits the use of sag templates, stringing tables, and other aids. Two general
criteria are in use as a basis for making sag and tension calculations: (1) the catenary curve, and (2) the
parabolic curve.
If a uniform, perfectly flexible and inelastic length of material, such as a chain or cable, hangs
in still air between two fixed supports, it will take the form of a catenary. For the catenary, the mass
of the conductor is assumed to be uniformly distributed along the arc of the conductor. The minimum
tension in the cable will be at the lowest point of the arc, and the maximum tension will be at the
points of support. The tension at any point in the cable will consist of two components: (1) a
horizontal component which is uniform throughout the length of the cable, and (2) a vertical
component which varies along the curve. This means that the total tension in the cable will also vary
along its length. The vertical component of the tension at the low point of the cable is zero.
If it is assumed that the mass of the cable is uniformly distributed along a horizontal line between
the points of support, instead of along the cable itself, the resultant mathematical equation for the
curve of the cable is that of the parabola. The results of the two methods of calculation (catenary
and parabola) are almost identical when the sag is small; however, the difference in results becomes
increasingly greater as the sag increases. Since longer spans have larger sags, the difference increases
as the span length increases.
Within a limited range of values of the ratio of sag to span, either the catenary or the parabolic
method may be used for calculations. Generally, the use of the parabolic method should be limited
to spans where the value of this ratio is less than 0.05. The catenary method can also be used for
ratios less than 0.05, and should be the method used for ratios between 0.05 and 0.20. For ratios
greater t h a n 0.20, the catenary may present difficulty. F o r t u n a t e l y , most transmission lines
encountered in practice will involve a sag-to-span ratio of less than 0.20. The error inherent or
introduced in sag and tension computations should not be greater than the tolerance allowed in
stringing the conductor. In general, the error allowed in stringing is 12 mm (0.04 ft) per 30.5 m
(100 ft) of span length for spans up to and including 366 m (1200 ft), and 152 mm (0.5 ft) maximum
error for spans greater than 366 m. The curve assumed by the cable in a steep inclined span is actually
a portion of a curve for a very large level span, so calculations for steep inclined spans, even though
the spans may be short, should be made using the catenary method. Computed sags should be accurate
to 3 mm (if in feet, to two decimal places) regardless of the method used.
Sag and tension data can be divided into three categories according to the physical state of the
conductor, with reference to its past and present degree of stressing, and the length of time the
25

26

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

conductor has been under stress. These three categories are referred to as: (1) initial loading condition,
(2) final loading condition, and (3) final loading condition with creep.
(1) The initial loading condition applies to conductors which have not been stressed beyond
a small percentage of the stress value selected as the maximum operating stress. Sags based on
this condition are used as stringing data for unstressed conductors, and as basic data for
preparing sag templates, which are used to determine uplift forces on structures. Tensions are
used to determine maximum stress conditions.
(2) The final loading condition applies to conductors which have been stressed to the value
selected as the maximum operating stress, but where the conductor has been under this stress
for only a short time. Sags and tensions based on this condition are used to determine the full-load
sag and tension, and stringing data for prestressed conductors. Tensions are used to determine
maximum stress conditions.
(3) The final loading condition with creep applies to conductors which have been in place
for several years. Creep values are generally based on a 10-year period, since about 95 percent
of the creep has been removed from the conductor over this length of time. Sags based on this
loading condition are used for preparing sag templates that can be used for spotting structures
on plan-profile drawings. Corresponding tensions are used in broken conductor calculations.
Sag and tension values for a given span length and conductor will vary according to the loading
conditions, that is, the sag for the final loading condition with creep will be greater than the sag for
the final loading condition, and the sag for the final loading condition will be greater than the sag
for the initial loading condition. The difference in the sag between final loading with creep and the
final loading conditions is obviously due to creep. The value of this creep is dependent on the
magnitude of the average tension and the length of time the tension has been applied. The difference
in the sag between final and initial loading conditions is due to permanent set. The value of the
permanent set is dependent upon the magnitude of the maximum stress attained by the conductor.
To compute sags and tensions based on initial loading conditions, the initial modulus of elasticity
for the conductor under study must be determined and used in formulas involving the modulus.
Likewise, the final modulus of elasticity must be determined and used in order to compute sags and
tensions based on either the final loading condition or the final loading condition with creep.
To relate initial conditions, final conditions, and final conditions with creep, values of creep and
permanent set must be determined. To determine these values, the initial modulus may be taken as
the slope of a straight line which most closely approximates the initial loading curve between the
point of maximum stress and the point of zero stress. The final modulus is the slope of the unloading
line. The permanent set may be taken as the difference in elongation at zero stress between the initial
loading curve and the unloading line. In the case where the initial modulus is represented by a line
approximating the initial loading curve, the p e r m a n e n t set may be taken as the difference in
elongation at zero stress between the initial modulus line and the unloading line.
Whenever electrical conductors or overhead ground wires are strung above ground, they are
subjected to the effects of wind, temperature, and ice, all of which add load to the wires. Standard
loading conditions and recommendations for conductor tensions are set forth in NESC. These NESC
rules have been adopted as the basic standard code requirements by all of the 17 Western States that
the Bureau of Reclamation serves, except California. California has established its own code, which
is published as the Rules for Overhead Line
Constructional].1
Numbers in brackets refer to items in the Bibliography.

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

27

The standard NESC loading conditions are Light, Medium, and Heavy, which apply in general to
the loading districts of the United States as shown on the general loading map in section 25 of
NESC[3]. According to NESC, the total load on a conductor shall be the resultant loading per unit
length of the components of the vertical load per unit length (ice covered where specified) and the
horizontal load per unit length due to a horizontal wind pressure on the projected area of the
conductor (ice covered where specified), to which resultant has been added a constant that can be
determined from table 1.

Table 1 .NESC conductor loading constants (K)

Radial thickness of ice,

mm (in)
Horizontal wind pressure,
kPa (lb/ft 2 )
Temperature, C (F)
Constant K to be added
to the resultant of all
conductors, N/m (lb/ft)

Heavy

Loading
Medium

Light

13(0.5)

6(0.25)

0(0)

0.191 52 (4)
- 18 (0)

0.191 52 (4)
-9.4 (+15)

0.430 92 (9)
- 1 (+30)

4.3782 (0.30)

2.9188 (0.20)

0.7297 (0.05)

The State of California specifies heavy loading conditions of 13-mm (0.5-in) radial thickness of
ice and 0.29 kPa (6 l b / f t 2 ) of wind pressure on the projected area of cylindrical surfaces at
minus 18 C (0 F ) for all parts of the State where the elevation exceeds 914 m (3000 ft) above sea
level. Unlike the N E S C , the California code does not require the addition of conductor loading
constants. California light loading conditions of no ice and 0.38-kPa (8-lb/ft 2 ) wind pressure on the
projected area of cylindrical surfaces at minus 4 C (25 F ) are specified for all areas of the State
where the elevation above sea level is 914 m or less. However, our experience has shown that ice and
snow are likely to occur at elevations below 914 m in northern California; therefore, some Bureau
lines in this part of the State are designed for NESC medium loading conditions. This loading is more
practical for the expected weather conditions and exceeds the requirements of the California code.
In Montana and Wyoming, NESC medium loading is specified for most of the area covering these
States. However, extremely low temperatures have been encountered in these states during the winter
so we have revised, for Bureau use, these loading areas to NESC heavy loading as shown on figure
1 in section 2.
Both the NESC and California codes recommend that conductors and overhead ground wires be
strung at tensions such that the final unloaded tension at 15.5 C (60 F) will not exceed 25 percent
of the ultimate strength, and the initial unloaded tension at 15.5 C will not exceed 35 percent of
the ultimate strength. The NESC permits tensions under load that do not exceed 60 percent of the
ultimate strength under maximum assumed loading. The California code limits maximum load to 50
percent of the ultimate strength under maximum assumed loading.
For ACSR conductors, the Aluminum Company of America recommends that the tension shall
not exceed 50 percent of the ultimate strength under maximum loading conditions; and that the final
unloaded tension shall not exceed 25 percent of the ultimate strength at minus 18 C (0 F) in NESC
and California heavy loading districts, at minus 9.4 C (15 F ) in NESC medium loading districts,

28

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

and at minus 1 C (30 F ) in NESC light loading districts. These tensions are substantially less than
those recommended by the codes and result in considerably less damage to the conductor from
vibration.
Several years ago, we installed steel overhead ground wires at a final unloaded tension of 25 percent
of the ultimate strength at 15.5 C (60 F ) . Numerous breaks due to vibration occurred in one or
more wires of the seven-wire strand at the supporting suspension clamps. Vibration problems also
occurred with some of the conductors, so we now design for a maximum final unloaded tension of
25 percent of the ultimate strength of both high-strength steel overhead ground wires and conductors
at the following temperatures:

District
NESC heavy loading
NESC medium loading
NESC light loading

Temperature
C
(F)
- 40
- 29
-18

(- 40)
(- 20)
(0)

When extra-high-strength steel is used for overhead ground wires, we design for a maximum final
unloaded tension of 20 percent of the ultimate strength at the temperatures shown above for the
different loading districts.
Bureau design criteria for conductors and overhead ground wires should be in accordance with
the data shown on figure 1; note that there are four limiting conditions shown.
Although the ice and wind loadings prescribed by the codes are generally applicable for determining
the loading conditions to be used in the design of a transmission line, specific climatic and weather
conditions should be studied for each transmission line or group of lines. For example, on our North
and South Dakota transmission lines, the crossarms were designed to support a vertical load due to
38 mm (1.5 in) of ice on the conductors, but no extra wind load for the excess ice above 13 mm (0.5 in)
was considered as it did n o t seem p r o b a b l e t h a t h e a v y icing and high winds would o c c u r
simultaneously.
Certain limitations regarding allowable sags, tensions, and span lengths are set forth in NESC and
in various local safety codes. These codes or regulations should be reviewed to determine the
applicable limitations which should not be exceeded, except by written permission from the proper
authorities. In the following paragraphs, a general discussion is given concerning the various types
of spans, and special span combinations, for which sag and tension data are likely to be required.
References are given to various methods which are in general use for computing sags and tensions
in such spans.
A perfectly level (symmetrical) span is infrequently found in practice since almost all spans are
inclined (asymmetrical) to some degree. However, the level span problem lends itself to comparatively
simple treatment by either the parabolic or catenary relations. Numerous methods have been derived
for computing sags and tensions in level spans, the majority of which are based on catenary relations
in the form of dimensionless ratios. Four of these methods are described in references [4, 5, 6, 7].
Reference [6] offers the greatest facility in most problems and is discussed further in the following
section. Before using any method, a careful study should be made to determine the limitations of
the method, and then care should be given to the application of the method within these limits.
As might be expected, the computation of sags and tensions for inclined spans is complicated by
their asymmetry. Most inclined spans are supported by suspension or pin-type insulators at both ends,

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

29

or by suspension or pin-type insulators at one end and by dead-end-type insulators at the other end.
A few inclined spans may be dead-ended at both ends. Usually, the suspended type of inclined span
can be designed by modifying or correcting the data computed for symmetrical spans. For structure
spotting purposes, the ruling span sag template based on symmetrical spans usually may be used
without correction. For extremely steep hillside spans, special calculations, such as extending the
catenary curves to theoretical points of support at the same elevation as the upper support and then
solving each sag condition as an individual level span, should be made to provide sag curves which
can be used for determining proper conductor clearances to ground and to obstructions. Inclined
spans dead-ended at both ends also require special treatment. A method which applies to this case
is given as reference [5], Inclined spans are further discussed in section 14.
The determination of sags and tensions in spans adjacent to a broken conductor is important in
design work from the standpoint of assuring compliance under this condition with clearance
requirements over railroad, highway, waterway, communication line, and powerline crossings; and
from the standpoint of determining the unbalanced loads on the structures. The computation of sags
and tensions under this condition is quite involved, due mainly to the many variables introduced.
A method which applies directly to this problem is given as reference [8]. In addition to this published
solution, an unpublished method was devised by Mr. G. R. Wiszneauckas, former Bureau engineer,
that offers a margin of facility over other methods. This method has been included in this manual
as appendix A, and an example problem using this method is shown in section 16.
In a series of suspension spans, where relatively short spans occur adjacent to a relatively long
span, it is desirable to determine the changes in sags and tensions which would result from temperature
and loading changes and from unbalanced loadings. In some cases, such changes or unbalances will
produce dangerous loads on the structures; in others, clearances may be reduced below the required
values. T h e nature of this problem is very similar to t h a t of the broken c o n d u c t o r problem;
consequently, most of the methods for handling the broken conductor problem can be applied to
this problem with slight modification. An example problem on unbalanced conditions is presented
in section 16.
Problems relating to spans with concentrated loads are relatively few and are confined mainly to
substation or switchyard approach spans in which taps or tie-down arrangements are used. Such
problems are complicated by the elastic effects of the tie-down in addition to the dead load applied.
No published method is known which adequately treats this problem; however, a method was devised
by the Bureau that handles this problem with facility, see section 18.
Another problem similar to spans with concentrated loads appears in the use of extremely short
dead-ended spans with long insulator strings. This problem may be handled by use of the methods
in references [5, 10, 11]. Problems where the concentrated load consists of dead load only can be
handled by one of the methods given in reference [12].
1 2 . Sag and Tension Calculations Using Copperweld Sag Calculating Charts.-Martin's
Sag
Calculating Tables [4] were first made public by Mr. James S. Martin in a paper he presented to the
Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania in November 1922. In 1931, the tables were first
published in book form by the Copperweld Steel Co. That first edition, and several editions since
then, have been in constant use by engineers designing overhead transmission lines. Calculations of
sags and tensions by Martin's Tables consist of filling out a calculation form by reading tables,
interpolating, and computing values. There is a trial-and-error method required in the use of these
tables.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

30

The "Graphic Method for Sag-Tension Calculations", developed by Alcoa, is a system employing
a series of correlated graphs to determine the sag and tension characteristics of an overhead
conductor. Graphical methods are very satisfactory but require considerable time in preparing curves,
superimposing graph upon graph, and reading values for various conditions.
The Copperweld Sag Calculating Charts [6] were developed to simplify the calculation of sags and
tensions for overhead lines. The charts are based on the functions of the catenary as given in Martin's
Tables. The general procedure for solving sag and tension problems using these charts is the same
as with Martin's Tables. However, the charts provide a graphical relationship between unstressed
length factors, elongation factors, and factors of SWI T(span length times the vertical force of the
conductor divided by the tension) which eliminates the interpolating and the trial-and-error methods
required when using the tables. The range of the charts covers most types of construction but, on
occasion, it may be necessary to revert to Martin's Tables for part of the solution.
Designers using the charts and tables should be aware that all wire is elastic to some extent. When
tension is applied to a wire, as is done when a conductor is strung between two supports, the wire
stretches. If the tension in the wire increases, the length of the wire increases. With different amounts
of load on a suspended wire, the elongation (stretch) and the tension in the wire will change.
A temperature change in the wire also changes its length. If the temperature changes while the
wire is unstressed (at zero tension) and the wire is free to change its length, the length changes but
there is no change in tension. When the wire is suspended in tension and the temperature changes,
the change in length is affected by both the temperature change and the elastic characteristics of
the wire. All changes due to ice, wind, and temperature are taken into consideration when computing
sags and tensions in conductors by this method of charts and tables.
The conductor sag and tension calculation form is shown on figure 13. During t h e metric
changeover period, we have both a metric and a U.S. customary form for our use. Figure 13 shows
the metric form to which we have added item numbers to help explain the form:

Item
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

Conductor size
Conductor code name 1
Rated breaking strength 1
Diameter,1 mm (in)
Radial thickness of ice, mm (in)
Wind, kPa (lb/ft 2 )
Loading
W, N/m (lb/ft)
W",N/m (lb/ft)

(10)

Wind, N/m (lb/ft)

(11)

H/"', N/m (lb/ft).

(12)
(13)

Area A, mm2 (in 2 )

Temperature coefficient
of linear expansion

Explanation
Determined from economic studies

From NESC or State codes

From NESC or State codes
From NESC or State codes
Vertical force (weight) of conductor 1
Vertical force (weight) of conductor with ice1
(if applicable)
Force of wind on conductor and ice1 (if
applicable)
Resultant force, including applicable constant
if NESC loading1
Cross sectional area of conductor 1
Change in length of conductor due to temperature change1

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

Item
(14)

Final modulus E, GPa (lb/in 2 )

(15)

Initial modulus E, GPa (lb/in 2 )

(16)

Final AE, N (lb)

(17)

Initial AE,N (lb)

(18)

Span length, m (ft)

(19)
(20)
(21)

Thickness of ice, mm (in); and

force of wind, kPa (lb/ft 2 )
Temperature, C (F)
Tension, N (lb), initial

(22)

SW, N (lb) (two decimal places)

(23)
(24)
(25)

SW/T (four decimal places)

SW/AE (seven decimal places)
Unstressed length (six decimal
places)
Permanent set and creep1 (six
decimal places)
Unstressed length at -18 C
(0 F)(six decimal places)

(26)
(27)

(28) - (31)

Unstressed length (six decimal

places)

31

Explanation
Slope of final (unloading) curve of stress-strain
diagram1
Slope of initial loading curve of stress-strain
diagram1 (average slope between maximum
loading and point where entire conductor
starts to assume loading)
Product of conductor area (12) and final
modulus (14)
Product of conductor area (12) and initial
modulus (15)
Length of span for which computations are
to be made
For full-load condition
For full-load condition
Expected or desired tension at full-load conditions (Must not exceed 50 percent of
ultimate strength of conductor. May be
limited by 33-1/3 percent of ultimate
strength of conductor for no-load initial
conditions, or 25 percent of conductor
ultimate strength for no-load final conditions.
At temperatures indicated on fig. 1).
Span length (18) times resultant force per
unit length of conductor (11)
SW (22) divided by full-load tension (21)
SW (22) divided by initial AE (17)
From Copperweld charts [6] at intersection of
SW/T (23) and SW/AE (24) values

If value of unstressed length is for initial condition, then only a change for temperature,
number of degrees change times temperature
coefficient of linear expansion (13), need be
made. However, if the value for unstressed
length is to be for the final condition, then
it will also be necessary to add the permanent
set and creep to the value of unstressed length
(25)
Change in value is equal to the degrees of temperature change times temperature coefficient of linear expansion (13)

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

32

Item
(32)
(33)
(34) - (38)

SW, N (lb) (two decimal

places)
SW/AE (seven decimal places)
SW/T (four decimal places)

(39) - (44)

Sag factors (interpolate to

five decimal places)

(45) - (50)

Sags, mm (ft) (two decimal

places , if in feet)
Tensions, N (lb)

(51) - (55)

Explanation
Span length (18) times unloaded conductor
force per unit length of conductor (8)
SW (32) divided by final AE (\6)
From Copperweld charts [6] at intersections
of unstressed length values (27) - (31) and
SW/AE (33)
From table at back of Copperweld charts book
[6], sag factor for each value of SW/T (23)
and (34)-(38)
Span length (18) times sag factors (39) - (44)
SW (22) and (32) divided by SW/T (23) and
(34) - (38), respectively

Available from manufacturers' catalogs or data in appendixes.

Figure 13 can be used for any c o m b i n a t i o n of ice, wind, a n d t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d i t i o n s t o find t h e

resulting sags a n d tensions in a c o n d u c t o r . T h e p r o c e d u r e is t h e same for all cases, b u t one m u s t b e
sure of t h e basic d a t a a n d t o k e e p in mind w h e t h e r initial or final conditions are being c o m p u t e d .
1 3 . P r e p a r a t i o n o f S a g T e m p l a t e . - I f sag values for a c o n d u c t o r at a specified ruling span a n d
for a specified loading are e x p a n d e d t o give c o r r e s p o n d i n g values of sag at s h o r t e r a n d longer s p a n
l e n g t h s , a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g sag v a l u e s p l o t t e d against t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s p a n l e n g t h s - a c o n d u c t o r
profile curve results. W h e n this c u r v e is p l o t t e d t o t h e same scale as a transmission line plan-profile
survey d r a w i n g , it is c o m m o n l y called a sag template a n d c a n be used t o facilitate t h e s p o t t i n g or
locating of s t r u c t u r e s on plan-profile drawings. T h e d a t a r e q u i r e d t o p r e p a r e a sag t e m p l a t e are t h e
sag and tension values of t h e c o n d u c t o r at t h e ruling span l e n g t h for t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a n d loading
conditions desired. T h e s e basic sag values can be c o m p u t e d a n d e x t e n d e d t o c o r r e s p o n d i n g values
for s h o r t e r a n d longer span lengths by either t h e parabolic or c a t e n a r y r e l a t i o n s , or by a n y of t h e
m e t h o d s shown in this c h a p t e r . W h a t e v e r m e t h o d used should be g o v e r n e d by t h e limitations of t h a t
m e t h o d . T h e tension values c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e sag values of t h e ruling span are r e q u i r e d only t o
c o m p u t e c a t e n a r y p a r a m e t e r s , w h i c h m u s t be k n o w n in o r d e r t o e x p a n d t h e basic sag values b y t h e
c a t e n a r y relations. T h e t e m p l a t e is m a d e on a t r a n s p a r e n t sheet of plastic a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 5 4 - b y
356- by 0 . 6 3 5 - m m (10- by 14- b y 0.025-in) size. T h e t e m p l a t e , m a d e t o t h e same scales t h a t were
used for p l o t t i n g t h e plan-profile sheets, r e p r e s e n t s t h e c o n d u c t o r profile c u r v e a t 15.5 C (60 F ) ,
a n d also a curve a t a n assumed m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e . A m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e c u r v e , usually t a k e n
at 49 C (120 F) or 54 C (130 F ) , m a y also be d r a w n on t h e t e m p l a t e , if desired, for c h e c k i n g
m a x i m u m sags. T h e m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e curve m a y be d r a w n for a n y t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n m i n u s
1 C (30 F ) a n d m i n u s 5 1 C (60 F ) , d e p e n d i n g o n l o c a l i t y a n d c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s . T h e
m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e curve is p l o t t e d from initial sag values, a n d t h e o t h e r curves are p l o t t e d from
final sag values. F i g u r e 14 shows a sag t e m p l a t e p r e p a r e d for a specific c o n d u c t o r u n d e r specific
loading c o n d i t i o n s . C h a n g i n g a n y of these specified conditions would c h a n g e t h e s h a p e of t h e c u r v e s ,

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

33

DCm-578 (3-78)

INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
(i)
(2)

CONDUCTOR .
Code Name

LOADWi i

Rated Breaking Strength _

Diameter,

(4)

(Z)

Linear Force Factor:

(3)

J8L
(9)

Dead Load Force ( W ) .

J3L.. mm Ice ( W )

_ mm

Tension Limitations:

(6)

Final

C,

25

Area (A)_

L oaded

C.

50

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

0.000 0

Final. 15.5 <b

Computed by

0c "1 UNSTRESSED LENGTH

(19)kPaWind ( W " ) 1(20)1

Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice, No Wind (W)

mm Ice
kPa Wind ( W " )
Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice, No Wind (W)

im2

(12)

03)

perC

(25)

(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)

SW

SW

A!

SPAN LENGTH(S)
(24)
1 (23)

HE
33)
(33)
(33)
(33)
SPAN

34L
35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
LENG TH(S)

SAG FACTOR
18)

Total 0.00_
(26)

N/m

Date
TCUD

LOADING

Resultant: ( W " )

Creep 0.00

. N/m

JUL

<

Permanent Set 0.00

. N/m

(10)

kPa Wind

Initial.

fc,_33JL_%

. N/m

Modulus. (E) Final

(14)

GPa

Initial

05)

.GPa

Final AE

(16)

Initial AE

07)

SAG, mm

(39)

(45)

(22)

140L
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)

146T
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)

32T
32L
(32)
(32)
J32L

-18
-1
15.5
32
49

mm l r
kPa Wind (W)
Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice, No Wind (W)

SPAN LENGTH(S)

SPAN LENG*fH(S)

rrt

SPAN LENG1'H(S)

rrl

-18
-1
15.5
32
49

mm Ice
kPa Wind ( W " )
Permanent Set & Creep
-18
No Ice, No Wind (W)

-1
15.5
32
49

mm Ice
kPa Wind (W")
Permanent Set & Creep
-18
-1
No Ice, No Wind (W)

SW, N

TENSION, N

15.5
32
49

Figure 13.-ExpIanation of standard sag and tension calculation form.

(21)

5!L

52)
(53)
(54)
(55)

34

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

SAG TEMPLATE
242mm2(477kcmil) ACSR 2 4 / 7
Ruling Span =213.4m (700ft)
Maximum Tension = 32 472N (7300 lb)=42% ultimate strength
NESC Heavy Loading = l3-mm(^-in)ice,0.l9-kPa(4-lb/ft 2 ) wind + K at-18 C(o F)
ScalesHorizontal 25.4mm = 6lm (I in =200 f t )
Vertical
25.4mm = l2.2m(lin=40ft)

48.8m
(160 ft)

36.6 m
(120ft)

244 m
(80ft)

R\

-40C(-40

\ .

^ Cut away this area

Yp^

-^
15.5 C(60 f ]

~x

12.2m
(40 ft)

^^-Clearance 8754mm
(28.72 f t )

305
(1000)

244
(800)

183
(600)

122
(400)

61
(200)

0 meters
(OMfeet)

61
(200)

122
(400)

183
(600)

244
(800)

305
(1000)

Figure 14.-Typical sag template construction. 104-D-1054.

and they would no longer be good for this specific job. The 15.5 C (60 F ) "final no-load" curve
and the minimum temperature "initial no-load" curve are plotted in the center of the template, and
the plastic material between these two curves should be cut away. The 15.5 C final no-load curve
is used for plotting the conductor location on plan and profile drawings because this is the temperature
used as a basis for NESC clearances. Clearance curves, which are identical to the 15.5 C curve,
are drawn below the 15.5 C final no-load curve. The amount of clearance is determined from the
following requirements of NESC:

Assume line voltage

115

Plus 5 percent overvoltage

Maximum line voltage
Line to ground =

'^~

kV

5.75
120.75 kV
69.7

kV

Assume 213.4-m (700-ft) ruling span.

Clearance from NESC, 1977 edition, Rule 232:

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

35

232.A. Basic clearance

Table 232-1, Basic clearance for 50-kV, 53.3-m (175-ft)
span, in heavy loading area where equipment operClearance
ating height is less than 4.3 m (14 ft)
6706 mm
(22.0 ft)
232.B. Additional clearances
232.B.1. Voltages exceeding 50 kV
232.B.l.a. Plus 10.2 mm (0.4 in) for each kilovolt above 50 kV
10.2 ( 6 9 . 7 - 5 0 ) = 201 mm
j ^ (69 J - 50) = 0.66 ft

201 mm

(0.66 ft)

232.B.l.b. Additional clearance calculated in 232.B.l.a.

shall be increased 3 percent for each 304.8 m
(1000 ft) over 1005.8-m (3300-ft) elevation. Assume
an elevation of 1920.2 m (6300 ft):
1920.2-1005.8 ( o.03) (201) = 18 mm
304.8
630

1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 ( 0 - 3 ) ( - 6 6 ) = - 6 f t
232.B.2. Sag increase
232.B.2.c. Span is longer than 53.3 m (175 ft). Assume
line operates below 49 C (120 F). Calculate clearances
in 232.B.2.c.(l) and (3), use smaller clearance of the two.
232.B.2.c.(l) Clearance specified in table 232-1 shall be
increased 0.03 m (0.1 ft) for each 3.05 m (10 ft) over
53.3 m (175 ft).
213 4 53 3
' (0.03) = 1.57 m
3 "

18 mm

(0.06 ft)

1219 mm
8144 mm

(4.0 ft)
(26.72 ft)

610 mm
8754 mm

(2.0 ft)
(28.72 ft)

700 - 175
(0.1) = 5.25 ft
10
232.B.2.c.(3) Limits
Assume difference in final sag at 15.5 C (60 F), no wind,
and 49 C(120 F ) , n o w i n d = 1.2 m (4 ft)
Total clearance required by NESC
6706 + 201 + 18 + 1219 = 8144 mm
22 + 0.66 + 0.06 + 4 = 26.72 ft
Plus, for width of profile line on drawing and small errors
in plotting
Total ground clearance on sag template

For lines in California, a 54 C (130 F ) final no-load curve should be used for the sag template
and for locating the structures instead of the 15.5 C (60 F ) final no-load curve. Clearances should
be in accordance with reference [1].
The sag template shown on figure 14 was made from the data indicated on the sag and tension
calculation sheets, figures 15 and 16:
15.5 C (60 F ) , final, no-load sag for 213.4-m (700-ft) ruling span = 4874 mm (15.99 ft)
Minus 40 C (-40 F ) initial, no-load sag for 213.4-m ruling span = 2243 mm (7.36 ft)

36

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN M A N U A L

DCm-576 (3-73)

INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL

CONDUCTOR 3-J2. MM* ACS R

Flicker

^/j

LOADING.

Code Name .

Rated Breaking Strength

7b

SO*?

*&-

Linear Force Factor:

N

i 7 , f <6 SO

Dead Load Force (W)

Diameter c^Zi_4r_^__ mm

13

mm Ice ( W )

^ A

* , # / a kPa Wind

Tension Limitations:
In.tiai-Vgy.

33t

-JtS

Final. -V0c,

25

%/f

/ f

Loaded-/^.

50

%3$

^53"N

Final. 15.5 <fc

SCO N
N

y/a

Creep 0.00_

^ _
_&2_

/ . 979&

Total O.OOCL.
N/m
N/m
Modulus. (E) Final 73 ^

0.000 0 / ?

44

Final AE

perC

Initial AE

sw

J T E o W c P ' " UNSTRESSED LENGTH

SW

SAG FACTOR i

AE

initial^T* y / ^

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

Date

LOADING

Permanent Set 0.00<2L_

N/m

Resultant: ( W 1 )
7 , ^ 9 3TO
Area (A)
r ? ? / ^ mm2

\JS-^U-H

Computed by

N/m

/ tf d

GPa

I<J $<ZZ

3~<lY

/ J

g ^ A

31

SW, N

SAG, mm

GPa

TENSION, N

SPAN LENGTH(S) ^Z.?, J*

jQjy/^tK
kPa Wind ( W ' T - / J ? ' / ? . ? ? ?
Permanent Set & Creep

M.naQ

- 18 j / . nnn
15.5
32

No Ice, No Wind (W)

^.frg

7\Q-'71 9^\0'0^

\0.noa3t3

<2l&

\Q>oaa

<?<}/ 3\a<

Hi

P.ci? /fx
o.MPtt

,/, H<? 4"3 i^,/7^ nft

<?,//a3 7
I, 00a $bo p.aaa afh s\ a,/2t
9
y.rt/7/ itij &>aaa n?& S fi,J99 o

\Laol
1QY). ffX

Init

1913, 11 \/3 J/b fina/l

/J/3. HI !// 4t/n
1913, HI \/o ^2/
i9i3- 41 9 /n/3
11/4,41
2 $R7

38 73
j3*H

\fb0JUL fj

4^7H

> 0&5 03\ ^340

3 <?, 2/3 3 0-017 IQ\ >?!$

SQti V?tna? affn

SPAN LENGTH(S) f/3,

_mm Ice
_kPa Wind (W'")
JQPermanent Set & Creep

^ JJJL2JL LraV^, tf IJ,? 472

9&Q

3&

?ao \n< ooo JA5 6\Q>n24Q

rZJ-i}3

o,Q/af/\

/?/3, j/f \Z2 77j

Init

Figure 15.-Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on sag template (metric).
DC-578 (3-78)

INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL

CONDUCTOR y/7

kcni'I /)c^R

LOADING

Rated Breaking Load

Diameter

/ 7

rD O

Deadweight

lb

I n i t i a l - V<9F
Final. -JO

(W)

'Am. ice (W)

men

_^L_ib Wind

Tension Limitations:

Loaded,

_z4
/e<?^
^

Weight Factors:

Code Name _

331 % _f733

lb

. lb/ft

Permanent Set 0.00i2_

. lb/ft

Creep 0.00<O_

.lb/ft

Total

O.

Resultant: ( W " ) /.

L/S3
/ / A

25

% V3OO

lb

Area (A) O- ^32

O F

50

% $&<><?

lb

TemD. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

Final. __SQ__F J j
Computed by

LOADING
Inch Ice.
l b / f t 2 WindtW")
Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice. No Wind (W)

_ % A O^^

0.000 0 /G

a-

SPAN LENGTH(S)

\o

QQQ

O.Ooo
30
60
90

Inch Ice.
a
l b / f t 2 ' W i n d ( W " j V / 7 \g.
Permanent Set & Creep

in2

Modulus. (E) F i n a l A 2 - ^ j L x 106 Ib/in2

Initial

per F

?
fQQ

Initial AE
SAG FACTOR

SAG, ft

tf./)fjx
V V ^

1Q6 lb/ir2
^f^>

lb

/P$&

lb

>3 ^33

SW, lb

TENSION, lb

.FEET

(?./)& bO\

232

/&.fl

1313.1,1

73QQ

Jm't-

IZ<7l

430,15
430. if

&1 J/
11*27

Finll

Q2n

/Vj?
rl/2 n. Oon o 16 5] 0.
ane 3~36 \a, ono o^ 61 a , /6*3 7
oc?g 2/on a. coo ojt> e , /tf/j
ao/
/?j \Qt QQQ Q^L 3 rt. /9?Q
on J
^faff a >QQQ Q9L \ <?,A/f3
SPAN LENGTH(S). 700

/ . nop

A
/.
A
/,

.lb/ft

Final AE

I TE o M p P -1 UNSTRESSED LENGTH

lb

Date

4i_
4U0.00<2_ _ ^ 2 _

O. / j/S~

A /^/,7

<f<?# #gn

\Qt

\ci<0/f

/S\

\i>C2Q S\
b.<PM ?t>
yi.o^s o3\
>>Q&7 lo

/y,32
/^r.f7
I7,&

JJL3J-

43QJ5

Jj/nS

430. /S43ti /*

AILI

199?

_FEET

S)9*]o \gt<o/e 3"!

7>M

430- /s\ ^1^0

Figure 16.-Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on sag template (U.S. customary).

Zn*

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

37

Using the relationship from section 8,

SagRS

Sag,

(Span,)2

(RS)
where,
SagRS
Sag,
RS
Span,

= sag in ruling span, mm (in)

= sag in any other given span, mm (in)
- ruling span length, m (ft)
- span length of any other given span, m (ft)

SagR*
For 15.5ocfinal: 7 ^ 7
(RS)2

4.874 m
= ,01~Q,
, = 1.0707 x 10" 4 m~ 1 = K,
1
(213.36 m) 2

SagRS
60Ffial: ^

15.99 ft
- ^ j . 3.2633 X 1 0 - f t - - JC.

SagR<;
2.243 m
For - 40 C initial: - ^2
= . - - , , 2 = 4.9272 x 10" ' m ' 1 = K22
(RS)
(213.36 m)
SagRS
- 4 0 F i n i t i a l : -^gf-

7.36 ft
-

(7Q()

ft)2

= 1.502 x l O ^ f f 1 = K2

Assume values for span lengths (*), square these (x2), and multiply by the l v a l u e s to obtain the
sags as shown in table 2.
Table 2.Calculations for sag template
Span length

(Span length) 2
x2

ft

m2

60.96
121.92
243.84
365.76
487.68
609.60

200
400
800
1200
1600
2000

3 716.12
14 864.49
59 457.95
133 780.38
237 831.78
371612.16

15.5 C (60 F) Sag

K,x2

ft 2

mm

0.4 x l O 5
1.6 x l O 5
6.4 x 10 5
14.4 x 1 0 5
25.6 x 10 5
40.0 x 1 0 5

0.398
1.592
6.366
14.324
25.464
39.788

398
1592
6 366
14 324
25 464
39 788

ft
1.31
5.22
20.89
46.99
83.54
130.53

- 4 0 C (-40 F) Sag
m
0.183
0.732
2.930
6.592
11.718
18.310

K2x2
mm
183
732
2 930
6 592
11 718
18 310

ft
0.60
2.40
9.61
21.63
38.45
60.08

Using the same scales as those used on the plan-profile sheets (25.4 mm = 61 m or 1 in = 200 ft
horizontally, and 25.4 mm = 12.2 m or 1 in = 40 ft vertically), plot the sag values on the sag
template for the span lengths shown in table 2. The curves should be expanded far enough on the
sag template to permit its use on an entire transmission line, with the possible exception of an
extremely steep span where a special catenary curve should be used.

38

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Draw a vertical line at the center of the template (zero span length) for a reference line. This line
must be kept perfectly vertical when the template is being used for laying out a transmission line.
Clearance (conductor to earth) curves should be located at the specified NESC distances below
the 15.5 C (60 F) final sag curve. The clearance curves will be identical to the final sag curve
but will be offset vertically from it by the values of clearance required.
All curves should be identified on the sag template. The conductor size and type, the ruling span,
maximum conductor tension, NESC loading, and the horizontal and vertical scales used should also
be noted on the template.
1 4 . I n c l i n e d Spans.In p r a c t i c e , nearly every span of a t r a n s m i s s i o n line is inclined
(asymmetrical) to some degree. As might be suspected, the computations for sags and tensions for
inclined spans may get rather complex, depending upon the degree of their asymmetry. In general,
inclined spans may be classified into two categories for design purposes: (1) inclined spans supported
by suspension or pin-type insulators at both ends of the span, and inclined spans supported by
suspension or pin-type insulators at one end of the span and by dead-end type insulators at the other
end; and (2) inclined spans which are dead-ended at both ends. Problems concerning inclined spans
falling in the first category usually can be handled by modifying or correcting data computed for
symmetrical spans. For structure layout or spotting purposes, the ruling span sag template based on
symmetrical spans usually may be used without correction. Inclined spans dead-ended at both ends
require special treatment, even for layout or spotting purposes, if they are fairly long spans and are
located on extremely steep inclines. A series of spans located on extremely steep inclines may require
insulator offset calculations for stringing purposes in order to get each successive span properly sagged
(sec. 30(b), ch. V).
The method used for calculating sags and tensions for a dead-ended, inclined span depends
somewhat on the steepness of the span. Some methods of calculation are good for all dead-ended
spans, from level to almost vertical, while other methods apply to particular areas between these
extremes.
For a dead-ended span of normal length and a relatively small incline, the calculations for a level
span with the same horizontal distance between supports may be used. Using the notation shown
on figure 17, the sag D (for this case) is measured vertically and is the vertical distance between the
straight line joining the supports and a parallel line which is tangent to the conductor's curvature.

Figure 17.-Sag on inclined spanequivalent span method.

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

39

If the span is long, or if there is a relatively large difference in elevation of the end supports, some
correction should be made in the calculations. Calculations based on the catenary are preferred over
those based on the parabola because the conductor conforms to a catenary curve when suspended
between supportsthe steeper the span, the greater the difference between the comparable portion
of a catenary and a parabola. In computing the sag, there is some error in assuming Dto be the same
as the sag for a level span of the same horizontal distance between supports. However, this can be
minimized by using an equivalent level span. This method, although an approximation, gives results
which are as accurate as can ordinarily be used in the field and within field limitations.
The equivalent span is taken as the slope span plus the difference between the slope span and the
level span. Thus, the equivalent span equals S' + (S'S) = 2SS. The sag D for the equivalent
span is then calculated in the usual manner. This method may be used with less than 1 percent error
for spans with an incline up to 20 percent.
Another method, which gives good results, uses an average tension in the span and has a corrected
sag value. Using the notation shown on figure 18:

I , =^L2
Tt -

+H2

T2=wH

where w is the conductor linear force factor per unit length.

_ T, + T2
T

av ~

2Tl - wH
~

'
1
Q
f

Figure 18.-Sag on inclined span-average tension method.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

40

Use Tav and length L\ to calculate sags and tensions for various conditions using Copperweld,
Alcoa, or other acceptable methods. Correct the calculated sag by the relationship D =
SL\/L.
A method originally intended for calculating sags and tensions in steeply inclined spans, but which
is applicable to spans of any incline, was developed by Mr. D. O. Ehrenburg while he was a member
of the Bureau of Reclamation staff. For a full discussion of his method, including derivations of
formulas, see reference [5]. A brief version of this method follows showing nonmenclature, formulas,
procedure, and a sample calculation. Since the method is based on a parameter Z, the functions of
Z a r e included as table 3.
Nomenclature and units

Tl
Te
w
h
v
w'
S
S0
a
b
c
a'
b'
A
E
a
d
Z

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

tension at upper support

effective (average) tension of conductor
linear force factor of conductor per unit length
wind load per unit length of conductor
ice load per unit length of conductor
y/(w + v)2 + h2 = resultant force per unit length of conductor
actual length of conductor
unstressed length of conductor
horizontal spacing of supports
vertical spacing of supports
straight line distance between supports
spacing of supports in plane of w', at right angles to vector w'
spacing of supports in plane of w', in direction of vector w'
area of conductor cross section
modulus of elasticity of conductor
coefficient of linear expansion
sag of conductor
parameter

Necessary given data:

Loading conditions (ice, wind, and temperature)
Size, type, and stranding of conductor
Linear force factor per unit length of bare conductor
Linear force factor per unit length of iced conductor
Force on conductor due to wind
Resultant force on conductor
Cross-sectional area of conductor
Modulus of elasticity of conductor
Temperature coefficient of linear expansion for conductor
Maximum tension in conductor
Horizontal spacing of supports
Vertical spacing of supports

Metric

U.S.
customary

N
N
N/m
N/m
N/m
N/m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
mm 2
GPa

(lb)
(lb)
(lb/ft)
(lb/ft)
(lb/ft)
(lb/ft)
(ft)
(ft)
(ft)
(ft)
(ft)
(ft)
(ft)
(in 2 )
(lb/in 2 )

mm

(ft)

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

41

Table 3.Functions of Z

f(Z)
016
066
150
266
416

67
6
0
7
7

Z^

Z3

coth Z

1/Z

100.003
50.007
33.343
25.013
20.017

100.000
50.000
33.333 3
25.000 0
20.000 0

0.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

001
008
027
064
125

0.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

000
000
000
002
006

01
16
81
56
25

16.687
14.309
12.527
11.141
10.0333

16.666
14.285
12.500
11.111
10.000

7
7
0
1
0

.000
.000
.000
.000
.001

216
343
512
729
000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

012
024
040
065
100

96
01
96
61
0
4
4
6
2
3

0.010
.020
.030
.040
.050

0.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.060
.070
.080
.090
.100

.000
.000
.001
.001
.001

600 1
816 9
067
351
668

.110
.120
.130
.140
.150

.002
.002
.002
.003
.003

018
402
819
270
754

9.1275
8.3733
7.7356
7.1895
6.7166

9.090
8.333
7.692
7.142
6.666

9
3
3
9
7

.001
.001
.002
.002
.003

331
728
197
744
375

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

146
207
285
384
506

.160
.170
.180
.190
.200

.004
.004
.005
.006
.006

272
824
409
028
680

6.3032
5.9389
5.6154
5.3263
5.0665

6.250
5.882
5.555
5.263
5.000

0
4
6
2
0

.004
.004
.005
.006
.008

096
913
832
859
000

.000
.000
.001
.001
.001

655 4
835 2
050
303
600

.205
.210
.215
.220
.225

.007
.007
.007
.008
.008

019
366
722
086
459

4.9462
4.8317
4.7226
4.6186
4.5192

4.878
4.761
4.651
4.545
4.444

05
90
16
45
44

.008
.009
.009
.010
.011

615
261
938
648
39

.001
.001
.002
.002
.002

766
945
137
343
563

.230
.235
.240
.245
.250

.008
.009
.009
.010
.010

840
230
628
034
449

4.4242
4.3334
4.2464
4.1630
4.0830

4.347 83
4.255 32
4.166 67
4.081 63
4.000 00

.012
.012
.013
.014
.015

17
98
82
71
63

.002
.003
.003
.003
.003

798
050
318
603
906

.255
.260
.265
.270
.275

.010
.011
.011
.012
.012

873
305
745
194
652

4.0062
3.9324
3.8615
3.7933
3.7276

3.921
3.846
3.773
3.703
3.636

57
15
58
70
36

.016
.017
.018
.019
.020

58
58
61
68
80

.004
.004
.004
.005
.005

228
570
932
314
719

.280
.285
.290
.295
.300

.013
.013
.014
.014
.015

118
592
076
567
068

3.6643
3.6033
3.5444
3.4876
3.4327

3.57143
3.508 77
3.448 28
3.389 83
3.333 33

.021
.023
.024
.025
.027

95
15
39
67
00

.006
.006
.007
.007
.008

147
598
073
573
100

.305
.310
.315
.320
.325

.015
.016
.016
.017
.017

576
094
620
154
697

3.3797
3.3285
3.2789
3.2309
3.1845

3.278
3.225
3.174
3.125
3.076

69
81
60
00
92

.028
.029
.031
.032
.034

37
79
26
77
33

.008
.009
.009
.010

654
235
846
49

.330
.335
.340
.345
.350

.018
.018
.019
.019
.020

249
809
378
956
542

3.1395
3.0959
3.0536
3.0126
2.9729

3.030
2.985
2.941
2.898
2.857

30
07
18
55
14

.035
.037
.039
.041
.042

94
60
30
06
88

.011
.012
.013
.014
.015

.011 16
86
59
36
17
01

42

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table 3.Functions of ZContinued

f(Z)

cothZ

Z3

1/Z

Z^_

0.355
.360
.365
.370
.375

0.021
.021
.022
.022
.023

137
740
352
973
602

2.9343
2.8968
2.8603
2.8249
2.7905

2.816
2.777
2.739
2.702
2.666

90
78
73
70
67

0.043
.046
.048
.050
.052

74
66
63
65
73

0.015
.016
.017
.018
.019

88
80
75
74
78

.380
.385
.390
.395
.400

.024
.024
.025
.026
.026

240
887
543
207
880

2.7570
2.7245
2.6928
2.6620
2.6319

2.631
2.597
2.564
2.531
2.500

58
40
10
65
00

.054
.057
.059
.061
.064

87
07
32
63
00

.020
.021
.023
.024
.025

85
97
13
34
60

.405
.410
.415
.420
.425

.027
.028
.028
.029
.030

562
252
951
659
376

2.6027
2.5742
2.5464
2.5193
2.4929

2.469
2.439
2.409
2.380
2.352

14
02
64
95
94

.066
.068
.071
.074
.076

43
92
47
09
77

.026
.028
.029
.031
.032

90
26
66
12
63

.430
.435
.440
.445
.450

.031
.031
.032
.033
.034

102
856
579
331
092

2.4672
2.4421
2.4175
2.3936
2.3702

2.325
2.298
2.272
2.247
2.222

58
85
73
19
22

.079
.082
.085
.088
.091

51
32
18
12
13

.034
.035
.037
.039
.041

19
81
48
21
01

.455
.460
.465
.470
.475

.034
.035
.036
.037
.038

861
640
427
223
028

2.3474
2.3251
2.3033
2.2821
2.2613

2.197
2.173
2.150
2.127
2.105

80
91
54
66
26

.094
.097
.100
.103
.107

20
34
5
8
2

.042
.044
.046
.048
.050

86
77
75
80
91

.480
.485
.490
.495
.500

.038
.039
.040
.041
.042

842
665
497
338
188

2.2409
2.2210
2.2016
2.1826
2.1640

2.083
2.061
2.040
2.020
2.000

33
86
82
20
00

.1106
.114 1

.053
.055
.057
.060
.062

08
33
65
04
50

.117 6
.121 3
.125 0

The loading conditions, conductor size, and maximum tension are determined by previous studies.
All other conductor data required may be obtained from tables shown in appendix C or from
manufacturers' catalogs. The horizontal and vertical spacing of supports can be determined from the
plan-profile drawings.

Procedure steps:
1. Determine c from c2 = a2 + b2
2. Determine b' from b' = b(w + v)/w'
3. Determine a' from a' = \lc2 - ib')2

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

43

4. Determine coth Z from

A

coth Z =
1 +0.167

( # & )

where:
_ 7Y(max) - 0.5 w'b'
0.5 w'c
For short spans,
rr

1
A

0.5 W'C
7Y(max)- 0.5 w'6'

5. From table 3, determine Z from coth Z found in step 4

6. Determine S 0 from S0 = (S-c) + c where
2

2 2

S-c=~a f(Z)+~~a3 b3 Z 4
c

12c

Find f(Z) from table 3 or from f(Z) = 0.167(Z 2 + Z 4 /20)

7. Determine values for "No-load Chart"
a. Assume values for Z (usually two values smaller and three or four values larger
than the basic Z value found in step 5)
b. Find S-c (from step 6) for each value of Z assumed in step 7.a.
c. Determine S 0 (from step 6) for each assumed value of Z
d. Determine values for 7\ and Te by using the assumed values of Z in the formulas:
Tx = 0.5 w S0 coth Z + 0.5 wb, and Te = 0.5 w ^ ( ~ ) + 0.5 w S0 (~)
e. Determine values for d from
3a2 - 2b2
d = 0.25 cZ + -A
Z 3 for assumed values of Z
144c
f. Find the slope of the temperature lines from slope equals AE/S0
8. Determine values for "Full-load Chart"
a. Find S-c for each value of Z assumed in step 7.a., where
c

JK

12c3

b. Determine S0 for each assumed value of Z, where S0 = (S-c) + c

c. Determine horizontal spacing of the temperature lines from
(Sa) (5.5), for increments of 5.5 C from minus 7 to 48 C, or
(5a) (10), for increments of 10 F from 20 to 120 F.

44

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN M A N U A L

9. Prepare graph:
a. Plot the tensions for the assumed values of Z against the slack S-c. This will give four
curves: 7\' and TJ for full load, and Tx and Te for no load
b. Plot sag d against slack S-c on the same graph
c. Find the maximum average tension at full-load conditions by drawing a vertical line
from the point of maximum tension on the full-load curve 77 down to the full-load curve
T'
1

d. Starting at the maximum average tension point found in step 9.c, draw temperature
lines down to the no-load Te curve. The slope of these lines was determined in step 7.e., and
their horizontal spacing was found in step 8.b.
e. Determine the sag at every 5.5 C from minus 7 to 48 C or at every 10 F from 20 to
120 F by drawing vertical lines from the points where the temperature lines intersect the
no-load Te curve down to the sag curve
f. Label all parts of graph
Figure 19 shows the inclined span used for the following example calculations:

-Support
a = 545.59 m (1790 f t )
b= 207.26 m (680 f t )
C = 583.69 m (1915 f t )

INSULATOR STRING
SWING DUE TO
WIND FORCE

Figure 19.-Sag on inclined span-parameter Z method. 104-D-1055.

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

45

Example
Metric

Loading = 6-mm ice, 0.38-kPa wind, at minus 9.4 C

Conductor = 1092 mm 2 , ACSR 84/19 Bluebird
diameter = 45 mm
area =1181 mm 2
E= 51.46 GPa (initial)
a = 0.000 020 7 per C
w = 36.6453 N/m
/i = (45 + 12) (0.38) =21.66 N/m
v = 9.1314 N/m
w'=v/(36.6453 + 9.1314) 2 +(21.66) 2 = 50.64 N/m
a = 545.59 m
b = 207.26 m
c = 583.69 m
b =

H^7") = 2 0 7 - 2 6 V

a = \/c2 - {b'f

5^4~

J = 187.36 m

=V(583.69) 2 - (187.36) 2 = 552.80 m

_ ^ ' ( m a x ) - 0 . 5 w'b'
"
0.5 w'c

88 964-0.5(50.64) (187.36)
0.5(50.64) (583.69)

A2 = 32.479
A

cothZ=
1+

,t, , , =

,A'f^L, ,

. =5.6729

o, 67 ( f ';(i) 1+ o, 67 (n;( 3 -^ 9 )

Z = 0.17822
/(Z) = 0.005 305

S, -1 /(Z) ^ , -

H I T (.5 305) + ^

(0.H8 ^

= 2.7054 + 0.0009 = 2.7063

S0 = (S-c) + c = 2.7063 + 583.69 = 586.40

For "No-Load Table"

a = 545.59
6 = 207.26
c = 583.69
w = 36.6453

0.5 w = 18.3226
0.5 wb = 3797.55
a 2 /c = 509.98
a 2 Z>2/72c3 =0.8931

c/4 = 145.92
3a2 - 26 2
= 9.6023
144c
6 2 /3c 2 = 0.0420

46

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

S-c
s

0.5 wSn
T

0.16
2.179
585.87
10 735
71462
67 166
23.39

0.17
2.461
586.15
10 740
67 581
63 254
24.85

0.1782
2.706
586.40
10 744
64 747
60 402
26.06

0.18
2.759
586.45
10 745
64 135
59 776
26.32

0.19
3.075
586.77
10 751
61 061
56 670
27.79

0.20
3.408
587.10
10 757
58 298
53 875
29.26

0.21
3.758
587.45
10 764
55 806
51 352
30.73

AE/S0 = 103 640

For "Full-Load Table'
a' = 552.80
b' = 187.36
c = 583.69
w' = 50.64

z
S-c
So

0.5 wS0

T
V
Te'

0.16
2.237
585.93
14 836
98 258
92 806

AS = Sa(5.5)

0.17
2.526
586.22
14 843
92 895
87 399

0.5 w' = 25.32

0.5 w'b' = 4743.96
(a')2/c = 523.54

c/4 = 145.92

(a')2 < V ) 2 / 7 2 c 3 =0.7492

(b')2/3c2

0.1782
2.778
586.47
14 849
88 981
83 459

0.18
2.833
586.52
14 851
88 138
82 598

3(g') 2 - 2{b')2
= 10.07
144c

0.19
3.157
586.85
14 859
83 887
78 303

0.0343
0.20
3.498
587.19
14 868
80 073
74 442

0.21
3.858
587.55
14 877
76 625
70 950

= 586.47(0.000 020 7)(5.5) = 0.066 77

Results of these metric calculations are shown on figure 20 along with initial sags for temperatures
from minus 9.5 to 48 C .
U.S. Customary

Loading = 1/4-in ice, 8-lb/ft2 wind, at 15 F

Conductor =2156 kcmil, ACSR 84/19 Bluebird
diameter = 1.762 in
area= 1.8310 in2
E = l 463 320 lb/in 2 (initial)
a = 0.000 011 5 p e r F
w = 2.511 lb/ft
1.762 + 0.5
(8)(1)= 1.5080 lb/ft
*
12
v = 0.6257 lb/ft
w' = V(2.511 +0.6257) 2 +(1.5080) 2 = 3.480 lb/ft
a= 1790 ft
b = 680 ft
c= 1915ft

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

Temp.
(C)
-9.5
-7.0
-1.5
4.0
9.5
15.0
20.5
26.0

100 000

90 000

c
o

+-

47

Sag
(m)
24.8
25.0
25.35
25.65
25.95
26.2
26.5
26.8

80 000

CD

O
CO

70 000

60 000

50 000

SLACK (S-c),meters
Figure 20.-Results of example problem on an inclined span using parameter Z method (metric).
104-D-1056.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

48

r , ' ( m a x ) - 0.5 w'b' 20 0 0 0 - 0.5(3.480) (612.918)

^r,w'c
=
. . (1915)
= 5.682
0.5
0.5(3.480)
A2 =32.286

A=

5.682

coth Z =
1+

o,^xi)^o, 67 (^y( 3 -^)

= 5.6558

Z = 0.17875
/(Z) = 0.005 336

2 A2

f ( Z ) +

^ l

72c

z*

a 7 9 ^ ( 0 . o o 5 3 3 6 ) + ^ ? ^ 3 ^ (0.17875)1915
72(1915)

= 8.9280 + 0.002 99 = 8.9310

S0 =(S-c) + c = 8.9310+ 1915 = 1923.93
For "No-Load Table"
a= 1790
6 = 680
c = 1915
w = 2.511
Z

S-c
So
0.5 wS0
T

e
d

0.16
7.15
1 922.15
2 413.26
16 135
15 099
76.73

0.5 w = 1.2555
0.5 wb = 853.74
a2/c= 1673.16
a2b2/72c3 =2.93
0.17
8.10
1 923.10
2 414.45
15 193
14 220
81.54

0.1788
8.93
1 923.93
2 415.49

14511
14 093
85.781

0.18
9.05
1 924.05
2 415.64
14 419
13 439
86.36

c/4 = 478.75

^771^=31.50
144c
b2/3c2

=0.04203

0.19
10.09
1 925.09
2 416.95
13 727
12 740
91.18

0.20
11.18
1926.18
2 418.32
13 106
12 112
96.00

0.21
12.33
1 927.33
2 419.76
12 545
11 544
100.83

AE/S0 =7100
For "Full-Load Table"
0.5 w' = 1.740
0.5 w V = 1066.48
(a') 2 /c= 1718.82
(a')2 (b')2 /72c 3 =2.45

a = 1814.26
b' = 612.92
c = 1915
w' = 3.480

z
S-c
So
0.5
TI
1
T'
e

,
wS0

0.16
7.34
1 922.34
3 344.87
22 150
20 924

0.17
8.29
1 923.29
3 346.52
20 941
19 705

0.1788
9.17
1 924.17
3 348.06
20 003
18 758

0.18
9.30
1 924.30
3 348.28
19 868
18 622

A S = S a ( 1 0 ) = 1924.17(0.000 011 5) (10) = 0.2213

c/4 = 478.75
3(T-2/)'
144c
(b')3/3c2
0.19
10.36
1 925.36
3 350.13
18 910
17 654

=0.034 15
0.20
11.48
1 926.48
3 352.08
18 050
16 783

0.21
12.66
1 927.66
3 354.13
17 273
15 996

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

49

Results of these calculations are shown on figure 21 along with initial sags for temperatures from
15 to 120 F .

22 000

20 000

8 000

10

II

SLACK (S-c),feet
Figure 21.-Results of example problem on an inclined span using parameter Zmethod (U.S. customary). 104-D-1057.

50

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

1 5 . Galloping Conductors.-A galloping conductor is a phenomenon usually caused by a

relatively light wind of about 48 to 56 k m / h (30 to 35 mi/h) blowing on an iced conductor. The ice
may be in the form of either rime or glaze. A few cases of galloping conductors without the presence
of ice have been noted, but these cases are extremely rare.
In 1930, Mr. A. E. Davison of the Hydroelectric Power Commission of Ontario, Canada presented
the results of his pioneer work on galloping conductors, and has published several articles on the
subject since that time. Mr. Davison suggested that galloping is the result of the aerodynamic lift
produced by the reaction of wind and glaze, and a periodic twisting of the conductor which controls
the lifting force.
In 1932, Mr. J. P. Den Hartog, noted research engineer with Westinghouse Electric Co. and
instructor at Harvard Engineering School, presented a theory that galloping was the result of a glaze
formation which, with the conductor, has an airfoil cross section capable of causing a certain type
of aerodynamic stability. An airfoil cross section may easily be formed at a freezing-thawing
temperature of about 0 C (32 F) when the sun is shining and a light wind is blowing. The sun
will melt a portion of the radial ice, the water will run down and around the conductor, and then
the water will be blown back by the light wind into the shade at the bottom of the conductor where
it will again freeze. As this process continues, the airfoil takes shape and the possibility of galloping
conductors becomes very real.
Based on numerous observations and on several motion pictures of galloping conductors, Davison
developed an empirical method for determining the conductor oscillation path. This method is based
on the stabilized sag of the conductor at 0 C (32 F), with 13 mm (1/2 in) of ice 2 and a wind velocity
of 48.3 k m / h (30 mi/h) or a wind pressure of 0.096 kPa (2 lb/ft 2 ). This approximates the loading
condition under which most cases of galloping have occurred. The path of conductor oscillation
approximates a loop of elliptical shape. The major axis of the ellipse is slightly larger (the Bureau
uses a 6 percent increase) than the resultant conductor sag under the loading condition described
above, and is inclined from the vertical in a direction opposite the direction of the conductor sideswing
by an angle equal to the angle of sideswing. In level spans, the highest point of the full ellipse is only
a small distance above the normal level of the points of attachment of the conductor to the insulator
string. As long as the ellipses for all conductors and overhead ground wires of a transmission line do
not overlap, galloping will not cause the conductors to come in contact with each other or with the
overhead ground wires. Contact would result in outages and possible damage to the conductors.
Observations of lines with long spans and heavy conductors indicate that the conductors may dance
in two loops in which the magnitude of oscillation, or size of ellipse, is approximately half size; that
is, the major axis of the ellipse is approximately one-half of the total conductor sag in the span.
Application of this method to several existing lines, in regions subject to sleet conditions, has shown
that those lines with sufficient spacing between conductors and between conductors and overhead
ground wires to prevent overlap of the ellipses, had no outages under the sleet conditions. The lines
that showed an overlap of the ellipses had a record of many outages under sleet conditions. There
have also been observations where iced conductors have galloped in a manner similar to a skip rope
being turned, with the midpoint rising as far above the points of support as it hangs below those points
when at rest. This sort of galloping is rare, fortunately, because clearance limits are indicated which
a designer cannot economically be expected to meet.
There is no definite length of span where galloping will change from full-sag ellipses to half-sag
ellipses. However, our experience indicates that for our line locations and conditions, we should use
2

For NKSC heavy loading area.

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

51

full-sag ellipses in spans up to 183 m (600 ft) in length. In longer spans, the conductors are likely
to gallop in two or more loops, so one-half size ellipses, with the major axis equal to 53 percent of
the sag, should be used. If these ellipses do not overlap, the probability of contact between conductors
and overhead ground wires, as a result of galloping, is greatly reduced.
Experience has shown that it is good practice to examine all hardware and very carefully check
the ends of the clamps in any part of a line where galloping is known to have occurred. If galloping
has created a weak spot in a conductor or excessive wear in the hardware, wind vibrations, ordinarily
slow in producing a failure, concentrate on the weakened spot and can cause failure in relatively
moderate weather and possibly in a short period of time.
To determine the spacing required between conductors and between conductors and overhead
ground wires to prevent contact, for a particular loading condition and span length with given
conductors and overhead ground wires, or to determine the maximum permissible span for a given
structure with given conductors and overhead ground wires, proceed as follows:
1. For loading conditions of 13 mm (1/2 in) of ice, 3 0.096-kPa (2-lb/ft 2 ) wind pressure, and
a temperature of minus 1 C (30 F), determine the conductor and overhead ground wire sags
for the given span length. Assume a 289.5-m (950-ft) span based on a 213.4-m (700-ft) ruling span.
a. Figures 22 and 23 show the sag calculations for a 242 mm 2 (477 kcmil) ACSR 2 4 / 7
conductor, and figures 24 and 25 show the sag calculations for a 10-mm (3/8-in) high-strength
steel, 7-wire overhead ground wire.
b. From the calculations on these figures, for a 2I3.4-m (700-ft) ruling span, and for
conditions conducive to galloping, the sags are:

Sag
Conductor
Overhead ground wire

mm

(ft)

5255
4386

(17.24)
(14.39)

For a 289.5-m (950-ft) span, based on the 213.4-m ruling span, the sags are:
Sag

Conductor
Overhead ground wire

mm

(ft)

9675
8075

(31.75)
(26.50)

2. Determine 0, the angle of sideswing, for the conductors and overhead ground wires for the
loading conditions given in 1., and using the force triangles shown on figures 22, 23, 24, and 25.
^

a. Conductor* = tan

i 4 >4898 N / m
2 U 8 6 N / m

/0.3077 lb/ft\

11oro

or ( l 4 5 l 7 l b / f J = H 5 8

u ^
u A
A - i 3.3079 N/m
/ 0.227 lb/ft \
lrn/10,
b. Overhead ground wire* = tan
^ )
= 1542
1 L ? 7 7 N / m or ( ^
3

For NESC heavy loading area.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN M A N U A L

52

DCm-578 (3-78)

O.lf-kP*

CONDUCTOR ^ V ^ ?

LOADING

mm

Code Name _
Rated BreaKing Strength *JL

SOf

'J-

Ly.*\

Dead Load Force (W)

mm

12

Tension Limitations:
Initial.^JzJte.

mm Ice (W")

OLIIU&YP*
3

3f

*oc25 SOQ H

Final - V ^ r .

25

% 19 fjjj

L oaded -/J? C.

50

%jy ^jTV

Final. 15.5<b

/ f

%/J 7 7 / N

Computed by

rt7,

Resultant: ( W * )
Area (A) efO

?77^

Vy

18 ; / . /7/9/9
No Ice, No Wind (W)

jc/

Final AE

49 \i.no/

Ji9^j\

n. /TS2

n.a&i

0< OH
a on
7S2
'/). *s>n
a<iSn
c, /7S9 0,011
CI/*
fl.Dnn
Q9L 5
<P,
/i3j a.gjtf
^Ofi fo.gga n9C s\ o.aioo
<?,cte
SPAN LENGTH(S) <2/3>3L>
/ / ? / ;<3.<3.3

?9^ 4?'

G.,/383

qyt*

O.

JS-/S"

_kPa Wind ( W " )

Permanent Set & Creep
0./ftS3
f<Pd
No Ice, W W i n d (W)

.m
1f\
Jj
7&
$?,
3/1
U\

o-noj m
15.5
32
49

A 000

7^2

I / pep

J/I#\g

lce

kPaWind(W"-)|./

/?

SAG, mm

V^j?J

GPa

.3 I <3S2.

SW, N

TENSION, N

W 5 > g ^

3LA

C OOP tOk 2*\ _^IJJ13-

\o.nl2

SPAN L E N G T H f S ) , , ? ^ ^ ^
OOP J33 j\ n. /9Sf
U.n^

31QQ
/ ? / 3 . V/
iJLLL. /p3,1/
j713
t?/3. jl
f/X7
IV'3. 1/
f&27
11*3.1/

Jnit

/3
)o

277

t *?3

Alo9

IV&1I

Ul

V7I

I7<f1

U'ef-32

//

m
t>3

53L5Z

ULZD.SI>\A3

832 Final

\i2 ;y?

U^

A3$ J-nit

7^2

Fintl

S3Z

final

Permanent Set & Creep

-18
No Ice. No Wind (W)

N
N

CQ3

, /, r?^ 1*L$ \0.aQQ

5-5 j./)no
/.p/)/

SAG FACTOR

T
SPAN LENGTH(S) 13* 3 ' _

\p.A/on

7 2 , <a<Z G P a

Initial J " J " , 7 ^

rv>rr

SW

1
AE

^1_

<3#3

Initial AF )S

fcupl
T
0c "; UNSTRESSED LENGTH |

OJVf&kP*
W i n d ( W " ) j -/8\o.<Jf4
Permanent Set & Creep
; Q-QGl

y?ff

Total Q o n /

Modulus, (E) Final

Date

LOADING

Creep 0.00^0

r27,3j5/l
mm2

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

o.ooo o / ?

Permanent Set 0 . 0 0 2 _ J Z J 2 _ L _ 2 .

~ ? A ) #/a D

Wind

wind

*W

J-/e& V

Linear Force Factor:

Diameter

13
^O?^

wind
o.ofA'kPa

INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL

15.5
49

Figure 22.-Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example problem on galloping conductors (metric).

CHAPTER l l - C O N D U C T O R SAGS A N D TENSIONS

53

DC-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL

CONDUCTOR
Code Name .

y?7 kctnil flfi.S/? a^7

Flick e.r

Rated Breaking Load

Diameter dX

77

JLCD

LOADING

Deadweight

inch

a.l.f
(W)

<3, 6>

+ i 4 i n . Ice ( W )
X l b Wind

. lb/ft

Creep O.OOrt

^ffi

. lb/ft

Total 0.00/

<?*3

I .

#J&7

_ lb/ft

33T % ^ T 7 ^ J 2

lb

25

% 43GO

lb

Area (A) ^ . V ? . ? ^

^ F _5Q_ % $(e(M
60 F / ^ % 3o9L>

lb
ih

Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

Computed by

LOADING

Resultant: (W")

0.000 0/0

Date
T

a p P , , | UNSTRESSED LENGTHJ

ff

8
SPAN LENGTH(S)

Inch Ice.
lb/ft 2 Wind(W"

Permanent Set 0 . 0 0 _ J S j 2 ^ _ i ! 2 _

^ ^ 7
/g/S3

Initial.zjfalf

Loaded.
Final.

.lb/ft

/j/S

y.
0,

Final. ~ "/o

in2

Modulus, (E) Final /O.S3

x 106 Ib/in2

Initial 2.&?l

x 1Q6 Ib/in2

Final AE
Initial AE

perF

SAG FACTOR

700

FFFT

SAG, ft

O.OQQ 323 7\ n. /7$2 \<1.Q2/? JLTiJQ

o, 99% /a/
a,an/
na3
/ oaa to*J Co no f6 S\ Q, / 3 W A. e> 173 y tf-14
13* 23
/. o/ia yiX 0, Qf\Q <Tfk S a. urfS 0,n/97 <*
13*11*
/. QfiQ 752 W^fiQQ Oft* S 0- 115*} QtQ220 1
17 QZ
/. 00/ 07(e p. ana aft S'l o. / ?^v n.02V3 /
/> <M 4<?Q L?i QCQ Qlb 5 Q*A/QQ Kite LJ A
itSQ

Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice. No Wind (W)

Inch Ice.
. l b / f t 2 Wind(W" \JQ\Q<91$
Permanent Set & Creep

SPAN L E N H T H m

6:1/4S?'

/.^sn\

Weight Factors:

_lb

Tension Limitations:

72
J/

Hejvj

?nO

V jSL
^
V2*/

SW. lb

/3/3<L<)

J2.9L
///

TENSION, lb

7SQQ Init-

{3LJSL

3/to

yap* is

J 73 I

J3Q> IS
130, IS

JWS

UQ/S

lb
lb

F/oH

J22J

1 JLaHS

FEET

tt1\&Qa? us >\ c-072*) 0,001$

L4l

1 *J3Q,/S\ J~W7

Iit

30
ce. '

Wind (W)

J. QQQ
90

7SX n, 000 lou 2. o< nM

JtL

Inch Ice,
A
lb/ft 2 Wind(W"
Permanent Set & Creep

SPAN LENGTH(S)

\Ao\j.

ono

^2

yoO

lfl.con 223 I I a. 1^5^

MQZkH 7

AS 7**

^73,27

J4>1S

Final

\S2Q1~

Fi/)dl

FEET

U. n^L 3

n-21

\/n32-$

No Ice. No Wind (W)

90
120

Figure 2 3 . - C o n d u c t o r sag and tension calculation form for example p r o b l e m on galloping c o n d u c t o r s (U.S.
customary).

3 . C o n s t r u c t half-sag ellipses as s h o w n o n figure 2 6 . T h e m a j o r axis of t h e ellipse is inclined

a t an angle of 2d from t h e p l a n e of t h e c o n d u c t o r w h e n t h e 0 . 0 9 6 - k P a ( 2 - l b / f t 2 ) wind is blowing.
T h e m a j o r axis of t h e ellipse is equal t o one-half t h e sag plus 6 p e r c e n t , a n d t h e m i n o r axis is e q u a l
t o one-half of t h e m a j o r axis. T h e easiest way t o c o n s t r u c t t h e ellipses is by t h e use of t h e t r a m m e l
m e t h o d , which is explained in n u m e r o u s drafting or r e l a t e d t e x t s .

54

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

DCm-578 (3-78)

13- >7? / c f l

INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR /Q-/nm

M9 Sted.

l-wir

LOADING

Code Name .

/// 777

//cavy

Linear Force Factor:

Rated Breaking Strength V ? &jO

Diameter,

A3

Tension Limitations

OJJ1S2.

Initial -</QC

3 3 t % IL 013 'N

F i n a l . -J/OC

25

% IX

. N/m

Permanent Set n nn o

V7<7

/ A777

. N/m

Creep O.OOo

<??o

^* ^ / ^

. N/m

//7.tf8h~'

N/m

Dead Load Force ( W ) .

mm

mm Ice w )
kPa Wind

Resultant: ( W 1 )

% * f Mo N

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

Final. 15.5 9c.

% J? ^ V 7 N

0.000 0 / / j * i f

J9

Computed by

Initial ISX.5
Final AE

perC

Date

LOADING

Q.ffg

4ft*

\Q'Qaa 47?
/?. <}<j<? I7S
rt,???

No i c e , No Wind (W)

SW

sw

SAG FACTOR !
T
J, S3, 3t>

AE

SPAN LENGTH(S)
'

373

1 Or OOP j7/ j \

o- o?37

O- <DOO OM 5

g.#f3<j
o, IPSO

f>> ono <?13 5

ftPa
N

Q.QIO

V7 ^ . 2 ? V

7&

o- //*7

e, un foj/6

m-

373

\o. 000JI27

s \

0./&38

IS',
?.!

TENSION, N

Ul/t>.<26>\ 3.1 Jj/j

Hill

ocH

5-7/
\O.OQQ
QJ^ S~
0,0/3
I 32 ,<?,<???
7&f \>Qn<? o?3 5
\o.gi1
49
(?,??<? 7l>7 \<?.QQg Qtf 5
SPAN LENGTH(S) /3<%L

o.

7?

y^y

SW.N

SAG, mm

4. /7#3 1 0. OM
2U

j "5.5 p, qgq

jO.gfSyb-Wz
Wind (W"
Permanent Set & Creep

y ^ ?

Initial A F <P JQ3 3#J

^ " ! UNSTRESSED LENGTH \

J30,/f/^tZ
-kPa Wind {W")\-/g
Permanent Set & Creep
-18

--

Modulus. (E) Final /77, 2X3 G P a

Area ( A ) _ _ = ^ Z _ _ m m 2

O/O N

LoadedrJS^C. _ 5 p

Total 0.00<2_

Jta-05\

%5Q.n5\
250%
Jttiok
tisn. as\

In>t

!Q I5<) Final
f 051

$ ntf

7 83
teo, os
$5Q.Q5\
& (oQf

^i-20_

(3\ j y y /
m

\<0,o2DSt>

H3SL \zbiQ. 03 | 15 pi Final

Figure 24.-Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for example problem on galloping conductors
(metric).
DC-576 (3-78)

2
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL

r.nMmirrnfr 3 /^

//3

^ee/.

7-mire.

Rated Breaking Load

//7

tfOO

lb

inch

%^2AOjO_\b

25 % 270 0 lb

Loaded.
0 _F 50 % ^y<?<? lb
Final. _fiQ_ _ F ^ _ % / ^ y y ih
Computed by Date
LOADING
J n c h Ice,
Jb/f^WindfW'")

No Ice. No Wind (W)

.lb/ft
. lb/ft

Creep 0.00C

^. y ^ i

.lb/ft

Total

Resultant: ( W " ) / , ^ 2 ^

.lb/ft

(W)

X-^ wind

Initial - y / 7 F _33T_
Final. ^ 2 _ F

f). 3 7*5
^ . ^/?7

Deadweight
i i i n . Ice (W)

Tension Limitations:

Permanent Set & Creep

a */s yz'

Weight Factors:

Code Name .
Diameter O..%j>O

0.P07

teav^

LOADING

lb/ft*ti/ind

TEMP..

Area (A) r ^ , ^ 7 ^

0.000 OOiz

\Qt 99#. 6>H

InitialJZ^. O x 106 Ib/in2

5W

O. QQQ j/?J 3

Final AE
Initial AE

L _ per F

UNSTRESSED LENGTH

?(?0
o.

>7$3

SAG FACTOR |

SAG, ft

o? ^ V ^ 5 ^ ^ lb
/ 93.Q 4/Q lb

SW, lb

90
120

\a*fff
\fl,9ff

YJ
Inch Ice.
_^
lb/ft2 Wind(W'")|j^ \n.999
Permanent Set & Creep

CfJ 6~ n nP37
t7* fltQQQ
g%\ 5
<2. rt?3<1
373 \Q,nno
O- )QSn
SI I \O.Qon of3 S
7*&- \fLJLOJl Of J f
a* il<>7
OilZtil
WL Q- Qan g?J
SPAN LENfiTHfSl 7 / 7 Q
373

O.OOO JfJ S\

O.

ILZ2

TENSION, lb

FEET
- 022 3<j

J 5, <* 7

XffrZ

4S/5

iconr? j/79
Q'?9?
Q.lff
60 |/9.fo?

&ZL<2_

0.000^-2$

Modulus. (E) F i n a l c ^ S l i L x 106 lb/in2

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

SPAN LENGTH(S)
0

/ / in2

Permanent Set 0 . 0 0 _ _ 4 L Z 2 -

Q- a*" j l
0<Qtl 7&
<0>/2/3 /S
/p.o/j l>&
n,g/4 / J I
_FEET

7,33
8*23

7-z/
/ ^ A3
/ / r ^

/?/
/f/.

/
/

^ g y /7na)

/?/, /

^PJ^~
If An

/y/> /

JA3J_
/j!f

,/f/, /

-ULSX- SM-t

In'*t

3S2L

F/n*l

Figure 25.-Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for example problem on galloping conductors
(U.S. customary).

55

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS A N D TENSIONS

Type HS Structure
289.5-m (950-ft) Span
Based on 213.4-m (700-ft)
ruling span
3658-mm (12-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy Loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW f u l l - l o a d tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Half-sag ellipses

242 mm2 (477 kcmil) ACSR,

mm
(ft)
Sag
9675 (31.75)
Half sag
4835
(15.88)
290 ( 0.95)
Major axis
5128
(16.83)
Minor axis
2564
( 8.42)
e=ll58'
OGW: 10-mm ( | -in) H.S. Steel
mm
(fl)
Sag
8075 (26.50)
Half sag
4038 (13.25)
+ 6%
242 ( 0.79)
Major axis
4250 (14.04)
Minor axis
2125 ( 7.02)
0 = 15' 42'
Conductor:

24/7

4023 mm

Figure 26.-Half-sag ellipses for example problem on galloping conductors. 104-D-1058.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

56

16. Broken Conductors.The determination of sags and tensions in spans adjacent to a broken
conductor is important in design work from the standpoint of assuring compliance under this
condition with clearance requirements over railroad, highway, waterway, communication line, and
powerline crossings; and also from the standpoint of determining the unbalanced loads on the
structures. The computation of sags and tensions under this condition is somewhat complex due to
the nature of the variables.
Using a technique by G. R. Wiszneauckas shown in appendix A, a broken conductor problem is
given in this section for a 345-kV transmission line span over I n t e r s t a t e H i g h w a y N o . 25
(Sta. 789 + 95 and 790 + 83) and the Colorado and Southern Railroad crossing (Sta. 795 + 48), both
located in Colorado. Figure 27 shows the profile portion of the plan and profile drawing for this
example problem. Please note that this figure is predominately in U.S. customary units; therefore,
references to this figure, such as stationing, are also in those units. The conductor has been assumed
as 644 mm 2 (1272 kcmil), ACSR, 4 5 / 7 stranding, with a full-load (NESC heavy) tension of 61 385 N
(13 800 lb). Assuming a broken conductor in the span on the northwest side of the steel structure
at Sta. 797 + 30, the ruling span for the three remaining spans to a dead-end structure is calculated
to be 320.95 m (1053 ft). At 49 C (120 F ) final conditions, the tension for this ruling span is
24 310 N (5465 lb), with a corresponding sag of 11 211 mm (36.78 ft).
The calculations, tables, nomenclature, and broken conductor curves in this example problem are
all in accordance with the broken conductor thesis shown in appendix A.
The basic nomenclature used in this section is:
AE
d
H0
Hx
i
L0
Li
P
s
S
w
W\
IV 2

<f>

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Product of cross-sectional area and modulus of elasticity of the conductor

Horizontal displacement of insulator string
Initial horizontal tension in conductor
Horizontal tension in conductor after a change of <J> in span length
Length of insulator string
Initial span length
Final span length
Horizontal force caused by JFwhen the insulator string is deflected by an angle 0
General symbol for sag in conductor
General symbol for span length
Unit force (weight) of conductor
Force (weight) of insulator string
Force (weight) of conductor acting on insulator string
Total vertical load, W = w\/2 + w2
Angle of deflection of insulator string
Change in span length

The resulting values indicated by the curves show the suspension insulator string on the structure
at Sta. 797 + 30 will deflect 2110 mm (83 in), and the insulator string on the structure at Sta. 787 + 00
will deflect about 955 mm (37.5 in). This will result in a new span length of 312.789 m (1026.21 ft)
[313.944 - 2.110 + 0.955 = 312.789 m, or 1030 - 6.92 + 3.13 = 1026.21 ft]. The 24 310-N

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

59

(5465-lb) tension (from figs. 28 and 29) is used to compute the corresponding sag in this span with
the conductor broken in the adjacent span. The calculated sag is 15 736 mm (51.64 ft) which is
expanded to make the sag curve for plotting on the plan-profile. The sag in the crossing span has
been shown as a dashed curve on figure 27 to indicate the expected result of a conductor break in
the adjacent span.
Example

7.-Broken Conductor Calculations

Highway centerline (Sta. 789 + 95 and 790 + 83)

Railroad centerline (Sta. 795 + 48)
Ruling Span Calculations:
/2 V

Ruling span =

+ S2* + S 3 3 +

s sx + s2 + s3 +

where S = span length.

Metric

S\m3

S,m
304.373
341.376
313.944

28 198 004
39 783 130
30 942 582

959.693 m

98 923 716 m 3

Ruling span

-V s

8 923 716.,,, n s s
959.693 " 3 2 1 - 0 5 8 m

U.S. Customary
S, ft

S3, ft3

998.6
1120
1030

995 805 877

1 404 928 000
1 092 727 000

3148.6 ft

3 493 460 877 ft3'

Ruling span

3 4 9 3 4 6 0 8 7 7

3148.6

=1053.34 ft

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

60
DCm-576 (3-78)

INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR & M
Code Name _

Mm*'

ACSZ

ZjAear

teh

LOADW

Rated Breaking Strength /S/

Diamete

*h

Linear Force Factor:

3/Hern
4> /

* r f( -

mm

/ J

Tension Limitations:

mm Ice ( W )

OJ$l2L*Pa

Winrt

/ A

Initial

C.

33J__%

C,

25

Area (A)_

Loaded

^C.

50

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

0.000 0-2-O 7

Computed by

Resultant: ( W " )

N/m

Creep 0.00 O SSj

^OVO

N/m

Total 0 . 0 0 / G/

fff?

N/m

VJ

Modulus, (E) Final ^ / , V

.mm2

Final A F V V

prC.

SW

SW
AE

SAG FACTOR ;

SPAN LENGTH(S) 3 5 0 , ~5~&

JdOJ1/5&
KPa Wind ( W ' ) | - / g 1/ 0S)n
Permanent Set & Creep
not
-^
\j. nm
No Ice, No Wind (W)

?^{Q\ o.nno

4X1 Q\

t.nnSi

4*1

-y*>

/ OOO

%L

No Ice, No Wind (W)

/ 9 ^ ^

f ^ V

^ 7

TENSION, N

SW, N

\/53S3.W\ 6) J/15 JT

O.ZSOL\

-yo

30*f

\Q. ooo

16*5 I

o- at?27

SPAN LENGTH(S)

(DO)

SAG, mm

ftPa

V / f

QtS
7/ tf y |

32
49
Q.
mm Ice
0 _ k P a Wind ( W " )
Permanent Set & Creep

^ QPa

Initial - ^ 333

initial AE 31

0 c P , , | UNSTRESSED LENGTH

V ^ V JZ

N/m

Date

LOADING

Permanent Set 0.00 O

5h

J 7 - hf

Final

Final. 15.5 c

^.5^*)'

Dead Load Force fW) <Q, f 2 ? 7

350,

0-033 H
52*

// #?7

7 33SR\^7 dan F 18%

m
i335.5*\jis

Conn

ILS

a.

Z205-

7A3S.5$

foy

3* 3L2 f

-1
15.5
32
49
SPAN LENGTH(S) 3SO.S

J3
O./q/SJL
kPa Wind ( W " ) Zll.
Permanent Set & Creep
-18
No Ice. No Wind (W)

l<OQ) 7J,4\<?.C>QQ Wu ?| a Mio\otQ3Z

A OO)

?>i\o.nna

IL5

<?r 1HQ4 a,Q3Q 3d IP

- 1 \/.nnJ
^5\i.oo2
32 \i,no2

49
mm Ir.e
kPa Wind (W")
Permanent Set 4 Creep

73355X\>3<? 5i*l F

4>l

\)'O02

/L>$'o.nnn
OOZ /?. Onn
j s n O.ana

ir
\l4

// 3PS

I* n )L. hs\
k
'flL.'l/t
L h)L. 751

> o.mi3 \o><?3/ ?J\ // Ml

(2<QQQ (51 a
SPAN LENGTH(S)

3 /A-

7<Z

^ VL15\

d'Q

15.5
32
49

o2L.)l

L niL.nsx

/JSV 2
/jS-f 2
ISI
D

-18
-1
No Ice. No Wind (W)

4o3 F

15.5

SPAN LENGTH(S) 3ZLO. QS_mm Ice

0>./%f'ZL.-\iP*
Wind ( W " ) - ) l \ / . OOO 3oo\o.noo
n. 1 2 n S
V y / JL
Permanent Set & Creep
\o.onJ
o/2\
-18 / , nnl
^ >2\n. nan
/SI
a
No Ice. No Wind (W)

&$\ / / JOT \t5df3j7\jr}

I
i

Q.3933

a/)S/)

31

/? 73'b ASH-U* 1 It, bJQ

Figure 28.-Sag and tension calculation form for broken conductor problem (metric).

61

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

DC-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL

CONDUCTOR / * 7 a Kr.mil ACR js/j

LOADING

Code Name
Bittern
Rated Breaking Load
3 y

Weight Factors:

Diameter/

J^/S

ZOO

25

Loaded
Final,

50 , % .

60

*lp
Inch ice,
4L-ib/ft2wind<w-)|
Permanent Set & Creep

% .

% .

JZ.Sf

'/S^O

. lb/ft

tin

. lb/ft
. lb/ft

OQ73

_ lb/ft

_^_lb Wind
.lb
. lb
.lb
Jb

. Date .
TE

=0.3>

/,

^^2_in. Ice ( W )

Final.

LOADING

* K

Deadweight (W)

lb

inch

Tension Limitations:
Initial
F 33J /_

Computed by .

/-IcZVLf

Resultant: (W") ^>

Area (A) / O le2

in2

per F
sw

o P " | UNSTRESSED LENGTH

/V*5C K = <o.3o

Creep 0.000
Total nnnl

Modulus, (E) Final

Initial
Final AE ?
Initial AE J

Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

0.000 0 / / S

/?77

Permanent Set O.OOiL

SAG, ft

SAG FACTOR

ttj
0/2

/_
3

4. 35 x 106 lb/ir>2
&. 7,2. x 106 ib/in2
<jj?f
&2.
lb
J76> ^tP
lb
TENSION, lb

SW, lb

SPAN L E N G T H ( S ) _ Z ^ 2 _ _ F E E T
a

/ i n n n

Q>QQ{
/ 00/

y^

JVS& 4 \/3 %QQ ?

012
7Ad.

30

i Qoz y^y O.GOQ

No Ice. No Wind (W)

!L5

Si. Ate ZJ

D-0.13 ?yj

3%

03

90

A
Inch Ice,
O
lb/ft 2 Wind(W')
Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice, No Wind (W)

j Z s L _ l n c h Ice,
_jj__ lb/ft 2 Wind(W"l
Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice, No Wind (W)

SPAN LENGTH(S)

/15~(?

/ . oan

<2.8L 0. noo J234 9

n.

I8te

iL^.I

-to

J. no/

s3o</ 0> ono

n.

220S

l Lift. 1

/. 00/

7ly\/>. 000

^<!L

nL4 n. Ono

/LS

/6S

0
30
60
90

'Lno/

O
0
30
60
90

JI20

/ /Jnn
n. noi
/ nm
/ no)
/,nnl
J.AOZL
\),On2L

Inch Ice.
lb/ft 2 WindCW")
Permanent Set & Creep

32.43

0. 033 5?5n.

3*JA>I

0. 03o

7 V79

12. tfoi

/ / f t

j y . ^

3o

3*15*. V

/6>4f. 1

SLo

__^__
FEET

/).
295
boo O. 0 00 JJ/ 2
fits
w?/i> f), Con IS) A
LL3 n. non /JTJ A
oo$ o. O(oo tsri
a
/57 ^
35$ n.nnn
JXJ 2
6,92 >/). on*
6.^.7^3
DiO^
19 I
SPANI FNfiTH/^
)D3L
FFFT

0
30
60
90

3ILL.
i s in
L*no
l<no
'/SIO
36,7* 1 151Q

L<\

13

Soo

.
|
i

J- 4/n?

120

n*m$H

SPAN I FNfiTH(^
lb/ft 2 Wind(W")
Permanent Set & Creep

SPAN LENGTH(S) _ / / ___FEET

SPAN LENGTH(S) / QS~3

No Ice, No Wind (W)

X 735

30
60
90
120

7K

No Ice, No Wind (W)

FEET

-y*

_120j
_ y _ _ l b / f t 2 Wind(W")
Permanent Set & Creep

11*11-1 i> 132 F ix%

si-W 1 M7/'tf\\-*> Ho

ntQfQJ2
FEET

Figure 29.-Sag and tension calculation form for broken conductor problem (U.S. customary).

62

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Horizontal Tension Calculations:
Calculate the 49 C (120 F) sag and tension on sag calculation forms (figs. 28 and 29).
Then HQ = T' sw , where H0 is the horizontal tension, Tis the full line tension, s is the sag,
and w is the linear force factor.
Metric

U.S. Customary

H0 = 2 4 3 1 0 - (11.211) (20.9277)
= 24 075 N
//and

H0 = 5 4 6 5 - (36.78) (1.434)
=5412 lb

PCurves:

Tabulate the data for the / / a n d Pcurves (tables 4, 5, 6, and 7). The / / f o r c e is the horizontal
component of tension acting in the conductor. The P force is
T

p=.

i cos 9
and is the horizontal force which resists the movement of an insulator string of length i from the
vertical to any angle 6 while a vertical load Wjis acting.
Plot the / / a n d Pcurves (figs. 30 and 31) from the data in tables 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Table 4.P curve computations for example

problem No. 1broken conductor (metric)
P

WTd
- .. *
I COS 9

WT = 1095 N

d,

mm

500
1000
1250
1500
1650
1800
1950
2050
2150

i = 2286 mm

d/i =
sin 6

cos 6

d/i
cos 9

P,
N

0.2187
.4374
.5468
.6562
.7218
.7874
.8530
.8968
.9405

0.9758
.8992
.8373
.7546
.6921
.6164
.5219
.4425
.3398

0.2241
.4864
.6531
.8696
1.0429
1.2774
1.6344
2.0267
2.7678

1 589.99
3 451.01
4 633.74
6 169.81
7 399.38
9 063.15
11 596.07
14 379.44
19 637.54

WT - vertical force at attachment point, which is one-half the

insulator force plus force of conductor.

Wy has been used in this section for clarity; it is shown as Win appendix A.

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

63

Table 5.P curve computations for example

problem No. 1broken conductor (U.S.
customary)
r

i cos
i =7.5 ft = 90 in

wT-= 1595 1b

d/i =

d,
in

dli

cos 6

sin 6

20
40
50
60
65
70
75
80
85

0.2222
.4444
.5555
.6667
.7222

.ins

.8333
.8889
.9444

0.9750
.8958
.8315
.7453
.6917
.6285
.5528
.4581
.3288

cos 9

P,
lb

0.2279
.4961
.6681
.8945
1.0441
1.2375
1.5074
1.9404
2.8723

363.50
791.28
1065.62
1426.73
1665.34
1973.81
2404.30
3094.94
4581.32

WT = vertical weight at attachment point, which is one-half

the insulator weight plus weight of conductor.

Table 6. H curve computations for example problem No. 1-broken conductor

(metric)

iSinh_o)/1^3
0 = Z un - I s i n h " 1
w
H0 = 24 075 N

1
N

2
,
tf0srnh

wL

= 321 m

LQ

, #0-^1
1 - - ^ -

(2) (3)

#1

w 20.9277 N / m

AE

= 44 419 008 N

sinh- 1 ^)

2HX
~w

(4)

8
(6) (7)

0=
(8),

LQ-

12 000
13 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
20 000
22 000
24 075

3369 .803 431 0.999 728

3369 .803 431 .999 751
3369 .803 431 .999 773
3369 803 431 .999 818
3369 .803 431 .999 863
3369 .803 431 .999 908
3369 .803 431 .999 953
3369 .803 431 1.000 000

3368.886 844
3368.964 350
3369.038 486
3369.190 127
3369.341 768
3369.493 409
3369.645 050
3369.803 431

Numbers in parenthesis are column numbers.

0.280
.259
.240
.210
.187
.168
.153
.139

741
151
646
574
186
475
166
971

0.277 178
.256 335
.238 382
.209 048
.186 110
.167 688
.152 573
.139 518

1146.8054
1242.3725
1337.9397
1529.0739
1720.2081
1911.3424
2102.4766
2300.7784

317.869 227
318.463 555
318.940 742
319.649 841
320.147 930
320.509 184
320.781 162
321.000 001

3.130 77
2.536 45
2.059 26
1.350 16
0.852 07
.490 82
.218 84
.000 00

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

64

Table 1 .H curve computations for example problem No. 1broken conductor (U.S. Customary)

HQ sinh

LnH0 =5412 lb
2

0 Slnh

lb
2700
2900
3200
3500
4000
4500
5000
5412

757.452
757.452
757.452
757.452
757.452
757.452
757.452
757.452

311
311
311
311
311
311
311
311

H0- Hi
AE
0.999 728
.999 748
.999 778
.999 809
.999 859
.999 909
.999 959
1.000 000

4
(2) (3)

HQ- Hx

2Hf

AE

w= 1.4340 lb/ft

LQ = 1053 ft
3

ismh

wL{

5
(4)

7
2#!

sinh" 1 (5)

AE = 9 985 800
8
(6) (7)

"l

757.246 284
757.261 433
757.284 157
757.307 638
757.345 510
757.383 383
757.421 256
757.452 311

0.280
.261
.236
.216
.189
.168
.151
.139

462
125
651
374
336
307
484
958

0.276 910
.258 245
.234 496
.214 720
.188 223
.167 522
.150911
.139 505

3765 5904
4044 6304
4463 .0404
4881 .4505
5578.8006
6276 .1506
6973 .5007
7548 .1172

1042.7573
1044.5056
1046.5651
1048.1451
1050.0586
1051.3933
1052.3780
1053.0001

10

0=

0=

ft

in

10.24
8.49
6.43
4.85
2.94
1.61
0.62
0.00

122.88
101.88
77.16
58.20
35.28
19.32
7.44
0.00

Numbers in parenthesis are column numbers.

R e a d t h e insulator deflections from c o m p l e t e d curves on figures 30 a n d 3 1 :

2 1 1 0 m m (83 in) a t S t a . 797 + 30
955 m m (37.5 in) at S t a . 787 + 00
T h e n , t h e n e w span length for t h e crossing span is equal t o :

313.944 m ( 1 0 3 0 ft) - 2.110 m (6.92 ft) + 0.955 m (3.13 ft) = 3 1 2 . 7 8 9 m ( 1 0 2 6 . 2 1 ft).

R e a d t h e h o r i z o n t a l t e n s i o n (figs. 3 0 a n d 3 1 ) in t h e c o n d u c t o r a t t h e first s u s p e n s i o n p o i n t
(Sta. 797 + 30). Use this value of tension, 16 640 N (3740 lb), a n d figures 28 a n d 29 t o c o m p u t e t h e
corresponding 49 C (120 F ) sag. T h e h o r i z o n t a l c o m p o n e n t of tension in t h e c o n d u c t o r m a y n o w
b e c o r r e c t e d t o t h e line tension, if desired:
T=

/ / + siv = 16 640 + (15.736)(20.9277) = 16 969 N, or 3740 + (51.64)(1.434) -

3814 1b.

T h e difference in sag d u e t o this correction is small, a n d t h e use of t h e c o r r e c t e d horizontal tension

results in a slightly larger sag t h a n would actually exist; t h e r e f o r e , by ignoring t h e c o r r e c t i o n , a c t u a l
c l e a r a n c e s o v e r o b s t r u c t i o n s will be slightly g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e c o m p u t e d . F o r these r e a s o n s , t h e
corrections in sag and tension are seldom m a d e .

65

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

Sag curve for broken conductor:
Metric
K = Sag/S 'pan
y

= ,^ ' (313) 2

= 1.6062 x 10" 4 m-

(Span)2,

Span,
m

m 2 x 10 4

48
96
144
192
240
288
366

0.2304
0.9216
2.0736
3.6864
5.7600
8.2944
11.2896

2
Sag----(K) (Span) ,
m

0.370
1.480
3.331
5.921
9.252
13.322
18.133

3000

d,

d2 d3

2500

\V

H Curve

Ld=2IIOmm

-P Curve

E f
- = 2000
H

E e

Vu

3 ^

l\\\
X
K

\
\

z
O I 500

o H
z
UJ o
UJ

' \ \ \
' \ \\
\

-J

-J

1
\ 1

z u.

UJ
< Q
L

</) Q. 1000
z
o
1-

UJ

\ u
\ \

^d=955mm

INS

CHA

<
e> - J
z ^

N\j\

\ \ \
\ \ \

500

16640 N-

5000

10 000

HORIZONTAL

15000

20000

FORCE, newtons

Figure 30.Curves for broken conductor problem (metric). 104-D-1060.

25000

66

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

U.S.

Customary

51.64
= Sag/Span2 ~= 4.9056 x 10"5 ft" l
' (1026) 2
Sag = (K) (Span)2,
ft

(Spanj2,
ft 2 x 10 5

Span,
ft
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

0.4
1.6
3.6
6.4
10.0
14.4
19.6
25.6
32.4
40.0

1.96
7.85
17.66
31.40
49.06
70.64
96.15
125.58
158.94
196.22

120

100

dAd4
^P Curve

H Curve- 7

/d = 83 in

- C <D

80

\
H2
z

UJ (3 60
- UJ
<

UJ

a. a
en

z o
v

40
e>

z </>
X

>Sv \

^-d=375 in

>A i \ \
vW1 ^

o
20

3740 Ibx

1000

2000

HORIZONTAL

3000

\ \ r \

4000

5000

FORCE, pounds

Figure 31.-Curves for broken conductor problem (U.S. customary). 104-D-1061.

6000

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

67

The sag template for the span with reduced tension due to the broken conductor is shown on
figure 32.

SAG TEMPLATE FOR EXAMPLE PROBLEM NO. I

U.S. Highway No. 25 Sta. 789 + 95 and 790+83
Railroad
Sta. 795+48
Ruling Span= 313 m (1026 f t )
Reduced tension at 49 C (120 F), no ice, no wind = 16 640 N (3740 1b)

19.2
14.4
O
<
9.6
CO
4.8
n

600

SPAN, f t
Figure 32.-Sag template for reduced tension due to broken conductor. 104-D-1062.

The broken conductor curve plotted on figure 27 indicates there would be conductor clearances
to the highway of 9754 mm (32 ft) at Sta. 789 + 95 and 7925 mm (26 ft) at Sta. 790 + 83. The
clearance to the railroad would be 14 326 mm (47 ft). These clearances all meet NESC and State
requirements.
Example

^.-Unbalanced Condition

Any number of real or imaginary problems may be studied by use of the broken conductor thesis
shown in appendix A. A hypothetical situation has been assumed to illustrate the use of a more
involved solution using the basic broken conductor concept:

68

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

A transmission line with a bundle of two 644 mm 2 (1272 kcmil), ACSR, 45/7 conductors,
and a series of 350.5-m (1150-ft) spans has been assumed for this study of an unbalanced load
situation. All spans, except one, have no ice and no wind load at minus 18 C (0 F). The
excepted span is loaded under NESC heavy loading conditions of 13-mm (1/2-in) ice, 0.19-kPa
(4-lb/ft 2 ) wind, plus constant at minus 18 C (0 F ) . Figure 33 shows the conditions for
equilibrium before and after the unbalanced condition exists.

Conditions for equilibrium:

HF = H,+ P,; H,=H 2 + P2; H2 = H3+P3; H 3 =H 4 +P 4 ; H 4 =H 5 + P 5 ; H 5 = H6+P6 ; etc.
0, = d , - d 2 ; 0 2 = d 2 -d 3 -, 03 = d 3 -d 4 -, 0 4 = d 4 - d 5 ; 05 = d 5 - d 6 ; 0 6 = d 6 - d 7 ; etc.
L, = L o - 0 ( ; L 2 = L o - 0 2 ; L 3 = L o - 0 3 ; L 4 = L o - 0 4 ; L 5 = L o - 0 5 ; L 6 = L Q - 0 6 ; e t c
LL=L0-2d,
FINAL

CONDITIONS

(After unbalance due to ice)

Figure 33.-Conditions for equilibrium before and after unbalanced condition. 104-D-1063.

Conductor data and data for plotting the Pand //curves are shown in tables 8 through 15,
and the graphical solution is shown on figures 34 and 35.
The procedure for the graphical solution is:
1. Lay out the graph axes using millimeters (inches) for the ordinate values of change
in span length (J> and insulator deflection d Use newtons (pounds) for the abscissa values of
horizontal force. Allow room on the graph for the development of curves in both the first
and fourth quadrants.
2. Plot the Pi curve by plotting d versus P\ using table 10 or 11.
3. Plot the PL curve by plotting d versus P2 using table 10 or 11.
4. Plot the PL + L 2 curve by plotting dversus (Pi + P?)/^ using table 10 or 11. To
simplify calculations, this is taken as the average P force in the series of spans being
computed.

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

69

Table 8. Line data computations for example problem No. 2

unbalanced condition (metric)
Two 644 m m 2 , ACSR, 45/7 (duplex conductors)
Maximum conductor tension = 61 385 N, initial
Twenty 177 928-N insulator units per suspension string
-18 C, no load
Insulator string vertical force (wx)

1 156.5 N
578.3N

0.5 wx
Conductor vertical force, 350.5-m
span (w 2 )
WT=0.5

wx

20.9277 N/m (no load) x 2 cond.

43.889 N/m (full load) x 2 cond.

+w2

Insulator string length (/)

Tension (T) final

1 156.5 N
578.3 N

14 670.3 N
30 766.2 N
15 248.6 N

31 344.5 N

3 734 mm

3 734 mm

30 514 N

Conductor vertical force (w)

-18 C, 13-mmice,
0.19-kPa wind

20.927 7 N/m

57 403 N
43.889 N/m

Sag (s), 350.5-m span

10 621 mm

11 865 mm

Horizontal tension (H0 = T - sw)

30 292 N

56 882 N

44 419 008 N

44 419 008 N

Area times final modulus (AE)

Table 9.Line data computations for example problem No. 2unbalanced condition (U. S. customary)
Two 1272 kcmil, ACSR, 45/7 (duplex conductors)
Maximum conductor tension = 1 3 800 lb, initial
Twenty 40 000-lb insulator units per suspension string
0 F , no load

0 F , 1/2-inice,
4-lb/ft 2 wind

Insulator string weight (w\)

2601b

2601b

0.5 Wj

1301b

1301b

Conductor weight, 1150-ft span

(w2)
WT=0.5

wl + w2

Insulator string length (/)

Tension (T) final
Conductor weight (w)
Sag (s), 1150-ft span
Horizontal tension (H0 = T - sw)
Area times final modulus (AE)

1.4340 lb/ft (no load) x 2 cond.

3.0073 lb/ft (full load) x 2 cond.

3 298.2 lb

6 916.8 lb

3 428.21b

7 046.8 lb

147 in

147 in

6 860 lb

12 9041b

1.434 lb/ft
34.85 ft

3.007 3 lb/ft
38.93 ft

6 810 lb

12 787 lb

9 985 800 lb

9 985 800 lb

70

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table 10.P curve computations for example problem No. 2unbalanced condition (metric)
wTd
t i cos 9
WT = 15 248.6 N (no load), 31 344.5 N (full load)

d,
mm
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3250
3375
3500
3600
3650
3700
3734

d/i =

cos 9

sin 9
0.133 90
.267 81
.401 71
.535 62
.669 52
.803 43
.870 38
.903 86
.937 33
.964 11
.977 50
.990 89
1.000 00

dli

No load
P

COS 9

0.990
.963
.915
.844
.742
.595
.492
.427
.348
.265
.210
.134
.000

99
47
77
46
79
40
38
83
44
50
94
67
00

0.135 12
.277 96
.438 66
.634 28
.901 36
1.349 40
1.767 70
2.112 66
2.690 08
3.631 30
4.634 02
7.357 91

2 060.39
4 238.50
6 688.95
9 671.88
13 744.48
20 576.46
26 954.95
32 215.11
41 019.95
55 372.24
70 662.32
112 197.83

i= 3734 m m
Full load
P

4 235.27
8 712.52
13 749.58
19 881.19
28 252.68
42 296.27
55 407.67
66 220.27
84 319.21
113 821.28
145 251.04
230 630.01

P1+P2
2
3 147.84
6 475.52
10 219.29
14 776.57
20 998.62
31436.43
41 181.40
49 217.79
62 699.72
84 596.94
107 956.91
171414.29

Table 11 .P curve computations for example problem No.

unbalanced condition (U. S. customary)
WTd
i cos 9
WT = 3428.2 lb (no load), 7046.8 lb (full load)
d, in

dli-

cos 9

sin 9

20
40
60
80
100
120
130
135
140
142
144
146
147

0.136 05
.272 11
.408 16
.544 22
.680 27
.816 33
.884 35
.918 37
.952 38
.965 99
.979 59
.993 20
1.000 00

dli
cos 9

0.990 70
.962 27
.912 91
.838 94
.732 96
.577 59
.466 82
.395 72
.304 91
.258 58
.201 01
.11642
.000 00

0.137 33
.282 78
.447 10
.648 70
.928 11
1.413 34
1.894 41
2.320 76
3.123 48
3.735 75
4.873 34
8.531 18

N o load
P

470.79
969.43
1 532.75
2 223.87
3 181.75
4 845.21
6 494.42
7 956.03
10 707.91
12 806.90
16 706.78
29 246.59

i = 147 in
Full load
?2

^1+^2

967.74
1 992.69
3 150.62
4 571.26
6 540.21
9 959.52
13 349.53
16 353.93
22 010.54
26 325.08
34 341.45
60 117.52

719.27
1481.06
2 341.69
3 397.57
4 860.98
7 402.37
9 921.97
12 154.98
16 359.23
19 565.99
25 524.12
44 682.06

7
7
7
7
7

7
7
7
7
7

7
7
7
7
7

7
7
7
7
7

31500
36 000
40 500
45 000
50 000

56 882
60 000
65 000
70 000
75 000

80 000
85 000
90 000
95 000
100 000

105 000
110 000
113 764
115 000
120 000

715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734

715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734

715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734

715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734
715.007 734

715.007 734
715.007 734
715,007 734
715.007734
715.007 734
429
530
631
733
845

023
074
125
226
327

1.001083
1.001 196
1.001 281
1.001 308
1.001421

1.000 520
1.000 633
1.000 746
1.000 858
1.000 971

1.000 000
1.000 070
1.000 183
1.000 295
1.000 408

.999
.999
.999
.999
.999

0.999
.999
.999
.999
.999

H0-H,

wL0
// sinh

2H0
1

Numbers in parenthesis are column numbers.

7
7
7
7
7

13 00
15 750
18 000
22 500
27 000

TV

"l>

# 0 = 56 882 N

2Hl

707.470 171
707.863 637
708.257 102
709.036 318
709.815 534

7
7
7
7
7

7
7
7
7
7

7
7
7
7
7

723.363 087
724.234 883
724.890 659
725.098 964
725.970 760

719.019 538
719.891 334
720.763 130
721.627 211
722.499 007

715.007 734
715.547 785
716.419 580
717.283 661
718.155 457

7 710.602 465
7 711.381 680
7 712.160 896
7 712.947 827
7 713.811908

7
7
7
7
7

sinh"

(2) (3)

^ 0 = 350.5 m

0 = Z,0

.073
.070
.067
.067
.064

.096
.090
.085
.081
.077

556
220
902
175
383

488
822
786
280
225

632
592
714
247
909

781
205
424
399
276

.244
.214
.190
.171
.154
.135
.128
.118
.110
.102

924
388
237
624
549

(4)

tf,

#i

y4

#0

1-

.073
.070
.067
.067
.064

.096
.090
.085
.081
.077

.135
.128
.118
.110
.102

.242
.212
.189
.170
.153

0.543
.471
.416
.336
.281

sinh -

w = 43.889 N/ m

2Hf

0.570
.489
.428
.342
.285

H0 sinh

490
162
850
125
339

339
698
681
191
148

220
240
437
025
728

400
600
292
571
670

733
700
123
252
804

(5)

4784.7980
5012.6455
5184.1692
5240.4931
5468.3406

3645.5604
3873.4079
4101.2554
4329.1030
4556.9505

2592.0846
2734.1703
2962.0178
3189.8653
3417.7129

1435.4394
1640.5022
1845.5649
2050.6277
2278.4752

615.1883
717.7197
820.2511
1025.3139
1230.3766

Il

AE = 44 419 008 N

Table 12.-7/ curve computation for example problem No. 2unbalanced full-load condition (m

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

72

CN VO rt 00 O
T-H ON rt VO 00
CO H ON T-H CN
rt 00 VO CO WO
VO rt CO CN T-H

II

-e-

CO O

t- O

f-

I T-H T-H

o o rt co H

CN CN CO CO CO
I I I I I

rt 00 O

00 CN

rt p vo oq co
d co wo r^ ON
r t -* * * ai i i I i

<3
COM

H(N

VO T-H CN T-H C O

T-H

wo p c^ CN vo
d d d T-H T-H

00 WO CO CN T-H

ii

co

CO O O O N CN
wo rt co Ti T-H

CO CN ON WO
CO VO 00 T-H

c- ON o ON T-H
CO W 0 0 0 O N T-H
CO CO C O C O rt

I I I II

i i

CO

St

^
^
ON
O

^
^

Si

ON ^
O N ON
O T'
T-H iI

VO CN
O r-^
CO CO

n ' t \o r> 00
"3" "* rt rt "*

CN
rt ON CN T-H C O
rt ON t^ CN V O
O N ON d
T-H T-H

r- T-H rt oo C N
oo r- wo co C N

wo r^ d wo d
ON CN VO CN ON
ON C O VO C O ON
r-H CN CN CO CO

CO 00 CO 00 CO
CO CO rt rt WO

wo O wo d wo
WO CN 0 0 W 0 T-H
VO C O ON V O C O
rt WO W 0 V O t--

T-H CO CN ON W0
O CO VO 00 T-H
CN CN CN CN CO

rt rt wo wo wo

wo wo wo wo wo

vo r- rt c-- T-H
oo r- r- CN cwo O N vo c-; r^

CN o O N c- vo

T-H T-H

CN CO WO ON C O
W0 ON CO T-H O
rt V ON -a- ON

P-- CN sO ON

W0 ON CO V

CN t-^ T-H VO T-H

0O OO ON ON 0

d co d ^o d

indoor

OOOnr-Tf

O l> CO O VO
CO ON V CO ON
T-H T-H CN CO CO

ON

w o CO ON V>

r- oo ON ON o

r- O N o O N T-H
CO W-) 0 0 ON T-H

rt
rfr
VO
O

00 CN VO
CN T-H ON
T-H VO O
T-H T-H CN
T-H VO T-H VO
CO ON VO CN
VO CN ON VO

CO
Crt
ON
t^
O
O

rt wo wo vo r-

St

o
o

WO 0 0 WO C O 0 0
T-H CN T-H C O O

St
3

wo oo r- o

r- rt r- ^

o
WO

45

rt r- CN rt oo

rt T-H O N r-~ wo

.s

W0 -rj- Tt C O CN

( N N H H H

ON VO O

T-H co r- rt C N

S I fc:

CO
O
Tt
rt

CO
CN
W0
CO

T-H T-H

W0 T-H 0Q C- 00

o r oo oo p-

ON
WO
CO
CN

00
O CN
rt CN
WO 00
T-H
O

O N vo T-H r- vo

CO T-H 00 O W0
00 rt CN rt 0O
OO W0 CN ON r

0 0 CN
T-H V O
O ON
T-H O

CN V O W 0
T-H V O CN
ON 00 00
O O
O

r- t> r^ vo vo
o o o o o

ON O CO CN OO
W0 T-H CN VO 00

O Tf W0 O
W0 W0 T-H CN !>
T-H

0 0 WO V O ON T-H

co o rt ON WO
vo r- vo co vo

0 0 CO V O f-

CN
W0
Tt
TT

Tt
VO
WO
CO

ON

WO CO
VO Tt
U0 00
T-H O

O
ON
CO
CN

r- wo co vo oo

C-- V O CN CO C -

C*- ON C O rt 0 0
WO rt rt C O CN

TJ- T-H O N r- wo

TJ- r- T-H oo vo
vo oo T-H wo O

CO U 0 CN ON V O

Tt c-- oo o r-

wo co oo C N r-

NTtHO't
r-- r- vo oo CN
wo CN CN r- T-H

CN CN

T-H T-H T-H

W0 VO CN

r T-H TJ- oo vo
O ^ CO > vo

CN ON
T-H OO
ON Tfr
00 WO

CN VO T-H V O CN
O ON ON 00 00
r-H O O O
O

c-- r- r- vo vo
o o o o o

T-H

Tf ON
WO VO O
CO "^ ON
CN ON C*T-H

45
C

X
v\>

CN

ON VO Tt 00 CO
CN ON VO ON CO
r^ wo Tt T-H O N

a
CO

St
O

r-- oo ON T-H CN
CN CN CN CO CO

o-

co co co co co
C- r- r- r- r-

3
KX

o o o o o
CN
O
ON
ON
ON

O
<o

CN
CN
ON
ON
ON

CN
CO
ON
ON

ON CO
T-H W 0
^ T-H
VO 0 0
CO C O
C O CO

0 0 CN
0 0 CN
0 0 VO
ON T-H
C O rt
CO CO

r-- c^- i r^ r~

co r oo wo co
co ^ vo oq p
rf^t Tf TJ to

vo
CN

45

T-H T-H T-H T ^

T-H

CN CN CN CN CN
rf W0 VO f- 00

CN
ON
ON
ON
ON

ON ON ON ON
ON ON ON ON
ON ON ON ON

ON
ON
ON

r- r r-

O
O
O
O
O
O

'-H CN CN
CN CN CN
T-H CN CO
O O
O
O O
O
O O
O

O CN rj- wo VO
VO vo VO vo vo

co co ro co co
*"- c^ c^> r- r-

o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o

r- r-. r- r- r-

r- r- r-

c- r- r- r~ c-

rt rt rt

rt rt rt rt rt

r-x CN
r- CN
t CN
r- CN
rCN

r-- r- r~-

CN CN

Tt

CO CO CO CO T-H
CN CN CN CN 0O
ON O T-H CN CN

^t rt ^t rt rt

Tt ^

wo co o r- rVO T-H vo O

VO T-H U0 O VO
co r- o TJ- rjr- Th C N O N O N

CN CN CN CN CN
CN CN CN CN CN
Tj- W O VO r- 00

r- r r- r- r-

T-H T-< T-H T-H

o o o o o
o o o o o

rt Tt

r- r- r~
rt rt rt

r^ r- r- r- r*>

r-- r* r r c^-

t> r- r^ r^ r^

CN CN CN rt rt

CN CN CN CN CN

rt rt CN CN CN

rt rt
rt rt
rt rt
rt rt
rt
rt
CO C O CO C O C O

^t rt
rt rt
rt
rt
rt rt
rt rt
CO CO C O CO C O

r- c- r-

r- c r^ r- r-

r- r- r- r- r-

r- r- r- r- r--

O wo O O
O
CO CO rt wo vo

o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o
C-*- OO ON O

T-H

* *

- ^

r- r- r-

^ Tt r- r- rCO C O ^t rt rt
r- c^ rt rt rt
CO CO CO

rt rt rt CO C O
^t rt rt
CO CO C O

rt rt rt rt rt
rt rt rt rt rt
CO C O C O C O C O

r- r- r-

r- r- r- r- t^-

r- r- r-

o r- o o o

o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o

O O O O rt

O 00 O O
O
O f- O O
O
CN CN rt WO vo

TO

s
c

s
CN CN

o o o o o
o o o o o

wo r- oo
CN
wo CO
wo wo wo wo
CO CO CO CO CO

Tt ^

H
*

o r-

O
00
rj00
ON

f- c r- r- r-

ON

r- CN
r- CN
r- <N
c-- CN
rCN

II

CN ON VO
rt 00 CO
wo O
0 0 T-H W0
W0 CN

T-H

CO C O C O C O C O

vX>

CO

t- CN
O T-H
ON ON
O N ON
ON ON

C-VO
VO
Tf
CO
CO

TjON
VO
Tt

o o o o rO O O O wo

w/, 0

676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3

67 500
72 000
76 500
81000
85 500

676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
679.627 424
679.998 755
680.370 086
680.745 094
681.116 425

3
3
3
3
3

1.000 838
1.000 939
1.001040
1.001 142
1.001 243
1.001 344
1.001446
1.001 547
1.001 648
1.001 749
1.001 851

681.487 756
681.862 764
682.234 095
682.605 427
682.976 758
683.351 766

678.134 746
678.509 754
678.881 085
679.053 883
679.252 416

3
3
3
3
3

1.000432
1.000 534
1.000 635
1.000 682
1.000 736

3
3
3
3
3
3

676.546 478
676.645 745
677.020 752
677.392 084
677.763 415

3
3
3
3
3

000
027
129
230
331

1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

(2) (3)

3 675.156 743
3 675.344 247
3 675.528 075
3 675.778 080
3 676.108 969

HQ-HX

LQ = 350.5 m

sinh

0.999 622
.999 673
.999 723
.999 791
.999 881

1_

Numbers in parenthesis are column numbers.

000
500
000
500
000
500

3
3
3
3
3

500
000
500
584
000

49
54
58
60
63

90
94
99
103
108
112

676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478

3
3
3
3
3

30 292
31500
36 000
40 500
45 000

676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478

3
3
3
3
3

676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478
676.546 478

13 500
15 750
18 000
21000
25 000

"l>

H0 = 30 292 N

0 = Z,0O -

2ff,

H,

H0

1-

AE

Hx

.074 238
.068 068
.062 846
.060 689
.058 368
.054 486
.051 089
.048 090
.045 425
.043 041
.040 894
.038 952
.037 185
.035 573
.034 095
.032 735

.074 306
.068 121
.062 887
.060 726
.058 401
.054 513
.051 111
.048 109
.045 441
.043 054
.040 905
.038 962
.037 194
.035 581
.034 102
.032 741

0.268 979
.231 287
.202 803
.174 155
.146 519
.121074
.116 456
.101 962
.090 676
.081 637

234
355
196
037
044

sinh" 1 (5)

.121 370
.116 719
.102 139
.090 800
.081 728

0.272
.233
.204
.175
.147

(4)

w = 20.9277 N/m

wL

601.040
031.092
461.144
891.196
321.248
751.300

8
9
9
9
10
10

7
8
8
8
9
9

450.780 5
880.832 6
310.884 6
740.936 7
170.988 7

730.572 4
160.624 4
590.676 5
789.838 3
020.728 5

894.919 2
010.364 3
440.416 3
870.468 3
300.520 4

6
6
7
7
8

4
5
5
5
6

2
3
3
3
4

1 290.156 1
1 505.182 1
1 720.208 1
2 006.909 5
2 389.178 0

2HX

AE = 44 419 008 N

Table 14. H curve computations for example problem No. 2-unbalanced no-load condition (me

wLQ

826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130

826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130

826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130

826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130

6 810
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000

11000
12 000
13 000
13 620
14 000

15 000
16 000
17 000
18 000
19 000

20 000
21000
22 000
23 000
24 000

H0-Hl

1.001 321
1.001421
1.001521
1.001 621
1.001 721

1.000 820
1.000 920
1.001020
1.001 121
1.001 221
827.656 021
827.738 678
827.821 334
827.903 990
827.986 647

827.241 913
827.324 569
827.407 225
827.490 708
827.573 365

826.911287
826.993 943
827.076 600
827.127 847
827.159 256

826.564 130
826.579 835
826.662 491
826.745 148
826.827 804

1.000 000
1.000 019
1.000 119
1.000 219
1.000 319

(2) (3)

826.248 383
826.303 762
826.331 866
826.414 522
826.497 178

1.000 420
1.000 520
1.000 620
1.000 682
1.000 720

2H,

i 0 = 1150ft

0.999 618
.999 685
.999 719
.999 819
.999 919

AT-

Numbers in parenthesis are column numbers.

826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130
826.564 130

*****'2H0

3 000
3 500
4 000
5 000
6 000

lb

"l>

# 0 = 68101b

.041 383
.039 416
.037 628
.035 996
.034 499

.055 149
.051708
.048 671
.045 972
.043 556

.075 174
.068 916
.063 621
.060 729
.059 083

.121 375
.118 083
.103 333
.091 861
.082 683

0.275 416
.236 087
.206 583
.165 283
.137 750

H~i

(4)

sinh

(5)

.041 371
.039 406
.037 619
.035 988
.034 492

.055 121
.051685
.048 652
.045 956
.043 542

.075 103
.068 862
.063 578
.060 692
.059 049

.121079
.117 810
.103 150
.091 732
.082 589

0.272 048
.233 947
.205 141
.164 540
.137 318

sinh

4
4
5
6
8
497.908 0
762.9010
157.601 1
552.301 3
947.0014

184.100 4
881.450 5
578.800 5
973.500 7
368.200 8

2HX

920.502 1
315.202 2
709.902 4
104.602 5
499.302 7
27 894.002 8
29 288.702 9
30 683.403 1
32 078.103 2
33 472.803 3

20
22
23
25
26

15 341.7015
16 736.401 7
18 131.1018
18 995.815 9
19 525.802 0

9
9
11
12
13

w= 1.434 lb/ft

-26.52
-30.00
-32.88
-34.68
-35.76
-37.92
-40.32
-42.36
-44.52
-45.96
-48.00
-49.80
-51.36
-53.16
-54.48

-3.16
-3.36
-3.53
-3.71
-3.83
-4.00
-4.15
-4.28
-4.43
-4.54

1153.16
1153.36
1153.53
1153.71
1153.83
1154.00
1154.15
1154.28
1154.43
1154.54

1149.9972
1150.17
1150.91
1151.45
1151.87

-2.21
-2.50
-2.74
-2.89
-2.98

140.64
96.00
66.72
30.96
10.80

11.72
8.00
5.56
2.58
0.90

1152.21
1152.50
1152.74
1152.89
1152.98

0=
L0 - (8)
in

0=
L0 ~ (8),
ft

10

0.00
-2.04
-10.92
-17.40
-22.44

0.00
-0.17
-0.91
-1.45
-1.87

1138.28
1142.00
1144.44
1147.42
1149.10

(6) (7)

AE = 9 985 800 lb

Table 15.H curve computations for example problem No. 2-unbalanced no-load condition (U.S. customary)

<
X

E
E

O
<
3
Z

Z?

-2000.

-1500

-1000

-500

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

L
2

60 000

HORIZONTAL FORCE, N

50 000

I \

-2HL2

d 6 =2H L | -H 6 d5=2HL|- H 5 - \ ,
1
70 000
90 000
80 000

H, = 2H L2 - P L , + L 2 )
(Reflec:tion)
//

S S ^ 2 H L , (Full load)

Figure 34.-Graphical solution of unbalanced condition (metric). 104-D-1064.

30 000

HL 2

r H i - 2 H L 2 - P L , H L2

(dvsP)

40 000

^ P L , + L2

^ - H L l ( N o load)

"

20 000

IV

C'

10 000

2d vs P-,

100 000

no

'
H5=d
^H 6 =d
rd3=2
d4=2

-H4= d

~^-d2=2

- H3 = d

^-H2=d

HORIZONTAL

12 000

16 000

FORCE, pounds

14 000

22 000

Figure 35.-Graphical solution of unbalanced condition (U.S. customary). 104-D-1065.

10 000

24 000

^1

>
c
>

GO

GO

>

ON

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

77

5. Plot the 2d versus incurve using table 10 or 11. Since the insulator strings at each
end of the span with iced conductors, swing a like amount toward each other, this curve
is necessary to read the change in horizontal tension at the insulator between loaded and
unloaded spans.
6. Plot the //r (no load) curve using table 14 or 15 and plotting H\ versus <f> . This
curve is not needed for this solution, but normally is plotted in the first quadrant for reference.
7. Plot the Hf2 (full load) curve using table 12 or 13 and plotting H\ versus (f> . This
curve also is not needed for this solution, but normally is plotted in the first quadrant for
reference.
8. Plot the 2//r curve (for duplex conductors). Plot this curve in both the first and
fourth quadrants. In the fourth quadrant, 2 Hi
= d.
9. Plot the 2//r curve (for duplex conductors). Plot only in the first quadrant.
10. Plot the H\ = 2//r - Pr -\- Lo curve. This is done by subtracting graphically,
point by point, the abscissa values of the P^
\ i curve from the abscissa values of the
2HT n curve.
11. Plot the H2 = d -\- Pj^ _i_ r curve. Add graphically, point by point, the abscissa
values of the Pr -\- L2 c u r v e t o t n e abscissa values of the basic 2//r
= d curve.
12. Plot the d2 = 2//r H2 curve. Subtract graphically, point by point, the ordinate
values of the H2 curve from the ordinate values of the basic 2//r curve.
13. Plot the 7/3 = d2 + Pi -L. 1 curve. Add graphically, point by point, the abscissa
values
14.
values
15.

oi the P ^ l _|_ i2 c u r v e to the abscissa values of the d2 curve.

Plot the d$ = 2//r - / / 3 curve. Subtract graphically, point by point, the ordinate
of the H% curve from the ordinate values of the basic 2//r curve.
Plot the / / 4 = ^ 3 + Pi
1 1 curve. Add graphically, point by point, the abscissa

values
16.
of the
17.
d^ =2

ol the Pix + i2 curve to the abscissa values of the rf3 curve.

Plot d^ 2Hi - H4 curve. Subtract graphically, point by point, the ordinate values
H% curve from the ordinate values of the basic 2 //r curve.
Plot the Hs=
d i + PLi + L2t d5 = 2HLlH5, H6 = d5 + PLl + L^ a n d
Hi H& curves in a similar manner.

The d curves converge quite rapidly, so that the d^ curve gives a satisfactory degree of
accuracy for this problem; however, if more accuracy is desired, the plotting of Hand dcurves
may continue until two successive d curves are essentially the same curve. If desired, an
approximation of the dn curve may be computed as indicated on figure 16 of the broken
conductor thesis in appendix A, and then plotted for a final value.
Draw a reflection of the Hx = 2HL^ - PLi + L^ c u r v e i n t h e fourtn quadrant. The
intersection of the reflected curve with the d& curve is taken as an acceptable answer to the
problem. The horizontal tension in the conductor at the structure between the full-load span
and the adjacent no-load span is indicated as about 74 800 N (16 800 lb). The insulator string
deflection at that structure is about 1090 mm (42.8 in).

17.
Insulator Effect on Sag and Tension in Short Spans.-In short, dead-ended spans, such
as approach spans to switchyards and substations, the insulator strings may have considerable effect
on the sag and tension in the conductors. This is especially true when the conductors are strung at
reduced tensions. Based on the same maximum tension at full-load conditions (ice and wind loading
in accordance with applicable electrical safety codes), the tension at no-load conditions (no ice and

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

78

no wind) m a y actually be as m u c h as twice t h a t c a l c u l a t e d b y n o r m a l m e t h o d s w i t h o u t considering

t h e insulators. T h e t o t a l sag of c o n d u c t o r s a n d insulators will also be different t h a n t h e sag c a l c u l a t e d
without t a k i n g t h e insulators i n t o a c c o u n t .
A m e t h o d of calculating t h e insulator effect in steeply inclined spans, where t h e c o n d u c t o r low
point is outside t h e s p a n , is given in reference [ 5 ] . A n o t h e r m e t h o d has b e e n developed t o d e t e r m i n e
the insulator effect for a p p r o x i m a t e l y level spans a n d is satisfactory for s p a n s w h i c h are n o t inclined
by more t h a n 20 p e r c e n t . This m e t h o d of calculating t h e insulator effect is based on t h e c a t e n a r y
equations for transmission lines. T h e c o n d u c t o r assumes o n e c a t e n a r y , a n d t h e insulator string a n o t h e r
c a t e n a r y . T h e t w o c a t e n a r i e s a r e t a n g e n t a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e c o n d u c t o r is a t t a c h e d t o t h e
insulators. F o r equilibrium, t h e horizontal tensions in t h e t w o catenaries m u s t be equal. Figure 36
shows t h e n o m e n c l a t u r e used in describing t h e p r o c e d u r e for this m e t h o d .

.X2

T ** '

C = 2M

Hm

i <*' ,

<

Figure 36.-Nomenclature for determining insulator effect on sag and tension in short spans.
104-D-1066.

N o m e n c l a t u r e description:
C
D\
D2
Z>3
Z>4
L
Lu
RS
SP
A

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

2 M = inclined length of s p a n , m (ft)

sag at c e n t e r of insulator c a t e n a r y , below end of insulator string, m m (ft)
sag at c e n t e r of insulator c a t e n a r y , below s u p p o r t p o i n t , m m (ft)
c o n d u c t o r sag, below end of insulator string, m m (ft)
t o t a l sag, insulators plus c o n d u c t o r , m m (ft)
S V = a r c l e n g t h of one-half t h e c o n d u c t o r s p a n , m (ft)
unstressed a r c length of I , m (ft)
length of insulator string, m (ft)
a r c length from insulator c a t e n a r y c e n t e r t o e n d of insulator string, m (ft)
cross-sectional area of c o n d u c t o r , m m 2 (in 2 )

E
e
ai
a2

= m o d u l u s of elasticity of c o n d u c t o r , G P a ( l b / f t 2 )
= t e m p e r a t u r e coefficient of c o n d u c t o r
= p a r a m e t e r of t h e c a t e n a r y described by t h e c o n d u c t o r
=
p a r a m e t e r of t h e c a t e n a r y described by t h e insulator string

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

H
T
W
W\
X
X3

=
=
=
=
=
=

79

horizontal component of tension in conductor, N (lb)

tension in conductor, N (lb)
linear force factor (weight per unit length) of insulator string, N / m (lb/ft)
linear force factor of conductor, N / m (lb/ft)
M X 3 = one-half the length of conductor span, m (ft)
projected length of insulator string, m (ft)

Steps in the procedure are:

Step 7.Calculate Lu, the unstressed arc length of L, for the required loading condition by
using the following equations:

al = H/W1, for conductor catenary

(1)

a2 = H/W, for insulator catenary

(2)

Xt =

a2X

, for this equation assume X = (M - RS) (1.0005)

(3)

Assumption of an appropriate value for X at this point greatly simplifies the calculation of
a more accurate value of X. The calculated value of X could be substituted in equation (3) and
calculations repeated to obtain a still more accurate value; however, subsequent repetitive
calculations increase the accuracy very little.

SP = a2 sinh

(4)

RSP = RS + SP

(5)

X2 = a2 sinh" !

(6)
a2

X3=X2-X,

(7)

X = M-X3

(8)

X
L = a, sinh

(9)

^.(O2

Lu = L

2AE

/X M . u X
UX\
( +sinhcosh
V^i
flj
A, '

(10)

80

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Lu,

Step J?.-With a range of tensions (assume H = T) a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g unstressed arc lengths

d e t e r m i n e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s for which t h e c o n d u c t o r would h a v e these arc lengths:

Let:
o
LUQ
f i , t2, . . tn
La i, Lu 2, Lun

=
=
=

t e m p e r a t u r e at k n o w n conditions
unstressed c o n d u c t o r arc length at k n o w n conditions
t e m p e r a t u r e s at new conditions
unstressed c o n d u c t o r arc lengths at new conditions

Lux = Lu0 +Lu0e(t1-

Lu2 = Lu0 + Lu0e(t2-

Lun = Lu0 +Lu0e(tn-

t0)

t0)

t0)

(11)

(11)

(11)

Step J . - P l o t tension against t e m p e r a t u r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o each unstressed arc l e n g t h for e a c h

loading condition. F r o m this p l o t , d e t e r m i n e t h e tension at t h e desired t e m p e r a t u r e s . F o r each
tension, calculate values for X, X 1 ? a n d X2 using e q u a t i o n s (1) t h r o u g h (8).
Step 4.The t o t a l sag of t h e line, insulators plus c o n d u c t o r , is t h e n d e t e r m i n e d :

D, =a2 (cosh - 1]

(12)

D2 =a2 ( c o s h - i - 1]

(13)

D3 =ax f c o s h ^ - 1)

(14)

D4 =D3 +D2 - Dx

(15)

Example
Assume:

4 8 3 m m 2 (954 k c m i l ) , A C S R , 4 5 / 7 c o n d u c t o r with m a x i m u m tension of 17 7 9 3 N

(4000 lb) u n d e r N E S C heavy loading of 13-mm ( 1 / 2 - i n ) ice, 0 . 1 9 - k P a ( 4 - l b / f t 2 ) wind,
plus c o n s t a n t at m i n u s 18 C (0 F ) . Use a 4 5 . 7 2 - m (150-ft) s p a n w i t h 1 5 - u n i t
tension insulator strings.

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS A N D TENSIONS

Insulator string data

Le>ngth

15 insulator units
Anchor shackle
Ball-eye fitting
Compression dead end

Mass

(in)

kg

(lb)

2.1908
0.0813
.0711

86.25

74.84
0.45
.68
10.07

165

86.04 kg

189.7 1b

3.2
2.8

.5842

23.0

2.9274 m 115.25 in

W= H ^

= 2939U

81

s / m = 288.2292 N/m

1.0

1.5
22.2

W =

(189.7) (12)
= 19.75 lb/ft
115.25

Metric
Figure 37 shows the metric sag and tension calculations.

DCm-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR *j43

*,*,*

A/2SR

Code Name .

LOADING . /Je.avL

Linear Force Factor:

Rated Breaking Strength //S

Diameter f.

e3.0&

Dead Load Force (W) / / T . Ltf

>S~f mm

mm Ice (W")

^3Q .

Xa-L

Tension Limitations:

Permanent Set 0.00<3

/ i 7

Creep O.OOo

JLoo

. N/m

Initial,Z^JQte.

33J

**18

2?#

Final.-4frh

25

vJlt

f/)l

Loaded -/SC.

50

,aS7

6 Q*f N

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

F i n a l . 15.5 <b

/$

K<ZO

7^7

0.000 03,0

Computed by

Resultant: (W")

<3&> >

f ^ I

Total 0.00<2_JLA_

N/m
Modulus, (E) Final & y> y i > (e QPa

Area ( A ) _ _ _ a Z J L _ m m 2

Initial y ^ " , 230

Final A E - ^ J ^ y /

perC

Date

Initial A F J ? J

I T E o J ; P " : UNSTRESSED LENGTH I

LOADING

N/m
N/m

SW
T

SW
AE

SPAN LENGTH(S)

JJ-

SAG FACTOR i

SW, N

_m
Q*Q!l 9R\S43,

Figure 37.-Sag and tension calculation form for insulator effect problem (metric).

Wt (sag) = 17 793 - 36.931 (0.5432) = 17 772.94 N

H _ 17 772.94

>=w,

36.931

= 481.2472 m

TENSION, N

1$ 1A1LM 11 113 Xn)t

No Ice, No Wind (W)

H=T-

J5"/.J

4**72.

0t0Mf

d.M/5.
kPa Wind ( W " ) L / g
Permanent Set & Creep

SAG, mm

^ 7 ^

GPa

V 7 f

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

82

>

H
W

17 772.94
28^2292

,,

,,-.

= 6 L 6 6 2 5 m

_ a2 (M - RS) (1.0005) _ 61.6625 (22.86- 2.9274) (1.0005) _ .

X, =
=
481.2472
- = 2.5553m
, x_i.^
, 2.5553
SP = a2 sinh = 61.6625 sinh 7 7 - 7 7 7 = 2.5560 m
a,

61.6625

RSP -=RS + SP = 2.9274 + 2.5560 - 5.4834 m

X7 = a, sinh" !
2

a.

= 61.6625 sinh"' 77-7777 = 5.4762 m

61.6625

X3 = X2 - Xl = 5.4762 - 2.5553 = 2.9209 m

X = M - X3 = 22.86 - 2.9209 = 19.9391 m

L=a.

sinh = 481.2472 sinh 7777^77 = 19.9448 m

a,
481.2472

WM1)1 (x+ . hx
mn^o
= 19.9448

,x

36.931 (481.2472) 2 /19.9391

. , 19.9391
, 19.9391
,. , ^
T^r7TT=rx + sinh T ^ T ^ T T ^ : cosh
2 (33 318 479)
\481.2472
481.2472
481.2472

= 19.9342 m

Temperature = - 18 C = t0

Assume T= 13 345 N

"-RTiilr 8 5 0 - 6 5 0 2

>==sl!!r 4 " 000m

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

>

a2(M - RS) (1.0005) 46.3000 (22.86 - 2.9274) (1.0005) _ ,

=
= L0855
Jt
85O6502

83
m
m

X\
1 0855
SP = a2 sinh = 46.3000 sinh A' 'JT. = 1.0856 m
a2
46.3000
RSP = RS + SP = 2.921 A + 1.0856 = 4.0130 m
pep
4 0130
X.2 =2 a2 sinh"l ^ - = 46.3000 sinh"l 7" , J " = 4.0080 m
a.
46.3000
X3 = X2 - X, = 4.0080 - 1.0855 = 2.9225 m

X = M - X3 = 22.86 - 2.9225 = 19.9375 m

Y
19 9375
L = a, sinh = 850.6502 sinh 0 / ' / ' - = 19.9393 m
Lu1 = L -

+ sinh cosh I
al
a,
a,/

2AE

15.688 (850.6502) 2 / 19.9375

ly.yjyj ^ 8 5 0 .6502
2 (33 31g 479)

Smft

19.9375
19.9375 \
850.6502 COsh 850.6502/

= 19.9313 m
- L U l " Lu
~
Lu0e

tl

+ f

- 19.9313- 19.9342
" 19.9342 (0.000 020 7 ) +

( 8 )

""

2 5 0 3

Assume T=12 010 N * H (no load)

H
> W~

12 010 _ , . _ .
15^88 = 7 6 5 - 5 5 3 3 m

a =

a 2 =

#
?

12 010
2^2^2

a2(M-RS)

..,,M
-6682m

= 41

(1.0005)

Aj

41.6682 (22.86 - 2.9274) (1.0005)

=

a,

765.5533

f .___
= 1.0855 m

84

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

X\
1 0855
SP = a22 sinhL = 41.6682 sinh . ; _,, = 1.0856 m
a2
41.6682
RSP = RS + SP = 2.9274+ 1.0856 = 4.0130 m

X22 = a22 sinh"

a,

= 41.6682 sinh" ' *1}J = 4.0068 m

41.6682

X3 =X 2 - X, = 4 . 0 0 6 8 - 1.0855= 2.9213 m

X = M- X3 = 2 2 . 8 6 - 2.9213= 19.9387m
X

19 93R7

Z = a, sinh = 765.5533 sinh ';J / / ' = 19.9410 m

a,
765.5533
Iw, = L

fMa,) 2- /
*

TTTT

2AE

. , A-

, X

+ sinh cosh

\al

l o o / i i n 15.688J765.5533) 2 / 19.9387 , . ,. 19.9387

19 941
" 2(33 318 479)
(,765^533 + S m h 765^533

u
C0Sh

19.9387
76X5533.

= 19.9338 m
Lu2 - Lu0
i a 933 - 19 9347
' - - ^ * '- - . 9 9342(0,000 020 7 ) + ( -

18)

' " "

Similar calculations were made for five additional assumed tensions, and the resulting
temperatures were:

Assumed T ^ H (no load), N

10
9
8
6

675
341
007
672

6 227

Temperature, C
t3
r4
ts
t6

=-11.94
= -2.23
= 11.58
= 33.13

tn = 43.31

The resulting temperatures are plotted against the assumed tensions on figure 38. Using this
figure, determine the tensions for the desired temperatures and proceed in finding the total sag
of the line.

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

85

IHUUU

13 000

12 000

II 000

o
CO

z
10000

9 000

8 000

7 000

znnn
-25

-5

+5

+15

+ 25

35

T E M P E R A T U R E , C
Figure 38.-Tension-temperature curve for insulator effect problem (metric). 104-D-1067.

At-18C, T= 11 800 N
a i =

H
^

11 800 - , - 1^688 = 7 5 2 - 1 6 7 3 m

H
W

11 800
= 40.9396 m
288.2292

M5

86

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

_ a 2 ( M - R S ) (1.0005) _ 40.9396 (22.86- 2.9274) (1.0005) _ ,

nocc
1.UO5D m

A j

flj

752.1673

^i
1 0855
SP = a,2 sinh = 40.9396 sinh 7777^777 = 1.0856 m
a,
40.9396
RSP = RS + SP = 2.9274+ 1.0856 = 4.013 m
4 013

D CD

J
X22 = a2
' _ . , = 4.0066 m
2 sinh" ^ - = 40.9396 sinh"
a,
40.9396

X 3 =X 2 - ^ = 4 . 0 0 6 6 - 1.0855-2.9211 m

X = Af- Z 3 = 2 2 . 8 6 - 2.9211 = 19.9389 m

x
i
, \ _ . / . 1-0855
>! = a2 (cosh - 1) = 40.9396 (cosh '
- 1J = 0.0144 m = 14 mm

D2 = a2 (cosh - 1) = 40.9396 (cosh ~ ^ 7 " 1 ) = 0.1962 m = 196 mm

\
a2 J
\
40.9396
/

Di=aAcosh-

l) =752.1673 (cosh ^ j ~ ~
752.1673

1) = 0.2643 m = 264 mm

Z)4 = D3 + D2 - Dx = 264 + 196 - 14 = 446 mm

A t - 1C, T = 9 2 2 0 N
_H

fll

-^
m

''w

9220

<Qnn,nA

lT688=587-7104m
9220

288^555 = 3 , ' 9 8 8 4 m

a22 V(M
- ^S)
(1.0005) _ 31.9884 (22.86 - 2.9274)M(1.0005)
_
, V x . w w , = ^.^w-rV^.^^.
..^/= 1
J
/7.
587.7104
"

^1
1 0855
SP = a2 sinh = 31.9884 sinh ' = 1.0857 m
*
a2
31.9884

0 8 5 5 m

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

RSP = RS + SP = 2.921 A + 1.0857 = 4.0131 m
4 0131

D CD

X22 =2a. sinh" l ^^- = 31.9884 sinh" 0 1 0 0 0 . = 4.0026 m

a2
31.9884
X3 = X2 - X1 = 4 . 0 0 2 6 - 1.0855 = 2.9176 m

X = M- X3 = 2 2 . 8 6 - 2.9176= 19.9424 m
D, = a 2 ( c o s h - : - i - 1) =31.9884 (cosh jf^i

- l) = 0.0184 m = 18 mm

D2 =a2 (cosh - 1J = 31.9884 (cosh J T W 7 " 1) = 0 . 2 5 0 7 m = 251 mm

D3 = f l l (cosh - 1] = 587.7104 (cosh ^ y - ^ r - 1 )

= 0.3384 m = 338 mm

D4 = D3 +D2 - Dx = 338 + 251 - 18 = 571 mm

At 15.5 C, T= 7740 N

H
* W=

a =

*'

7740
2-883291 =

a2(tf-RS)

26

-8536m

(1.0005)
=

26.8536(22.86-2.9274) (1.0005)
4933707
= 1.0855 m

i
1 0855
SP = a, sinh = 26.8536 sinh ' ___, = 1.0858 m
a2
26.8536
RSP = RS + SP= 2.9274 + 1.0858 = 4.0132 m
D CD

4 01 32

X22 =2 a2 sinh" ^ ^ = 26.8536 sinh" . ; " / , " , = 3.9984 m

a,
26.8536

87

88

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

X3 = X2 - Xl = 3 . 9 9 8 4 - 1.0855 = 2.9129 m

X = M- X3 = 2 2 . 8 6 - 2.9129= 19.9471m
D, = a2 (cosh - 1) = 26.8536 (cosh *,0o8_5* - l) = 0.0219 m = 22 mm
1
2
\
a2
J
y
26.8536
/
/
X*
\
/
3 9984
\
D2 = a 2 ( c o s h - 1) =26.8536 cosh 1 -- 1 = 0.2982 m = 298 mm
2

a2

26.8536

/
X
\
(
19.9471
\
D3 = f l , (cosh - 1) = 493.3707 (cosh T ^ T T ^ " l) = 0.4033 m = 403 mm
D4 =D3 +D2 - Z ) , =403 + 2 9 8 - 22 = 679 mm

At32C, T=6760N

_H
"F=

fla

6760
288.2292

fl2(^-/?5)
*'

-,.<

2 3 4 5 3 6 m

(1.0005)
^

23.4536(22.86- 2.9274) (1.0005) , n o c c

= L 855 m
43O9026

\
1 0855
SP = a2 sinh = 23.4536 sinh ' : 0 t = 1-0859 m
a?
23.4536
RSP = RS + SP = 2.9214 + 1.0859 = 4.0133 m
X2 =a2 sinh" 1
a2

=23.4536 sinh" 1 *:}??' = 3.9940 m

23.4536

^ 3 =X 2 - AT, = 3 . 9 9 4 0 - 1.0855 = 2.9085 m

X = M- X3 = 2 2 . 8 6 - 2.9085= 19.9515 m

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

D1 =a2[cosh^--

1) = 23.4536 (cosh ^

' ^ =0251

m = 25 m m

X.
\
(
3.9940
, =a, (cosh-r 1 - 1) = 23.4536 (cosh 2 g 4
- 1] = 0.3409 m = 341 mm

D3 = a, (cosh - 1 j = 430.9026 fcosh 4 3 Q ^ ^ - 1) = 0.4620 m = 462 mm

_>4 = D3 +D2 - Dl = 462 + 341 - 25 = 778 mm
At43C, T=6260N
H
a i =

^
H

>=W

Xi

6260
=

lT688

.......
= 3

6260
288^292

"-0311m

0 0

=21 7188m

'

a2(M-RS)_ (1.0005)

21.7188 (22.86
(1.0005) -_ , 855
o r gm
_ _ _- _2.9274)
_
L0

SP = a12 sinh= 21.7188 sinh r ^ f ^ = 1.0860m

a,
21.7188
RSP = RS + SP = 2.9274 + 1.0860 = 4.0134 m
RVP

4 01 3 4

#2

2 1 . / 1 oo

X2 = a2 sinh"1 ^ - = 21.7188 sinh'' ^

'

po

= 3.9909 m

X3 = X2 - Xt = 3.9909 - 1.0855 = 2.9054 m

X = M - X3 = 22.86 - 2.9054 = 19.9546 m

Di

=a2 (cosh^i- l U 21.7188 (cosh ^ O

^ - l\ = 0.0271m = 27 mm

89

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

90

3 9909

\
mm

c o s h - ^ - 1 = 21.7188 (cosh
&2

' _,

- 1 = 0.3677 m = 368

2 1 . 7 1 OO

19 9546

1 = 0.4990 m = 499 mm

c o s h - - l j =399.0311 ^ c o s h 3 9 9 Q 3 1 1
D4 =D3 +D2 - D, = 4 9 9 + 3 6 8 - 2 7 = 840 mm

U.S. Customary
Figure 39 shows the U.S. customary sag and tension computations.

DC-576 (3-78)
FINAL 1
CONDUCTOR

9&/ kc<m>/ AO.5% ^7

MCRVL

LOADING.

Weight Factors:

Code Name .
Rated Breaking Load J S
Diameter / 1 /*>S

^OO

lb

Deadweight

inch

Initial,Zj/aJf

4L\b
33y % ff /3

lb
lb

Final, -*/(>

25

Loaded,

50 %/? <]SQ lb

Final,

60 F

%L

^7$-

% 4 jL3L

Computed by
TE

Inch Ice.
l b / f t 2 WindfW'")

A /?7^"ff

. lb/ft

Creep 0.00Q

/ 7

.lb/ft

Total

<,^>~TV^

_ lb/ft

Area (A)

(?. ^
(W")

Permanent Set Q OOP

.lb/ft

I O/n

&J

Wind

Resultant:

Modulus, (E) Final

_LJJLLL-\X\1

lb
0.000 0 ^ L _ ^

IE

a p P " | UNSTRESSED LENGTH

SPAN LENGTH (S)

ty.35

SAG FACTOR

/SO

FEET

SAG, ft

/.

7 /

SW, lb

^74.S9

0
30
60
90
120

Figure 39.-Sag and tension calculation form for insulator effect problem (U.S. customary).

H=T-

a =

W, (sag) = 4000 - 2.5306 (1.78) = 3995.5393 lb

H

3995.5393

' ^ T53bT-

H
* W=

a =

3995.5393
19.75

,fioonif.

= 1578 8901ft

ro .
-3058ft

=202

x 106 Ib/in2
x 106 ib/in2

Final AE 7 ??
- 2 ^
Initial AE ^ T ^ ? ^ " 5 " ^ /

per F

Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice. No Wind (W)

/>57
~?QQ

0.0OQ_^Z__

\n\Ua\/r.S6,

Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

Date

LOADING

(W)

+ ^ k . i n . Ice ( W )

Tension Limitations:

Vj.
y

SAG C A L C U L A T , 0 N S

'b
lb

TENSION, lb

4/lna

X/lit-

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

_a2(M-RS) (1.0005) _ 202.3013 (75- 9.6) (1.0005) _ 0 , 0 0 ^

8 3838
*> "
7t
1578.8901
'
"
v

SP = a2 sinh = 202.3058 sinh .^V 38 , 38 = 8.3862 ft

a.
202.3058
RSP = RS + SP= 9.6 + 8.3862 = 17.9862 ft
X22 =2a2 sinh"1 = 202.3058 sinh"1
' ,_._ = 17.9626 ft
a2
202.3058
X3 = X2 - X, = 17.9626 - 8.3838 = 9.5788 ft
X = M- X3 = 7 5 - 9.5788 = 65.4212 ft
L = a, sinh f% = 1578.8901 sinh

= 65.4399 ft

I + sinh cosh }
sc ^n
2.5306 (1578.8901) 2 / 65.4212 L . . 65.4212
43
- " " 2 (7 490 285)
11578^901 + S m h 1578.8901 C S h 1

= 65

= 65.4050 ft
Temperature = 0 F = t0
Assume T = 3000 lb * H (no load)

t-t^i-""*
a

3000

* ?T[9^? = 1 5 L 8 9 8 7 f t

Xl

a2(M-RS) (1.0005) _ 151.8987(75- 9.60) (1.0005)

= 3.5615 ft
~
a,
2790.6977

SP = a2 sinh = 151.8987 sinh *'?*l5Qn = 3.5618 ft

a2
lsi.oyo/

92

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

RSP = RS + SP = 9.6 + 3.5618= 13.1618 ft
X2 = a2 sinh" 1

= 151.8987 sinn" 1 Af, A * 1 * = 13.1454 ft

dry

151.070/

X3 = X2 - Xx = 13.1454- 3.5615 = 9.5839 ft

X = M - X3 = 7 5 - 9.5839 = 65.4161 ft

I = a,1 sinh = 2790.6977 sinh *i'*\*in

= 65.4221 ft
a,
2790.6977

=L

WlC^) 2 M+ sji.nhU X c o s h X
a
a
i
u

-"zi^U

. . 1.075 (2790.6977) 2 / 65.4161 , . . 65.4161

, 65.4161
6e5 . 4 2 2 1 - . ,
nn ^ + sinh nn ^ cosh
2(7 490 285)
\2790.6977
2790.6977
2790.6977j
= 65.3959 ft

Lux = Lu0 +Lu0e(t1

^Lux

tl

- Lu0
Lu0e

to

- t0)
65.3959-65.4050
65.4050 (0.000 Oil 5)

IOIAO

-12-10F

Assume T = 2700 lb * H (no load)

'

^^
X =

>

2700

fb75 =

TJ 9700
19?75
a2(M-

2511 6279ft

136

-7089ft

RS) (1.0005) _ 136.7089 (75 - 9.6) (1.0005) Er.e c

=
7,
2511.6279
- = 3-5615 ft

SP = a2 sinh = 136.7089 sinh .l'**lln

= 3.5619 ft
a2
136.7089
RSP = RS + SP = 9.6 + 3.5619 = 13.1619 ft

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

X2 = a2 sinh- 1

R SIP

#2

93

1 3 i ^c 1 o

= 136.7089 sinh- 1 / / j o n - 13.1417 ft

lio.vUoy

Z 3 = X2 - JT, = 13.1417 - 3.5615 = 9.5802 ft

X = M- X3 = 7 5 - 9.5802 = 65.4198 ft

I = a, sinh - = 2511.6279 sinh . ^ , 4 ^ . = 65.4273 ft

a1
2511.6279
Lw, = L -

W/,(fll) / j
.
y
X
- . I + sinh cosh
2AE
\a1
al
al

= ^ A-yi-i 1-075 (2511.6279) 2 / 65.4198

w.42/32(7 490 285)
\2511.6279

.
Smh

65.4198
2511.6279

C0Sh

65.4198 \
2511.6279,1

= 65.4037 ft

_Lu2 - Lu0
Lu0e

65.4037 - 65.4050
65.4050(0.000 0115)

Similar calculations were made for five additional assumed tensions, and the resulting
temperatures were:

Assumed T <** H (no load), lb

2400
2100
1800
1500
1400

Temperature, F
t3=
t4=
ts =
t6 =
t7 =

11.30
28.72
53.58
92.53
110.88

The resulting temperatures are plotted against the assumed tensions on figure 40. Using this
figure, determine the tensions for the desired temperatures and proceed in finding the total sag
of the line.
A t O F , T = 2 6 4 5 lb
H

2645

..,.

.,..

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

94

OUUUI

2800

2600

2400

;Q

2200

z
o
CO

z
LU

,_

2000

1800

1600

1400

ionn
-20

20

+40

+60

+80

100

T E M P E R A T U R E , F
Figure 40.-Tension-temperature curve for insulator effect problem (U.S. customary). 104-D-1068.

-120

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

2

* "

2645

19.75

95

= 133.9241 ft

a2(M- RS) (1.0005) _ 133.9241 (75 - 9.60) (1.0005) _

a,
2460.4651

,,1c.ft

SP = a 22 s i n h = 133.9241 s i n h ^ l 5 ^ , =3.5619 ft
a,
133.9241
RSP = RS + SP = 9.6 + 3.5619= 13.1619ft
X, = a ,2 s m l r 1
a,

= 133.9241 sinh" 1 }^l^?1

= 13.1408 ft
133.9241

X, = X2 - X, = 13.1408- 3.5615 = 9.5793 ft

X = M- X3 = 7 5 - 9.5793 = 65.4207 ft

D, = a 2 (cosh J

- i) = 133.9241 (cosh j f f f ^ - l) = 0.0474 ft

D2 = a 2 (cosh h- - l) = 133.9241 (cosh ^

D, =ax c o s h ^ - 1 =2460.4651 cosh ^ f ^

- l) = 0.6452 ft

- 1 = 0.8698 ft

D4 = D3 + D2 - >, = 0.8698 + 0.6452 - 0.0474 = 1.4676 ft

A t 3 0 F , T= 2075 lb

''i:2jws"9io-2326(t
H_= 2075
a2 = = ^ 7 7 = 105.0633 ft
W 19.75
A 2 (W-/?5) (1.0005) _ 105.0633(75- 9.60) (1.0005) _ ,
A,

a,

1930.2326

C,1C

,,

3.5615 It

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

96

X
i^ <nFn^
,. 3.5615
5'P = a 1 sinh = 105.0633
sinh r ^ r ^ T ^ r = 3.5622 ft
105.0633

# ^ = # 5 + ^ = 9.60+ 3.5622 = 13.1622 ft

X22 =a22 sinh- 1 =
a2

105.0633 sinh- 1

1
1lf; /?il

105.0633

= 13.1280 ft

X3 =X2 - X1 = 13.1280- 3.5615 = 9.5665 ft

X = M- X3 = 7 5 - 9.5665 = 65.4335 ft
x
i
Dl =a2[ cosh 71-

A , . _ _ /
, 3.5615
1) = 105.0633 (cosh ^ n / - 1) = 0.0604 ft
105.0633

X
2 , \ , , ^ / , 13.1280
Z>2 =a a ^ c o s h - - l j = 105.0633 ^cosh ^ ^
- i j = 0.8213 ft

Z>3 =at ( c o s h ^ - l ) = 1930.2326(cosh j j f j ^ -

l ) = 1-1092 ft

>4 = D 3 + Z>2 - Dl = 1.1092 + 0.8213- 0.0604= 1.8701 ft

At 60 F , r = 1733 1b
IT

1 7"2^

'-= 1 -ro75- 1<12 - OMOft

a2(M- RS)(\.0005)

X. =

1
fll

87.7468 (75 - 9.60) (1.0005)

.,-.,.,,

. , . ,. - ~ , , ~

O.JO ID It

1612.0930

SP = a. sinh = 87.7468 s i n h ^ ^ = 3.5625 ft

a2

5/./400

RSP = RS + SP = 9.60 + 3.5625 = 13.1625 ft

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

X2 = a2 sinh-
a2

= 87.7468 sinh" ' l l ^ l l =13.1136 ft

o/./4oo

X3 =X2 - X, = 13.1136- 3.5615 = 9.5521 ft

X =M - X, = 75 - 9.5521 = 65.4479 ft
D, =a2 (cosh^- 1 - lj = 87.7468 (cosh ~ j ^

" l) = 0.0723 ft

D2 =a2 (cosh^ 2 - lj = 87.7468 (cosh g ^ ^ g - lj = 0.9817 ft

D3 =a. (cosh - 1) = 1612.0930 (cosh 7 7 7 ^ ~ - 1) =1.3287 ft

\
a,
\
1612.0930
/
DA = D3 + D2-

Dt = 1.3287 + 0.9817 -0.0723 = 2.2381 ft

A t 9 0 F , r = 1513 1b

" = l=rli = 7 6 - 6 0 7 6 f t
_a2(MX,
1

RS) (1.0005) _ 76.6076 ( 7 5 - 9.60) (1.0005) __ , _ _

, .._ . ., ,
3.5615 it
al
1407.4419

SP = at sinh = 76.6076 sinh I'^ll,

= 3.5628 ft
a,
76.6076
RSP = RS + SP = 9.60 + 3.5628 = 13.1628 ft
R SIP

X22 = a2 sinh" 1 ^ a,

13 1628

= 76.6076 sinh" 1 -J,*,

= 13.0989 ft
76.6076

X3 =X2 - Xx = 13.0989- 3.5615 = 9.5374 ft

97

98

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

X = M ~ X 3 = 7 5 - 9.5314 = 65.4626 ft
x

, J

, 3.5615

D, = a22 ( c o s h - ^ - 1) = 76.6076 (cosh ^ 7 ^ 7 " ] ) = 0.0828 ft

\
a,
I
y
76.6076
13.0989
2 (cosh
i c o s n
- i)
/ o . o u /(cosh
o j c o~'7
s nnZ
^ ^ ^ ~ U = 11306 ft
D,,2 -=a,
l) = 76.6076

D3 =a, Lshf^

l\ = 1407.4419 (cosh ^ ^ g ^ - A =1.5227 ft

>4 = Z)3 +Z) 2 ->, = 1.5227+ 1.1306- 0.0828 = 2.5705 ft

At 110F, T= 1405 1b

fl =

I rol

= 1306 9767 ft

H _ 1405
a2 =T7 = 7 7 ^ 7 = 71.1392 ft
W 19.75

*'

a, (M-.RSH 1.0005) 7 1 . 1 3 9 2 ( 7 5 - 9 . 6 0 ) (1.0005)

c.i
=
= 3 5615
^
1306.9767
-

SP = a* 2, sinh = 71.1392 sinh ?;5<?}L = 3.5630 ft

a2
71.1392
RSP = RS + SP =9.60 + 3.5630= 13.1630 ft
Z 2 =a 2 sinh" 1

=71.1392 shah"1 ^ 4 H ?

dry

13.0890 ft

I I . 1 D Zs Zt

X3 = X2 - Xl = 13.0890- 3.5615 = 9.5275 ft

X = M- X3 = 7 5 - 9.5275 = 65.4725 ft

>, =a2 fcosh - l j = 71.1392 (cosh

" 5 6 1 5 - l) = 0.0892 ft

r r
ft

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

D2 = a 2 (cosh - l ) = 71.1392 (cosh

99

13.0890
^
-1 = 1.2075 ft
1392

D3 =a 1 (cosh~1) = 1306.9767 (cosh ^Ifll*

- l) = 1.6403 ft
1
at
/
\
1306.9767
'
D4=D3+D2-

Dx = 1.6403 + 1.2075 - 0.0892 = 2.7586 ft

18. Spans With Concentrated Loads.-Problems relating to spans with concentrated loads are
infrequent and are confined mainly to substation or switchyard spans in which taps or tie-down
arrangements are used. Such problems are complicated by the elastic effects of the tap or tie-down
in addition to the dead force applied. A method which adequately treats this problem is shown on
figure 41.
Probably a better approach to this problem than the method shown on figure 41 would be to sag
the conductors to the calculated normal sag for a given temperature and then add a calculated length
of conductor to the span to compensate for the force of the tie-down, see figure 42. The required
additional length of conductor may be determined by the following procedure which was developed
by a former Bureau engineer, F. F. Priest:
1. Assume a desired spring tension at some given temperature.
2. Calculate the angle that will be formed by a vertical line and the position of the insulator
string that will result from the horizontal tension in the conductor and the vertical force due
to the tie-down after installation (6 = t a n - 1 HI P).
3. By multiplying the length of the insulator string by the sine of this angle, the horizontal
reflected length of the insulator string is obtained (ijj= isin 6).
The difference between the length of the insulator string as it will lay in the near horizontal position
in the originally sagged span and its calculated horizontal reflected length after the tie-down is made,
indicates the additional amount of conductor required to give the final tied-down span about the
same characteristics as the originally sagged span without the tie-down.
Example
Conductor: 242 mm 2 (477 kcmil), ASCR 24/7
Span length = 45.7 m (150 ft)
Force of hardware on tie-down = 444.8 N (100 lb)
Spring tension at 15.5 C (60 F) = 889.6 N (200 lb)
Length of insulator string = 1829 mm (6 ft)
Calculate sags and tensions for the conductor, without tie-down, for a range of temperatures that
might be applicable during installation. If the insulator force will be appreciable in a comparatively
short span, such as in the example used here, the original sags should be determined by considering
the insulator effect (see sec. 16).

100

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Level Span

Inclined Span
S=

2PL+ wL
8H

CONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER OF SPAN

Level Span
inclined Span
S=

L.L, (2P + wL)

2LH

LOAD AT ANY POINT ON SPAN

L = Horizontal span length between conductor support points, m ( t t )
H = Horizontal tension in conductor, N (lb)
S = Sag, from line of supports at concentrated load, m ( f t )
P = Concentrated load, N (lb)
w = Linear force factor (weight) of conductor, N/m ( l b / f t )
L,,L2= Horizontal distance from concentrated load to points of support, m ( f t )
Figure 41.-Spans with concentrated loads. 104-D-1069.

CHAPTER ll-CONDUCTOR SAGS AND TENSIONS

.Ai

i
iH
Ai
H
P

Length of insulator string, mm (ft)

Horizontal reflected length of insulator string, mm (ft)
i~i H mm (ft)
Horizontal tension in conductor, N (lb)
Vertical force added by tie-down (hardware + spring
tension) , N (lb)

Figure 42.-Graphical method for determining additional length of conductor required for
concentrated load problem. 104-D-1070.

Assume the following sag and tension values have been obtained by previous calculations:
Temperature,

C (F)
"18
-1
15.5
32
49

(0)
(30)
(60)
(90)
(120)

mm
625
780
917
1039
1149

For 15.5 C:
6 = tan_1 2571/1334.4

Sag,
_ (ft)
(2.05)
(2.56)
(3.01)
(3.41)
(3.77)

Tension,
(lb)

3750
3015
2571
2268
2050

(843)
(678)
(578)
(510)
(461)

For 60 F:
6 =tan- 578/300

MarT1 1.926 70

= tan- 1.926 70

= 62.57

= 62.57

ih = 1829 sin 6 = 1829 (0.887 57)

= 1623.37 mm
A/ = 1829 - 1623.37 = 205.63 mm

ih = 6 sin 0 = 6 (0.887 57)

= 5.33 ft
A/ = 6 - 5.33 = 0.67 ft = 8 in

101

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

102

The A i value is the additional amount of conductor to be added to the span after the initial sagging.
Considering 6 constant for setting the spring tension at other temperatures, the following tabulation
can be made:

Temperature,

(F)

-18
-1
15.5
32
49

(0)
(30)
(60)
(90)
(120)

Horizontal
N
3750
3015
2571
2269
2050

tension,
(lb)

Hardware force,
N
(lb)

Spring tension,
N
(lb)

(843)
(678)
(578)
(510)
(461)

444.8
444.8
444.8
444.8
444.8

1501
1120
890
733
620

(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)

(337.5)
(251.9)
(200)
(164.7)
(139.3)

Chapter III

INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, AND

CLEARANCE P A T T E R N S
1 9 . Insulation Coordination.Insulation coordination is the selection of an insulation structure
which will withstand the voltage stresses to which the system or equipment will be subjected. There
are three different voltage stresses to consider when determining insulation and electrical clearance
requirements for the design of high-voltage transmission lines:
(1) Lightning voltages,
(2) Switching voltages, and
(3) 60-Hz voltages, called power frequency operating voltages.
The probability of flashover must be controlled so that any system disturbance is minor.
Lightning impulse voltages generally have the highest values and the highest rates of voltage rise.
The time range for these voltages to crest is about 0.5 to 6 microseconds. Although it is impractical
to provide a sufficiently high impulse insulation level to withstand the voltage developed when a
conductor is struck by an average strength lightning stroke, lightning flashovers may be controlled.
This is done by locating overhead ground wires to intercept direct strokes and divert the lightning
current to earth through the steel towers or through the ground wires provided on wood pole
structures for this purpose. This diversion of the current is accomplished by coordinating the insulator
string and air gap insulation values, and by obtaining a sufficiently low footing resistance.
In a region of average storm intensity of 30 storm days per year, a transmission line will be struck
on the average of 100 direct strokes per 161 km (100 mi) of line per year. Overhead ground wires
must be used on transmission lines to take these direct lightning strokes and shield the conductors.
The lightning current is expected to follow a path along the shield wire, down the tower, and through
the tower footing resistance to the ground. The entire top of the tower and the connected overhead
ground wire will attain a high voltage, mainly because of the current resistance in the tower footing.
An evaluation of tower clearances and conductor and overhead ground wire configurations for an
acceptable lightning protection design is based primarily on theory and experience. The major factors
affecting the lightning performance of a transmission line are:
Isoceraunic level (number of lightning storm days to be expected each year)
Stroke-current magnitude and wave shape
Tower height
Tower footing resistance
Number and location of overhead ground wires (shield angles to conductors)
Span length
Midspan clearance between conductors and overhead ground wires
Number of insulator units
If the permissible stroke current to midspan is more than twice the permissible stroke current to
the tower, strokes to midspan may cause tower flashovers.
103

104

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

For transmission lines up to 345 kV, line insulation is determined primarily by the lightning
flashover rate. At 345 kV, the line insulation may be dictated by either switching surge considerations
or by the lightning flashover rate. Above 345 kV, switching surges become the prime factor in
flashover considerations and will probably control the insulation design; however, protection against
lightning must not be overlooked. The probability of flashover due to a switching surge is a function
of the line insulation characteristics and the magnitude of the surges expected. The number of
insulators used may be selected to keep the probability of flashover from switching surges very low.
Switching surge impulse insulation strength is based on tests that have been made on simulated towers
where adjustments could be made to duplicate almost any tower shape. At EHV (extra-high voltage)
levels, an increase in insulation length does not result in a proportional increase in switching surge
withstand strength. For example, a 10-percent increase in the number of insulators does not result
in a 10-percent increase in switching surge strength. This is due to the electric field distortion caused
by the proximity of the tower surfaces and is called the proximity effect This effect does not apply
to lightning impulses, so switching surge considerations will dictate the insulation values at the EHV
levels.
Wave shapes for lightning impulses and switching surges are infinite in number, but have been
grouped for testing and to provide basic data for use in insulation. Wave shape is defined by two
parameters:
(1) The time to crest, which is the interval between the beginning of the impulse and the
instant that the voltage reaches its peak value.
(2) The time to half value, which is defined as the time interval between the beginning of
the impulse and the instant, on the tail of the impulse, at which the voltage is one-half of the
crest value.
Time to crest is the principal parameter affecting flashovers.
The BIL (basic impulse insulation level) is based on a 1.2- by 50-microsecond wave shape. The
1.2-microsecond time to crest is within the range of a typical lightning surge of 0.5 to 6 microseconds,
so lightning impulse stress is usually coordinated with the BIL. Coordination of switching surges,
which have a time to crest ranging from 50 to 2000 microseconds, lies somewhere between the BIL
and 60-Hz withstand. As EHV and UHV transmission have developed, there has been an increasing
amount of outdoor switching surge impulse testing of transmission towers and equipment. These tests
have resulted in better data for coordination of line insulation and switching surge voltages.
Two types of switching operations are of concern in transmission line insulation coordination. One
is the energizing of a line with no initial voltage; the other is high-speed reclosing following a line
tripout. The latter switching operation is similar to energization, but there may be energy trapped
on the line from the previous opening. Transformers connected to ground will normally dissipate the
t r a p p e d energy charge in the high-speed reclosing period, and reclosing becomes the same as
energization. The switching surge voltage varies with breaker characteristics, line length, and the state
of the system at the time of switching.
Restriking occurs when lines are being deenergized and the recovery voltage across the circuit
breaker builds up at a faster rate than the dielectric strength of the interrupting medium. This results
in momentary reestablishment of the arc across the interrupting contacts and can produce extreme
voltages on the system.
Resistors are incorporated in the closing stroke of a breaker to help reduce switching surge
overvoltages for EHV lines which, in turn, helps reduce the switching surge requirements for line
insulation.

CHAPTER lll-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS

105

Some causes of switching surge overvoltages are:

Normal line energizing and deenergizing
High-speed line reclosing
Switching capacitor banks, shunt reactors, and cable circuits
Load rejection
Out-of-phase switching
Reinsertion of series capacitors
Circuit breaker restriking
Current chopping
Power frequency overvoltages are caused by an abnormal condition which exists until a change
in the system alters or removes the condition, such as:
Voltages on the unfaulted phases during a phase-to-ground fault
Load rejection
Open end of a long energized line (Ferranti effect)
Ferroresonance
Although the clearance necessary for power frequency voltage is much less than for switching surges
or lightning, the clearance envelope is very sensitive to the insulator swing angle created by the wind.
Data on extreme winds during storms and their frequency of occurrence are necessary to determine
power frequency electrical insulation clearances.
In transmission line design, there are two basic insulations to be considered, the insulator string
and air. The insulator swing angle depends on the diameter-to-force (weight) ratio of the conductor,
and the ratio of wind span to low-point span.
Consideration must be given to each of the three types of voltage stress: (1) lightning impulse,
(2) switching surge, and (3) power frequency. Switching surge performance is based on the probability
of flashover following a circuit breaker operation. Lightning performance is measured by the number
of tripouts per 161 km (100 mi) of line per year. Power frequency performance is measured in terms
of the mean recurrence interval.
Bureau wood-pole designs are based on coordination of the impulse insulation value of the
insulators with the minimum air gap between the conductor and the structure with a wind pressure
of 0.19 kPa (4 lb/ft 2 ) at 15.5 C (60 F ) . On steel structures, the impulse insulation and the air-gap
clearance to the structure are coordinated for the sideswing angle of the suspension insulator strings
caused by a 0.19-kPa wind pressure at 15.5 C on the conductors, or for a sideswing angle of 3 0 ,
whichever is greater. For complete coordination, the clearance at midspan between the overhead
ground wires and the conductor must be made sufficient so that flashover between the overhead
ground wires and the conductors will not occur before flashover occurs at the s t r u c t u r e . The
separation at midspan must be greater than at the structure because of the impedance of the overhead
ground wires. See section 20 for minimum midspan clearances.
Insulation withstand must be coordinated across the insulator string and the air gap. Factors
included in an evaluation of the insulation withstand of an insulator string are:
Maximum system operating voltage
Crest factor of wave
Maximum switching surge overvoltage
Strength of air to switching surges in relation to the impulse strength of the insulators, or
the ratio of critical impulse to switching surge withstand
Percent allowance made between withstand voltage and critical flashover of air, or ratio of
withstand to critical flashover

106

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Contaminated atmosphere (chemicals, etc.)

Nonstandard air density (altitude)
Maximum fault voltage on unfaulted phases
Factor of safety
The maximum operating voltage can vary, but a 5-percent overvoltage is generally accepted for
this limit. The crest factor of the wave is
The maximum switching surge varies with breaker characteristics, line length, and the state of the
system at the time of switching. The variation in the switching surges can be described by statistical
distribution; that is, taking the surge magnitude values for all switching situations and weighting these
values by their frequency of occurrence. To be more conservative, it is probably satisfactory to use
the one or two switching situations that produce the highest surge values. The insulation strengths
of insulator strings and air gaps are described by strength distributions determined from test data
on a full-scale tower. These distributions will vary depending upon the proximity of grounded surfaces,
humidity, and barometric pressure. The Bureau uses 1.175 as the ratio of the impulse strength for
air to the switching surges. Some designers like to use a 3-sigma value as a ratio between withstand
and the critical flashover, but since sigma is a variable depending upon gap length, wave shape, and
gap configuration, we have set 17.5 percent as a coordination value. A factor of 1.1 is used for
contaminated atmosphere. An added altitude factor for nonstandard air is dependent upon the
elevation of the given transmission line above sea level.
A factor of 1.5 for contaminated atmosphere, 1.2 for the maximum fault voltage on unfaulted
phases, and a safety factor of 1.25 are used when examining the insulation strength for power
frequency overvoltages.
For 115-kV wood-pole transmission line construction, one extra insulator unit is added to allow
for a possible defective unit. For 115-kV steel structures, two extra units are added: for 230-kV steel
construction, two extra units are added, one for a possible defective unit and one for hot-line
maintenance; and, on 345-kV steel construction, one extra unit is added as a combination safety unit
for a defective unit and for hot-line maintenance. These extra units have proven to be very valuable
because in addition to the hot-line maintenance safety they afford, they have helped to restrict Bureau
transmission lines to minimal "unexplained" flashovers and outages. Such flashovers and outages are
not only frustrating, but they are costly to an electrical entity and must be taken into consideration
in the original design.
Tables 16, 17, and 18 show examples of insulation selection for three different voltages. These
tables show that the permissible elevation limit is governed by the switching surge impulse values.
The lower of the two elevation limits shown in the tables should be used for design purposes. The
extra insulator units previously discussed for hot-line maintenance and possible defective units, should
not be included in the calculations shown in the tables.
If a transmission line is to operate basically problem free, then insulation coordination is a necessity.
Some designers, to reduce initial costs of lines or because of lack of facts, have chosen to ignore some
factors such as insulation coordination which results in lines that have many unexplained outages.
Such design is not economical when considered over a period of time. Insulation coordination is
discussed further in section 2 1 .
2 0 . Lightning Protection .-In 1930, C. L. Fortescue, a consulting transmission line engineer with
Westinghouse, wrote a series of articles on lightning investigations that were published in Electrical
Journal He advanced the theory that high-voltage transmission lines should be protected from direct
strokes of lightning. Previous t o t h a t t i m e , transmission lines were designed on t h e basis of

CHAPTER MI-INSULATION. LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS

107

Table 16. Insulation selection for 345 kV

Switching surge
impulse,
positive critical

Power
frequency,
60-Hz wet

a. Overvoltage

1.05

1.05

b. Crest factor

1.414

c. Switching surge

2.5

d. Ratio of critical impulse to switching surge

1.175

e. Ratio of withstand to critical flashover voltage

1.175

1.175

f. Contaminated atmosphere

1.1

1.5

g. Factor of safety

1.15

1.25

h. Rise due to line faults

Total withstand multiplying factor (at sea level). Product of (a) through (h)

1.2
6.48

2.78

Total withstand multiplying factor (at sea level) times normal line to
neutral voltage

1291 kV

554 kV

Flashover of 18 insulator units, 146 by 267 mm (5-3/4 by 10-1/2 in), from

table B-7 in appendix B

1585 kV

690 kV

Normal line to neutral, 3 4 5 / \ / 3 = 199.2 kV

Factor for nonstandard air density (altitude)

1585/1291 = 1.23

690/554 = 1.25

From table B-10 in appendix B, permissible elevation limit

2154 m (7068 ft)

2362 m (7750 ft)

induced-stroke assumption; namely, that a charge cloud in the vicinity of the transmission line, with
its accompanying gradient of voltage to ground, would bind a charge on the line. The discharge of
the cloud to any object other than a transmission line, would release this bound charge, which was
then free to travel along the line seeking a path to ground. However, induced voltage gradients
appearing on transmission lines during nearby lightning discharges have proved to be too low to
account for the damage to the lines. T h e direct-stroke theory is now generally accepted for
high-voltage lines. Complete protection against direct strokes requires a shield to prevent lightning
from striking the electrical conductors, together with adequate insulation of the structures and
a d e q u a t e drainage facilities so t h a t the discharge can drain to ground without affecting the
conductors. The shielding method does not allow the formation of an arc from the line conductor
to ground. An alternative nonshielding method of protection by auxiliary devices, such as protector
tubes or ground fault neutralizers, does allowT an arc to form between the ground structure and the
conductors but provides a means for quenching the arc without interrupting the line circuit. The
four basic requirements for the design of a line based on the direct-stroke theory are:
(1) Ground wires with sufficient mechanical strength must be locatd to adequately shield
the line conductors from direct strokes.
(2) Adequate clearance from the line conductor to the tower or ground must be maintained
so that the full effectiveness of the insulating structure can be obtained.
(3) Adequate clearances from overhead ground wires to conductors must be maintained,
especially at midspan, to prevent flashover to the conductors for voltages up to the protective
voltage level used in the line design.

108

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table 17.Insulation selection for 230 kV

Switching surge
impulse,
positive critical

Power
frequency,
60-Hz wet

a. Over voltage

1.05

1.05

b. Crest factor

1.414

c. Switching surge

2.5

d. Ratio of critical impulse to switching surge

1.175

e. Ratio of withstand to critical flashover voltage

1.175

1.175

f. Contaminated atmosphere

1.1

1.5

g. Factor of safety

1.2

1.25

h. Rise due to line faults

Total withstand multiplying factor (at sea level). Product of (a) through (h)

1.2
6.76

2.78

Normal line to neutral, 2 3 0 / \ / 3 = 132.8 kV

Total withstand multiplying factor (at sea level) times normal line to
neutral voltage
Flashover of 12 insulator units, 146 by 254 mm (5-3/4 by 10 in), from table
B-7 in appendix B

898 kV

369 kV

1105 kV

490 kV

Factor for nonstandard air density (altitude)

1105/898 = 1.23

490/369 = 1.32

From table B-10 in appendix B, permissible elevation limit

2154 m (7068 ft)

3139 m (10 299 ft)

(4) Tower footing impedances as low as economically justified must be obtained.

To meet the first of these requirements, two overhead ground wires are used on all lines using
H-frame wood-pole construction and generally on all steel tower lines. For standard construction,
overhead ground wires are not normally used on lines of 46 kV or less. On 69-kV lines, overhead
ground wires are used for a distance of 0.8 km (0.5 mi) in each direction from the substations or for
the entire length of line. On lines of 115 kV and higher, overhead ground wires normally are used
for the entire length of the line. On transmission lines for voltages up to and including 161 kV, 10-mm
(3/8-in), 7-wire, high-strength galvanized steel strand is used for overhead ground wires. On 230 kV
and above lines, 13-mm (1/2-in), 7-wire, high-strength galvanized steel strand overhead ground wires
are used. On lines where very heavy ice loading, radial ice thickness of 25 mm (1 in) or more, occurs
or for extra long spans, it is desirable to use extra-high-strength steel for the overhead ground wires
so that the extra heavy loads may be carried without excessive sag. In areas near a sea coast, where
saline fogs occur, and in other areas having a contaminated atmosphere, it is desirable to use a more
corrosion resistant material such as Alumoweld for the overhead ground wires. In order to locate the
overhead ground wires to shield the conductors adequately, the poles in wood-pole lines should be
extended high enough to provide a 3 0 cone of protection at tangent structures. This means that
a straight line drawn through the overhead ground wire and the outside conductor should make a
maximum angle of 30 with the vertical. At steel towers, the overhead ground wires should be located
to give a maximum angle of protection of 20 . Where the terrain slopes across a transmission line,
the angle of protection should be decreased in order to maintain an angle of less than 3 0 for

CHAPTER MI-INSULATION. LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS

109

Table 18.Insulation selection for 115 kV

Switching surge
impulse,
positive critical

Power
frequency,
60-Hz wet

a. Overvoltage

1.05

1.05

b. Crest factor

1.414

c. Switching surge

2.8

d. Ratio of critical impulse to switching surge

1.175

e. Ratio of withstand to critical flashover voltage

1.175

1.175

f. Contaminated atmosphere

1.1

1.5

g. Factor of safety

1.2

1.25

h. Rise due to line faults

Total withstand multiplying factor (at sea level). Product of (a) through (h)

1.2
7.57

2.78

Total withstand multiplying factor (at sea level) times normal line to
neutral voltage

503 kV

185 kV

Flashover of 6 insulator units, 146 by 254 mm (5-3/4 by 10 in), from

table B-7 in appendix B

610 kV

255 kV

Normal line to neutral, 115/\/3~= 66.4 kV

Factor for nonstandard air density (altitude)

610/503 = 1.21

255/185 = 1.38

From table B-10 in appendix B, permissible elevation limit

1946 m (6386 ft)

3864 m (12 676 ft)

A switching surge value of 2.8 is a more realistic value for 115-kV lines than the 2.5 value used for 230- and 345-kV lines.
wood-pole lines, and less than 20 for steel tower lines. These angles would be between a line through
the overhead ground wire and the outside conductor, and a line perpendicular to the surface of the
earth.
If steel towers exceed 38.1 m ( 1 2 5 ft) in height, the angle or protection should be reduced as
indicated on figure 4 3 .
T o maintain adequate clearance between the structure and the conductors, the air-gap distance
between any conductor and the structure should be sufficient to coordinate the impulse flashover
voltages of the air gap and the insulation used on the structures, under the conditions at which
lightning is likely to occur. Almost all electrical storms occur at temperatures between minus 1 and
32 C (30 and 90 F), and are not likely to occur simultaneously with high winds. Therefore, Bureau
designs are based on coordination of the impulse insulation value of the insulators with the minimum
air gap b e t w e e n the c o n d u c t o r and the structure with a wind pressure of 0.19 k P a (4 l b / f t 2 ) at
15.5 C (60 F). On wood-pole structures having ground wires running down the pole, the clearance
is measured b e t w e e n the c o n d u c t o r and the pole ground wire. On steel structures, the impulse
insulation and the air-gap clearance to the structure are coordinated for the sideswing angle of the
suspension insulator strings caused by a 0.19-kPa wind pressure on the conductors at 15.5 C or for
a sideswing of 3 0 , w h i c h e v e r is greater. For c o m p l e t e c o o r d i n a t i o n , the clearance at midspan
between the overhead ground wires and the conductors must be made great enough so that flashover
between the ground wires and the conductors will not occur before flashover occurs at the structure.

110

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

ou
CO

20
I

o
<
10
Q

CO

n
(50)
15.2

(70)
21.3

(90)
27.4

(110)
33.5

(130)
39.6

(150)
45.7

(170)
51.8

(190) (feet)

579 (meters)

TOWER HEIGHT, meters (feet)

Figure 43.-Reduction of angle of protection against lightning according to structure height. 104-D-I071.

Because of the impedance of the overhead ground wires, the separation at midspan must be greater
than at the structure. The amount of separation required depends on the desired protection level,
length of span, and the structure footing resistance. Assuming a 15-ohm structure footing resistance
and an outage probability of 1 or less per 161 km (100 mi) of line per year, the following tabulation
shows the minimum midspan clearances between overhead ground wires and conductors for various
span lengths.

Span length,
m
(ft)
183
213
244
305
350
366
427
488
549

Line voltages have very

tabulation is satisfactory
tabulation, the sag in the
80 percent of the sag of

(600)
(700)
(800)
(1000)
(1150)
(1200)
(1400)
(1600)
(1800)

Midspan spacing,
m
(ft)
4.6
6.1
7.3
9.7
11.3
11.9
13.7
15.5
17.4

(15)
(20)
(24)
(32)
(37)
(39)
(45)
(51)
(57)

little relationship to the required midspan clearances, so the preceding

for voltages from 115 to 500 kV. For spans longer than those shown in the
overhead ground wire at 15.5 C (60 F) no load, should be equal to about
the conductor at this temperature.

CHAPTER MI-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS

111

Lightning performance is dependent on the surge resistance of the tower footing, rather than the
60-Hz value usually measured. For footing resistances up to about 15 ohms, the surge resistance is
slightly less than the 60-Hz value, but for higher values of resistance, the surge resistance measures
considerably less. For footing resistances above 15 ohms, the surge resistance should be estimated,
based on the best available data.
All structures in transmission lines having overhead ground wires should be adequately grounded
because the effectiveness of these ground wires for lightning protection depends on a low impedance
path to ground. Where there are two overhead ground wires, they should be tied together at the top
of each structure to reduce the impedance to ground. On wood-pole structures, a ground wire of No. 2
AWG Copperweld wire is connected to the overhead ground wires, carried down the face of the pole,
passed under the butt of the pole, and wrapped five complete spiral turns around the butt of the
pole. The ground wire is fastened to the pole by means of Copperweld staples. At all 2- and 3-pole
structures, an underground connection placed 457 to 610 mm (18 to 24 in) below the ground surface
is made between the ground wires on each pole. On steel structures, grounding is usually accomplished
through the concrete footings by welding stub angles to reinforcing bars and welding the reinforcing
bars to each other. In areas of high resistivity (such as in rocky, mountainous terrain or in sandy,
desert areas) a radial counterpoise or a double continuous counterpoise is used when a high level of
lightning protection is desired. The two counterpoise wires are placed at least 7.6 m (25 ft) from the
centerline of the transmission line, one on each side, and brought into each structure and attached.
The counterpoise wires are buried 305 to 457 mm (12 to 18 in) below the earth surface. Figure B-5
in appendix B shows ground resistivity values in ohm-meters for the United States.
An AIEE Committee Report published in 1950 [13] 1 was updated and expanded by Clayton and
Young in 1964 [14]. The method presented in these reports consists of groups of curves that are based
on typical horizontal and vertical conductor and overhead ground wire configurations, a range of
span lengths, insulator quantities, and footing resistances. The curves cover a voltage range from 115
to 700 kV. Combinations of insulator quantities and footing resistances for a desired performance
can be determined from the curves. When using these curves, use surge resistance values as previously
discussed.
For studying the anticipated lightning outages on transmission lines of 345 kV and above, it is
suggested that reference [15] be used.
2 1 . Conductor Clearance Patterns .-Before a designer can design steel towers for a transmission
line, the following data must be known:
Type of towers required (single or double circuit)
Loading area where the line is to be constructed
Minimum conductor spacing
Angle of protection (against lightning) that the ground wires must afford the conductors
Longitudinal, vertical, and transverse loading under full-load conditions for conductors and
ground wires at each attachment point
Maximum line deflection angle
Ruling span length
Maximum sum of adjacent spans, and the maximum distance between low points of the
adjacent spans
Insulation coordination
1

Numbers in brackets refer to items in the Bibliography.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

112

It is the responsibility of the transmission line designer to provide all of the above data. Most of
the required data can be calculated or approximated. The angle of protection is discussed in section
20; and insulation coordination, the basis for the construction of conductor clearance patterns, is
discussed in section 19.
To maintain adequate clearance between the structure and conductors, the air-gap distance
between any conductor and the structure should be sufficient to coordinate the air gap and the
structure insulation considering each of the three types of voltage stress (lightning impulse, switching
surge, and power frequency) under the condition at which each is likely to govern. The clearances
required for the three voltage stresses are, in general, described by the three superimposed patterns
indicted on figure 44.

Figure 44.-Superimposed clearance patterns for the three types of

voltage stresses. 104-D-1072.

Bureau designs for wood-pole structures are based on coordination of the impulse insulation value
of the insulators with the minimum air gap between the conductor and structure, and a wind pressure
of 0.19 kPa (4 lb/ft 2 ) at 15.5 C (60 F ) . On steel structures, the impulse insulation of the insulator
string and the air-gap clearance to the structure are coordinated for the sideswing angle of the
suspension insulator strings caused by a 0.19-kPa wind pressure at 15.5 C on the conductors or
for a sideswing angle of 30 , whichever is greater. In the normal or vertical position of the insulator
string, 10 percent is added to the impulse value of the insulator string and an equivalent air gap is
used for clearance to the structure. For the power frequency clearance, the maximum wind, usually
0.43 to 0.48 kPa (9 to 10 lb/ft 2 ), in the area where the line is to be located, is used to define the
swing of the insulator string. An air gap equivalent to the wet 60-Hz flashover value of the insulator
string is used for the clearance envelope.
An example problem on constructing the clearance patterns follows.
Example

Problem

Assume a 345-kV transmission line with:

644 mm 2 (1272 kcmil), ACSR, 45/7 duplex conductor. The following data is also assumed:

CHAPTER HI-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS

M a x i m u m initial tension p e r c o n d u c t o r
Ruling span
18 i n s u l a t o r units p e r string
146 b y 267 m m ( 5 - 3 / 4 b y 1 0 - 1 / 2 in)
L e n g t h p e r string
(single c o n d u c t o r )
(duplex c o n d u c t o r )
Vertical force (weight) p e r string
Wind
Everyday maximum
M a x i m u m design
Design for a m i n i m u m low-point d i s t a n c e equal t o
C a l c u l a t i o n s t o b e m a d e a t 15.5 C (60 F ) .
Sag a n d tension calculations a r e shown o n figures 4 5

113

53 3 7 8 N (12 0 0 0 lb)
350.5 m (1150 ft)

= 3 0 9 9 m m (122 in)
= 3 2 7 7 m m (129 in)
= 1500.8 N (337.4 lb)
- 0.19 k P a (4 l b / f t 2 )
= 0.43 k P a (9 l b / f t 2 )
o n e - t h i r d t h e sum of a d j a c e n t spans.
and 46.

DCm-576 (3-78)

A/a ice.

, .

No '-

INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR ^ W mm* AP.SR

^/7

SLO.128

LOADING

Code Name

Linear Force Factor:

Rated Breaking Strength

Dead Load Force m'\ <ZO.

Diameter

/3

mm

0./<?/fZ

Tension Limitations:
InitiairJ^L^,

3 3

Final.-Vz?C

25

Loaded . - 7 ^ .

50

Final. 1 5 . 5 ^ ,

1$

Q2ti

N/m

3 7. L 7^>

N/m

Creep 0.00 O

^5J5~Y

KPa Wind

/ / , j Of

N/m

Total o onn

937

j3.

*31t t>7Q N
^77 3j/ N

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

^ 7 ^y^N

0.000 a2-<0 7

7^^

N/m
Modulus. (E) Final /^j/ . *JLL

Area (A) 4>#% &3 m2

Final AE

pprr.

SW
AE

SW

SAG FACTOR I

SPAN LENGTH(S)

^2_
0, / f 15 kPa Wind (W") - /$ '/, QQ/
Permanent Set & Creep
Q-naG
No Ice, No Wind (W)

fi./PZl, 3S,

SPAN LENGTH(S) 3 SO, 5

No l c e t / ^ W i n d (W)

15.5

/In0

003

SAG, mm

SW. N

TENSION, N

/Z 731 15 33/. ? | S3 37? J

931

_Q_
Permanent Set & Creep

^lj

3Vt

Afll V.036a\
- /- QQA 793 \0. coo j&s I n.
7. A*>3
/32 p.nao
J/~5 I Q. ZWI f'QTil &J\
15.5 ! / , , ) 3 493p./)AO
MS J 0> 3QU7 \o nzz n ,
t
W njo Mil
\/0n3
$2$ \Q,M0 1&5 J ti.JltiS
iOQJ
/73 VlQOQ IhS / n .33DO to.g*/ <?3 i

kPa Wind W")\/jr.s\ I

V^

Initial A F .?^2 f)#3. 4>/S

TEMP *
o c "UNSTRESSED L E N G T H I

GPa

Initial fa SL2. GPa

Date

LOADING

Permanent Set 0.00 i

mm Ice M")

Resultant (W-)

Computed by

Qi WISH

JO.123

Wf.

V*3 \/).*a/> na o

y. ns?a ys3

0,OOOn2C?/

P.3Q7&

o.fitfoa\

1 A< 3//3S- \0>03?J7

/2 jW
/3 Qt8

7 3nS-3\*&
o38 F
7J1S.i\j.S
<f//
/3 <><za7 33f, 3 A3 ?/
/</ Itf 7 33 f. a 13 QZ7
/V
m 7335x3
*A 23
/3

LL*\?L15.)

13 79?

j-2V <]8 F

\9fit.& Jti ti%3 F

49

Figure 45.-Sag and tension calculation form for clearance pattern problem (metric)*

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

114

/)/o ice.
DC-576 (3-78)

CONDUCTOR A 2 / . 2
Code Name

M^mtl

ACSR

INITIAL SAG CALCULATIONS

FINAL
LOADING
Haxv^

*%

sQ/ZULrtf

Rated Breaking Load

Diameter

/DO

Deadweight

33T

% //

&LL
S2S

25

% 2

O F
60

$0

%/7 ^ < ?

^ A?/

Computed by -

TEMP.

I F

Inch Ice.

lb/ft2wind(W-)i

30

\/,aaj

^7> 72/7

.lb/ft

Total O.OQl f J 7

?* ^ f 7 - ^

.lb/ft

Area (A)

TemD. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

0.000 n / / sf"

j?Si>\0./)00

SW

Modulus. (E) Final Q> 35

/ I4TQ

Q,J2?Z

MS / Q,J2

7/

Final AE
Initial AE
j

SAG, ft

Jl

) <JQ

/. oo3

^23 o.ooo

/.no3

V23

lb
lb

TENSION, Ib

SW, ib

0tQ&L
Vj.fiZS

3S\
43\

AL&L
40,42

MM-IO] IA OOP J

JtnM,'Q\
j/&t8 /M?,/G\
M>7i >Uj%iQ\
4i</<? /H9>fo
//3 Qx a an usr '\ o< 33 oa la HI ft? JLLZL >W%tn\
'/f<?

1Q6 lb/in2

,f f / ^
Ift?
/ o?/~2 ^ V

FEET

L/)n3
'38 o.noa us / a.JZ<Mfw*rt37 Aj\
\/.Qo3 4 23 #, OOP US / 0.3QL7 W.A3* 22
9Q V,ao3
222 \n. o/in /<r / Or 3' 26 W.H* 43
SPAN LENGTH(S)

x 106 Ib/in2

Initial ^ . 753x

SAG FACTOR

T
4714

79J \/7. nga

in2

per F

I?

J<F3

Creep 0 . 0 0 _ ^ ^ _

lb

\0<QQQ ?37\

\/<oH

?-'6/#*

^ ^ 2

Permanent Set 0 nfk?

. lb/ft

lb
lb

UNSTRESSED LENGTH)

\t.OQj

Permanent Set & Creep

No Ice, -Ne Wind (W)

. lb/ft

^J3^Q

$2it?

g?>

Resultant: ( W " )

SPAN LENGTH(S)

'3L

Inch Ice.
_lb/ft 2 Wind(W"
Permanent Set & Creep

lb

. Date .

LOADING

No Ice, No Wind (W)

/,

4L\b wind

Tension Limitations:

Final. ->/D

(W)

+ ; 4 , n . Ice (W)

inch

Loaded.
Final.

/0*'

Weight Factors:
J?*/

I n i t i a l , - ^27 F

/.yjv

1.431

f tift F
S /eO
3 .177

J '77
if 717

FEET

J73 A o.doif*

U./ffi 00

H'&X '7a7*7b\ J*6>7

raoz

-4&JZ o'J>t3n b y?y

30

\O.QQQ Jo!

jfUU/LSL

Figure 46.-Sag and tension calculation form for clearance pattern problem (U.S. customary).

Metric
A 0.191 52-kPa wind per meter of conductor

= i3-^) (o.191 52) (1000) = 6.542 N/m

\1000 /

A 0.430 92-kPa wind per meter of conductor = ( ,nnn ) (0.430 92) (1000) = 14.722 N/m
1000
U.S. Customary

A 4-lb/ft2 wind per foot of conductor = ( ^ ~ - ] (4) = 0.4483 lb/ft

A 9-lb/ft2 wind per foot of conductor =

1.345
12

(9)= 1.0088 lb/ft

The vertical load due to conductor low-point distance equal to one-third the sum of adjacent spans
plus one-half the insulator weight per conductor:
Metric

For duplex conductor line: ( 3 5 0 p ^

(20.928) + 1 5 0 0 - 8 = 4890.2 + 375.2 = 5265.4 N

CHAPTER lll-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS

For single conductor line: ( 3 5 ^ )

(2)

(20.928) + 1 5 Q 0 - 8 = 4890.2 + 750.4 = 5640.6 N

U.S. Customary

(1150)(2)
337 4

For duplex conductor line: v

(1.434)
+
^ 2 = 1099.4 + 84.3 = 1183.7 lb
3
(1150) (2)
337 4
For single conductor line:-j - 1 - 1 (1.434) + - ^ = 1099.4+ 168.7= 1268.1 lb
Compute 6 (angle of insulator swing) for the following conditions:
Metric (0.191 52-kPa wind, 0 line angle)

Wind = 350.5 (6.542) = 2293 N

2293
~ ' 7^77~7 =

0 = tan

tan

jzoj.4

6 - tan" *

2293

-435

48 =

2332', for one conductor of duplex

= tan" * 0.406 52 = 2207', for single conductor

JO4U.O

U.S. Customary (4-lb/ft 2 wind, 0 line angle)

Wind = 1150(0.4483) = 515.55 lb

= tan

= tan

"

1 ioo n =

TTT^T =
1 zoo.I

tan

tan

0-435 54 = 23 32', for one conductor of duplex

~ * -406 55 = 2207', for single conductor

Metric (0.430 92-kPa wind, 0 line angle)

Wind = 350.5 (14.722) = 5160.06 N
0 = tan

0 = tan

" ' T^TTT = tan" ! 0.979 99 = 4425', for one conductor of duplex
F
5265.4

cuA^r

= tan

" * 0.914 81 = 4227', for single conductor

115

116

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

2

U.S. Customary (9-lb/ft wind, 0 line angle)

Wind= 1150(1.0088)= 1160.121b

6 = tan

"1

i i o o -7 =
1183.7

tan

"' -980

08

= 4425', for one conductor of duplex

t a n ' 1 0.914 85 = 4227', for single conductor

= tan" * ^77rr=
Izoo.l

Metric (No wind, 5 line angle)

2 7 sin 2.5 = 2 (23 916) (0.043 62) = 2086.43

0 = tan * *7T77~7 =
5265.4

tan

* 0.396 25 = 2137', for one conductor of duplex

8 = tan" 2 r 8 , 6 " 4 3 = tan" J 0.369 90 = 20 18', for single conductor

5640.6

U.S. Customary (No wind, 5 line angle)

IT sin 2.5 = 2 (5377) (0.043 62) = 469.09

0 = tan - 1

469 09
, = tan" 0.396 29 = 2137', for one conductor of duplex

469 09
6 = tan" Tl'o.
= tan" 0.369 91 = 20 18', for single conductor
126o. 1

Metric (0.191 52-kPa wind, 5 line angle)

2 7 sin 2.5 = 2 (24 985) (0.043 62) = 2179.69

0 = tan" *

e = tan

~'

2179 69 + 2293
'
= tan" * 0.849 45 = 40 20', for one conductor of duplex
2179 69 + 2293
JT7rT7
= tan" l 0.792 95 = 3824\ for single conductor
5640.6

CHAPTER MI-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS

U.S. Customary (4-lb/ft 2 wind, 5 line angle)

2T sin 2.5 = 2 (5617) (0.043 62) = 490.03

6 = tan" l

49a

6 = tan"

49

^ 0 t , 5 - 1 5 5 5 = tan"' 0.849 52 = 4020', for one conductor of duplex

1 183.7

'?L + o 5 , 1 5 ' 5 5 = tan" * 0.792 98 = 3824', for single conductor

1268.1

Metric (0.430 92-kPa wind, 5 line angle)

IT sin 2.5 = 2 (28 883) (0.043 62) = 2519.75

, 2519.75 + 5160.06
0 = tan *
7^7T~A
n

= tan

,
A + *A *
1.4585 = 5534 , for one conductor of duplex

t ACOC

rrQ^A,

5265.4

, _x 2519.75 + 5160.06 , _ l 1 0 , K
0>n, f
. t
. .
A
(9 =tan *
^
=
tan
*
1.3615
=
5342\
for
single
conductor
g/:>tn
5640.6
U.S. Customary (9-lb/ft2

wind, 5 line angle)

2 7 sin 2.5 = 2 (6494) (0.043 62) = 566.54

0 = tan" *

. : = tan"" * 1.4587 = 5534'3 for one conductor of duplex

'

1 183.7

6 = tan"

566 5 4
' 1 ^01!60'12

126o.l

= tan" 1.3616 = 5342', for single

conductor
x

Metric (No wind, 15 line angle)

27 sin 7.5 = 2 (23 916) (0.130 53) = 6243.51

0=tan

" 1 c ^ c A = tan"* 1.1858 = 49 0 51', for one conductor of duplex

JZOJ.4

=tan~ * ^ y j
JO4U.O

= tan"* 1.1069 =47 54', for single conductor

117

118

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

U.S. Customary (No wind, 15 line angle)

IT sin 7.5 = 2 (5377) (0.130 53) = 1403.72

6 = tan

1403 72
~* n o o ' i =

tan

1 lo3.7

6 = tan

~' 1 1858 = 49 51', for one conductor of duplex

1403 72
" 1 T ^ T " = tan"* 1.1069 = 47 54', for single conductor
lZOo.l

Metric (0.191 52-kPa wind, 15 line angle)

IT sin 7.5 = 2 (24 985) (0.130 53) = 6522.58

6 = tan" * 6 5 2 2 ^ 8 + 2293 = ^^

t l g ? 4 2 = 59o09^ for one conductor of duplex

5265.4
e=tm-i

6522.58+2293
5640.6

= t a n _, 1 > 5 6 2 9

= 5723', for single conductor

/.S. Customary (4-lb/ft 2 wind, 15 line angle)

27/sin 7.5 = 2 (5617) (0.130 53) = 1466.37

6 = tan"

1466 3 7
' 1 1 g 3 5 ^ 5 ' 5 5 = tan"

6 = tan"

1466,3 7
5 555
1 268 j

1.6743 = 59 09", for one conductor of duplex

= tan" 1.5629 = 5723', for single conductor

Metric (0.430 92-kPa wind, 15 line angle)

IT sin 7.5 = 2 (28 883) (0.130 53) = 7540.20

, 7540.20 + 5160.06
? = tan g 2 6 5 4
= tan" * 2.4119 = 6729', for one conductor of duplex
_, 7540.20 + 5160.06 =
6 = tan '
56406

tan

2 2516 = 6 6

'

0 3 'for

single conducto

CHAPTER lll-INSULATION. LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS

U.S. Customary (9-lb/ft 2 wind, 15 line angle)

2 7 sin 7.5 = 2 (6494) (0.130 53) = 1695.32

6 = tan"J

1695 3 2
16
'12
1 1 0t!

= tan"1 2.4123 = 6 7 2 9 \ for one conductor of duplex

6 = tan"

1695

= t^_,

1 lo3.7

- 3 2 + 1160.12
lzoo.l

2251

? = 66

o 0 3 ^for

single c o n d u c t o r

Metric (-0.191 52-kPa wind, 5 line angle)

2179 6 9 - 2293
6 = tan"1 -'_
= tan"1 -0.021 52 = -114', for one conductor of duplex
2179 69 - 2293
0

= tan~ '

c^n/

= tan

~* -0.020 09 = -109', for single conductor

J04U.O

U.S. Customary (-4-lb/ft 2 wind, 5 line angle)

6 = tan

" * 4 9 ' 0 1 3 1 3 3 5 7 5 ' 5 5 = tan" * "0.021 56 = -1 14', for one conductor of duplex

0 = tan"

49

'?~e5}5'55

= tan" -0.020 12 = -109', for single conductor

Metric (-0.430 92-kPa wind, 5 line angle)

6 = tan"1

2519

' ? * ~ * 1 6 0 0 6 = tan" x -0.501 44 = -2638', for one conductor of duplex

5265.4

. 2519.75- 5160.06
6 = tan"x
ct.nJ
= tan"l -0.468 09 = -2505 , for single conductor
564U.O

U. S. Customary (-9-lb/ft 2 wind, 5 line angle)

6 = tan"1

566 5

4
ll60A2
= tan"1 -0.501 46 = -2638', for one conductor of duplex
1 "0
1183.7

6 = tan"l

5665

4
" 1 ! 6 0 1 2 = tan"J - 0.468 09 = -2505', for single conductor
1268.1

'

119

120

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Metric (-0.191 52-kPa wind, 15 line angle)

e = tan

"*

e = tan_,

= tan"1 0.803 28 = 3846', for one conductor of duplex

7^771,
6522.58-2293

= tm_,

QJ4g

g4 = 36o5

for single c o n d u c t o r

5o4U.O
U.S. Customary (-4-lb/ft 2 wind, 15 line angle)

0 = tan"

1466 3 7
' 1 1 83 5 7 S ' 5 5 = t a n ~

6 = tan"

1466 3 7
' 1 " 5!5'55

* -803

2 6 = 38 4

6' for one conductor of duplex

= tan"1 0.749 80 = 3 6 5 1 \ for single conductor

IZOO.I

Metric (-0.430 92-kPa wind, 15 line angle)

0 = tan"*
0 = tan"J

754a2 0
5 60>06
c "r !

5265.4

564Q

= tan"' 0.452 03 = 24 19', for one conductor of duplex

: = tan"' 0.421 97 = 2252', for single conductor

U.S. Customary (-9-lb/ft2 wind, 15 line angle)

e = tan"

' H83 7 1 _

0 = tan" > 1 6 9 5 - 3 1 2 "

1160 12

126o.l

= tan

~ * -452

14 = 24

19''

for one conductor of

duplex

= tan" 0.422 05 = 2 2 5 2 \ for single conductor

Determine the critical positive impulse flashover value and the 60-Hz wet flashover value of the
insulator string to be used. Determine the lengths of air gaps that are electrically equivalent to the
critical positive impulse flashover, equivalent to the impulse flashover plus 10 percent, and equivalent
to the 60-Hz wet flashover. These values may be obtained from catalog data or from the tables in
appendix B.
For example:
1. For 18 insulator units, the critical positive impulse flashover is 1585 kV (table B-7,
app. B).
2. 1585 kV plus 10 percent equals 1744 kV.
3. The 60-Hz wet flashover for 18 units is 690 kV (table B-7, app. B).
4. The equivalent air gaps for 1., 2., and 3. are 2642, 2921, and 2083 mm (104, 115, and
82 in), respectively (table B-8, app. B).

CHAPTER MI-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS

121

1524 mm (5-0')
-Bottom of crossarm
Tower hanger

Insulator string

Conductor elevation at /
edge of tower, high /
side of h5 ground
,

^_____I1^^^7
"

I
I
.

I /-Conductor elevation at
1 /
center of tower
*,
. . ,
,
,.
,
^/-Conductor elevation at
'^
edge of tower, level span
Conductor elevation at edge
of towen low side of
M5 ground slope

NOTES:
Conductor = 644 mm2 (1272 kcmil), ACSR, 4 5 / 7 .
Sag at 15.5 C(60 F)=I3 628 mm (44.71ft) for a 350.5-m (M50-ft) span.
Conductor elevation at edge of cage:
Metric: 1.219/350.5 = 0.35% of span* 1.5% of sag =204 mm.
U.S. Customary: 4/^50 = 0.35% of span 1.5% of sag = 0.67 f t = 8.1 in.
Assume ground slope of I in 5 equivalent to 244 mm (0.8 f t = 9.6 in) additional
sag at edge of tower.
On low side of tower, total drop of conductor at edge of tower = 448 mm (17.7 in).
On high side of tower, assume conductor sag cancels effect of ground slope.
Figure 47.-Assumed dimensions for side view of structure at conductor elevation. 104-D-1073.

Figure 47 shows the assumed dimensions of the side view of the tower at the conductor elevation.
Clearance patterns for two structure types, a tangent structure and an angle structure capable of
taking line angles between 5 and 15 , have been constructed for two cases: (1) for duplex conductor,
and (2) a single conductor. These clearance patterns are shown on figures 48, 49, 50, and 51.
The clearance pattern shown on figure 48 has been noted to illustrate the following discussion on
construction of the clearance pattern. After selecting a scale, begin constructing the pattern by
striking a 180 arc with a radius equal to the length of the insulator string as it hangs normally;
the center of the arc represents the attachment point of the insulator string at the tower. By looking
at a side view of the tower (fig. 47), it can be seen that the electrical clearance between the conductor
and steel will be most critical at the edge of the tower because of the sag in the conductor. To account
for this, draw a second arc parallel to the first, but with the radius increased by the amount of the
conductor sag at the edge of the tower. These arcs represent the possible locations of the conductor
(short radius at the centerline of the tower, and long radius at the edge of the tower) at the end of
the insulator string, or the centerline between conductors if duplex conductors are used. Draw radii
representing the insulator string as it hangs normally and at its positions with the different wind

122

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

pressures and line angles, as applicable. Locate the points showing the conductor locations at the
edge of the tower (fig. 47) for the applicable conditions. From these adjusted conductor locations,
strike arcs t o form an envelope around the conductor points. T h e radii for these arcs are the equivalent
air gaps previously determined. From the "no-wind" position of the conductor, the arc has a radius
equal t o the air gap equivalent of the insulator impulse value plus 10 percent. T h e radius of the arc
drawn from the 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) "wind" position is the air gap equivalent of the insulator impulse

8662 mm (28-5")
4331 mm (14-2* )

4331 mm (14-2?)
-Clearance for upslope

/~

Sag at edge of
tower=204 mm (8.1 in
a = 0
b = 2207', 0.19152-kPa
c = 4227\ 0.43092-kPa
b1 =-2207',-0.19152-kPa
cl=-4227', -0.43092-kPa

nsulator string

Additional clearance for

sloping span due to sloping
ground =244 mm (9.6 in)

no
(4-lb / f t 2 )
(9-lb / f t 2 )
(-4-lb/ft 2 )
(-9-lb/ft 2 )

wind,
wind,
wind,
wind,
wind,

0 line
o line
0 line
0 line
0 line

angle
angle
angle
angle
angle

Figure 48.-Clearance pattern for a 30S tangent structure with single conductor. 104-D-1074.

CHAPTER MI-INSULATION, LIGHTNING PROTECTION, CLEARANCE PATTERNS

123

flashover value, and the arc radius from the 0.43-kPa (9-lb/ft 2 ) wind position is the air gap equivalent
of the 60-Hz wet flashover value of the insulator string. The angles of insulator swing, with their
corresponding wind and line angle values, are shown on figures 48, 49, 50, and 51 for ready reference.
No part of a steel structure is allowed to encroach upon a clearance pattern envelope.

9398 mm Qo'-io")
4699 mm (15- 5")
4699 mm (15-5")

a = 0
,
b = 2332\ 0.19152-kPa
c = 4425', 0.43092-kPa
b1 =-2332',-0.19152-kPa
c1 =-4425',-0.43092-kPa

no
(4-lb/ft )
(9-lb/ft2)
(-4-lb/ft 2 )
(-9-lb/ft 2 )
2

wind, 0 line angle

wind, 0 line angle
wind, 0 line angle
wind, 0 line angle
wind, 0 line angle

Figure 49.-Clearance pattern for a 30S tangent structure with duplex conductor. 104-D-1075.

124

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

8992 mm (29-6")
3505 mm (11-6 )

5487 mm (18-0 )

2
a -25 05', -0.43092-kPa ( - 9 - l b / f t ) wind, 5
2
b -01 09',- 0.19152-kPa (-4-lb/ft ) wind, 5
no wind, 5
c 20 18',
2
d 22 52', 0.43092-kPa (-9-lb/ft ) wind, 15
2
e 365I',- 0.19152-kPa (-4-lb/ft ) wind, 15
38 24', 0.19152-kPa ( 4 - l b / f t 2 ) wind, 5
f
no wind, 15
g 47 54',
2
53
42',
0.43092-kPa ( 9 - l b / f t ) wind, 5
h
57 23', 0.19152-kPa ( 4 - l b / f t 2 ) wind, 15
66 03', 0.43092-kPa ( 9 - l b / f t 2 ) wind, 15

ine
ine
ine
ine
ine
ine
ine
ine
ine
ine

angle
angle
angle
angle
angle
angle
angle
angle
angle
angle

Figure 50.-Clearance pattern for a 30A angle structure with single conductor. 104-D-1076.

CHAPTER lll-INSULATION. LIGHTNING PROTECTION. CLEARANCE PATTERNS

9652 mm (31-8 )
II

3874 mm ( l 2 - 8 i )

a = -26 38', -0.43092 -kPa

b =-01 14', -0.19152--kPa
c = 21 36',
d = 24 1 9',-0.43092 --kPa
e = 38 46', -0.19152--kPa
f = 40 20', 0.19152--kPa
g = 495I',
h = 55 34', 0.43092 --kPa
i = 59 09', 0.19152--kPa
j = 67 29', 0.43092--kPa

5778 mm (1811 i")

(-9-lb / f t 2 )
(-4-lb/ft 2 )
no
(-9-lb/ft 2 )
(-4-lb/ft 2 )
(4-lb/ft2)
nn

wind,
wind,
wind,
wind,
wind,
wind,
wi nH

5
5
5
15
15
5

ine
ine
ine
ine
ine
ine

15 ine
( 9 - l b / f t ) wind, 5 ine
( 4 - l b / f t 2 ) wind, 15 ine
( 9 - l b / f t 2 ) wind, 15 ine
11 U
2

YYI 1 I U ,

angle
angle
angle
angle
angle
angle
angle
angle
angle
angle

Figure 51.-Clearance pattern for a 30A angle structure with duplex conductor. 104-D-1077.

125

Chapter IV

STRUCTURE LIMITATION A N D GUYING CHARTS

2 2 . General.For each transmission line under consideration, a structure limitation chart is
constructed for the main loading conditions, specific size and type of conductor, and the type of
construction to be used. The chart is used to determine the type of structure for either steel or
wood-pole construction that is required at any given location in the transmission line. A guying chart
is also constructed to determine the nuniber of guys to be used with the wood-pole structures.
2 3 . Components of Charts.The structure limitation and guying chart consists of the following
items:
A suspension-type structure limitation chart that determines the type of suspension structure
required for a given location. The chart also determines the amount of mass (between low
points) which must be provided by the conductor to limit insulator sideswing. If the conditions
for a particular location are outside the limits of any suspension-type structure, it will be
necessary to use a dead-end-type structure. The type of structure required at any location
is dependent on the magnitude of the line angle, lengths of the adjacent actual spans, distance
between conductor low points in the adjacent spans, and the required conductor clearances
at the structure.
A guy chart t h a t determines the number of angle guys required (dependent upon the
m a g n i t u d e of t h e line angle a n d t h e l e n g t h s of t h e a d j a c e n t a c t u a l s p a n s ) . W h e n
self-supporting steel structures are to be used for a transmission line, the guy chart and all
references to guys are omitted.
A summary of guying data for tension structures.
A table summarizing the structure types, their span limits, and their allowable line angles.
Notes covering the construction materials, and the conditions on which the chart is based.
2 4 . P r e p a r a t i o n of Charts.A structure limitation chart for steel towers and a structure
limitation and guying chart for H-frame, wood-pole transmission lines are developed in this section.
The following numbered paragraphs (1 through 7) describe the procedures for preparing these charts.
Paragraph 1.
In order to establish a basis for preparing these c h a r t s , the following standards have been
established:
a. For steel structures, the permissible sideswing of each insulator string on a suspension-type
structure is determined from the clearance pattern established for the design of the towers. The
clearance pattern depends on the size and type of conductor and loading conditions for which the
127

128

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

transmission line is being designed. Calculations for determining the strength limits of insulator strings
shall be based on full-load conditions and the following minimum factors of safety:
Insulator strings (suspension)
Insulator strings (tension)

2.5
3.0

The maximum sum of adjacent spans, the maximum distance between low points of adjacent spans,
and the maximum line deflection angle are established as required for the transmission line and the
steel towers are designed to fit these structure requirements.
b. Except in California, the design of all wood-pole transmission lines for 69-kV and higher
voltages and for important lines of lower voltages shall be in accordance with grade B construction
as shown in the latest edition of NESC. Loading conditions and conductor and overhead ground wire
tensions shall also be in accordance with the latest edition of the code, except as modified by figure
1 or by specific heavier loading conditions than those prescribed for the general area for which a
line is being designed.
The recommended maximum design tensions (full-load tensions based on 33-1/3 percent of the
conductor ultimate strength at minus 18 C (0 F ) under initial conditions) for typical conductors
used on transmission lines with H-frame, wood-pole structures are shown in the following tabulation:

ACSR, 24/7 conductors

mm2
(kcmil)

242
282
306
322
403

(477)
(556.5)
(605)
(636)
(795)

Maximum allowable tensions

N
33 362
35 585
37 810
40 034
44 482

Gb)
(7
(8
(8
(9
(10

500)
000)
500)
000)
000)

Maximum full-load conductor tension on standard USBR H-frame, wood-pole structures should
not exceed 44 482 N (10 000 lb).
Strength calculations for determining permissible span lengths, distance between low points,
guying, and requirements for double insulator strings shall be based on the full-load conditions shown
in paragraph 2 and the minimum factors of safety shown in table 19.
Selection of the proper type of suspension structure for any location shall be based on a loading
condition of 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind pressure on the bare conductor at 15.5 C (60 F ) in all loading
zones. The three axes of the structure limitation chart shall be calibrated to correspond to the values
of this loading condition. Table 20 shows the minimum clearance from the conductor to the pole
ground wire or to the surface of the crossarm; these clearances shall be maintained under the loading
condition above.
If a pole ground wire is not used, the clearances specified to the pole ground wire in table 20 shall
be maintained to the centerline of the poles. The limits for permissible insulator swing on the different
types of structures are shown for the various voltage classes in table 2 1 . Drawings of some of the
different types of wood structures are shown later in this section.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Table 19.-Minimum factors of safety for wood-pole

construction1 (grade B)
At full load
Wood poles
Crossarms
Guys (line)
Guys (transverse)
Insulator strings (suspension)
Insulator strings (tension)
Insulator pins (bending)
Conductor

At 15.5 C (60 F), no wind

2.0
4.0
2
2.0
2.67
2
2.5
3.0
3.0
2.0

5.5
5.5

4.0

Factors of safety are based on ultimate strengths of the different materials to

which they are applicable.
2
USBR standard.
3
Based on 8.96-MPa (1300-lb/in2) fiber stress for fir, or 6.89-MPa (1000-lb/in2)
fiber stress for western red cedar.

Table 20.Conductor clearance to pole ground

wire or crossarm surfacewood-pole
construction
Conductor clearance

Type of construction,
kV

Pole ground wire1

mm
(in)
660
1092
1245
1524
1803

69
115
138
161
230

(26)
(43)
(49)
(60)
(71)

Crossarm surface
mm
(in)
508
889
991
1245
1473

(20)
(35)
(39)
(49)
(58)

USBR standard.

Table 21.-Angular limitations of suspension insulator

swing for standard USBR wood-pole structures
Structure
type
HS
HSB
3A
3AB
3AC1
3 AD1

69 kV
2

54 max.
54 max.
30min.
12min.
-30 to +70
-30 to +70

115 kV
36 max.
36 max.
36 min.
24 min.
-16 to +70
-16 to+70

Angular limitation, degrees

161 kV
138 kV
40 max.
40 max.
39 min.
27 min.
-28 to +70
-28 to +70

38 max.
38 max.
45 min.
35 min.
-16 to +63
-16 to +63

230 kV
42 max.
42 max.
47 min.
38 min.
-17 to +60
-17 to+60

Structure types 3AC and 3AD should not be used where either a type 3A or 3AB will satisfy the
requirements of the proposed structure;location.
Extreme care should be exercised in checking for uplift.

129

130

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

The following minimum clearance between c o n d u c t o r and guy wire shall be maintained at all
conductor positions on wood-pole construction:

Clearance1
mm
(in)

Type of construction
kV
69
115
138
161
230
1

965
1397
1524
1676
1956

(38)
(55)
(60)
(66)
(77)

USBR standard.

In areas where conductors and overhead

l e n g t h of a single span s h o u l d be limited
conductors and overhead ground wires due
( 6 0 0 ft), full-sag ellipses should be used t o
one-half-sag ellipses may be used.

ground wires are subject to ice loading, the maximum

t o p r e v e n t c o n t a c t b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r s or b e t w e e n
to galloping conductors. For span lengths up to 183 m
determine the required clearances. For longer spans,

c. In California, the design of wood-pole transmission lines shall be in accordance with grade B
construction as shown in General Order N o . 95 of the California Public Utilities Commission [ l ] , 1
except that grade A construction is required for crossings over railroads and major communication
lines.
Loading conditions and conductor and overhead ground wire tensions shall also be in accordance
with General Order N o . 9 5 , except as modified by figure 1.
The recommended maximum design tensions (full-load tensions based on 3 3 - 1 / 3 percent of the
conductor ultimate strength at minus 18 C (0 F ) under initial conditions) for typical conductors
used on transmission lines in California with H-frame, wood-pole structures are shown in the following
tabulation:

ACSR, 24/7 conductors

mm

(kcmil)

242
282
306
322
403

(477)
(556.5)
(605)
(636)
(795)

Maximum allowable tensions

N
33
35
37
40
44

362
585
810
034
482

Gb)
(7
(8
(8
(9
(10

500)
000)
500)
000)
000)

Maximum full-load conductor tension on standard U S B R H-frame-type structures in California

should not exceed 44 4 8 2 N (10 0 0 0 lb).
Strength calculations for determining permissible span l e n g t h s , distance b e t w e e n low p o i n t s ,
guying, and requirements for double insulator strings shall be based on the full-load conditions shown
in paragraph 2 and the minimum factors of safety shown in table 22.

Numbers in brackets refer to items in the Bibliography.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

131

Table 22.-Minimum factors of safety for

wood-pole construction in California1
Grade A
Wood poles
Crossarms
Guys, except in light loading
rural areas
Guys in light loading rural areas
Insulator strings (suspension)
Insulator strings (tension)
Insulator pins (bending)
Conductor

Grade B

4.0
4.0

2.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
2
3.0
2.0

3.0
4.0
2.0
1.5

25
I3.0
'
2
2

3.0
2.0

Factors of safety are based on ultimate strengths of the different materials

to which they are applicable.
2

USBR standard.

Selection of the proper type of suspension structure for any location shall be based on conditions
at 15.5 C (60 F ) with a 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind pressure in all loading areas. The three axes of
the structure limitation chart shall be calibrated to correspond to the values at the above conditions.
Table 23 shows the minimum clearance from the conductor to the pole ground wire or to the surface
of the crossarm; these clearances shall be maintained under the above loading condition.
Table 23.Conductor clearance to pole ground
wire or crossarm surfacewood-pole
construction in California
Conductor clearance
Pole ground wire1
Crossarm surface
mm
(in)
mm
(in)

Type of construction,
kV
69
115
138
161
230
1

660
1092
1245
1524
1803

(26)
(43)
(49)
(60)
(71)

508
889
991
1245
1473

(20)
(35)
(39)
(49)
(58)

USBR standard.

If a pole ground wire is not used, the clearances specified to the pole ground wire in table 23 shall
be maintained to the centerline of the poles.
The limits for permissible insulator swing in California are the same as shown in table 2 1 .
The following minimum clearance between conductor and guy wire shall be maintained at all
conductor positions:
Type of construction
kV
69
115
138
161
230
1

USBR standard.

Clearance l
mm
(in)
965
1397
1524
1676
1956

(38)
(55)
(60)
(66)
(77)

132

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

In areas of California where conductors and overhead ground wires are subject to ice loading, the
maximum length of a single span should be limited to prevent contact between conductors or between
conductors and overhead ground wires due to galloping conductors. For span lengths up to 183 m
(600 ft), full-sag ellipses should be used to determine the required clearance. For longer spans,
one-half-sag ellipses may be used.
Paragraph 2.
Full-load conditions are as follows:

National Electrical Safety

Code or California General
Order No. 95

Loading for calculations

of strength of structures
and their components

Light loading districts1 :

0.43-kPa(9-lb/ft 2 )wind
pressure, no ice, plus
constant, a t - 1 C (30 F)

0.57-kPa(12-lb/ft 2 )wind
pressure, no ice1

Medium loading districts 1 :

0.19-kPa(4-lb/ft 2 )wind
pressure, 6-mm (1/4-in)
ice, plus constant, at
-9.5C(15F)

0.38-kPa(8-lb/ft 2 )wind
pressure, 6-mm (1/4-in)

Heavy loading districts1 :

0.19-kPa(4-lb/ft 2 )wind
pressure, 13-mm (1/2-in)
ice, plus constant, at
-18C(0F)

0.38-kPa(8-lb/ft 2 )wind
pressure, 13-mm (1/2-in)
ice1

California light loading:

0.3 8-kPa(8-lb/ft 2 ) wind
pressure, no ice, at
-4C(25F)

0.38-kPa(8-lb/ft 2 )wind
pressure, no ice

California heavy loading:

0.29-kPa(6-lb/ft 2 )wind
pressure, 13-mm (1/2-in)
ice,at-18C(0F)

0.29-kPa(6-lb/ft 2 )wind
pressure, 13-mm (1/2-in)
ice

icex

Extreme wind loading as shown on NESC figure 250-2 in reference [3] should be used if resultant loading is greater.

Paragraph 3.
The data required for construction of a structure limitation chart for the design of a steel structure
transmission line are discussed at the beginning of section 2 1 , which covers conductor clearance
patterns. The clearance patterns themselves are important because they indicate the maximum design

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

133

swing of the suspension insulator strings on the various types of structures; these swing angles become
limitation lines on the low-point portion of the structure limitation chart. The balance of the data
previously discussed are basically tabled data, although the maximum low-point distance and the
maximum sum of adjacent spans limitations are drawn on the chart. An example problem follows
that shows the procedure for obtaining the data for the steel structure limitation chart.
Example Problem (steel construction)
Assume a 345-kV transmission line with a 6 4 4 - m m 2 (1272-kcmil), ACSR, 4 5 / 7 duplex
conductor. Assume the line location is in an area with a 0.77-kPa (16-lb/ft 2 ) extreme wind pressure.
This wind pressure will not be a factor because the resultant force per unit length for the conductor
would be 18.746 N / m (1.285 lb/ft), which is less than 27.5345 N / m (1.8867 lb/ft) for N E S C
full-load conditions. The extreme wind pressure was assumed here for example purposes. The
following data are also assumed:
Maximum initial full-load
(NESC heavy) tension
per conductor
Ruling span
20 insulator units per string
146 by 267 mm (5-3/4 by 10-1/2 in)
Length per string
Vertical force (weight) per string
Wind
Everyday maximum
Maximum design
Design for a minimum low-point distance
sum of adjacent spans.

= 63 165 N (14 200 lb)

= 350.5 m (1150 ft)

= 3556 mm (140 in)

= 1628 N (366 lb)
= 0.19 kPa (4 lb/ft 2 )
= 0.48 kPa (10 lb/ft 2 )
equal to one-third the

Drawings of the different types of steel structures are not shown in this manual because new designs
are usually made for each transmission line. Steel tower designations and types are:
30S
30X
30A
30T
30D

=
=
=
=
=

tangent, suspension, V-string on center phase

tangent to 5 line angle, suspension
angle, 5 to 15 line angle, suspension
tangent to 5 line angle, tension
tangent to 30 line angle, dead end

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Tabular steel tower data follows:
Metric
Tower type
Line angle capability
Ruling span (m)
Maximum single span (m)
Minimum line angle
Maximum line angle
Maximum sum of adjacent spans (m)
Minimum line angle
Maximum line angle
Maximum low point distance (m)
Conductor, minimum line angle
Conductor, maximum line angle
OGW, minimum line angle
OGW, maximum line angle
Maximum uplift (N)
Conductor, minimum line angle
Conductor, maximum line angle
OGW, minimum line angle
OGW, maximum line angle
Body heights (m)
Leg extension range (m), at 0.762-m
intervals

U.S.

30S

30X

30A

30T

30D

0
350.5

0-5
350.5

5-15
350.5

0-5
350.5

0-30
350.5

396
396

487.5
396

487.5
396

548.5
487.5

640

792.5
792.5

975.5
792.5

975.5
792.5

1097
975.5

1280

731.5
731.5
853.5
853.5

975.5
792.5
1036.5
853.5

975.5
792.5
1036.5
853.5

19.8
and
25.9
1.524
to
10.67

19.8
and
25.9
1.524
to
10.67

19.8
and
25.9
1.524
to
10.67

1280
1280
1524
1524
305
213.5
396
254
16.8
and
22.9
1.524
to
10.67

1371.5
1463
305
396
16.8
and
22.9
1.524
to
10.67

Customary

Tower type
Line angle capability
Ruling span (ft)
Maximum single span (ft)
Minimum line angle
Maximum line angle
Maximum sum of adjacent spans (ft)
Minimum line angle
Maximum line angle
Maximum low point distance (ft)
Conductor, minimum line angle
Conductor, maximum line angle
OGW, minimum line angle
OGW, maximum line angle
Maximum uplift (lb)
Conductor, minimum line angle
Conductor, maximum line angle
OGW, minimum line angle
OGW, maximum line angle
Body heights (ft)
Leg extension range (ft), at 2.5-ft
intervals

30T

30S

30X

0
1150

0-5
1150

5-15
1150

0-5
1150

0-30
1150

1300
1300

1600
1300

1600
1300

1800
1600

2100

2600
2600

3200
2600

3200
2600

3600
3200

4200

2400
2400
2800
2800

3200
2600
3400
2800

3200
2600
3400
2800

4200
4200
5000
5000

65
and
85
5
to

1000
700
1300
833
55
and
75
5
to

65
and
85
5
to

65
and
85
5
to

30A

30D

4500
4800
1000
1300
55
and
75
5
to

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

135

Calculations for the strength requirements of insulator strings for the various types of Steel towers
are as follows:
Type 3 OS, 0 line angle
Maximum low-point distance = 731.5 m (2400 ft)
Maximum sum of adjacent spans = 792.5 m (2600 ft)
Conductor force with 13 mm (1/2 in) of radial ice = 37.676 N/m (2.5816 lb/ft)
0.38-kPa (8-lb/ft2) wind on iced conductor = 22.816 N/m (1.5634 lb/ft)
The conductor force values are shown on figures 52 and 53. The force values shown above for
a 0.38-kPa wind are simply twice the values shown on these figures for a 0.19-kPa wind.

DCm-578 (3-78)
o./f-kPa

INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL
CONDUCTOR >*[4 m*f JCSR
Code Name

LOADM

\-iy

#4

mm Ice ( W )

ension Limitations:

QjJ$jl*Pa

Wind

Qtf?

, N/m

&?(?>

. N/m

//, y/i#

. N/m

Initial

r.

3 3 ^ H.

C,

25

Area (A)_

Loaded

C.

50

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

LOADING

Resultant: ( W " )

% _

0.000 0*JL

Date.

| T O C P M | UNSTRESSED LENGTH

A.no

32
49

. O .

Permanent Set 0.00<2.

Creep ono/7 S*/
Total n m/

0^0

Initial j//e< &/

Final AE 4/A/ 4J9

perC

sw
SAG
T
SPAN LENGTH(S) J5~Q f

J
&

N/m

Initial AE 3/

FACTOR

SAG, nun

GPa

/?/*"

f<//

SW, N

QPa

ffiT

TENSION, N

7<>\ /o 7^0 j53t3.Al

63

ILSI

fill

0, A3 21 O.nJl 2f\
n.A47f
n.oai / j
/ do ^4/ fi.nnn MS I n. 2lei2 QQ31 <)2\
\/s>n& /aQ(e \n,ono 16? I fl.Ajjb
\Q.034 7/
\hn02 f-f/b,4<?#
ft* i\
4'Af76>\o-Mb31\
/. on/ ^7/ \qt nnn I&5 I

\/.Q&J
15.5

Modulus. (E) Final t>*/.^{,i

12. \j,QDQ f3Q\<?./Ma 4*3 A C ^^3S\qtQ^C

-18

No Ice, No Wind (W)

t/3.f?f

.mm2

**/f77 WfSC Mz 4.37*4.

J-

.mm Ice
GJflSJL
kPaWind(W")
Permanent Set & Creep

S^-ll

^?'

Final

Computed by

*r728

7K f\ -l-

Dead Load Force (W)

mm

Final. 15.5<h

O.

*fr

Linear Force Factor:

Rated Breaking Strength J/T/

D iameter
T

</s/?

sfl/fcr/1

uf'tna

VCt \QtQOQ

l/o5 I

SPAN LENGTH(S)

mm Ice

la ?Vf 7 J35.2L 31 <P0

/Q 92Z 7335M\
0*3
// tt9 ^JJlU
/ ^ M* ZA35JZL *i> 7/3
12 7Sf 19VF.M dS s-os-

35a<f

kPaWind(W"

Permanent Set & Creep

-18
No Ice,-No-Wind ( W )

15.5

A OCX r W ftaan 2af 4? a, Ma 7&

0.033

So

II ay/

j3o%<l9 3Y

7?I^-

SPANLENGTH(S).

.mm Ice

OJ11S&
kPaWindCW")
Permanent Set & Creep
-18
No Ice, **W>nd ( W )

15.5
32

/.0Q* MI

0< a00 173 o 0,26Z4

qtfi33 /? // 61A

7Atf-W

A?

m^

Figure 52.-Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example problem on steel structure limitation chart
(metric).

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

136

Ho /ce.
</-/L/ftXu>i/>J

A/o ice.
DC-576 (3-78)

CONDUCTOR !?&

kcmil

INITIAL SAG CALCULATIONS

FINAL
LOADING

AC.5R </S/7

Code Name

TT57

Weight Factors:

Rated Breaking Load

Diameter

Dead Weight

.lb/ft

(W)

i.in. Ice (W")

inch

JL\*

Tension Limitations:

J.Sf/6>

wind

0.7817

Resultant: ( W " )

3.00*73

Initial

33Y

ib

Final.

25

lb

Area (A)

Loaded

?F

5Q

lb

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

Ib

Final,

O_F

Computed by

LOADING
l

/JL
/

Inr.h Ice.
lb/ft 2 WindtW"

Permanent Set & Creep

0.000 0//

. Date .
TE

oy-|

UNSTRESSED LENGTH!

06 X

A 00ft
0<QQ/

Creep 0.00 O

.lb/ft

Total n n n /

J/S'O

J30

No Ice. No Wind (W)

120

I n i t i a l ^ . *JoZx

^tSC

Final AE
Initial AE

f
/

SAG, ft

SW. lb

3 -.31

1jfg, V

10 tytf*
No Ice, MvWind (W)

\Q.fiAH Jtfl 33, 63 TAMZL

5?/ /). nan //~5 J Q*Al2l
0./73J / 35.* 3 lkn^L
9'b n,/ian jt>5 / Q,j47l
Y),Q31 19\
37-13
lkH>
41 1
i-nnX 4>! o,000 /js / CHU
Jl.qz
AA0A <k&L O.Ooa Jti5 / 0, J 77*6 \>.a*l 7/
5 I
/Mft
A A0J

/<0QZ fat

O.cjoa Ms iXfi.JSnL
\n.n3L
SPAN LENGTH(S) J t~Q
FEET

/S#

106

ib/in2

#00

3.J6

lb

TENSION, Ib

I-Q02

Q<0QQ ,&>? 6

tf\

41.25

I61f< I

/ V JLOO

1 J 05

L3t>
d oo5

/T 734

30
60

Ml

90
120
O

f t S

.FEET

n*/ttQ 1Q

*>*/>

.Inch Ice,
_ / J 2 _ l b / f t 2 Wind(W"
Permanent Set & Creep

J
fa

Modulus, (E) Final__i2L_x 106 Ib/in2

#/f77

/, 00/

30
60

ttj
d*/o

_lb/ft

in2

SAG FACTOR !

SPAN 1 PMRTWtt

io

Permanent Set 0.00.Q_

. lb/ft

perF

/. S3V\

AfJV\

0,21*7 <?

SPAN LENGTH'^

Inch Ire

J/SO

O. 031

JO

33,

?7

\J093. Q

7'**'^

FEET

_ _ ^ _ lb/ft 2 Wind(W")
Permanent Set & Creep

V /i/ft*
No Ice. Mo Wind (W)

0
30
60
90
120

1. O02

3LI

0. nnn

n3

o.ZLa^

a AAA J6

32. JO

1727.3

L5 93

Figure 53.-Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example problem on steel structure limitation chart (U.S.
customary).

Metric
Maximum vertical load = (731.52) (37.676) = 27 5 6 0 . 7 5 newtons per conductor
Maximum wind load = ( 7 9 2 . 4 8 / 2 ) (22.816) = 9 0 4 0 . 6 1 newtons per conductor
Resultant load = [(27 5 6 0 . 7 5 ) 2 + ( 9 0 4 0 . 6 1 ) 2 ] 1 / 2 = 29 0 0 5 . 6 5 newtons per conductor
= 58 0 1 1 . 3 0 newtons per phase
= 145 0 2 8 . 2 5 newtons per phase with a safety factor of 2.5
Use 177 9 2 8 - N insulator units for suspension strings.
A sketch of a center phase V-string attachment for the 30S tower is shown on figure 5 4 .

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

137

For center phase V-string,

a
sin A

b_
sin B

145 028
sin 80

b
sin 50

.8(0.766 04)=1128,0,85N

Use 133 446-N insulator units.

Figure 54.-Center phase V-string for type 30S steel
structure with no line angle.

U.S. Customary
Maximum vertical load = (2400) (2.5816) = 6195.84 pounds per conductor
Maximum wind load = (2600/2) (1.5634) = 2032.42 pounds per conductor
Resultant load = [(6195.84) 2 + (2032.42) 2 ] 1 / 2 = 6520.67 pounds per conductor
= 13 041.34 pounds per phase
= 32 603.34 pounds per phase with a safety factor of 2.5
Use 40 000-lb insulator units for suspension strings.

For center phase V-string (fig. 54),

a
sin A

b
sin B

32 603
b
sin 80 sin 50
b

__ 32 603 (0.766 04) _

098481
25 360.571b

Use 30 000-lb insulator units.

Type 30X, 0 line angle
Maximum low-point distance = 975.5 m (3200 ft)
Maximum sum of adjacent spans = 975.5 m (3200 ft)

138

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Metric
Maximum vertical load = (975.5) (37.676) = 36 752 newtons per conductor
Maximum wind load = (975.5/2) (22.816) = 1 1 128 newtons per conductor
Resultant load = [(36 752) 2 + (11 128) 2 ]V2 = 38 400 newtons per conductor
= 76 800 newtons per phase
= 192 000 newtons per phase with a safety factor of 2.5
Use 222 410-N insulator units.
U.S. Customary
Maximum vertical load = (3200) (2.5816) = 8261.12 pounds per conductor
Maximum wind load = (3200/2) (1.5634) = 2501.44 pounds per conductor
Resultant load = [(8261.12) 2 + (2501.44) 2 ] 1 / 2 = 8631.53 pounds per conductor
= 17 263.06 pounds per phase
= 43 157.65 pounds per phase with a safety factor of 2.5
Use 50 000-lb insulator units.
Type 3 OX, 5 line angle
Maximum low-point distance = 792.5 m (2600 ft)
Maximum sum of adjacent spans = 792.5 m (2600 ft)
Metric
Maximum vertical load = (792.5) (37.676) = 29 858 newtons per conductor
Maximum wind load = (792.5/2) (22.816) = 9040 newtons per conductor
Angle load = 2 r ( s i n a / 2 ) = 2(63 165) (0.043 62) = 5510 newtons per conductor
Resultant load = [(29 858) 2 + (9040 + 5510) 2 ]i/2 = 33 214 newtons per conductor
= 66 428 newtons per phase
= 166 070 newtons per phase with a safety factor of 2.5
Use 177 928-N insulator units.
U.S. Customary
Maximum vertical load = (2600) (2.5816) = 6712.16 pounds per conductor
Maximum wind load = (2600/2) (1.5634) = 2032.42 pounds per conductor
Angle load = 2 7T(sin a / 2 ) = 2(14 200) (0.043 62) = 1238.81 pounds per conductor
Resultant load = [(6712.16) 2 + (2032.42 + 1238.81) 2 ]i/2 = 7466.86 pounds per conductor
= 14 933.72 pounds per phase
= 37 334.3 pounds per phase with a safety factor of 2.5
Use 40 000-lb insulator units.
Type 30A, 5 line angle
Maximum low-point distance = 975.5 m (3200 ft)
Maximum sum of adjacent spans = 975.5 m (3200 ft)

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

139

Metric
Maximum vertical load = (975.5) (37.676) = 36 752 newtons per conductor
Maximum wind load = (975.5/2) (22.816) = 1 1 128 newtons per conductor
Angle load = 2:T(sin a / 2 ) = 2(63 165) (0.043 62) = 5510 newtons per conductor
Resultant load = [(36 752) 2 + (11 128 + 5510) 2 ] 1 /2 = 40 342 newtons per conductor
= 80 684 newtons per phase
= 201 710 newtons per phase with a safety factor of 2.5
Use 222 410-N insulator units.
U.S. Customary
Maximum vertical load = (3200) (2.5816) = 8261.12 pounds per conductor
Maximum wind load = (3200/2) (1.5634) = 2501.44 pounds per conductor
Angle load = 2 7 (sin a / 2 ) = 2(14 200) (0.043 62) = 1238.81 pounds per conductor
Resultant load = [(8261.12) 2 + (2501.44 + 1238.81) 2 ] 1 / 2 = 9068.38 pounds per conductor
= 18 136.76 pounds per phase
= 45 341.9 pounds per phase with a safety factor of 2.5
Use 50 000-lb insulator units.
Type 30A, 15 line angle
Maximum low-point distance = 792.5 m (2600 ft)
Maximum sum of adjacent spans = 792.5 m (2600 ft)
Metric
Maximum vertical load = (792.5) (37.676) = 29 858 newtons per conductor
Maximum wind load = (792.5/2) (22.816) = 9040 newtons per conductor
Angle load = 2 r ( s i n a/2) = 2(63 165) (0.130 53) = 16 489 newtons per conductor
Resultant load = [(29 858) 2 + (9040 + 16 4 8 9 ) 2 ] l / 2 = 39 284 newtons per conductor
= 78 568 newtons per phase
= 196 420 newtons per phase with a safety factor of 2.5
Use 222 410-N insulator units.
U.S. Customary
Maximum vertical load = (2600) (2.5816) = 6712.16 pounds per conductor
Maximum wind load = (2600/2) (1.5634) = 2032.42 pounds per conductor
Angle load = 2 71(sin a / 2 ) = 2(14 200) (0.130 53) = 3707.05 pounds per conductor
Resultant load = [(6712.16) 2 + (2032.42 + 3 7 0 7 . 0 5 ) 2 ] l / 2 = 8831.46 pounds per conductor
= 17 662.92 pounds per phase
= 44 157.3 pounds per phase with a safety factor of 2.5
Use 50 000-lb insulator units.

140

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Type SOT and SOD tension

structures

Metric
Maximum tension = 63 165 newtons per conductor
= 126 330 newtons per phase
378 990 newtons per phase with a safety factor of 3.0
Use double strings of 222 410-N insulator units.
U.S. Customary
Maximum tension = 14 200 pounds per conductor
= 28 400 pounds per phase
= 85 200 pounds per phase with a safety factor of 3.0
Use double strings of 50 000-lb insulator units.
Make the following calculations (paragraphs 3.a. through 3.g.) to obtain data for use in the
construction of the steel structure limitation chart:
a. Calculate the conductor tensions to be used for the loading conditions shown in the following
tabulation. The calculations are shown on figures 52 and 53. From these figures, the tensions are
as follows:

Loading condition

Tension

(lb)

13-mm (1/2-in) ice, 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind, - 1 8 C (0 F)

63 165

(14 200)

No ice, 0.19-kPa wind, 15.5 C (60 F)

29 289

(6 583)

No ice, 0.48-kPa (10-lb/ft 2 ) wind, 15.5 C

34 791

(7 821)

No ice, no wind, 15.5 C

28 083

(6 314)

b. Assume a scale to be used for the distance between conductor low points (vertical scale below
the point of origin), and compute the scale factor:

Metric
Let 1 mm = 7.2 m of bare conductor vertical force.
Vertical force of conductor = 20.928 N/m
Then, 1 mm = (7.2) (20.928) = 150.68 N, and
1 N = 1/150.68 = 0.006 636 58 mm (scale factor).

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

U.S.

141

Customary

Let 1 in = 600 ft of bare conductor weight.

Weight of conductor = 1.4340 lb/ft
Then, 1 in = (600) (1.434) = 860.4 lb, and
1 lb = 1/860.4 = 0.001 162 25 in (scale factor).
c. Compute the vertical force of the insulator string and convert one-half the insulator force per
phase or one-fourth the insulator force per conductor to millimeters (inches) using the low-point scale
factor:
Metric
Insulator string force = 1628 N
1 6 2 8 / 4 = 407 newtons per conductor
(407) (0.006 6 3 6 58) = 2.70 mm
U.S.

Customary

Insulator string weight = 3 6 6 lb

3 6 6 / 4 = 9 1 . 5 pounds per conductor
(91.5) (0.001 162 2 5 ) = 0.106 in
d. Compute line deflection angle scale (horizontal axis to the right of the origin) with the degree
calibration equal to the resultant tension at 15.5 C (60 F ) final with 0.48-kPa (10-lb/ft 2 ) wind
pressure in one conductor due to the line angle:
Fa = 2 T ( s i n a / 2 )
T = 34 791 N (7821 lb)
2T=
69 582 N (15 642 1b)
Assume line angles and compute resultant tensions and their scale values. The scale factor must
be the same as that computed in paragraph 3.b.
Line angle (a),
degrees

sin a/2

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60

0.043 62
.087 16
.130 53
.173 65
.216 44
.258 82
.300 71
.342 02
.422 62
.500 00

IT (sin a/2)
N
(lb)
3 035
6 065
9 083
12 083
15 060
18 009
20 924
23 798
29 407
34 791

(682)
(1363)
(2042)
(2716)
(3385)
(4048)
(4704)
(5350)
(6610)
(7821)

Scale
mm

(in)

20
40
60
80
100
120
139
158
195
231

(0.79)
(1.59)
(2.38)
(3.17)
(3.95)
(4.72)
(5.49)
(6.24)
(7.71)
(9.12)

e. Assume scale to be used for the sum of adjacent spans portion of the chart (vertical scale above
the point of origin):

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

142
Metric

Let
1 mm = 6 m of wind span = one-half the sum of adjacent spans.
Note: This scale will be doubled in marking the chart; that is, 1 mm will equal 12 m so that the
sum of adjacent spans may be read directly instead of reading one-half the sum of adjacent spans.

0.48-kPa wind on conductor = 16.357 N/m (from force triangle, fig. 52)
Then, 1 mm = (6) (16.357) = 98.142 N, and
1 N = 1/98.142 = 0.010 189 318 mm (scale factor).
U.S.

Customary

Let
1 in = 5 0 0 ft of wind span = one-half the sum of adjacent spans.
Note: This scale will be doubled in marking the chart; that is, 1 inch will equal 1000 feet so that
the sum of adjacent spans may be read directly instead of reading one-half the sum of adjacent
spans.

10-lb/ft2 wind on the conductor = 1.121 lb/ft (from force triangle, fig. 53)
Then, 1 in = (500) (1.121) = 560.5 lb, and
1 lb = 1/560.5 = 0.001 784 12 in (scale factor).
f. Calculate angle of bias lines to be drawn right and left of the deflection angle calibrations. These
bias lines are used to automatically add or subtract the wind pressure to or from the resultant tension
due to a line deflection angle. Because the scale factor used for the deflection angle scale must be
the same as that used for the low-point scale, the slope of the bias lines may be determined by

sum of adjacent spans scale factor

low-point scale factor
where
d is the angle formed by the bias lines with the horizontal axis. The slope of the bias lines will
vary depending upon the choice of scale factors previously determined in paragraphs 3.b. and 3.e.
n
d=tm

. _, 0.010 189 318

0.006 636 58

e = tan

^ - ! Lj 53 53

=tan

c*occ/
*^
5 5 <metnc)

= 56

~ l !U.UUl
' ! ! ! Ifo
!c = t a n " l 1-5351 = 5655' (U.S. customary)
l o z ZJ

g. Calculate the maximum insulator swing angles in each direction by using maximum positive
wind with maximum permitted line angle, and maximum negative wind with minimum permitted line
angle for each type of suspension tower:

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

143

Vertical load due to conductor low-point distance equal to one-third the sum of adjacent spans
plus one-fourth the insulator force per conductor:
(35

For one conductor,

3 5 ) ( 2 - > (20.928) + ^ p = 5297.2 N, or

iU|)O)(1.434)

M6=, 1 90.91b

Calculate swing angles for suspension insulator strings:

Metric
For 0.48-kPa wind, 0 line angle (30S tower with positive wind)
Wind = 350.5 (16.357) = 5733.13 N

0 = tan" * 5Hlfl

= tan" * 1.0823 = 4715#

For 0.48-kPa wind, 0 line angle (30S and 30X towers with negative wind)

fl^tan-1

- 5 7 3 3 13

J ^ f y = tan- 1 -1.0823 =-47*15'

For 0.48-kPa wind, 5 line angle (30X tower with positive wind)

27Xsin a/2) = 2 (34 791) (0.043 62) = 3035.17 N

* -i 3035.17 + 5733.13 x _. , ^ c tffl o f .r
5 = tan l
=tan x 1.6553 = 5851'
5 2 " 1.2,
For 0.48-kPa wind, 5 line angle (30A tower with negative wind)
0 = t a n

_ 1 3 0 3 5 . 1 7 - 5733.13

= t a r l

- 0 . 5 0 9 32 = - 2 6 * 5 9 '

For 0.48-kPa wind, 15 line angle (30A tower with positive wind)

2r(sin a/2) = 2 (34 791) (0.130 53) = 9082.28 N

9 = t a n

- 9 0 8 Z a + S733.13 = t a - 2 . 7 9 6 8 - W W

144

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

U.S. Customary

For 10-lb/ft 2 wind, 0 line angle (30S tower with positive wind)

Wind= 1150(1.121) =1289.15 lb

0 = tan"*

1289 1 S
1 1 9 Q 9 = tan" 1.0825 = 47016'

For -10-lb/ft 2 wind, 0 line angle (30S and 30X towers with negative wind)

, -1289.15
g=tan-' n 9 0 9 =tan- 1 - 1.0825 = -4716'
For 10-lb/ft 2 wind, 5 line angle (30X tower with positive wind)

27Tsin a/2) = 2(7821) (0.043 62) = 682.30 lb

. . _, 682.30+1289.15 , _, , ,___ . , ,
6= tan '
= tan ' 1.6553 = 5851
For -10-lb/ft 2 wind, 5 line angle (30A tower with negative wind)

8 = tan"

682 3

- n " 9 0 2 9 8 9 1 5 = tan- -0.509 32 = -2700'

For 10-lb/ft 2 wind, 15 line angle (30A tower with positive wind)

27Tsin a/2) = 2 (7821) (0.130 53) = 2041.75 lb

,.^-t

204L7

^ + 9 0 2 9 8 9 - 1 5 = tan-^ 2.7970 = 70019'

The permissible insulator swing angle for the 30S steel tower will be limited by the V-string on
the center phase. It is desirable to keep approximately 890 N (200 lb) of extra vertical force on
the bottom of the V-string at all times to prevent one leg of the V from becoming slack, which
would cause wearing of the metal-to-metal contacts in the string. We use a 100 V-string to permit
greater use in this respect. With a 50 insulator swing:
Metric

* ^ ^ 5733.13 N (0.48-kPa wind on 350.5 m of conductor)

tan 6 = 1.191 76 =
. _
.
/v
t
X
(X = low point in newtons)

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

145

Thus, a vertical force of X = 4810 N is required to hold the insulator string at a 5 0 angle
when a 0.48-kPa wind is blowing on a sum of adjacent spans equal to 701 m. The conductor
required to provide this vertical force plus the extra 890 N is:
4810 - 407 (one-fourth insulator force) = 4403 N
4403 + 890 (extra vertical force on V-string) = 5293 N
5293/20.928 = 252.9 m of conductor
This means the low point for the V-string must be at least 252.9/(2)(350.5) = 0.36, or 36
percent of the sum of adjacent spans. Therefore, for a V-string with a 0.48-kPa wind and 0
line angle,

-' (350.5)(2)(0 7 3 3 6H20.928),407 " t m " ' ' 0 7

87

" 4 5 1 3 ''

U.S. Customary

+ * i mi ^
1289.15 (10-lb/ft2 wind on 1150 ft of conductor)
tan 6 = 1.191 76=
X
(X = low point in pounds)
Thus, a vertical weight of X = 1082 lb is required to hold the insulator string at a 5 0 angle
when a 10-lb/ft 2 wind is blowing on a sum of adjacent spans equal to 2300 ft. The conductor required
to provide this weight plus the extra 200 lb is:
1082 - 91.5 (one-fourth insulator weight) = 990.5 lb
990.5 + 200 (extra vertical weight on V-string) = 1190.5 lb
1190.5/1.434 = 830.2 ft of conductor
This means the low point for the V-string must be at least 830.2/(2)(1150) = 0.36, or 36
percent of the sum of adjacent spans. Therefore, for a V-string with a 10-lb/ft 2 wind and a 0
line angle,

9=,m

1289 15

" ' ( 1 150)(2)(0.36H1.434) + 9 1 . 5 t a n "

"WW-WW.

Paragraph 4.
To construct the structure limitation chart for steel structures, proceed:
a. Lay out the axes using the same scale factor for the horizontal scale and the lower part of the
vertical scale (see pars. 3.b. and 3.d.). A different scale may be used for the sum of adjacent spans
provided the deflection angle bias lines are adjusted accordingly.
b. Calibrate the horizontal axis to the right of the origin in degrees of line angle deflection with
the degree calibration equal to the resultant tension at 15.5 C (60 F) with 0.48-kPa (10-lb/ft 2 )
wind pressure on one conductor due to the line deflection angle (par.3.d.).

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

146

c. Calibrate the vertical axis above the origin in meters (feet) for the sum of adjacent spans. The
calibrations should be at a distance above the origin equal to the wind pressure at 0.48 kPa (10 l b / f t 2 )
on a bare conductor of length equal to one-half the sum of adjacent spans (par. 3.e.).
d. Calibrate the vertical axis below the origin in meters (feet) for the distance between low points
of the bare (no ice) conductor equal to the vertical force of the conductor. The zero point should
be displaced below the origin by a distance equal to one-half the vertical force of the insulator string
(pars. 3.b. and 3 . c ) .
e. With a protractor, lay out the radial angles of insulator swing and draw in heavy boundary
lines for the insulator swing limits for each type of structure (par. 3.g.).
f. Lay out the deflection angle bias lines at the computed angle, dependent upon scale factors
used for the sum of adjacent spans scale and the distance between low points scale (par. 3.f.). These
bias lines are used to automatically add or subtract the wind pressure to or from the resultant tension
due to a line deflection angle.
g. Draw in heavy limitation lines (sum of adjacent spans, low-point distance, and line deflection
angle) for each type of structure.
h.

Add a table to the chart showing steel tower data.

i.

List pertinent notes on the chart, including:

The
55 and

Conductor, size and type

Conductor loading ( N E S C light, medium, or heavy, and maximum design wind)
Conductor maximum tension at full load
Ruling span
Number and size of insulators
structure limitation charts for the example problem on steel structures are shown on figures
56.

Paragraph 5.
An example problem follows that shows the procedure for obtaining the data required to prepare
the wood-pole structure limitation and guying charts.
Example
Problem
(wood-pole construction)
Assume a 115-kV transmission line with a 2 4 2 - m m 2 (477-kcmil), ACSR, 2 4 / 7 single conductor.
Line to be located in an area with a 0.77-kPa (16-lb/ft 2 ) extreme wind pressure. However, this will
not be a factor because the resultant force per unit length of conductor of 18.746 N / m (1.285 l b / f t )
for this condition is less than the 2 7 . 5 3 4 5 N / m (1.8867 lb/ft) force for the N E S C full-load condition.
The following data is also assumed:
Maximum initial conductor tension ( N E S C heavy)
Ruling span

= 3 3 3 6 2 N ( 7 5 0 0 lb)
= 2 1 3 . 3 6 m (700 ft)

975.5
792.5
1036.5
853.5

975.5
792.5
1036.5
853.5

731.5
731.5
853.5
853.5

30T

396
254

305
213.5

1524
1524

1280
1280

1097
975.5

548.5
487.5

cr-5-

This chart is based on the f o l l o w i n g :

Conductor size
644 mm2, ACSR, 45/7 (bundle of t
Conductor loading
NESC Heavy, maximum wind at 15.
Conductor tensions
63 165 N maximum per conductor,
34 790 N per conductor with 0.4
Ruling span
350.5 m
Insulators
20 Units (146 by 267 mm)

Figure 55.-Exampie of a steel structure limitation chart (metric). 104-D-1078.

-10
0
10
Insulator Swing Angle (degrees)

975.5
792.5

975.5
792.5

792.5
792.5

NOTES

487.5
396

30A
5*-l5*

487.5
396

cr-5-

30X

DATA

396
396

30S
0*

STRUCTURE
Tower Type
Line Angle
Maximum Single Span (m)
Minimum Line Angle
Maximum Line Angle
Max. Sum of Adjacent Spans (m)
Minimum Line Angle
Maximum Line Angle
Max. Low Point Distance (m)
Conductor
Minimum Line Angle
Maximum Line Angle
Overhead Ground Wire
Minimum Line Angle
Maximum Line Angle
Maximum Uplift (N)
Conductor
Minimum Line Angle
Maximum Line Angle
Overhead Ground Wire
Minimum Line Angle
Maximum Line Angle

1000

1300

5000
5000

1000
700
1300
833

3200
2600
3400
2800

3200
2600
3400
2800

3600
3200

4500

4200

This chart is based on the following:

Conductor size
1272 kcmil, ACSR, 45/7 (bundle of two, 18-in spocing)
Conductor loading
NESC Heavy, moximum wind at 60*F-I0 l b / f t 2
Conductor tensions
14 200 lb maximum per conductor, initial conditions
7820 lb. per conductor with t o - l b / f t * wind at 60'F
Ruling span
1150 ft.
Insulators
20 Units ( 5 j by \0j in.)

Figure 56.-Example of a steel structure limitation chart (U.S. customary). 104-D-1079.

Insulator Swing Angle (degrees)

4800

4200
4200

3200
2600

2100

3200
2600

1600
1600

1600
1300

30D
0-30*

1600
1300

30T
0-5*

30A
5-15*

DATA
30X
0-5#

NOTES

STRUCTURE
Tower Type
30S
Line Angle
0#
Moximum Single Spon ( f t )
Minimum Line Angle
1300
Maximum Line Angle
1300
Max Sum of Adjocent Spans (ft)
Minimum Line Angle
2600
Maximum Line Angle
2600
Max. Low Point Oistance (ft)
Conductor
Minimum Line Angle
2400
Maximum Line Angle
2400
Overhead Ground Wire
Minimum Line Angle
2800
Maximum Line Angle
2800
Maximum Uplift (lb)
Conductor
Minimum Line Angle
Maximum Line Angle
Overhead Ground Wire
Minimum Line Angle
Maximum Line Angle

>

c
>

m
O
rn
c/>
CD

c/>
en

c/>

DO

CO

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Seven insulator units per string
146 by 254 mm (5-3/4 by 10 in)
Length per string
Vertical force (weight) per string
Wind
Everyday maximum
Maximum with 13-mm (1/2-in) radial ice

149

= 1194 mm (47 in)

= 400 N (90 lb)
= 0.19 kPa (4 lb/ft 2 )
= 0.38 kPa (8 lb/ft 2 )

Design for a minimum low-point distance equal to one-third the sum of adjacent spans.
Wood-pole structure designations and types are:
HS = tangent, suspension
HSB = tangent, suspension, large vertical load
3AC = small line angle, suspension
3A = large line angle, suspension
3AB = large line angle, suspension
3TA = tangent to 9 0 line angle, dead end
Paragraphs 5.a. through 5.u. describe the procedure for making the calculations required for the
charts.
a. Calculate the conductor tensions for the loading conditions shown in the following tabulation.
Conductor data and calculations are shown on figures 57 and 58.

Loading condition
13-mm (1/2-in) ice, 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft2) wind, - 18 C (0 F)
No ice, 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft2) wind, 15.5 C (60 F)
No ice, no wind, 15.5 C (60 F)

Tension
N
(lb)
33 362
11 748
10 872

(7500)
(2641)
(2444)

b. Assume a scale to be used for the distance between conductor low points (vertical scale below
the point of origin), and compute the scale factor:
Metric
Let
1 mm = 6 m of bare conductor vertical force.
Vertical force of conductor = 8.968 N / m .
Then, 1 mm = (6)(8.968) = 53.808 N , and
1 N = 1/53.808 = 0.018 585 mm (scale factor).
U.S. Customary
Let
1 in = 500 feet of bare conductor weight.
Weight of conductor = 0.6145 lb/ft.
Then, 1 in = (500)(0.6145) = 307.25 lb, and
1 lb = 1/307.25 = 0.003 254 7 in (scale factor).

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

150

DCm-576 (3-78)

INITIAL
CONDUCTOR - 2 * ^ . mm

4P.SR

2jh

Sof

mm Ice (W")_

Tension Limitations:
33J-

<v.

Resultant: (*'")

J?

Final

C r

25

Area (A)

Loaded

C.

50

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

0.000 0 / /

Final. 15.5<h
Computed by

LOADING

Date

___mm,ce

-jnwfft

Modulus. (E) Final 7U?, ^<?J?

Initial^'.^ f / 7 /

SAG FACTOR

<3 (Q

fjQ

?/

< ? / /

SAG, mm

SW, N

Qpa
QPa

fa

N
N

TENSION, N

/99A

G.Jf37

\Qtn/9 Zz\ J2A

\Q<Q2A /Q\
4jL
\>>QZ1 dVi Stf9 13

4a*1\0t<MQ Qfit fl Qi&in

,*L44\

*MI

22

SPANLENGTH(S)_o2/

b8l\otgno

Final AE / /
Initial AE /S

0. /3W \Q*nn 38\ 37 oS

^^|/9./0/7>o

.mm Ice
Permanent Set & Creep

Q?t* S\

32

\/f aa/

Total 0 . 0 0 < 2 _ Z _

. N/m

ante //\ 4vi \*X7J<ll?\3$ 3/*2 jr

43A\/),rif?n
<?,f4 /T <?. /5tO
/ J j f l /7r7r? f7,f 6 <5l Q-MUL

!/ /7/7/

. N/m

perC

-1 j / - ^<?^
- i / /?<?<?

49
_kPa Wind (W")

yy

4$L2

Creep 0 . 0 0 < 2 _ ^ _

^U^J^yy

SW

\o-00O <???

15 5

*7.5$*/S

mm2

T
SPAN L E N G T H ( S ) ^

|/,<?r7r? /Q?\gtQ<?n
No Ice, No Wind (W)

\zA4*-6

. N/m

X f?77 MSZ tf =4.37*2.

0 C P " j UNSTRESSED LENGTH |

Permanent Set & Creep

3/3

Permanent Set 0.00 2

. N/m

Dead Load Force ( W ) .

D i a m e t e r ^ L Z _ i ^ L _ mm

*fc

jr/./SL

Linear Force Factor:

Rated Breaking Strength J>

Initial

4.M7

t.Uf

L O A D I N G . ^r?K

F/''cJrrtr

/>&

SAG CALCULATIONS

FINAL

Code Name.

/3'Wi

Nx

*te 3\ JLQ1<j/ g.ocf W

/f/3.<//\/3
??f
/?/, y/1 j A no

if/a. %
jiyo x-fz.
m4iit If ft*
I 03

1 / ? / * t/l\

tiz/o

/f/j. 41 u?y /fo

4*<?/

\Z/0S-Z2

-18

No IceAl*Wind (W)

>5b.aaa

fsL Q-Qfin fOie A

j^JL

0CJi2$Q

32

It 1JS

49

J.

SPAN LENGTH(S) JL/3.36

_mm Ice

^2^2^.kPaWind(W")|-y Vnoo

431

1 a.aoo *32J

I a. /4S<?

\o./i^Ll

-5-3S3

\JLM.SJ\23

SSL

Permanent Set & Creep

-18
No Ice, No Wind (W)

15.5
32

Figure 57.-Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example problem on wood-structure limitation chart
(metric).

c. Compute the vertical force (weight) of the insulator string and convert one-half the insulator
force t o millimeters (inches) using the low-point scale factor:
Insulator string force = 4 0 0 . 3 4 N (90 lb)
One-half insulator string force = 200.17 N (45 lb)
( 2 0 0 . 1 7 ) (0.018 585) = 3.720 mm or, (45) (0.003 2 5 4 7) = 0.1465 in

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

No ''c*e>
/ . / h / f t *ujind

DC-576 (3-78)

FINAL1"

CONDUCTOR / / /

k&mij

AC&RJ1//7

Diameter CL.

)7

cZOo

inch

i i i n . Ice (W)
X i b Wind

Initial

33Y %

Jb

Final,

25

.lb

%.

_F _ 5 Q _ % .
Loaded,
60 F
Final,

% .

Computed b y .

Permanent Set & Creep

.lb/ft

Total 0.00 <7

l>

.lb/ft

>| <? la. 999

30
60

90

ftooe
/, noa
\A ina
A fian
A nm
\Aoni

Ml/ft*
No l c e , J * Wind (W)

30
60

90

ttQao

fW
col. n.anti nib 3] C* 1321 a*Cl7 M
fax to, nnn Q<f& S\
Q. iSSO lam? fid
7^6 O.onn af& S a. tfLo \Q.n12 ta\
ate. Q,QQQ Oft* 5 Q< /fJ7
ILAAM-M
%
Atono (79L art Q-atQZ \n.01ii H

Jh^

Inch Ice,
^^^Ib/f^WincKW")
Permanent Set & Creep

3o J. OOO
0
30
60
90
120

FEET

ttl a* sine us a\ 0, n79l

SA 0.000

IQL &

iff*

SPAN LENGTH(S)
fLa
43 2 n.a/lo 233 / n. /?5y

fjg

Initial / . tl3

x 1Q6 Ib/in2

Final AE jS ^SA
Initial AE 3 4AZ

SAG, ft

2-fA
tiJLI

lb
lb

TENSION, lb

SW.Ib

.FEET

a*cQ<i 3M 7\ o> /ft*/VLAJJLJL

AM

&2_

Modulus, (E) F i n a l / ^ . ^ 3 x 106 |p/in2

K-O.Zl

SAG FACTOR j

SPAN L E N G T H ( S ) _ _ 2 2 L _

i b k 0,991

f%(o7

perF ^r/^77 / / ^ d

SPAN LENGTH(S) ?OQ

120

No Ice, No Wind (W)

Creep 0.00i2_

|T?pP"[UliSTRESSEO LENGTHl

No Ice, No Wind (W)

f)
Inch Ice,
O
lb/ft 2 Wind(W"
Permanent Set & Creep

. lb/ft

Jb
n nnn n JO 8

Permanent Set 0.003.

/, j 6 ? 7
0. 6/S3

Area (A) O.faSJL

"2
Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: f t

. Date.

LOADING
Inch Ice,
lb/ft 2 Wind(W"

Resultant: (W")

.lb

alt'*/

0. zfk
. lb/ft

Dead Weight (W')_

Tension Limitations:

V^g
y

lbH&IV^ _

Weight Factors:

Rated Breaking Load

'/j.-'* /fi&
jL-n/ft
*

SAG C A L C U L A T , 0 N S

LOADING

Code Name.

151

o./)2H />A

7S0O

JT

It, SI

430' IS SIOI
fi30. IS A7<Z&
J3Q* IS MW
fan, is A22J_
43Qr AS &dfa

A,9&

i/3Qits\sfa8

-L,HX LteCLI
/I./7
M.X7

/svz

LUAl

IS. ys

473 21

/7.X3

/032.

^JLMJ-

FEET

o.aiy /*z

9 S3 03

\
I
|

Figure 58.-Conductor sag and tension calculation form for example problem on wood-structure limitation chart (U.S.
customary).

d. Compute deflection angle $cale (horizontal axis to the right of the origin) with the degree
calibration equal to the resultant tension at 15.5 C (60 F ) final with 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind
pressure, in one conductor due to the line angle:
Fa = 2 71(sin a / 2 )
T = 11 748 N (2641 lb)
2 T = 23 496 N (5282 lb)
Assume line angles and compute resultant tensions and their scale values. The scale factor must
be the same as that computed in paragraph 5.b.

152

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Line angle (a),
degrees

Sin a/2

5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60

0.043 62
.087 16
.130 53
.173 65
.216 44
.258 82
.342 02
.422 62
.500 00

27Xsin a/2)
(lb)
N
1025
2 048
3 067
4 080
5 085
6 081
8 036
9 930
11748

(230)
(460)
(689)
(917)
(1143)
(1367)
(1806)
(2232)
(2641)

Scale
mm

(in)

19
38
57
76
94
113
149
184
218

(0.75)
(1.50)
(2.24)
(2.99)
(3.72)
(4.45)
(5.88)
(7.27)
(8.60)

e. Assume scale to be used for the sum of adjacent spans portion of the chart (vertical scale above
the point of origin):
Let
1 mm = 6 m of wind span = one-half the sum of adjacent spans, or
1 inch = 500 ft of wind span = one-half the sum of adjacent spans.
Note: This scale will be doubled when marking the chart, that is, 1 mm will equal 12 m, or 1 inch
will equal 1000 ft, so that the sum of adjacent spans may be read directly instead of reading one-half
the sum of adjacent spans.
Metric
0.19-kPa wind on conductor = 4.116 N / m
Then, 1 mm = (6)(4.116) = 24.696 N, and
1 N = 1/24.696 = 0.040 492 mm (scale factor).
U.S. Customary
4-lb/ft 2 wind on conductor = 0.282 lb/ft
Then, 1 in = (500)(0.282) = 141 lb, and
1 lb = 1/141 '= 0.007 092 in (scale factor).
f. Calculate angle of bias lines to be drawn right and left of the deflection angle calibrations. These
bias lines are used to automatically add or subtract the wind pressure to or from the resultant tension
due to a line deflection angle. Because the scale factor used for the deflection angle scale must be
the same as that used for the low-point scale, the slope of the bias lines may be determined by

_ sum of adjacent spans scale factor

low-point scale factor
where 0 is the angle formed by the bias lines with the horizontal axis. The slope of the bias lines
will vary depending upon the choice of scale factors previously determined in paragraphs 5.b. and
5.e.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

153

0 040 492
6 = tan_1

6 = tan_1

g.

o 018 585

= tan_1

0 007 092
0 0 0 3 255 =

tan_1

2 1 7 8 ? = 65

20'

2 1 7 8 8 = 65

20'

(metric)

(U>S

customar

y)

Compute maximum low-point distance for the type HS structure shown on figure 59:

Crossarm: 67 by 241 by 7620 mm (2-5/8 by 9-1/2 in by 25 ft)

Ultimate load =^7
oL
where: / = ultimate fiber stress of crossarm
= 51 021 kPa (7400 lb/in2) for Douglas fir
b = width of crossarm = 67 mm (2-5/8 in)
d = depth of crossarm = 241 mm (9-1/2 in)
L = length of crossarm projection = 1829 mm (72 in)
fbd*_(51 021)(67)(241) 2 _
-6L~
(6) (1829) (1000) " 1 8 0 5 1 N o r
_ (7400) (2.625) (9.5)* _
4 58
(6H72)

lb

Ultimate load for two crossarms = 36 104 N (8116 lb)

Ultimate load with safety factor of 4 = 9026 N (2029 lb)
Force of conductor with 13-mm (1/2-in) radial ice = 21.186 N/m (1.4517 lb/ft)
Allowable low-point distance:
9026

A-,*
21.186: = 426m

or

2029
1.4517
, ,,-,= 1397 ft

At no load,
force of conductor = 8.968 N/m (0.6145 lb/ft)
factor of safety =

36 104

426(8.968)
h.

IU
= 9.45
(1397) (0.6145)

Compute maximum low-point distance for type HSB structure shown on figure 60:

Using 18 905 N (4250 lb), based on test data, for metal fittings on knee braces at 4 5 slope:

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

154

^/-Angle or side guy

For two X-braces,

install bolts 457mm
(18 in) apart.
For 22.9-m(75-ft) structure
and under, install one X-brace.
For 24.4-m (80 ft) structure
and over, install two X-braces.

TYPE
Voltage,
kV
A

HS

STRUCTURE

Metric, mm
L

US. Customary, ft-in

T

RJ

10-0 5-6

4-0

5-0

2-OJ

69

1981 6 401 3048 1676 1219 1524 610 6-6 21-0

115

1981 7620 3658 1981 1829 1524

914 6-6 25-0 12-0 6-6

6-0

5-0

3-0

138

2134 8839 4267 2286 2743 2438

1219 7 - 0 29-0 14-0 7-6

9-0

8-0

4-0

161

2438 10668 5182 2743 2743 2438 1372 8 - 0 35-0 17-0 9 - 0

9-0

8-0

4-6 [

Figure 59.-Type HS wood-pole structure. 104-D-1080.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

L

155

Angle or side guy

For two x-braces, install

bolts 457 mm (18 in) apart.
Structure
ground wires

Voltage,
kV
A

TYPE HSB
Metric, mm
M
P
L
Z

For 22.9-m (75-ft) structure

and under, install one X-brace.
For 24.4 -m (80-ft) structure
and over, install two X-braces.

STR UCTURE
U.S. Customary, f t-in
T

138

2490 7 620 3658 1982 1828 1524 8 - 2 25-0 12-0 6 - 6

2490 7 620 3658 1982 1828 1524 8 - 2 25-0 12-0 6 - 6
2134 8 839 4267 2286 2744 1220 7 - 0 29-0 14-0 7 - 6

161

2439 10 668 5182 2744 2744 1372 8 - 0

69
115

6-0

5-0
5-0

6-0

9-0 8-0

35-0 17-0 9 - 0 9 - 0

Figure 60.-Type HSB wood-pole structure. 104-D-1081.

8-0

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

156

Metric

U.S. Customary

Crossarm load = 18 905 (0.7071) = 13 367 N

Allowable low-point distance:
13 367
= 630.94 m
21.186

4250 (0.7071) = 3005 lb

3005
= 2070 ft
1.4517

Compute maximum low-point distance for type 3AC structure shown on figure 61:

Metric

U.S. Customary

Crossarm section = 67 by 241 mm

2-5/8 by 9-1/2 in

Ultimate load =^77oL

(51 021.52) (67) (241)*
(1000) (6) (1524)

^00Z1N

Ultimate load with a safety factor of 4 = 5414 N

Allowable low-point distance for double crossarm:
2(5415)

-2TT86-- 511m

(7400) (2.625) (9.5)2 _

= 4870 lb
6(60)
12171b
2(1217)
= 1676 ft
1.4517

j . Compute the effects of various sizes of hold downs that may be attached to the bottom of the
insulator string to increase the effective conductor low-point distance in adjacent spans, and also
to prevent excessive insulator side swing. The first value shown below is the low-point scale factor.

Metric
1N = 0.018 585 mm
222.4-N force = 4.13 mm
444.8-N force = 8.27 mm
667.2-N force = 12.40 mm

U.S. Customary
1 lb = 0.003 254 7 in
50-lb weight = 0.163 in
100-lb weight = 0.325 in
150-lb weight = 0.488 in

k. Compute the maximum allowable sum of adjacent spans on a type HS structure (fig. 59) by
determining the wind loading on the structure:
Assume 18 288-mm (60-ft), class 2 western red cedar poles (western red cedar data are used for
this example because this is the lowest strength wood permitted by USBR specifications). The
different classes of poles are a function of the pole circumference, see table B-3 in appendix B. The
formula for computing the wind force on a pole may be derived using figure 62:

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

-Structure
ground wires-

=f//&ifl/)mffl0W>k

j/mmit*

^//w/&/m^

zj/fwm'M

U
TYPE

3AC

STRUCTURE

Metric, mm
Voltage.
kV
A
T
Z
Y

U.S. Customary, f t-in

69

A
Z
Y
1982 3658 1372 343 6-6 14-0 4-6

115
138
161

1982 4267 1524 610 6-6 14-0 5-0 2-0

2591 5487 2058 610 8-6 18-0 6-9 2-0
2591 5487 2058 610 8-6 18-0 6-9 2-0 |

Figure 61.-Type 3AC wood-pole structure. 104-D-1082.

Hi

157

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

158

d2- diameter of pole at top

d| * diameter of pole at bottom
H - height of pole
Figure 62.-Single-line sketch of wood pole showing values needed to
compute wind force.

y-yx

General form of equation:

y2

y - H

x - d2

0 - H

dx-

x - x

- yi

x2 - x

For pole,
d2

(y-H)(dx
Then, x =

dx~d2

-d2)

- ti

+d2 =(y - H)k+

d2, where k =

-H

Let the force of wind on dy *x be F in kilopascals (pounds per square foot). T h e n , t h e total
moment of the wind force on a pole above ground is:

Fx dyyx

+ Fx dyy2

+ ..

dyy

y[(y-H)k

Fl

(ky2 -

+ d2]dy

kHy+d2y)dy

A)

ky*

kHy2

d2y*\

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

fkH* kH3

159

d2H2\

~-F{ - - * )

Substituting (rfi- d2)/' Hfor k, the moment in newton-meters (pound-feet) on an area in square
meters (square feet) is:

^g)-^)-^]
= F

["(</, -d^H*

(d -d,)H'

L 3 +

-F^i-

rf,)/f'-3(d.

d2H>~\

-d,)H*

1
d,

" r~6 J
"[+J

-|j(^H]
=F
FHz(d1

+2d2)

in lb ft if diameters are in feet, or

1L_
6000

L: in N- m if diameters are in millimeters, or

-^-i72

- m lb* ft if diameters are in mches.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

160
Metric

FH2(d1 + 2d2)
Mp =

6000

where Mp = moment

M _ (0-383 04) (1000) (15.850)* [404.34 + 2(202.18)]

Mp
6000^
US.

_ ^ 0 7 n M
12970 N-m

Customary

FH\dx
M

+2d2)

8(52) 2 [15.92 + 2(7.96)]

= 9566 lb-ft

72

72

The maximum allowable SAS (sum of adjacent spans) L can now be found by statics. Assume two
10-mm (3/8-in) high strength steel, 7-strand overhead ground wires with a maximum full-load tension
of 21 418-N (4815-lb) initial condition. Sag and tension calculations for the ground wire are shown
on figures 63 and 64.
DCm-576 (3-78)

13-mm /ce.
INITIAL
SAG CALCULATIONS
FINAL

CONDUCTOR /O-m/ri
_

j/.

/V/A^C

Linear Force Factor:

Rated Breaking Strength / l

0 iameter

mm

te,

33J %

ft,

25

Area (A)

Loaded

C.

50

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

LOADING

K_
Date.

Permanent Set & Creep

-18

OiG?f7$>

_mm Ice
kPaWind(W"

Permanent Set & Creep

Creep 0.00

. N/m

Total 0.00

#&

dJ3-

. N/m

*M:J/.033

p^^

Permanent Set 0.00 -

. N/m

mm2

/ ^

*/977

^ ' l U H S T R E S S E D LENGTH

i Ice
J3u
GJ9/3~tL kPaWind(W')L/i>

No Ice, No Wind (W)

0.000 0 / /

JT/

. N/m

17' 7*J

Resultant: ( W " )

Final

Final,ILl!fc
Computed by

e=>sm n'
3.301

Dead Load Force (W) J. f#l//

mm Ice (W)
/ / 777^
O.if/Sl***
wind
&.&/??

/)*jo

Tension Limitations:

Initial

/A 777

LOAOWG^LL^

<>e.J

Modulus. (E) F\n*\/7?'f?3f

\mU*\/&Jl4LFinal AE f Q#? f?73
Initial AP X aff
///

K'^3713SAG FACTOR

SAG, mm

SK,N

qon
GPa
N
N

TENSION, N

SPAN LENGTHS)W?f*
fttfrffl?

^ ^ L

. ? ; / /?/

?/ y/,f z~

/7f

k?y?f /Y. /i.aan Of3 L

Q-9f1 MS
&
- k?,7ff jyjWaa < atf 4
32 4,9??
7fifaQnQa }3 t>
faff? ?>1? \Q*naQ a$A /a

15 5

SPAN

-/ \atff J<js

g r ^ / ^ ; flrt/fl

f/

^A?/

r?. <r?y^^ yl*aii , o | ,2y<lg

Qt that* Y>,Qt2 97 27*1
O //4# k W J7 T3GJ>IB
e, /d&i ufis
it 33H
LENGTH(S)
<3l3< &
C<fl2Q JQ\

JJS3

tQ J?f F
f Mo
1 lax
tsa
ax
85das\ 7 jast
JJfaasi ^ JQJ
*?"& AS]
*fa.n<\

J/nler/?3\//n

<7f2

di_
No Ice, No Wind ( W )

15.5
32

49

Figure 63.-Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for example problem on wood-structure limitation
chart (metric).

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

7A-Jn /ce, J'/l/tt*'

DC-676 (8-78)

CONDUCTOR

161

INITIAL SAG CALCULATIONS

FINAL
LOADING Akdty

/t-/a rt&Sfed
7- mre.

Diameter A.3LS)

Weight Factors:
Oead Weight (W)

la too

Rated Breaking Load

inch

!^Lin. Ice (W")

^ l b Wind

Tension Limitations:
Initial

FjsL%

Final
Loaded
Final.

SO F

Computed by -

0.000 OfiL

^f'lUiirrfmCEDLEIIGTHl

id

Inch \cm

Jjj

lb/ft2 WindfW"

a.fft.ttf

Permanent Set & Creep

tiitiQQ

30
60
90
120

No Ice. No Wind (W)

Inch Ice.
_ ^ _ l b / f t 2 Wind(W"
Permanent Set & Creep""

. lb/ft

I-US'

.lb/ft

\n.cno j/47 /

14Q

Permanent Set 0 . 0 0 o _ 2 2 _

. lb/ft

*//;,<?

perF # / f 7 7

SPAN LENGTH(S)

V ^

. lb/ft

Area (A) <?./l?f 17 in2

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.:

. Date.

LOADING

/?, ?3

Resultant: <W"')

Jb
.lb
.lb
Jb

F 2S %
?F SSL. %

* = /Sm fa'

a. ton

^ i / ^ 7
O.j/SZ

NB#c.

SAG FACTOR

Creep 0.00.
Total 0.00-

Modulus. (E) Final^ij_x 10* Ib/in2

Initial J 3 , a x 10* Ib/in2
Final A P ^ a***
*/*
lb
Initial AE / *Q
f/0
lb
SAG, ft

SW, lb

TENSION, lb

.FEET

n./tfA

QJW HI Qifiaa afj\ O .Aflf O.DtO M\^S$S^S4, \Qi nan afd L Q<Qf22 Q<a// fA

w. 7f ? ^*2 W* M"

cUi/tJ

aM MQ t/aAtt k?. au 97

<?,9n 7V/ \Q.Qnn nf3 6\ c?. //Vff b,0/y 37

tiW <?tf a, a An ate L\ n, I2L1 Glints It
SPAN LENGTHS)
-FEET
70Q

7<2H

X*A1

%a8

/a,a<i

//</&

/J.Jf

fttl.S

*JH5

IVJ
/<?/./

43II
n?a7*
I I'M
MM
I Sal

/fl.t

/?/./

nit i

SMtl\

3 dot F

30
60
90
120

No Ice. No Wind (W)

Figure 64.-Overhead ground wire sag and tension calculation form for example problem on wood-structure limitation
chart (U.S. customary).

E
^CO

\o

Using the sketch shown on figure 65, and taking moments about the
base:

u/

1
1

CO

no

L_

^0m^

--

^"-"
E

4lO

ro

CO

A
*^ E
4-

fs.

*2i

CO

o>

3
XJ

o
o.

oo

TD
O
O

E ro
<3"
CVJ

(2 OGW) (wind force on iced OGW) (moment arm) (1/2 SAS) + (3

cond.) (wind force on iced cond.) (moment arm) (1/2 SAS) = [(max.
allowable moment on pole) (2 poles)/(safety factor of 2)] - [(wind
force on pole) (2 poles)]

\'
i

^o
3

^-Gro

<4_

Figure 65.-Single-line
sketch of one pole of
a type HS wood-pole
structure.

162

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Metric

(2) (13.222) (15.70) (1/2) + (3) (17.96) (13.87) (L/2) = ( 2 5 5 _ S5) ( 2 ) - (2) (12 970)

415.1708 L/2 + 747.208 1/2 = 250 555 - 25 940

2 2 6
=193 24
^/ 2 = , 1162.379
1 l ,lo
L = 386.48 m
U.S. Customary

(2) (0.9066) (51.5) (L/2) + (3) (1.231) (45.5) (1/2) = ( 1 8 4 ^ 0 0 ) ( 2 ) - (2) (9566)
9 3 . 3 8 0 1 / 2 + 1 6 8 . 0 3 1 1 / 2 = 184 8 0 0 - 19 132

W-sHlT-*"-"
L= 1267 ft

1. Compute the allowable maximum sum of adjacent spans on a type HS structure with X-brace
(fig. 59) for various line angles:
Metric
FH2(dt + 2d2)
6000

(0.383 04) (1000) (3.51) 2 [246.63 + 2(202.18)]

~
6000

C1 _ A1 XT
= 512 01 N m

U.S. Customary
FH2(d1+2d2)
72

(8)(11.5) 2 [9.71+2(7.96)]
72

= 3?6

lb#ft

'

'

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

163

Using the sketch shown on figure 66, and taking moments about the
base:
(2 OGW) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (2 OGW) (wind force on
OGW) (moment arm) ( 1 / 2 SAS) + (3 cond.) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 )
(moment arm) + (3 cond.) (wind force on cond.) (moment arm)
( 1 / 2 SAS) = [(max. allowable moment on pole) (2 poles)/(safety
factor of 2)] [(wind force on pole) (2 poles)]

Figure 66.Single-line
sketch of top portion
of a type HS woodpole structure with
X-brace.

Metric
(2) (42 836) (sin a / 2 ) (3.35) + (2) (13.222) (3.35) (L/2) + (3) (66 724) (sin a / 2 ) (1.52)
+ (3) (17.96)(1.52)(Z>/2) = (56 870) (2)/2 - (2) (512)
287 001 (sin a / 2 )
592 063 (sin a / 2 )
592 063 (sin a / 2 )
6936.88 (sin a / 2 )
Assume values for

+
+
+
+
L

88.587 L/2 + 305 062 (sin a / 2 ) + 82.113 L/2 = 56 870 - 1021

170.700 L/2=
55 849
85.35 L = 55 849
L = 654.35
and solve for a:

L, m

sin a/2

a/2

654.35
300
0

0
0.051 08
0.094 33

0
255'
524'

0
550'
1048'

A line representing these tabulated values should be drawn on the sum of adjacent spans chart.
U.S. Customary
(2) (9630) (sin a / 2 ) (11) + (2) (0.9066) (11) {L/2) + (3) (15 000) (sin a / 2 ) (5)
+ (3) (1.231) (5) (L/2) = (41 945) (2)/2 - (2) (376.6)
22 747.2 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 2144.86

164

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Assume values for L and solve for a:

Z,ft

sina/2

a/2

2144.86
1000
0

0
0.050 33
0.094 29

0
253'
524'

0
546'
1048'

Assuming a working fiber stress, at 15.5 C (60 F) with no wind load, of 6.895 MPa (1000 lb/in 2 )
for western red cedar:

ultimate fiber stress 38.612 MPa /5600 lb/in 2 \

working stress = 6.895 MPa r 1^1000 Ib/in'J

^
e r
= 5 6 Safety f a C t r
'

With a 15.5 C (60 F) no wind tension of 10 872 N (2444 lb) on the conductor, and 8205 N
(1844 lb) on the overhead ground wire, the moment equation would be:
(2 OGW) (2 Tsui a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (3 cond.) (2 Tsui a/2) (moment arm) = (max. allowable
moment on wood pole) (2 poles)/(safety factor of 5.6)
Metric
(2) (16 410) (sin a / 2 ) (3.35) + (3) (21 744) (sin a /2) (1.524) = (56 870) (2)/5.6
109 947 ( s i n a / 2 ) + 99 413.57 ( s i n a / 2 ) = 20 310.71
209 360.57 ( s i n a / 2 ) = 20 310.71
sin a / 2 = 0.097 0 1 , a / 2 = 5 3 4 '
a = 1108'
U.S. Customary
(2) (3688) (sin a / 2 ) (11) + (3) (4888) (sin a / 2 ) (5) = (41 945) (2)/5.6
sin a / 2 = 0.096 99, a / 2 = 5 3 4 '
a = 1108'
If this angle had been less than the largest angle computed previously, then a vertical line would
be drawn on the sum of adjacent spans chart at 11 08 ' from 0 to the intersection with the line drawn
using the previously tabulated angles. This means that the original line would be cut off at 11 08 !
m. Compute the allowable sum of adjacent spans due to bolt shear on a type 3AC structure (fig.
61) for various line angles. Assume conductor on inside of angle is guyed to top of middle pole, and
the two outside conductors are guyed from pole on outside of angle.
Example

: without shear plates

(2 cond.) ( 2 r m a x sin a / 2 ) + (2 cond.) (wind force on iced cond.) (1/2 SAS) = (allowable bolt
shear)

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

165

Metric
(2) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) + (2) (17.959) {LI2)
133 448 (sin a / 2 ) + 17.959 L = 8123.53
7430.70 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 452.34
Assume values for L and solve for a:

= (10 831.37) (0.75)*

L,m

sin a/2

a/2

452.34
200
0

0
0.033 96
0.060 87

0
156'
329'

0
352'
658'

U.S. Customary
(2) (2) (7500) (sin a / 2 ) + (2) (1.2306) (LI2)
24 378.35 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 1507.92
Assume values for L and solve for a:

L,ft
1507.92
1000
0
Example

= (2435) (0.75)*

sin a/2

a/2

0
0.020 83
0.061 85

0
111'
332'

0
222'
704'

: with shear plates

Metric
133 448 (sin a / 2 ) + 17.959 L = 26 689.2**
7430.70 (sin a / 2 ) + L= 1486.12
Assume values for L and solve for a:

L,m

sin a/2

450
225
0

0.139 44
.169 72
.199 99

a/2
801'
946'
1132'

a
1602'
1932'
2304'

* and ** D a t a from National Design Specifications for Stress-Grade Lumber and Its Fastenings, 1973 Edition,
National Forest Products Association, Washington D.C.
* Part VI Bolted Joints:
Paragraph 600-K-3.-The tabulated loads (table 12 for double shear) shall be used for a main member which
is twice the thickness of the thinnest side members (2-5/8 in x 2 = 5-1/4 i n ) . Permissible load = 2435 lb =
10 831.37 N.
Paragraph 600-G-2.-When joints are to be exposed to weather, .75 percent of the tabulated loads apply.
** Part V Timber Connector Joints:
Paragraph 500-B-2.An assembly with two connector units of the same size used in contact faces with the
connectors concentric with the same bolt axis, the total allowable connector load shall be the sum of the allowable
connector loads given for each connector unit used (table 9).

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

166
U.S. Customary

30 000 (sin a / 2 ) + 1.2306 L = 6000**

24 378.35 (sin a / 2 ) + L= 4875.67
Assume values for L and solve for a:

I , ft

sin a/2

a/2

2000
1000
0

0.117 96
.158 98
.200 25

646'
909'
1133'

1332'
1818'
23>06'

To be practical, assume the same maximum sum of adjacent spans (upper limit) for type 3AC as
for type HS structure.
n.

Compute strength limitation of single insulator string used on angle structures:

Full load conductor tension = 33 362 N (7500 lb)

Find 2T(sin a / 2 ) for a 6 0 line angle:
2 T sin 3 0 = 2(33 362) (0.5) = 33 362 N , or
= 2(7500) (0.5) = 7500 lb
A 6 0 line angle on chart (as computed under par. 5.d.) = 218 mm (8.6 in)

0006
Then, 1 N =33
362^ =

544 6 m m

l lb

\(

^75UU
MT=

- 001

146 7

te)

Using a safety factor of 2.5 on 88 964-N (20 000-lb) insulator units gives a working maximum of
35 585 N (8000 lb). Force of iced conductor = 21.186 N / m (1.4517 lb/ft).
Let H be the horizontal force due to the line angle, and V be the conductor force between low
points in adjacent spans.
Then,

H2 + V2 = (35 585 N)2 or (8000 lb)2

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

167

Solve for / / b y assuming low-point distances:

Metric

Low point,

V,

0
200
400
600
800

V2

H,

1000

4 237.2
8 474.4
12 711.4
16 948.8
21 186.0

Low point,

V,

ft

lb

17 953 864
71 815 455
161 584 775
287 261 821
448 846 596

mm

35 585
35 332
34 561
33 237
31289
28 591

233
231
226
218
205
187

U.S. Customary

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000

V2

0
725.85
1451.70
2177.55
2903.40
3629.25
4355.10

H,

526 858
2 107 433
4 741 724
8 429 732
13 171 456
18 966 896

lb

in

8000
7967
7867
7698
7455
7129
6711

9.17
9.14
9.02
8.83
8.55
8.17
7.70

Since angle structures with suspension insulators are limited to a maximum line angle of 60 , the
preceding limitation will not have much bearing. To show the effect of such calculations, assume
66 723-N (15 000-lb) insulator units are to be considered. Then, with a 2.5 safety factor, we would
have a working tension of 26 689 N (6000 lb) and,

# ( N ) = V ( 2 6 689) 2 - V2 or #(lb) = y/(6000)2 - V2

Solve for / / b y assuming low-point distances:
Metric

Low point,

m
0
200
400
600
800
1000

N9
0
4 237.2
8 474.4
12 711.6
16 948.8
21 186.0

V2

H,
N

0
17 953 864
71 815 455
161 584 775
287 261 821
448 846 596

26 689
26 350
25 308
23 467
20 617
16 231

mm
175
172
166
154
135
106

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

168
U.S.

Customary
Low point,

ft
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000

V,

V2

H,

lb
0
725.85
1451.70
2177.55
2903.25
3629.25
4355.10

0
526 858
2 107 433
4 741 724
8 429 732
13 171 456
18 966 896

lb

in

6000
5956
5822
5591
5251
4778
4127

6.88
6.83
6.68
6.41
6.02
5.48
4.73

o. Determine angle of bias lines to be drawn on the sum of adjacent spans chart for reading the
limitation of single insulator strings under various combinations of loadings:
Metric
Sum of adjacent spans scale, 1 mm = 6 m (from par. 5.e.)
For SAS = 6 0 0 m, wind span = 1 / 2 SAS = 3 0 0 m, 3 0 0 / 6 = 50 m m on chart
Conductor with 13-mm ice and 0.38-kPa wind, wind force = 17.959 N / m
The wind load on 3 0 0 m of iced conductor = (300) (17.959) = 5 3 8 7 . 7 N
1 N = 5 0 / 5 3 8 7 . 7 = 0.009 2 8 0 4 mm

From figure 67,

tan0 =
0.009 280 4

0.006 544 6 (From para. 5.n.)

U.S.

0.009 280 4
= 1.418 02
0.006 544 6

0 = 5448'
Figure 67.-Force triangle showing angle
of bias lines for wood-structure
limitation chart (metric).

CustomarySum of adjacent spans scale, 1 in = 500 ft (from par. 5.e.)

For SAS = 2 0 0 0 ft, wind span = 1 / 2 SAS = 1000 ft, 1 0 0 0 / 5 0 0 = 2 in on chart
Conductor with 1/2-in ice and 8-lb wind, wind force = 1.231 l b / f t
T h e wind load on 1000 ft of iced conductor = (1000) (1.231) = 1231 lb
1 lb = 2 / 1 2 3 1 = 0.001 6 2 4 7 in

From figure 68,

tana=

0.001 624 7

0.001146 7 (From para 5.n.)

0.001 624 7
= 1.416 85
0.001 146 7

0 = 5448'
Figure 68.-Force triangle showing
angle of bias lines for wood-structure
limitation chart (U.S. customary).

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

169

p. C o m p u t e conductor guying for H-frame type structures with n o guys on the overhead ground
wires:
When a transmission line changes direction, there is a horizontal force created
which must be considered in all design work. If the line tension is the same on each
side of the angle structure, the resultant force will be on the split of the angle formed
by the t w o legs of the transmission line. The value of the resultant force is 2 7Xsin
a / 2 ) , see figure 69. For guying, we also must consider a force that is the result of
wind blowing on the conductor. We assume that the wind blows perpendicular to
both spans of the transmission line. This is highly improbable, but it is the worst
case that could happen. This assumption will usually add to the safety factor. We
also use more practical values for wind pressure, 0 . 3 8 k P a (8 l b / f t 2 ) for N E S C
heavy and medium loading areas and 0.57 kPa (12 l b / f t 2 ) for N E S C light loading
areas, instead of the values called for in N E S C rule 250.B.: 0.19 kPa (4 l b / f t 2 ) for
N E S C h e a v y and medium loading areas and 0.43 k P a (9 l b / f t 2 ) in N E S C light
loading areas. Where extreme wind loading on the line (rule 250.C.) is greater than
the combined ice and wind load (or wind load alone) prescribed in rule 2 5 0 . B . , then
the proper values taken from the wind pressure map (fig. 250-2 of N E S C ) should
be used for all structure and guy loading computations.
Figure 6 9 . - F o r c e
triangle showing
resultant conductor
force due to line angle.
Example
:
H = 2T(sin

a/2)

+ (wind force)

(L/2)

Metric

H= 2(33 362) (sin a/2) +

[(iooo) (a383 04) (1000) 1 L/2

= 66 724 (sin a/2) + 17.961 (1/2)

= 66 724 (sin a/2) + 8.98 L
U.S.

Customary

H= 2(7500) (sin a/2) + [ ( ^ ) (8)1 L/2

= 15 000 (sin a/2) + 0.6155 L
Using 11-mm ( 7 / 1 6 - i n ) , 7-wire, high-strength steel guy wire with a breaking strength of 6 4 5 0 0 N
(14 5 0 0 lb), a safety factor of 2.67, and set at an angle of 4 5 t o the pole:

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

170
Metric

64 500
(0.7071) = 17 080 N of horizontal pull per guy wire
2.67
U.S. Customary

14 500
(0.7071) = 3840 lb of horizontal pull per guy wire
2.67
Then, guying of the horizontal forces of the conductors and overhead ground wires on H-frame
structures is determined by the moment equation:
(2 OGW) (2 T max sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (2 OGW) (wind force on OGW) (moment arm)
(1/2 SAS) + (3 cond.) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (3 cond.) (wind force on cond.)
(moment arm) (1/2 SAS)= (allowable horizontal load on guy) (moment arm) (wind on
poles)
Metric For one guy:
(2) (2) (21 418) (sin a / 2 ) (15.697) + (2) (13.231) (15.697) (L/2)
+ (3) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) (13.868) + (3) (17.961) (13.868) (L/2)
= (17 080) (12.040) - 25 939.51
1 344 793.38 (sin a / 2 ) + 415.48 L/2
+ 747.249 L/2 = 179 703.69
4 120 778.68 (sin
4 120 778.68 (sin
7088.12 (sin a / 2 )
Assume values for

+ 2 775 985.30 (sin a / 2 )

a / 2 ) + 1162.729 L/2 = 179 703.69

a / 2 ) + 581.364 L = 179 703.69
+ L= 309.107
L and solve for a:

L,m
309.107
150
0

sin a/2

a/2

0
0.022 45
.043 61

0
117'
230'

0
234'
500'

For two guys:

4 120 778.68 (sin a / 2 ) + 581.364 L = (2) (17 080) ( 1 2 . 0 4 0 ) - 2 5 939.51 = 385 346.89
7088.12 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 662.832
Assume values for L and solve for a:

L,m

sin a/2

a/2

662.83
300
0

0
0.046 96
.093 51

0
2*41'
5<*22'

0
5 22'
1044'

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

171

U.S. Customary For one guy:

(2) (2) (4815) (sin a / 2 ) (51.5) + (2) (0.906) (51.5) (L/2)
+ (3) (2) (7500) (sin a / 2 ) (45.5) + (3) (1.231) (45.5) (L/2)
= 3840 (39.5) - 19 132
991 890 (sin a / 2 ) + 93.318 L/2 + 2 047 500 (sin a / 2 ) + 168.032 L/2
3 039 390 (sin a / 2 ) + 261.35 L/2 = 132 548
3 039 390 (sin a / 2 ) + 130.67 L = 132 548
23 260.044 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 1014.372
Assume values for L and solve for a:
L,ft

1014.372
500
0

sin a/2

0
0.022 11
.043 61

a/2

= 132 548

0
116'
230'

0
232'
500'

For two guys:

3 039 390 (sin a / 2 ) + 130.67 L = (2) (3840) (39.5) - 19 132
23 260.044 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 2175.159
Assume values for L and solve for a:

L,ft
2175.159
1000
0

sin a/2

a/2

0
0.050 52
.093 51

0
253'
522'

a
0
546'
1044'

q. Compute conductor and overhead ground wire guying for a type 3AC structure (fig. 61).
Assume conductor on inside of angle is guyed to top of center pole, and two outside conductors are
guyed from the outside pole. Two conductors will be guyed off together, and one conductor and two
overhead ground wires will be guyed off together.
For two conductors, one guy:
(2 cond.) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (2 cond.) (wind force on cond.) (moment arm)
(1/2 SAS) = (2 guys) (allowable horizontal load on guy) (moment arm) (wind on poles)
Metric
(2) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) (13.868) + (2) (17.961) (13.868)
= (17 080) ( 1 3 . 5 6 4 ) - ( 2 ) (12 969.75)

1 850 656.86 (sin a/2) + 498.166 L/2 = 205 733.62

1 850 656.86 (sin a/2) + 249.083 L = 205 733.62
7429.88 (sin a/2) + L= 825.964

(L/2)

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

172

Assume values for L and solve for a :

L, m

sin a/2

a/2

600
300
0

0.030 41
.070 79
.111 17

144'
403'
623'

a
328'
806'
1246'

U.S. Customary
(2) (2) (7500) (sin a / 2 ) (45.5) + (2) (1.231) (45.5) ( 7 / 2 ) = (3840) (44.5) - (2) (9566)
1 365 000 (sin a / 2 ) + 112.021 7 / 2 = 170 8 8 0 - 1 9 132
1 365 000 (sin a / 2 ) + 56.01 L = 151 748
24 370.648 (sin a / 2 ) + 7 = 2709.302
Assume values for L and solve for a :
L,it
2000
1000
0

sin a/2
0.029 10
.070 14
.111 17

a/2
140'
401'
623'

a
320'
802'
1246'

For two conductors, two guys:

Metric
1 850 656.86 (sin a / 2 ) + 249.083 7 = (2) (17 080) ( 1 3 . 5 6 4 ) - ( 2 ) (12 969.75)
7429.88 (sin a / 2 ) + 7 = 1756.068
Assume values for 7 and solve for a :
L, m

sin a/2

600
300
0

0.155 60
.195 97
.236 35

a/2
857'
1118'
1340'

a
1754'
2236'
2720'

U.S. Customary
1 365 000 (sin a / 2 ) + 56.01 7 = (2) (3840) (44.5) - (2) (9566)
24 370.648 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 5760.186
Assume values for 7 and solve for a :
L, ft

sin a/2

2000
1000
0

0.154 29
.195 32
.236 36

a/2
852'
1115'
1340'

a
1744'
2230'
2720'

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

For one conductor and two overhead ground wires, one guy:
Metric
(1) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) (14.326) + (1) (17.961) (14.326) (L/2)
+ (2) (2) (21 418) (sin a / 2 ) (14.326) + (2) (13.2318) (14.326)
= (17 080) (14.326) - (12 969.75)

(L/2)

6860.892 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 728.186

Assume values for L and solve for a:

L, m

sin a/2

a/2

600
300
0

0.018 68
.062 41
.106 14

104'
334'
605'

a
208'
7 08'
1210'

U.S. Customary
(1) (2) (7500) (sin a / 2 ) (47) + (1) (1.231) (47) (L/2)
+ (2) (2) (4815) (sin a / 2 ) (47) + (2) (0.906) (47) (L/2)

= (3840) (47) - 9566

22 517.410 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 2390.071

Assume values for L and solve for a:

L,ft
2000
1000
0

sin a/2

a/2

0.017 32
.06173
.106 14

059'
332'
605'

a
158'
704'
1210'

For one conductor and two overhead ground wires, two guys:
Metric
2 183 225.096 (sin a / 2 ) + 318.213 L = (2) (17 080) (14.326).- (12 969.75)
6860.882 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 1497.131
Assume values for L and solve for a:

L,m

sin a/2

600
300
0

0.130 76
.174 49
.218 21

a/2
730'
1003'
1236'

U.S. Customary
1 610 220 (sin a / 2 ) + 71.510 L = (2) (3840) (47) - (9566)
22 517.410 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 4913.914

a
1500'
2006'
2512'

17

174

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Assume values for Z a n d solve for a :

X,ft
2000
1000
0

sin a/2
0.129 41
.173 82
.218 22

a/2
726'
1000'
1236'

1452'
2000'
25 12'

As the guy attachment for one conductor and two overhead ground wires is separated by only
762 mm (2.5 ft) from t h e guy a t t a c h m e n t for t h e o t h e r two c o n d u c t o r s and b e c a u s e t h e
two-conductor load is located between the two guy attachment points, it is satisfactory to consider
a total load (three conductors and two overhead ground wires) guyed from an imaginary point halfway
between the two attachment points. The required number of guys (as calculated) could then be split
between the two guy attachment points with very little load transferred through the pole between
these attachment points.
Example
For two guys (one at each attachment point):
(2 cond.) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (2 cond.) (wind force on cond.) (moment arm) (1/2
SAS ) + (1 cond.) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (1 cond.) (wind force on cond.) (moment
arm) (1/2 SAS) + (2 OGW) (2 Tmax sin a / 2 ) (moment arm) + (2 OGW) (wind force on OGW)
(moment arm) (1/2 SAS) = (2 guys) (allowable horizontal load per guy) (moment arm) (wind
on poles)
Metric
(2) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) (13.868) + (2) (17.961) (13.868) (L/2)
+ (1) (2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) (14.326) + (1) (17.961) (14.326) (L/2)
+ (2) (2) (21 418) (sin a / 2 ) (14.326) + (2) (13.2318) (14.326) (L/2)
= (2) (17 080) (13.945) - (3) (12 969.75)
4 033 881.960 (sin a / 2 ) + 567.296 L = 437 451.95
7110.718 (sin a / 2 ) + 1 = 771.118
Assume values for L and solve for a :

L,m
600
300
0

sin a/2
0.024 06
.060 63
.108 44

a/2
1022'
328'
6^13'

a
244'
656'
1226'

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

U.S.

Customary

(2) (2) (7500) (sin a / 2 ) (45.5) + (2) (1.231) (45.5) (L/2)

+ (1) (2) (7500) (sin a / 2 ) (47) + (1) (1.231) (47) ( 7 / 2 )
+ (2) (2) (4815) (sin a / 2 ) (47) + (2) (0.906) (47) ( 7 / 2 )
= (2) (3840) (45.75) - (3) (9566)
2 975 220 (sin a / 2 ) + 127.521 L = 322 662
23 331.216 (sin a / 2 ) + 7 = 2530.266
Assume values for L and solve for a:
7 , ft

2000
1000
0

sin a/2

0.022 73
.065 59
.108 45

a/2

118'
345'
6 13'

236'
730'
1226'

For three guys (two at upper guy attachment and one at lower):
Metric
4 033 881.960 (sin a / 2 ) + 567.296 7 = (3) (17 080) (13.945) - 38 909.25
7110.718 (sin a / 2 ) + L= 1190.970
Assume values for L and solve for a:
L, m

sin a/2

a/2

600
300
0

0.083 11
.125 30
.167 49

446'
712'
938'

932'
1424'
1916'

U.S. Customary
2 975 220 (sin a / 2 ) + 127.521 7 = (3) (3840) (45.75) - 28 698
23 331.216 (sin a / 2 ) + L= 3907.921
Assume values for L and solve for a:
L,ft

2000
1000
0

sin a/2

0.081 78
.124 64
.167 50

a/2

441'
709'
938'

9022'
14 18'
1916'

For four guys (two at each attachment point):

Metric
4 033 881.960 (sin a / 2 ) + 567.296 7 = (4) (17 080) (13.945) - 38 909.25
7110.718 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 1610.822

175

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

176

Assume values for L and solve for a:

L,m
600
300
0

sin a/2
0.142 15
.184 34
.226 53

a/2
810'
1037'
1305'

a
1620'
2114'
2610'

U.S. Customary
2 975 200 (sin a / 2 ) + 127.521 L = (4) (3840) (45.75) - 28 698
23 331.216 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 5285.576
Assume values for L and solve for a:

L, ft

sin a/2

2000
1000
0

0.140 82
.183 68
.226 54

a/2
805'
1035'
1305'

a
16 10'
2110'
26 10'

r. Compute conductor guying for structure types 3A (fig. 70) and 3AB (fig. 71).
For one guy at each conductor:
Metric
2 T{sm a / 2 ) + (wind force) (L/2) = 17 080
(2) (33 362) (sin a / 2 ) + [(47/1000) (0.383 04) (1000)](Z,/2) = 17 080
66 724 (sin a / 2 ) + 17.9607 L/2 = 17 080
66 724 (sin a / 2 ) + 8.9803 L = 17 080
7430.041 (sin a / 2 ) + L= 1901.941
Assume values for L and solve for a:

L,m
600
300
0

sin a/2

a/2

0.175 23
.215 60
.256 00

1005'
1227'
1450'

20 10'
2454'
2940'

U.S. Customary

(2) (7500) (sin a/2) + [(1.846/12) (8)] {L/2) - 3840

15 000 (sin a/2) + 1.231 L/2 = 3840
15 000 (sin a/2) + 0.6155 L = 3840
24 370.43 (sin a/2) + L= 6238.83

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

TYPE 3A STRUCTURE
US. Customary,!
Voltage, Metric, mm
ft-in
1
kV
B A
A
Z
z
B
69

3048 3963 965 10-0 13-0 3-2

115
138

3048 5487 1397 10-0 18-0

3048 7011 1524 10-0 23-0
3048 7315 1676 10-0 24-0
3048 7620 1956 .10-0 25-0

161
230

4-7
5-0
5-6
6-5

Figure 70.-Type 3A wood-pole structure. 104-D-1083.

177

178

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

TYPE

STRUCTURE
US. Custom a ry,l
Voltage, Metric, mm
f t - in
1
kV
A
Z
B
A
z
B
69
115
138

l6l

1 _

3AB

3048 4420 965 10-0 14-6 3-2

3048 5182 1397 10-0 17-0 4-7
3048 7315 1524 10-0 24-0 5-0
3048 7620 1676 10-0 25-0 5-6

Figure 71.-Type 3AB wood-pole structure. 104-D-1084.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

179

Assume values for L and solve for a:

I , ft

sin a / 2

2000
1000
0

0.173 93
.214 97
.256 0 0

a/2
1001'
1224'
1450'

a
2002'
2448'
2940'

For two guys at each conductor:

Metric
66 724 (sin a / 2 ) + 8.9803 L = (2) (17 080)
7430.041 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 3803.882
Assume values for L and solve for a:
L, m

sin a/2

a/2

600
300
0

0.431 21
.471 58
.51196

2532'
2808'
3047'

5104'
5 6 16'
61*34'

a/2

U.S. Customary
15 000 (sin a / 2 ) + 0.6155 L = (2) (3840)
24 370.43 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 12 477.66
Assume values for L and solve for a:
L,ft
2000
1000
0

sin a / 2
0.429 93
.470 97
.512 00

2527'
2805'
3047'

5054'
56 10'
6134'

s. Compute overhead ground wire guying for structure types 3A, 3AB, and 3TA (figs. 70, 71, and
72, respectively).
(2 OGW) (2 T max sin a / 2 ) + (wind load on 2 OGW) = horizontal force to be guyed
For one guy:
Metric
(2) (2) (21 418) (sin a / 2 ) + [ (34.544/1000) (0.383 04) (1000)] (2) ( L / 2 ) = 17 080
85 672 (sin a / 2 ) + 26.4634 L / 2 = 17 080
85 672 (sin a / 2 ) + 13.2317 L = 17 080
6474.754 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 1290;839

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

\4267 mm (14 f t ) With< out post insulator

(4877 mm (16 f t ) With
post insulator

Structure ground
wires

TYPE

3TA

STRUCTURE

POLE

1 Angle

OGW IN TENSION

OGW IN SUSP

Voltage,
kV

SPACING

ft-in mm

U.S. Customary, f t - i n

Z
Metric, mm

1
|

D
0-60 0-60 0*-30 30H5 45-60 60-90P 0-30 300-45 45-60 60-90 |

69

12-0 3658 14-0 18-0 25-0 34-0 4267 5486

7 620 10 363

115

14-0

4267 16-0 20-0 27-0 37-0 4877 6096

8 230 II 278

138

16-0

4877 18-0 22-0 29-0 39-0 5486 6706

8 839 II 887

161

20-0 6096 20-0 24-0 31-0 41-0 6096 7315

9 449 12 479

1 230

25-0 7620 23-0 26-0 33-0 43-0

7010 7924 10 058 13 106

Figure 72.-Type 3TA wood-pole structure. 104-D-1085.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Assume values for L and solve for a:
L, m

sin a/2

600
300
0

0.106 70
.153 03
.199 36

a/2
607'
848'
1130'

a
12 14'
1736'
2300'

U.S. Customary
(2) (2) (4815) (sin a / 2 ) + [(1.36/12) (8)] (2) (L/2)
19 260 (sin a / 2 ) + 0.9066 L = 3840
21 244.209 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 4235.605
Assume values for L and solve for a:
L, ft

sin a/2

2000
1000
0

0.105 23
.152 30
.199 37

= 3840

a/2
602'
845'
1130'

a
1204'
1730'
2300'

For two guys:

Metric
85 672 (sin a / 2 ) + 13.2317 L = (2)(17 080)
6474.754 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 2581.679
Assume values for L and solve for a :
L, m

sin a/2

600
300
0

0.306 06
.352 40
.398 73

a/2
1749'
2038'
2330'

a
3538'
41 16'
4700'

U.S. Customary
19 260 (sin a / 2 ) + 0.9066 L - (2)(3840)
21 244.209 (sin a / 2 ) + L = 8471.211
Assume values for L and solve for a :
L, ft

sin a/2

2000
1000
0

0.304 61
.351 68
.398 75

a/2
1744'
2035'
2330'

a
3528'
41 10'
4700'

181

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

182
For three guys:
Metric

85 672 (sin a / 2 ) + 13.2317 L = (3)(17 080)

6474.754 (sin a / 2 ) + L= 3872.518
Assume values for L and solve for a:

U.S.

L, m

sin a/2

600
300
0

0.505 43
.551 16
.598 10

a/2

3021'
3329'
3644'

6042'
6658'
7328'

Customary

19 260 (sin a / 2 ) + 0.9066 L = (3) (3840)

21 244.209 (sin a / 2 ) + L= 12 706.817
Assume values for L and solve for a:

L,it

2000
1000
0

sin a/2

0.503 99
.551 06
.598 13

a/2

30 15'
3326'
3644'

6030'
6652'
7328'

t. Prepare guying data for structure type 3TA (fig. 72):

Assume structure has 18.3-m (60-ft) western red cedar poles without X-braces. Compute side guy
requirements with no angle guys:
(OGW) (wind force on iced OGW) (moment arm) (1/2 SAS) + (cond.) (wind force on iced cond.)
(moment arm) (1/2 SAS) = [(max. allowable moment on wood pole)/(safety'-factor of 2)] (wind
force on pole)
Metric
(13.232) (15.697) (L/2) + (17.959) (10.973) (L/2) = (250 555/2) - 12 970
207.703 L/2 + 197.064 L/2 = 125 277 - 12 970
202.383 L = 112 307
L = 554.923 m (maximum SAS without side guys)
U.S.

Customary

(0.9066) (51.5) (L/2) + (1.231) (36) (L/2) = (184 800/2) - 9566

46.690 L / 2 + 44.316 L/2 = 92 400 - 9566
45.503 L = 82 834
L = 1820.41 ft (maximum SAS without side guys)

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

183

With X-braces:
At 5.9436 m (19.5 ft) from top of structure:
Circumference of pole = 874 mm (34.4 in)
Diameter of pole = 278 mm (10.95 in)
Maximum allowable moment on pole = 81 603 N # m (60 187 hVft)
Moment on pole due to wind force:
(OGW) (wind force on iced OGW) (moment arm) (1/2 SAS) + (cond.) (wind force on iced cond.)
(moment arm) (1/2 SAS) = [(max. allowable moment on wood pole)/(safety factor of 2)] (wind
force on pole)
Metric
FH2jdx +2d2)
6000

[0.38304(1000) (5.9436) 2 ] [278.13 + (2) (202.18)]

6000

*m

(13.232) (5.7912) (L/2) + (17.959) (1.0668) (L/2) = (81 603/2) - 1539

76.6291 L/2 + 19.1587 L / 2 = 40 801 - 1539
47.894 L = 39 262
L = 819.7686 m (maximum SAS without side guys)
U.S. Customary
FH*(dx

+2d2)
72

[8(19.5) 2 ] [ 1 0 . 9 5 + (2) (7.96)]

72

(0.9066) (19) {L/2) + (1.231) (3.5) {L/2) = (60 187/2) - 1135

17.2254 L/2 + 4.3085 L / 2 = 30 093 - 1135
10.767 L = 28 958
L = 2689.51 ft (maximum SAS without side guys)
The National Electrical Safety Code does not require angle guys if line guys are used at tension
structures; however, we use one single guy for each conductor on tension structures for line angles
up to 60 . These angle guys will keep the structure from leaning into the angle. Guying requirements
for the 3TA overhead ground wires were computed in paragraph 5.s.
u. Determine single span limits on structures due to galloping conductors:
The following paragraphs describe how to determine the spacing required between conductors and
between conductors and overhead ground wires to prevent contact for a particular loading condition
and span length with given conductors and overhead ground wires; or to determine the maximum
permissible span for a given structure with given conductors and overhead ground wires.
For loading conditions of 13-mm (1/2-in) ice, 0.10-kPa (2-lb/ft 2 ) wind pressure, and at minus 1 C
(30 F), determine the conductor and overhead ground wire sags for the given span length:
Conductor:
242 mm 2 (477 kcmil), ACSR, 2 4 / 7 , NESC heavy loading
Ruling span
= 213.36 m (700 ft)

184

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Maximum tension under full-load conditions of 13-mm (1/2-in)
ice, 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind, at - 1 8 C (0 F)
Sag under a load of 13-mm (1/2-in) ice, 0.10-kPa (2-lb/ft 2 ) wind,
at - 1 C (30 F )
OGW:
10-mm (3/8-in) high-strength steel, 7-wire, NESC heavy loading
Ruling span
Maximum tension under full-load conditions
Sag under a load of 13-mm (1/2-in) ice, 0.10-kPa (2-lb/ft 2 ) wind,
at - 1 C (30 F )

= 33 362N (7500 lb)

= 5253 mm (17.23 ft)

= 213.36 m (700 ft)

= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
-

4353 mm (14.28 ft)

Sag and tension calculation forms for this example were shown previously on figures 57, 58, 63,
and 64.
Determine the angle of sideswing (6) for the conductors and overhead ground wires:
The conductor has a force of 21.186 N / m (1.4517 lb/ft) with 13-mm (1/2-in) ice. A 0.10-kPa
(2-lb/ft 2 ) wind on the iced conductor equals 4.4898 N / m (0.3077 lb/ft). Therefore,

The overhead ground wire has a force of 11.773 N / m (0.807 lb/ft) with 13-mm (1/2-in) ice. A
0.10-kPa (2-lb/ft 2 ) wind on the iced overhead ground wire equals 3.3079 N / m (0.227 l b / f t ) .
Therefore,

6 = tan" J yp^:
11.777

/0.227\
or ( H ^ r )= = tan"l 0.280 88 = 1542'.
\0.807/

Construct ellipses:
First, the locations of attachment points for the conductors and the overhead ground wires are
drawn to scale to give an accurate configuration. Lines are then drawn from the attachment points
at the respective angles of sideswing for the conductors and overhead ground wires. For tension
structures, the conductors and overhead ground wires are located on these lines at their respective
sag values below the attachment points. For suspension structures, the sag points must be extended
the length of the suspension hardware for the overhead ground wires, and extended the length of
the suspension insulator string for the conductors.
A line which will be the location of the major axis of an ellipse is then drawn through each sag
point at an angle of 20 from the line representing the conductor or overhead ground wire sideswing.
The major axis of the ellipse is equal to the sag for full-sag ellipses, or one-half the sag for half-sag
ellipses, plus 6 percent. The minor axis is equal to one-half of the major axis.
The ends and center of the major axis are marked with one end being placed a distance below
the sag point equal to 3 percent of the applicable sag or half-sag value. The minor axis is marked
perpendicular to the major axis at its center point. The ellipses may then be drawn by any acceptable
method. There is no definite length of span where galloping will change from full-sag ellipses to
half-sag ellipses. However, our experience has shown that, for our line locations and conditions, we
should use full-sag ellipses in spans up to 183 in (600 ft) in length. In longer spans, the conductors

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

185

are likely to gallop in two or more loops so one-half size ellipses, with the major axis equal to 53
percent of the sag, should be used. If these ellipses do not overlap, the probability of contact between
conductors or between conductors and overhead ground wires as a result of galloping is greatly
reduced (see sec. 15). Full-sag ellipses for the maximum 183-m (600-ft) spans and the half-sag ellipses
for the longer span limits should be made for each type of structure and case. Each of these limitations
must be satisfied by the dimensions of the conductor and overhead ground wire configuration. Ellipses
for the different structure types and cases to be considered for the structure limitation chart are shown
on figures 73 through 87.
Paragraph 6.
To construct the structure limitation chart for wood structures:
a. Lay out the axes using the same scale factor for the horizontal scale and the lower part of the
vertical scale (see pars. 5.b. and 5.d.). A different scale factor may be used for the sum of adjacent
spans provided the deflection angle bias lines are adjusted accordingly.
b. Calibrate the horizontal axis to the right of the origin in degrees of line angle deflection with
the degree calibration equal to the resultant tension at 15.5 C (60 F ) with 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind
pressure in one conductor due to the line deflection angle (par. 5.d.).
c. Calibrate the vertical axis above the origin in meters (feet) for the sum of adjacent spans. The
calibrations should be at a distance above the origin equal to the wind pressure at 0.19 kPa (4 lb/ft 2 )
on a bare conductor of length equal to one-half the sum of the adjacent spans (par. 5.e.).
d. Calibrate the vertical axis below the origin in meters (feet) for the distance between low points
of the bare (no ice) conductor equal to the vertical force of the conductor. The zero point should
be displaced below the origin by a distance equal to one-half the vertical force of the insulator string
(pars. 5.b. and 5.c).
e. With a protractor, lay out the radial angles of insulator swing, and draw in heavy boundary
lines for the insulator swing limits for each type of structure (see table 2 1 , par. I.e.).
f. Lay out the deflection angle bias lines at the computed angle (dependent upon scale factors
used for the sum of adjacent spans scale and the distance between low points scale, see par. 5.f.).
These bias lines are used to automatically add or subtract the wind pressure to or from the resultant
tension due to a line deflection angle.
g. Layout lines showing the maximum permissible sum of adjacent spans for class 2 poles for all
types of suspension structures (pars. 5.k., 5.1., and 5.m.), and maximum low point distance lines as
calculated from the strength of the structures (pars. 5.g., 5.h., and 5.i.).
h. Draw lines to show the conductor low point limits permissible by the addition of various sizes
of holddowns to the bottom of the insulator strings (par. 5.j.). A line for each size of insulator
holddown is drawn parallel to the insulator string swing limit line for the type HS and HSB structures.
These lines are offset vertically from the insulator string swing limit line by values obtained by
multiplying the vertical force of each holddown by the low point scale factor (par. 5.j.).

186

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

i. Plot the single insulator string limit line at the resultant load on the insulator string equal to
35 585 N ( 8 0 0 0 lb) for 88 9 6 5 - N (20 000-lb) units under maximum loading conditions (par. 5.n.).
j . Add the bias lines for determining the limitation of single insulator strings to the sum of adjacent
spans chart (par. 5.o.).
T h e structure limitation charts for wood structures are shown on figures 88 through 9 1 .
Paragraph
7.
T o construct the angle guying chart for suspension wood structures:
a.

Use the same line deflection angle horizontal axis as used for the structure limitation chart.

b. Superimpose the guying chart on the deflection angle bias lines, or repeat the vertical axis
calibration (sum of adjacent spans) using the same scale used for the structure limitation chart..
c. From the calculations for the number of angle guys required for the various types of structures
under full-load c o n d i t i o n s (pars. 5.p., q., r., and s.), plot lines separating the zones for different
quantities of guys. Some of the limitations calculated may be unnecessary because some of the limit
lines may be very close to each other if they are all plotted. Some of these limitations may be combined
with others t o keep the chart clean, but care must be taken t o eliminate the right lines so that all
guying requirements are satisfied. Standard guying drawings must be checked for the number of guys
required by various guy arrangements, and the required quantities coordinated with the number of
guys required t o satisfy the c a l c u l a t e d guy requirements. T h e c o o r d i n a t e d quantities should be
indicated on the structure guying chart. N o guying is required for a line angle up to 1 , but at least
one angle guy per suspension structure should be used for all line deflection angles greater than 1 .
A vertical line at the 1 mark should be drawn and labeled to indicate the area on the chart where
an angle guy is not required. Guying charts are shown on figures 9 2 and 9 3 . A typical standard guying
arrangement drawing for the type 3 T A structure has been included as figure 9 4 .

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Type HS Structure
289.5 -m (950-ft) Span
Based on 213.4-m (700-ft)
ruling span
3658-mm (12-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy Loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW full-load tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Half-sag ellipses

Conductor: 242 mm

(477 kcmil) ACSR. 24/7

mm
(ft)
9674 (31.74)
4837 (15.87)
290 ( 0.95)
5127 (16.82)
2563 (8.41)

Sag
Half sag
+6%
Major axis
Minor axis
e=il58'
06W: io-mm ( | - i n ) H.S. Steel
mm
(ft)
Sag
8016 (26.30)
Half sag
4008 (13.15)
+ 6%
240 (0.79)
Major axis
4248 (13.94)
Minor axis
2124 (6.97)
6 = 15 42'
4023 mm

Figure 73.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type HS wood-pole structure (Sheet 1 of 2). 104-D-1086-1.

187

188

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Type HS Structure
183-m (600-ft) Span
Based on 213.4-m (700-ft)
ruling span
3658-mm (12-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy Loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
06W full-load tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Full-sag ellipses

Conductor: 242 mm2 (477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7

mm
(ft)
Sag
3852 (12.64)
+6%
231 ( 0.76)
Major axis
4083 (13.40)
Minor axis
2042 ( 6.70)
e = 11 58'
OGW: 10-mm ( f - i rl) H.S. Steel
mm
(ft)
Sag
3 197 (10.49)
+ 6%
192 ( 0.63)
Major axis
3389 (11.12)
Minor axis
1695 ( 5.56)
0 = 15 42'

4023 mm

Figure 73.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type HS wood-pole structure (Sheet 2 of 2). 104-D-1086-2.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION A N D GUYING CHARTS

Type HSB Structure

305.4-m (1000-ft) Span
Based on 213.4-m ( 7 0 0 - f t )
ruling span
3658-mm (12-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy Loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW full-load tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
H a l f - s a g ellipses

Conductor: 242 mm 2 (477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7

mm
(ft)
Sag
10 717 (35.16)
Half-sag
5 359 (17.58)
+6%
321 ( 1.05)
Major axis
5 680 (18.63)
Minor axis
2 840 ( 9.32)
6 = 11 58'
OGW: 10-mm ( | - i n ) H.S. Steel
Sag
Half-sag
+ 6%
Major axis
Minor axis
6=15 42'

mm

(ft)

8882
4441
266
4707
2353

(29.14)
(14.57)
( 0.87)
(15.44)
( 7.72)

4023 m m

Figure 74.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type HSB wood-pole structure (Sheet 1 of 2). 104-D-1087-1.

189

190

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Type HSB Structure

183-m (600-ft) Span
Based on 213.4-m (700-ft)
ruling span
3658-mm (12-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy Loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW full-load tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Full-sag ellipses

Conductor: 242 mm (477 kcmil) AC

mm

(ft)

Sag
3852 (12.64)
+ 6%
231 ( 0.76)
Major axis
4083 (13.40)
Minor axis
2042 ( 6.70)
e = ll58l
OGW: 10-mm (-|-in) H.S. Steel
mm
(ft)
Sag
3197 (10.49)
+ 6%
192 ( 0.63)
3389 (11.12)
Major axis
Minor axis
1695 ( 5.56)
0=I542'

4023 mm

Figure 74.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type HSB wood-pole structure (Sheet 2 of 2). 104-D-1087-2.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Type 3AC Structure
10 Line Angle
304.8-m (1000-ft) Span
Based on 213.4 -m (700-ft)
ruling span
4267-mm (14-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy Loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW full-load tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Half-sag ellipses

8
-

Conductor: 242 mm2 (477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7

mm
(ft)
Sag
10 717 (35.16)
Half-sag
5 359 (17.58)
321 ( 1.05)
+6%
Major axis
5 680 (18.63)
Minor axis
2 840 ( 9.32)
e = il58'
OGW: io-mm (|-i n) H.s. Steel
mm
(ft)
8882 (29.14)
Sag
Half-sag
4441 (14.57)
+6%
266 ( 0.87)
Major axis
4707 (15.44)
Minor axis
2353 ( 7.72)
e = i542'
4251 mm

& ^

Insulator position ^ ^J 5
X o
a. o o
2T sin /2 + wind_i ro
a

2(23 586) Sin 5 +

304.8 (4.4898)
[2(5303) Sin 5 +
1000 (0.3077)]

= 40 19'

Figure 75.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type 3AC wood-pole structure (Sheet 1 of 2). 104-D-1088-1.

191

192

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Type 3AC Structure

10 Line Angle
183-m (600-ft) Span
Based on 213.4-m (700-ft)
ruling span
4267-mm (14-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy Loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
06W full-load tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Full-sag ellipses

Conductor: 242 mm2 (477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7

mm
(Lt)
Sag
3852 (12.64)
+6%
231 ( 0.76)
Major axis
4083 (13.40)
Minor axis
2042 ( 6.70)
e=li58'
OGW: io-mm ( | - i n) H.S. Steel
mm
(ft)
Sag
3197 (10.49)
192 ( 0.63)
+6%
Major axis
3389 (11.12)
Minor axis
1695 ( 5.56)
9 = 15 42'

4251 mm
Insulator position 8 <g
^ -=. m

2T sin tyz+wind
2(23 586) Sin 5
183(4.4898)
$5303) Sin 5 600(0.3077)]
6=tan^ &
= 51 50'

Figure 75.-Half- and full-sag ellipses for type 3AC wood-pole structure (Sheet 2 of 2). 104-D-1088-2.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Type 3TA Structure
Tangent, OGW in tension
213-m ( 7 0 0 - f t ) Span
4267-mm(14-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW full-load tension
= 21 418 N {4815 lb)
Full-sag ellipses

Conductor: 242 mm2 (477 kcmil)ACSR, 24/7

mm
(It)
Sag
5253
(17.23)
+ 6%
315
(1.03)
Major axis
5568
(18.26)
Minor axis
2784
(9.13)
6 = il58'
OGW: io-mm (f-in) H.S. Steel
mm
(tT)
Sag
4353
(14.28)
261
(0.86)
+ 6%
Major axis
4614
(15.14)
2307
Minor axis
(7.57)
9 = 15 42'

8534 mm

Figure 76.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, tangent, 4267-mm (14-ft) pole spacing.
104-D-1089.

193

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

194
Conductor

242 mm (477 kcmil)ACSR, 2 4 / 7

mm
(ft)
Sag
12 966 (42.54)
Half sag
6483
(21.27)
(1.27)
+ 6%
389
(22.54)
6872
Major axis
(11.27)
3436
Minor axis
6 = 11 58'
06W : 10-mm (!-in)

Type 3TA Structure

Tangent, OGW in tension
335-m (llOO-ft) Span
4267-mm(14-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW full-load tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Ha If-sag ellipses

Sag
Half sag
+ 6%
Major axis
Minor axis
9 = 15 42'

Figure 77.-Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, tangent, 4267-mm (14-ft) pole spacing. 104-D-1090.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Type 3TA Structure

Conductor : 242 mm2 (477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7
90 Line angle, OGW in tension
mm
(ft)
Without post insulator for jumper
Sag
4526
(14.86)
198-m (650-f t) Span
+6%
272
(0.89)
II 278-mm (37-ft) Pole spacing
Major axis
4798
(15.75)
NESC Heavy loading
Minor axis
2399
(7.88)
Conductor full-load tension
e=ir58'
33 362 N(7500 lb)
OGW: jo-mm (f-in) H.S. Steel
OGW full-load tension
mm
(ft)
=21 418 N (4815 lb)
Sag
3751
(12.31)
Full-sag ellipses
+6%
225
(0.74)
Only one OGW and two conductors
Major axis
3976
(13.05)
are shown
Minor axis
1988
(6.53)
e = 15 42'

15 951 mm
(52.33 f t )

7976 mm
(26.17 f t )

7976 mm
(26.17 f t )

Figure 78.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 90 line angle, 11 278-mm (37-ft) pole
spacing. 104-D-1091.

195

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

196

Conductor: 242 mm 2 (477 kcmil), ACSR,24/7

(ft)
mm
Sag
II 817 (38.77)
Half-sag
5 909 (19.39)
( U6)
*6%
355
(20.55)
Major axis
6 264
Minor axis
3 132 (10.28)
e = n58'
OGW: 10-mm C in),
Sag
Half-sag
+ 6%
Major axis
Minor axis
e=l542'

15 951 mm
(52.33 f t )
Type 3TA Structure
90 Line Angle
320-m (1050-ft) Span
M 278-mm (37-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy Loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW f u l l - l o a d tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Half-sag ellipses
Only one OGW and two conductors
shown
7976 mm
726.17ft)

Figure 79.-Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 90 line angle, 11 278-mm (37-ft) pole spacing.
104-D-1092.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Type 3TA Structure
60 Line angle, OGW in tension
213-m ( 7 0 0 - f t ) S p a n
4267-mm(i4-ft) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy loading
Conductor full-load te nsion
= 33 362 N(7500 lb)
OGW full-load tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Full-sag ellipses

Conductor: 242mm 2 (477 kcmil)ACSR, 24/7

mm
(It)
Sag
5253
(17.23)
+ 6%
(1.03)
315
Major axis
(18.26)
5568
2784
Minor axis
(9.13)
e = 11 58*
OGW: io-mm (|-in) H.S. Steel
mm
(ft)
Sag
4353
(14.28)
261
(0.86)
+ 6%
Major axis
4614
(15.14)
2307
(757)
Minor axis
0 = I542'

7366 mm

Figure 80.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 6 0 line angle, 4267-mm (14-ft) pole
spacing. 104-D-1093.

197

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

198

C o n d u c t o r : 2 4 2 m m 2 (477 kcmil)ACSR, 2 4 / 7
Type 3TA Structure
60 Line angle, OGW in tension
(ft)
mm
Sag
5253 (17.23)
213-m ( 7 0 0 - f t ) Span
8230-mm ( 2 7 - f t ) Pole spacing
(1.03)
315
+ 6%
(18.26)
NESC Heavy loading
5568
Major axis
2784
(9.13)
Conductor full-load tension
Minor axis
9 = 11 58'
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
S. Steel
OGW full-load tension
OGW : 10-mm (|-in)
mm
= 21 418 N (4815 l b )
(11)
4353
Full-sag ellipses
(14.28)
Sag
261
Only one OGW and t w o conductors
(0.86)
+6 %
4614
(15.14)
a r e shown
Major axis
2307
(7.57)
Minor axis
9 = I542'

14 249 mm
(46.75 f t )

7125 mm
(23.38 f t )

7125 mm
(23.38 f t )

Figure 81.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 60 line angle, 8230-mm (27-ft) pole spacing.
104-D-1094.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Conductor: 242 mm2 (477 kcmil)ACSR, 2 4 / 7
mm
(t+)
Sag
12 966 (42.54)
Half-sag
6483
(21.27)
389
+ 6%
(1.27)
Major axis
6872 (22.54)
Minor axis
3436 (M.27)
0 = 11 58'
06W 10-mm (f-in) H.S. Steel
mm
(f)
Sag
10 747 (35.26)
Half-sag
5374
(17.63)
+6 %
322
(1.06)
Major axis
5696
(18.69)
Minor axis
2848
(9.35)
0 = I542'

Type 3TA Structure

60 Line angle, OGW in tension
335-m (1100-ft) Span
4 2 6 7 - m m ( i 4 - f t ) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW full-load tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Half-sag ellipses
7366 mm

Figure 82.-Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 60 line angle, 4267-mm (14-ft) pole spacing.
104-D-1095.

199

200

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Conductor: 242 mm2(477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7

14 249 mm
mm
(fl)
(46.75 f t )
Sag
12 966 (42.54)
Type 3TA Structure
Half-sag
6483 (21.27)
60 Line angle, OGW in tension
+ 6%
389 ( 1.27)
335-m ( n o o - f t ) Span
Major axis
6872 (22.54)
8230-mm (27-ft) Pole spacing
Minor axis
3436 (11.27)
NESC Heavy load
Conductor full-load
e = ii58'
r3
= 33 362 N (7500
OGW: io-mm (f-in)
H.s. Steel
OGW
full-load tens
mm
(ft)
=
21
418 N (4815
Sag
10 747 (35.26)
Half-sag ellipses
Half-sag
5374 (17.63)
+ 6%
322 ( 1.06)
7125 mm
Major axis
5696 (18.69)
(23.38 f t ) ,
Minor axis
2848 ( 9.35)
0
6-l5 42'
Only one OGW and two conductors
are shown

Figure 83,-Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 60 line angle, 8230-mm (27-ft) pole spacing
104-D-1096.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Type 3TA Structure
45 Line angle, OGW in tension
213-m ( 7 0 0 - f t ) Span
6096-mm ( 2 0 - f t ) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy loading
Conductor f u l l - l o a d tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW f u l l - l o a d tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Full-sag ellipses

Conductor: 242 mm 2 (477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7

mm
(ft)
Sag
5253 (17.23)
+6%
315 ( 1.03)
Major axis
5568 (18.26)
Minor axis
2784 (9.13)
e=il58'
)-mm ( | - i n) H.s. Steel
mm
(ft)
Sag
4353 (14.28)
( 0.86)
+ 6%
261
4614 (15.14)
Major axis
Minor axis
2307 ( 7.57)
0 = I542'

278 mm

Figure 84.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 45 line angle, 6096-mm (20-ft) pole
spacing. 104-D-1097.

201

202

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Conductor: 242 mm 2 (477 kcmil) ACSR, 24/7

11 278 mm
mm
(It)
(37 f t )
Sag
12 966 (42.54)
Half-sag
6 4 8 3 (21.27)
Type 3TA Structure
45 Line angle, OGW in tension
+ 6%
389 ( 1.27)
335-m (MOO-ft) Span
Major axis
6872 (22.54)
6096-mm ( 2 0 - f t ) Pole spacing
Minor axis
3436 (11.27)
NESC Heavy loadi
o
e = n 58'
Conductor f u l l OGW: 10-mm ( f - i n ) H.S. Steel
= 33 362 N (7500
OGW f u l l - l o a d
mm
(ft)
= 21 418 N (481
Sag
10 747 (35.26)
Half-sag
ellipses
Half-sag
5374 (17.63)
Only one OGW
+ 6%
322 ( 1.06 )
conductors ar
5696 (18.69)
Major axis
5639 mm
Minor axis
2848 (9.35)
' '(18.5 f t )
e = l542'

Figure 85.-Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 45 line angle, 6096-mm (20-ft) pole spacing.
104-D-1098.

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

Type 3TA Structure
30 Line angle, OGW in tension
213-m (700-ft) Span
4 5 7 2 - mm ( 1 5 - f t ) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW full-load tension
=21 418 N (4815 lb)
Full-sag ellipses

Conductor: 242 mm2 (477 kcmil)ACSR,

mm
(ft)
Sag
(17.23)
5253
+ 6%
(1.03)
315
(18.26)
Major axis
5568
Minor axis
2784
(9.13)
e=M058'
OGW: i o - m m ( | - in) H.S. Steel
mm
(It)
Sog
4353
(14.28)
( 0.86)
+ 6%
261
Major axis
4614
(15.14)
Minor axis
2307
( 7.57)
e=i542'

8840 mm

Figure 86.-Full-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 3 0 line angle, 4572-mm (15-ft) pole
spacing. 104-D-1099.

203

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

204

Conductor : 242 mm2 (477 kcmil)ACSR, 24/7

(ft)
mm
Sag
12 966 (42.54)
Half-sag
6483
(21.27)
389
+ 6%
(1-27)
Major axis
6872
(22.54)
(11.27)
3436
Minor axis
6 = 11 58'
OGW : lo-mm (f-in) H.S. Steel

Type 3TA Structure

30 Line angle,OGW intension
335-m(IIOO-ft) Span
4572-mm ( 1 5 - f t ) Pole spacing
NESC Heavy loading
Conductor full-load tension
= 33 362 N (7500 lb)
OGW full-load tension
= 21 418 N (4815 lb)
Half-sag ellipses

Sag
Half-sag
+ 6%
Major ax
Minor ax
0 = 15 42

Figure 87.Half-sag ellipses for type 3TA wood-pole structure, 30 line angle, 4572-mm (15-ft) pole spacing,
104-D-1100.

SOS

SldVHD 9NIADD QNV NOUVIIWII a a n i D f l H l S - A I y g i d V H D

206

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

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Allewoblt
Single Spans

Moi. Distonco
Botwoen Low
Point* In
Adjocont Spans
Moil mum
of
Actual Spans

DATA

From
To

Lino
Anglos

II

Polo

*4

Spocina

289
305
305
305
305
0-213
213-335
0-213

motors

OGW.

foot

950
1000
1000
1000
KX>0
0-700
700-1100
0-700

OGW (suspension),
Angle guys.
Conductor

06w (tension)_

HS
HSB
3A
3AB
3AC
3TA'

foot

1395
2070
chart
chart
1675

motors

Design wind on structures.

Roles
Ultimate fiber stress,
Crossarms_
Ultimate fiber stress.
Insulators

Voltage.
Loading.

NOTES
_i 15 kv
-NESC Heavy: i 3 - m m ( f i n ) ice, 0.19-kPa ( 4 - l b / f t 2 ) wind
pressure plus constant atH8 # C(0 # F)
_0.38 kPa (8 l b / f t 2 )
-Class 2 western red cedar
_38.6I2 MPa(5600 l b / i n 2 )
-Douglas f i r
-51.023 MP0 (7400 lb/in 2 )
-146 by 254 mm (5J by 10 in), 88 964-N (20 000-lb)
standard suspension units
_242 mm 2 (477 kcmil), ACSR. 24/7, Flicker
_76 509 N(I7 200 lb)
_33 362 N(7500 lb) under full load conditions
JO-mm ( | - m ) high strength steel, 7 wire
_48 040 N(IO 800 lb)
-21 418 N (4815 lb) under full load conditions
-ll-mm (]J-in) high strength steel, 7 wire

Figure 91.-Additional data required for the wood-structure limitation chart. 104-D-1104.

Conductor
Ultimate strength
Maximum design tension.
Overhead ground wire
Ultimate strength.
Maximum design tension.
Guy wire_
Conductor clearance
to pole ground wire or
to center line of pole.
.1092 mm(43 in)
to crossarm
_889 mm(35 in)
to guy wire-1397 mm (55 in)
Lightning protective angle.
_30 degrees
Span length limits
_by half sag ellipse method for suspension structures
Safety factors
. w i t h 13-mm (-in) ice, 0.38-kPa ( 8 - l b / f t ) wind
Poles
_2.0
Crossorms
.4.0
Insulators
suspension .
tension
Conductor
Overhead ground wire
2.0
.One line double guy per OGW. Total for structure would
Guy wire
be two line double guys each way (2-iDGEW).
#
line guys
2.0
O f f s e t OGW line guys 30 from conductor <L for o-10 line
2.67
angles. 2 2 8 0 0 N (51251b) t i m e s COS 3 0 - l 9 745 N (4438 Itx) transverse
#
#
_Omit OGW line guys for OGW in suspension ( 0 - 6 0 line angles).
. O m i t angle guys for o * - r and 6 0 * - 9 0 * line angles.
The appropriate (metric or U.S. customary) data from
.Use 3-ASG for conductors on line angles up to 60* to keep the
this figure should be placed on the structure
structure from leaning into the angle.
limitation chart to make a complete chart.
_For OGW in suspension ( r - 6 0 * line angles) or tension (10*-60*
line angles), read guying requirements on suspension guying
chart.

425
630
chart
chart
510

motors

foot 1
foot
motors
chart
3.6
12
0
s<
578
1900
610
2000
chart
0
3.6
12
s
610
2000 chart 60
18
5.5
s
17
610
2000 chart 60
5.2
s
610
2000 chort chort
14
4.3
s
14
426
1400
0
0
SorT
4.3
SorT
14
670
2200
0
0
4.3
426
14
0
60
1400
SorT
4.3
670
2200
0
60
SorT
14
4.3
2 1 3 - 3 3 5 700-1100
426
1400
15
0-213
0-700
0
30
T
4.6
2200
T
670
0
30
4.6
15
2 1 3 - 3 3 5 700-MOO
426
30
45
T
0-213
0-700
1400
6.1
20
670
2200
30
45
T
6.1
20
2 1 3 - 3 3 5 700-1100
27
426
45
60
T
1400
8.2
0-213
0-700
2200
27
670
T
45
60
8.2
2 1 3 - 3 3 5 700-1100
37
396
60
90
T
11.3
1300
0-198
0-650
37
T
11.3
640
60
2100
90
198-320 650-1050
See figure 94 for standard guying arrangement
2
S - suspension, T - tension
Line guys
Conductor (tension)
.One line double guy per conductor. Total for s t r u c t u r e
would be t h r e e line double guys each way (3-LDGEW).
T m o x .= 33 3 6 2 N ( 7 5 0 0 1 b ) , I single guy = 22 8 0 0 N (51251b)
h o r i z o n t a l pull.

Structure
Typo

STRUCTURE

CHAPTER IV-STRUCTURE LIMITATION AND GUYING CHARTS

NOTES
The required number of guys noted on this chart should be coordinated with
the number of guys required by the standard guying arrangement
drawing for the structure type used. The coordinated number
of guys should then be shown on the final guying chart.
The line shown for b. may be omitted because of the small area defined.
The H-frame (x-braced) limit and the i-ADG limit for conductors are
about identical, so only one line is shown at f
The line shown for g. may be omitted because it falls outside the
structure limit ; use structure limit for guy limit.
Use the same maximum sum of adjacent spans limit for Type 3AC as
used for the type HS structures.
ASG = Angle single guy
AD6 = Angle double guy

Figure 92.-Example guying chart for wood-pole structures (metric). 104-D-1105.

209

210

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

NOTES
The required number of guys noted on this chart should be coordinated
with the number of guys required by the standard guying arrangement
drawing for the structure type used. The coordinated number of
guys should then be shown on ttie final guying chart.
The line shown for b. may be omitted because of the small area
defined.
The H-frame (x-braced) limit and the i-ADG limit for conductors are about
identical, so only one line is shown at f.
The line shown for g. may be omitted because it falls outside the structure
limit; use structure limit for guy limit.
Use the same maximum sum of adjacent spans limit for Type 3AC as
used for the Type HS structures.
ASG == Angle single guy
ADG - Angle double guy

Figure 93.-Example guying chart for wood-pole structures (U.S. customary). 104-D-1106.

FIGURE 4
OGW AND CONDUCTOR LINE GUYING FOR LINE ANGLES IO* TO SO*
(See Mote t)

FIGURE 2.
ANGLE GUYING (KT-60*) WITH OGW IN TENSION
ANGLE GUYING (i*-GO*) WITH OGW IN SUSPENSION
(See Note 3)

OGW GUYS

0 TO

TENSION
TENSION

FIGURE 5
OGW AND CONDUCTOR LIME GUYING FOR LINE
(See Note 2)

5 TO

10" TO

SUSPENSION

A
0" TO

LINE

RAKE

FIGURE

POLE

132
132

ANGLE GUYING

SUSPENSION

OGW

\lADG
\2ADG

WNDUCTORGL IYS

3,4,3
3,4, 5
3,4,5

3,4,5

3,4,5
3,4, 5

Figure 94.-Standard guying arrangement for type 3TA structure. From Dwg. 40-D-6313. 104-D-1139.

FIGURE 3
AMD CONOUCTOR LINE GUYING FOR LINE ANGLES 0* TO 10*
(St* Note 2)

FIGURE I
CONDUCTOR ANGLE GUYING (10*-GOV

2LDGEW
2LSGEW

2LDGEW
3LDGEW
3LSGEW-3LDGEW 2LDGEW
2LDGEW
6LDGEW

2LSGEW

3LSGEW
3LSGEW
3LDGEW

FIGURE

ANCHOR AND REFERENC

LINE GUYING
CONOUCTOR GUYSOGW GUYS

\3ASG
\3ASG

NOTES
OGW Overhead ground wire
COND Conductor
ASG Angle single guy
ADG Angle double guy
LSGEW - Line single guy each way
LDGEW - Line double guy each way
* - OGW & conductor
O
Anchor identification
refere
Offset OGw line guy 30 from conduct
line angles
Omit OWG line guys for OGW in suspens
60 to 90 is always in tension
Omit all angle guys for 0 to 1 and 60
Rake poles as required in table below. Po
of {-inch for each foot of pole abo
be against the strain.

Chapter V

ADDITIONAL

DATA

2 5 . S t r e s s e s i n W o o d - P o l e S t r u c t u r e s . T h e r e is a limit t o t h e a m o u n t of l o a d i n g t h a t t h e
H-frame t y p e s t r u c t u r e will w i t h s t a n d w h e n large c o n d u c t o r s a n d long spans are used. T h i s l i m i t a t i o n
b e c o m e s even m o r e p r o n o u n c e d w h e n s t r o n g winds a n d h e a v y ice loadings are also p r e s e n t . S a m p l e
a n a l y s e s h a v e b e e n m a d e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e pole s t r e n g t h in c o l u m n l o a d i n g for small d e f l e c t i o n s .
C a l c u l a t i o n s of stresses h a v e b e e n m a d e for t h e following H-frame s t r u c t u r e s :

29-m (95-ft) t y p e H S 2 3 0 - k V s t r u c t u r e with class 2 D o u g l a s fir poles a n d o n e X - b r a c e

29-m (95-ft) t y p e H S B 2 3 0 - k V s t r u c t u r e with class 2 D o u g l a s fir poles a n d o n e X - b r a c e
29-m (95-ft) t y p e H S B 2 3 0 - k V s t r u c t u r e w i t h class 1 D o u g l a s fir poles a n d t w o X - b r a c e s

T h e calculations assume:

T h e load in a s t r u c t u r e m e m b e r is positive if it is in t e n s i o n , a n d n e g a t i v e if it is in c o m p r e s s i o n
Clockwise b e n d i n g m o m e n t s are positive
Poles are uniformly t a p e r e d w i t h m i n i m u m A N S I (American N a t i o n a l S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t e )
dimensions
All b o l t e d j o i n t s are rigid

T h e effect of wind on t h e s t r u c t u r e s was t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t only on t h e H S s t r u c t u r e , a n d s t r u c t u r e

mass was neglected on all s t r u c t u r e s . Similar analyses for a n y s t r u c t u r e height or voltage class m a y
be m a d e b y using t h e m e t h o d s shown in t h e following examples. Pole resistance m o m e n t s are s h o w n
in tables B - l a n d B - 2 , a n d pole circumferences for different classes of poles are s h o w n in t a b l e s B-3
a n d B-4. D e v e l o p m e n t of t h e formula for m a x i m u m m o m e n t of resistance is shown on figure B-4.
T h i s figure a n d t h e above tables are in a p p e n d i x B .
Example
Let L
M
F
U
R
'
"
Vc
V
Hc

i.Stress analysis for a 29-m (95-ft) t y p e H S 230-kV s t r u c t u r e w i t h class 2 w o o d poles:

= load in m e m b e r
= bending moment
= e x t r e m e fiber stress
= axial r e a c t i o n in pole
= h o r i z o n t a l r e a c t i o n on pole
single p r i m e sign indicates vertical load stress
= double p r i m e sign indicates h o r i z o n t a l load stress
= vertical c o n d u c t o r load
= vertical o v e r h e a d g r o u n d wire load
= h o r i z o n t a l c o n d u c t o r load
213

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

214
H
Pr
LP
SAS

=
=
=
=

horizontal overhead ground wire load

pole resisting moment
distance between low points in adjacent spans
sum of adjacent spans

Metric
Figure 95 shows the structure outline and other data.

CVJ

Conductor: 403 mm 2 , ACSR, 4 5 / 7

Diameter - 27 mm
0.38-kPa wind on iced (13-mm radial)
conductor - 20.07 N/m
Vertical force with 13-mm radial ice =
27.26 N/m
0GW: 10 mm, HS. Steel, 7-wire
Diameter = 9 mm
0.38- kPa wind on iced (13-mm radial)
0GW - 13.23 N/m
Vertical force with I3~mm radial ice =
11.79 N/m

CO

o
rot

Ef
CO

o
rot

O
r--

<x>
m

Position

00

Pole
Circumference,

mm
cr>

B
K
M
p
R

CO

X/^4V/>^^^\V^^^y/>g^411 ^^^^ftS^t U ^^^^//X^y/^^11 | ^ ^ \ > y

m
o
m
rot

or D
or L
or N
or Q
or s

718
801
983
1148
1326

Pf.
N-m
59
82
153
244
376

Douglas Fir
Working Stress - 51.02 MPo

6.706 m

Figure 95.-29-m type HS 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles (one X-brace). 104-D-1107.
Vc =
Hc =
Vertical loads, 3VC+
UK

(27.26)(LP)
(20.07)(SAS/2)

Vg = (11.79)(LP)
H. = ( 1 3 . 2 3 ) ( S A S / 2 )

2 V ^ are shared equally by t w o poles:

= UL

= U' = UN' = UP' = UQ' = UR' = Us' =\.5VC

+ Vg

778
946
411
634
534

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

215

For transverse loads // c and H , a plane of inflection PQexists. The location of the plane is found
by:
_ y(PrM)

PrR+PrM

_ (12.649) (153 411)

376534+153411

yx = 1 2 . 6 4 9 - 3.662 = 8.987 m
The vertical force due to uplift is:
3// c (h c ) + 2Hg(hg) + moment due to wind on poles
"

pole spacing

Assuming 244-m spans:

3(20
V

.07)(l^)O3,416)

2^

6.706

= 49 037.60 N

The uplift force in the windward pole is Vu minus one-half the vertical force of structure,
conductor, and overhead ground wire.
The downward force in the leeward pole is Vu plus one-half the vertical force of structure,
conductor, and overhead ground wire.
The force in the X-brace is 0.5 Vu /sin 6 .
For braces installed at 45 , 0.5 Vu 0.707 = 0.707 Vu
Pole bending moments are:

At K,MK

=(1.5HC) (3.048) +#j(5.944) + moment due to wind on pole

MK = 4.572(20.07) (243.84) + 5.944(13.23) (243.84)

, 0.383(6.096) 2 [254.8 + (2) (202.2)]
,Q11.XT
+
-;
= 4 3 114JN*m
6
At M, MM = (1.5HC + Hg)y0

+ moment due to wind on pole

MM = [(1.5) (20.07) + 13.23] (243.8) (3.662)

0.383(12.802) 2 [312.7
6 + (2) (202.2)]

= 46 291 N-m

216

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

At R, MR = (1.5HC + Hg)y1

+ moment due to wind on pole

MR = [(1.5) (20.07)+13.23] (243.8) (8.987)

,0.383(25.451)'[421.9+ (2) ( 2 0 2 . 2 ) ] . ^
6

n 4 N

Crossarm strength: 1
For a 79- by 267-mm laminated arm, the ultimate fiber stress S = 13.79 MPa:

= ^
v

6L

where:
Wv
b
d
L

= ultimate vertical load, N

= horizontal thickness of arm, mm
= vertical thickness of arm, mm
= length of arm to load (lever arm), mm

Wv = l3'l9^lll(o?7)
6(3352.o)

= 3861 N or 7722 N for a double arm

For the given conductor, the vertical force is 27.26 N / m (with 13-mm radial ice).
Allowable distance between low points is 7722/27.26 = 283.272 m.
U.S. Customary
Figure 96 shows the structure outline and other data.
Vc = (1.8682)(LP)
Hc = (1.3754)(SAS/2)
Vertical loads, 3 F C + 2 V

Vg = (0.8079)(LP)
He = (0.9066)(SAS

are shared equally by two poles:

u*' = uL' = uM' = uN' = uP' = uQ'= uR' = us' = i.svc + vg

1
Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Douglas Fir (Coast Region) Timber (West Coast Lumbermen's
Association), table II, combination E, shows this ultimate fiber stress is 2000 lb/in 2 (13.79 MPa) for a 3-1/8- by 10-1/2-in
(79- by 267-mm) laminated crossarm.

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

217

lO

'Oft | . 10ft

o f

[
A

E
~~j

1r

22 ft

lO

ik
o
r
1

41.5 ft

Jl

> *

x
/

cConductor: 795 kcmil, ACSR, 45/7

Diameter - 1.063 in
8-lb/ft 2 wind on iced (|-in radial)
conductor - 1.3754 l b / f t
Vertical force with -in radial
i c e - 1.8682 l b / f t
OGW: | - jn HS. steel, 7-wire
0
Diameter = 0.360 in
8 - l b / f t 2 wind on iced (5-in radial)
OGW - 0.9066 lb/ft
Vertical force with {-in radial
ice = 0.8079 l b / f t

2^

'

"5f^

^W/^l^/^/^

'

/^Ground

4^/w/i
.

2 2 f t

r-

Pole
Circumference,
in

Position
B or D
K or L
M or N
p or 0
R or s

Pr.
lb-ft
44 100

28.26
31.52
38.69
45.20

61 059
113 244
180421

52.19

277 731

Douglas Fir
Working stress = 7400 lb/in 2

Figure 96.-95-ft type HS 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles (one X-brace). 104-D-1108.

For transverse loads Hc and H , a plane of inflection PQ exists. The location of the plane is found

by:
=

yiPrhi)
PrB

rR

r
+ PrM

^ rM

(41.5) (113 244)

? n ? n

277 731 + 113 244

yy =41.5-12.02 = 29.48 ft
The vertical force due to the uplift is:

vu-

3Hc(hc) + 2Hg(hg) + moment due to wind on poles

pole spacing

218

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Assuming 800-ft spans:

3 ( 1 . 3 7 5 4 ) ( l f 2 ) ( 4 4 . 0 2 ) + 2(0 .9066)

(!f-)(53.52)

Vu =

2 ((8H54.02)-H4.38 +2(7.96)1)

22

= 11 026.87 1b
The uplift force in the windward pole is Vu minus one-half the weight of structure, conductor,
and overhead ground wire.
T h e downward force in the leeward pole is Vu plus one-half the weight of structure, conductor,
and overhead ground wire.
The force in the X-brace is 0.5 Vu / s i n 6 .
For braces installed at 4 5 , 0.5 Vu/0.101
Pole bending moments are:

= 0.707

At K,MK = (l.5Hc) (10) +i^(19.5) + moment due to wind on pole

* , - 15(1.3752) (800) + 19.5(0.9066)(800) + 8(20)'110.03 . ( 2 ) (7.96)1
= 31 799 lb-ft
At M,MM = (\.5HC + Hg)y0 + moment due to wind on pole
M = 1(1.5) (1.3752) * 0.90661,(800) (12.02) * 8 ( 4 2 ) ' " ^

( 2 )

(796>1

= 34 087 lb-ft
At R,MR = (\.5HC + Hg)y1 + moment due to wind on pole
MR - 1(1.5)(1.3752) + 0.90661 ( 8 0 0 ) ( 1 2 . 0 2 ) + 8 ( 8 3 5 ) ' " 6 ^ +

(2) ( 7 9 6 ) 1

= 95 231 lb-ft
Crossarm strength:
For a 3 - 1 / 8 - by 1 0 - 1 / 2 - i n laminated arm, the ultimate fiber stress S=

2000 lb/in2.

^
6L

where:
Wv = ultimate vertical load, lb
b = horizontal thickness of arm, in
d = vertical thickness of arm, in
L = length of arm to load (lever arm), in
K

= 2000(3 6( 1 1 2 3 5 2 ) ) (1 - 5)2 = 870 lb or 1740 lb for a double arm

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

219

For the given conductor, the vertical force is 1.8682 lb/ft (with 1/2-in radial ice).
Allowable distance between low points is 1740/1.8682 = 9 3 1 ft.
Example 2.-Stress analysis for a 29-m (95-ft) type HSB 230-kV structure with class 2 wood poles:
Metric
Figure 97 shows the structure outline and other data. Using the nomenclature from example 1,

Conductor: 403 mm,2 ASCR, 45/7

Diameter = 27 mm
0.38-kPa wind on iced (13-mm radial)
conductor - 20.07 N/m
Vertical force with 13-mm radial
ice-27.26 N/m
0GW: io mm, H.s. Steel, 7-wire
Diameter= 9 mm
0.38 - kPa wind on iced (13-mm radial!
0GW- 13.23 N/m
Vertical force with 13-mm radial
ice - 11.79 N/m
Pole
Circumference,
Position
Pp.
N*m
mm

Ground

B
K
M
p
R

or
or
or
or
or

D
L

N
Q
S

718
801
983
1148
1326

59 778
82 946
153 411
244 634
376 534

Douglas Fir
Working Stress - 51.02 MPa

tan a = |-ff' =

0.7727

o.ooo

sin a = 0.6114
COS a - 0.7913
a = 37 41'
Figure 97.-29-m type HSB 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles (one X-brace). 104-D-1109.

220

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Vc = (27.26)(LP)
Hc = (20.07)(SAS/2)

Vg = (11.79)(LP)
Hg = (13.23)(SAS/2)

Load in adjustable braces AG and EF:

LAG'

= LEF' =

Vc/sma=\.635Vc

Compression load in crossarm:

LAB'=LDE'

= -Vc/tana

-\.294Vc

Load in nonadjustable braces GC and FC:

LGC'

= LFC' = 0 . 5 F c / s i n a = 0.818F C

Compressive force in crossarm between B and C and between D and C :

LBC'=LDC'

= -Vc/tma

-l.294Vc

Load in crosstie GF:

LGp

= LAQ

cos a - LGQ COS a = 0.647 Vc

Vertical loads, 3 Vc and 2 V, are shared equally by two poles:

UH' - Uj> = UK' = UL' = UM' = UN' = UP' = UQ' = UR' = Us' = 1.5FC + Vg
For transverse loads Hc and H , a plane of inflection ///exists. The location of this plane is found
by:

x(PrB)
+P
rK rB

_ 3.048(59 778)
82 946 + 59 778

1>z//m

*, =x- x0 =3.048- 1.277= 1.771 m

A plane of inflection PQ also exists. Its location is found by:

y(prAf)
P
rR+PrM

yx =y~

12.649(153 411)
376 5 3 4 + 1 5 3 411

y0 = 12.649 - 3.662 = 8.987 m

6 bbZm

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

221

When position of zero moment is known, the structure may be separated into parts and each part
considered separately.
Horizontal wind forces on conductors and overhead ground wires are resisted equally by each pole
at the points of zero moment.
R

= R

j'

= R

= R

" 1 5#c '

Axial reaction at /caused by horizontal wind force is found by taking moments about / / a n d
dividing by the moment arm (pole spacing).

(3HC) (1.277) + (2Hg) (4.173)

u/ =

= Q.51\HC + \.244Hg

6.706

u/' = -uH"
Taking moments about .Sin the pole above the plane of inflection (fig. 98), gives the forceFQ":

E
CO

O
ro
C),

-,

Figure 98.-Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection and

to the crosstie (metric example 2).

591

l.277m

CVJ

FB"
'

1H

1.5 H c

1.277 (1.5HC + Hg) + 2.896Ht

FG" =

2.591

= -0.739Hc - l.6UHg

The outside braces, AG and EF', carry 10 percent of FQ" and FH" while the inside braces, CG and
CF, carry 90 percent. Load on the inner braces CG and CFis:

0.9F G "
'CG

CF

cos a
"=- T
L

CG

"

0 . 9 ( - 0 . 7 3 9 # c - 1.611/7)
0.7913

= -0.84Lr7 c - 1.832Hg

222

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

The load in the outer braces AG and EFis:

-0.1FG"
AKj

-0.1(-0.739#C-

cos a

EF

1.61LSL)

0.7913

AG

The load in the crossarm portions BC and CD is:

LBC" = (-LCG")cosa

+ 0.5Hc = - ( - 0 . 8 4 1 # c - l.832Hg) (0.7913) + 0.5HC)

= 1.165Hc + lA48Hg

The load in the crossarm portions AB and DE is:

L

COSa

=-(LAG"

AB"

+Hc)

= -\.014HcT

"=- T

= - ( 0 . 0 9 3 4 # c + Q.20AHg) (0.7913) - Hc

0.\6\Hg

"

The moment at B and D is given by:

MD" = -x0(\.5Hc

+Hg) = - 1.277(1.5# c + Hg) = - \.915HC - \.211Hg N-m

MB"=MD"
For the portion of the pole between the planes of inflection, the moment at K and L is:
MK"=xl{.\.5Hc

+H)=

l.77\(1.5Hc+H

) = 2.651 Hc + \.11\H,

N-m

ML"=MK"
The area of the pole at A^and Z , excluding the 23.8-mm-diameter hole for mounting the X-brace
is:

AK

=![

f - - 23.8D = ~ ( 2 5 4 . 8 4 ) 2 - 23.8(254.84) = 51 0 0 6 - 6065 = 4 4 941 mm 2

223

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

The section modulus at K and L is:

2 M 2 ! = JL (254.84)3 - ^ M (254.84)2 = 1 624 810- 257 609

ZK=^~-

32

32

= 1 367 201 m m 3
Z

~ZK

The horizontal reaction in the poles at P and Q is:

RlPp" -R=R
n Q

l.5Hc-Hg

The axial reaction in the poles at P a n d Q is:

3HC + 2HS
rn^
(12.139) + 0 . 5 7 1 / / , + 1.244//,, = 6 . 0 0 2 / / r + 4.864//,,
6.706
*
*

Un" =
^

uF" = -uQ'
The force at AT can be found by taking moments about point M(fig. 99):

e
HL5

+H

CD

C)

Figure 99.Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection

(metric example 2).

CM
CO
CD

- 1 . 5 Hc + H g

[ 8 . 4 7 7 ( 1 . 5 # c +Hg) + 3.662(\.5H C + Hgj\

FK" =

V=

L
F

M"

6.706

J~

- 2J15HC-

1.813# g

224

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

The force in X-braces ATVand LM is:

"

-{

dn~45^

"=-T

=-3-840^-2.564^

"

The net area of the pole (less the X-brace mounting hole) at M a n d /Vis:
AM

= ^

- 2 3 . 8 Z ) = - | ( 3 1 2 . 8 0 ) 2 - 23.8(312.80) = 76 846 - 7445 = 69 401 mm 2

The section modulus at M a n d TV is:

Z

= i

Tr -^f^51
o

=^(312.80)3 51

(312.80) 2 - 3 004 6 9 3 - 388 114

= 2 616 579 m m 3

Taking moments about point M (fig. 99):

MM"=-3.662(1.5HC

+Hg) = -5A93HC

- 3.662/7^

MM"=MN"
By superposition, the values of the forces and bending moments computed separately for vertical
and horizontal loading can be combined for total loading. The strength of each member can be divided
by its respective total load and safety factors tabulated.
Stress in the poles is:
At point L :

-L+K

Sl

AL+'ZL

where:
UL " = U/ + 0.707LLM" and UL = UL' + UL "

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

225

UL" = 0.51\HC+ \.244Hg + 0.707 (3.840# c + 2.56AHg) = 3.286HC + 3.051Hg

UL'=l.SVc

+ Vg

UL = UL' + UL" = l.5Vc + Vg + 3.286i7c + 3.051Hg

AL = 4 4 941 mm 2
ML" = 2.657HC + \.ll\Hg

N-m

ZL = 1 367 201 mm 3
s

=
L

n.5K c -t-K^3.286// e +3.057Jy g

|_
44 941 mm2

/2.657/Z, + 1.77U/A /IQQQ mm \"| /lOOO2 mm A +

\ 1 367 201 mm3 / \
m )j\
m2
/ '

l000=

kPa

At point N:
UN
SN=

MN

A~ Y~

where:
UN" = UQ" and UN = UN' + UN"
UN'=l.5Vc

+ Vg

UN" = 6.002# c + 4.864H

UN = UN' + UN" =l.5Vc + Vg + 6.002# c + 4 . 8 6 4 ^
AN = 69 401 mm 2
MN" = -5.493Hc - 3.662# N-m
ZN = 2 616 579 mm 3
/5.493//r + 3.662//.N /1000 mm\l /10002 mm2\

p.SK, + V. + 6.002#c + 4.864//,

-^

5^=
yv

|_

69 401

'-+(
\

2 616 579

U 1000 = kPa

f)(
A

/J \

m2

226

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Adjustable braces AG and

EF:
LAG'=1.63SVC

183-m Spans, LP = 366 m

LAG" = 0.0934Hc + 0.2036Hg

LAG=LAG+LAG

16 312

343.06 + 492.92 = 836

17 148 N

18 987

399.29 + 573.74 = 973

19 960 N

21750

457.38 + 657.22 = 1115

22 865 N

Vc = 9977 N
F =4315N
/=3673N
# g = 2421N
213-m Spans, LP = 426 m
Fc=ll
V= 5
ITC= 4
Hg= 2

613 N
023N
275N
818N

244-m Spans, LP = 488 m

K c =13 303 N
K = 5 754N
ITC= 4 897N
Hg= 3 228N
274-m Spans, LP = 548 m

24 424

513.61 + 738.05 = 1252

25 676 N

27 188

571.70 + 821.53 = 1393

28 581 N

KC = 14 938N
Vg = 6 461 N
# c = 5 499N
^ = 3 625N
305-m Spans, LP = 610 m
Vc =
Vg=
Hc=
/^=

16 629 N
7 192N
6 121N
4 035N

335-m Spans, LP = 670 m

29 862

627.93 + 902.36 = 1530

31 392 N

F C =18 264N
Vg = 7 899 N
# c = 6 723N
//^= 4 432N
366-m Spans, LP = 732 m

32 625

686.12 + 985.83 = 1672

34 297 N

35 300

742.34+1066.66=1809

37 109 N

Vc = 19 954 N
Vg= 8 630N
Hc= 7 346N
#^ = 4 842N
396-m Spans, LP = 792 m
Vc =
Vg=
Hc=
i/ g =

21 590 N
9 338N
7 948N
5 239N

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

A d j u s t a b l e b r a c e s AG and

EF Continued
LAG=

427-m Spans, LP = 854 m

227

1.635 Vc

LAG

38 063

^AG=LAG+LAG

= 0.0934 Hc +0.2036 Hg
800.44+1150.14 = 1951

40 014 N

Vc = 23 280 N
^ = 1 0 069N
Hc= 8 570N
Hg= 5 649N

N o n a d j u s t a b l e b r a c e s GC a n d FC :
Spans,
m

LP,
m

L G C = 0.818 V
N

183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
427

366
426
488
548
610
670
732
792
854

8 161
9 499
10 882
12 219
13 603
14 940
16 322
17 661
19 043

Crosstie

LGC

=0.841^+1.832^
N

3088.99 +
3595.27 +
4118.38 +
4624.66 +
5147.76 +
5654.04 +
6177.99 +
6684.27 +
7207.37 +

4
5
5
6
7
8
8
9
10

GC ~ LQC
N

435.27= 7 524
162.58 = 8 758
913.70 = 10 032
641.00 = 11 266
392.12 = 12 540
119.42 = 13 773
870.54 = 15 049
597.85 = 16 282
348.97 = 17 556

+ L

GC

15 685
18 257
20 914
23 485
26 143
28 713
31 371
33 943
36 599

GF:

Crossarrns AB a n d DE

Spans,
m
183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
427

LGF

Spans,
m

LP,
m

183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
427

366
426
488
548
610
670
732
792
854

= 0.647 Vc
N
6 455
7 514
8 607
9 665
10 759
11 817
12 910
13 969
15 062

(compressive):

LP,
m

LAB=-l294VCf
N

366
426
488
548
610
670
732
792
854

-12910
- 1 5 027
- 1 7 214
- 1 9 330
-21518
- 2 3 634
-25 820
-27 937
- 3 0 124

AB =-1-074 # - 0 . 1 6 1 i /
N
*'

-3944.80-389.78
-4591.35-453.70
-5259.38-519.71
-5905.93-583.63
-6573.95-649.64
-7220.50-713.55
-7889.60-779.56
-8536.15-843.48
-9204.18-909.49

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

-4
-5
-5
-6
-7
-7
-8
-9
-10

335
045
779
490
224
934
669
380
114

AB ~ LAB
N
-17
-20
-22
-25
-28
-31
-34
-37
-40

+ L

245
072
993
820
742
568
489
317
238

AB,

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

228

Crossarms BC a n d CD (compressive):
Spans,
m

LP,
m

LCL! = -1.294 VCm

N

183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
427

366
426
488
548
610
670
732
792
854

- 1 2 910
- 1 5 027
-17 214
- 1 9 330
-21518
- 2 3 634
- 2 5 820
-27 937
- 3 0 124

X - b r a c e s KN

and

LCD" =-1.165
N

HC-1A4SH

- 4 2 7 9 . 0 5 - 3505.61
-4980.38 - 4080.46
-5705.01-4674.14
-6406.34-5249.00
-7130.97 - 5842.68
-7832.30-6417.54
-8558.09-7011.22
-9259.42-7586.07
- 9 9 8 4 . 0 5 - 8179.75

= -7
= -9
= -10
=-11
= -12
=-14
=-15
=-16
=-18

CD ~ LCD
N

785
061
379
655
974
250
569
845
163

-20
-24
-27
-30
-34
-37
-41
-44
-48

+ L

CD ,

695
088
593
985
492
884
389
782
287

LM
Spans,
m

LP,
m

183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
427

366
426
488
548
610
670
732
792
854

KN
-14
-16
-18
-21
-23
-25
-28
-30
-32

~ 3 ' 8 4 0 Hc " 2 * 5 6 4
N

104416735112505816209520909-

6 207
7 225
8 277
9 295
10 346
11 364
12 415
13 433
14 484

=-20
=-23
=-27
=-30
= -33
= -37
=-40
= -43
=-47

311
641
012
407
851
180
624
953
383

Poles (at p o i n t L ):
lSVe+Vg+3286He+3MWg

h=

44 941 mm'

f2.65Wc

+1.17Wg\

^00

10002 mm2

1 367 201 mm

* 1000 = kPa

183-m spans, 366-m LP

fl.5 (9977) + 4315 + 3.286(3673) + 3.i057(2421) 2.657(3673)+1.771(2421)]

+
(1000) =11 136 kPa
L
44 941
1367.201

213-m spans, 426-m LP

[1.5(11 613) + 5023 + 3.286(4275)+ 3.057(2818)

<> - [

2.657(4275)
75)+1.771(2818)1
(1000) = 12 962 kPa

A44 941

1367.201

244-m spans, 488-m LP

s

_ Q.5(13 303) + 5754 + 3.286(4897) +3.057(3228)

44 941

2.657(4897)+1.771(3228)
- (1000) =14 848 kPa
1367.201

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

229

274-m spans, 548-m LP

SL =
L

[~1.5(14 938) + 6461 + 3.286(5499) + 3.057(3625) 2.657(5499) + 1.771 (3625)1

+
(1000) = 16 673 kPa
L
44 941
1367.201
J

305-m spans, 610-m LP

fl.5(16 629) + 7192 + 3.286(6121) + 3.057 (4035)
Sr =
L

2.657(6121) + 1.771 (4035)1

+

(1000) = 18 559 kPa

44 941

1367.201

335-m spans, 670-m LP

Sr =
L

11.5(18 264)+ 7899+ 3.286(6723)+3.057(4432) 2.657(6723) + 1.771(4432)1

+
(1000) = 20 385 kPa
L
44 941
1367.201
J

366-m spans, 732-m LP

fl.5(19 954) + 8630 + 3.286(7346) + 3.057(4842)
SL =

+
L

44 941

2.657(7346) + 1.771 (4842)1

(1000) = 22 273 kPa
1367.201
J

396-m spans, 792-m LP

Sr =
L

11.5(21 590)+ 9338+ 3.286(7948)+ 3.057(5239) 2.657(7948) + 1.771(5239)1

+
(1000) = 24 098 kPa
L
44 941
1367.201
J

427-m spans, 854-m LP

11.5(23 280) + 10 069 + 3.286(8570) + 3.057(5649)
ST =
L

2.657(8570) + 1.771(5649)1
+

44 941

(1000) = 25 984 kPa

1367.201

Poles (at point TV):

SN-

l-5Vc+vg

+ 6.002Hc + 4.S64Hg + /5A93HC+ 3.662Hg\ AQOO mmX] ZlOOO2 inmA ^

* 1000 = kPa
+
69 401
\
2 616 579
/ \
m / \
m2
/

183-m spans, 366-m LP

1.5 (9977) + 4315 + 6.002(3673) + 4.864(2421) 5.493(3673) + 3.662(2421)1

+
(1000) = 11 864 kPa
69 401
2616.579
J

213-m spans, 426-m LP

1.5(11 613) + 5023 + 6.002(4275) + 4.864(2818) 5.493(4275) + 3.662(2818)1

+
(1000) = 13 809 kPa
69 401
2616.579
J

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

230

244-m spans, 488-m LP

1.5(13 303) + 5754 + 6.002(4897) + 4.864(3228) 5.493(4897) + 3.662(3228)1

+
(1000) = 15 818 kPa
69 401
2616.579
J

274-m spans, 548-m LP

% =

fl.5(14 938) + 6461 + 6.002(5499) + 4.864(3625) 5.493(5499) + 3.662(3625)1

+
(1000) = 17 763 kPa
L
69 401
2616.579
J

305-m spans, 610-m LP

1.5(16 629) + 7192 + 6.002(6121) + 4.864(4035) 5.493(6121) + 3.662(4035)1

+
(1000) = 19 772 kPa
69 401
2616.579
J

335-m spans, 670-m LP

1.5(18 264) + 7899 + 6.002(6723) + 4.864(4432) 5.493(6723) + 3.662(4432)1

+
(1000) = 21 716 kPa
69 401
2616.579
J

366-m spans, 732-m LP

1.5(19 954) + 8630 + 6.002(7346) + 4.864(4842)

69 401

5.493(7346) + 3.662(4842)1
2616.579

(1000) == 23 728 kPa

396-m spans, 792-m LP

1.5(21 590) + 9338 + 6.002(7948) + 4.864(5239) 5.493(7948) + 3.662(5239)1

+
(1000) =: 25 673 kPa
69 401
2616.579
J

427-m spans, 854-m LP

1.5(23 280) + 10 069 + 6.002(8570) + 4.864(5649) 5.493(8570) + 3.662(5649)1

+
(1000) = 27 682 kPa
69 401
2616.579
J

Table 2 4 shows a summary of loads in the structure members for various span lengths and low
point distances.

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

231

Table 24.-Summary of loads in structure members for various span lengths

and low-point distances (metric example 2)
SAS/2, m
183
Member

213

244

274

335

366

396

427

610

670

732

792

854

28 581
26 143
10 759
28 742
34 492
33 851
18 559
19 772

31 392
28 713
11 817
31568
37 884
37 180
20 385
21 716

34 297
31 371
12 910
34 489
41 389
40 624
22 273
23 728

37 109
33 943
13 969
37 317
44 782
43 953
24 098
25 673

40 014
36 599
15 062
40 238
48 287
47 393
25 984
27 682

305

Position
LP, m

Adjustable braces, N
Nonadjustable braces, N
Crosstie, N
Crossarm (compressive), N
Crossarm (compressive), N
X-brace,N
Pole, kPa
Pole, kPa

AG&EF
GC&FC
GF
AB&DE
BC&CD
KN&LM
L
N

366

426

488

17 148
15 685
6 455
17 245
20 695
20 311
11 136
11864

19 960
18 257
7 514
20 072
24 088
23 641
12 962
13 809

22 865
20 914
8 607
22 993
27 593
27 012
14 848
15 818

548
25
23
9
25
30
30
16
17

676
485
665
820
985
407
673
763

U.S. Customary
Figure 100 shows the structure outline and other data.
Vc = (1.8682)(LP)
Hc = (1.3754)(SAS/2)

Vg = (0.8079)(LP)
He = (0.9066)(SAS/2)

Load in adjustable braces AG and EF:

LAG' = LEF,=

Vc/sma=l.635Vc

Compression load in crossarm:

LAB = W

= - Vtan a = - 1.294 Vc

Load in nonadjustable braces GC and FC :

L

GC=LFC

= 0.5 F c / s i n a = 0.818 Vc

Compressive force in crossarm between B and C and between D and C:

L

BC = LDC = ~ *V t a n a = -1-294F c

Load in crosstie GF:

LJnGF
n>'- -L
Ad
^AG

cos a - LGC
rr cos a = 0.647 F

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

1 .0.5ft

232

(\

,
A,/ \

00,

joft.

. JOft_

X
r

^ ^ /
C

X '

x ,

N.E

22 ft

Jk

95 ft

<1

Conductor: 795 kcmil, ACSR 4 5 / 7

Diameter = 1.063 in
8-lb/ft 2 wind on iced U - i n radial)
conductor = 1.3754 l b / f t
Vertical force with -in radial
ice-1.8682 l b / f t
OGW: | - i n , H.S. Steel, 7-wire
Diameter - 0.360 in
8-lb/ft. 2 wind on iced U-in radial)
OGW- 0.9066 l b / f t
Vertical force with -in radial
ice = 0.8079 l b / f t
Pole

Position

41.5 ft

'f
>-*

in

B
K
M
R

'

11.5ft

\'

'

22ft

or
or
or
or

D
L
N

28.26
31.52
38.69
52.19

P
lb-ft
44 100
61 059
113244
277 731

/-Ground
wimwi*

Circumference,

Working stress * 7400 lb/in 2

tan a ^ 5 07727
sin a - 0.6114
cos CK - 0.7913
a - 374I'
Figure 100.-95-ft type HSB 230-kV structure with class 2 Douglas fir poles (one X-brace). 104-D-lllO.

Vertical loads, 3 Vc a n d 2 VR, are s h a r e d equally b y t w o poles:

UH' = U/ = UK' = UL' = UM' = UN' = UP' = UQ' = UR' = US,= 1.5VC + Vg

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

233

For transverse loads Hc and H , a plane of inflection HJexists. The location of this plane is found
by:

x(PrB)
PrK+PrB

io ( 44 100)
61059 + 44 100

x, = x- x0 = 10- 4.19 = 5.81 ft

A plane of inflection PQ also exists. Its location is found by:

J'O =

y(prM~)
n
T^
PrR+PrM

yx =y-

y0=

4 1 . 5 ( 1 1 3 244)
*< n * A A
277 731 + 113 244

= ^nn'n^

= 12-02

ft

41.5 - 12.02 = 29.48 ft

When position of zero moment is known, the structure may be separated into parts and each part
considered separately.
Horizontal wind forces on conductors and overhead ground wires are resisted equally by each pole
at the points of zero moment.
R

=R =R

= R

j' P

" l - 5 # c " Hg

Axial reaction at / c a u s e d by horizontal wind force is found by taking moments about

dividing by the moment arm (pole spacing).

U/ =

(3flc)(4.19) + 2flr(13.69)
=
22~^
-57lHc

Hand

+ 1-244^

Uj" = ~ UH"
Taking moments about .Bin the pole above the plane of inflection (fig. 101), gives the forceFQ":

FG" = - y

fj-1

J = -0.739# C - 1.611/7,

FF"=FG"
The outside braces, ^4Gand EF, carry 10 percent of i^"and FJJ" while the inside braces, CG and
CF, carry 90 percent. Load on the inner braces CG and CF is:
0.9F G " 0 . 9 ( - 0 . 7 3 9 # c W ' =l ^ - =
OT913
^CF

CG

1.61L/7J
- = - 0 . 8 4 1 i / c - 1.832//,

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

234

ng
u->
CO

22
*1

Figure 101.-Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection and to the
crosstie (U.S. customary example 2).

la-FB"
1.5 H c + H q

The load in the outer braces AG and EFis:

-0.1 ( / V )
^AG

-0.1(-0.739#c- 1.611^)
0.7913

cos a

= 0.0934# c + 0 . 2 0 3 6 ^

LT

EF " = - LTAG '

The load in the crossarm portions BC and CD is:

LBC" = (-LCG") cos a+ 0.5HC=-

(-0.841HC - 1 . 8 3 2 ^ ) (0.7913) + 0.5HC

= IA65HC + lA48Hg
L

BC

CD

The load in the crossarm portions AB and DE is:

L

AB

= - (^4G"

cos a +

= -1.074HcL

#c> = " ( 0 . 0 9 3 4 # c + 0 . 2 0 4 ^ ) (0.7913) - Hc

0A6lHg

AB

DE

The moment at B and D is given by:

MD" = -x0

(l.5Hc +Hg) = -6.285HC - 4 . 1 9 ^ lb-ft

MB"=MD
For the portion of pole between the planes of inflection, the moment at K and L is:
MK" = x , (1.5# c + ^ ) = 5.81 (l.5Hc +Hg) = 8J15HC + 5.8lHg lb-ft
ML"=MK"

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

235

The area of the pole at Kand L, excluding the 15/16-inch-diameter hole for mounting the X-brace

2
77 (10.03) = 79.06- 9.40 = 69.66 in2
AK = ^ 4 - 7167 ^ = T4( 1 0 . 0 3 ) - 16

A-L

~^K

The section modulus at K and L is:

ZK

TtD3
32

\5D2/16

*
= ^ ( 1 0 . 0 3 ) 3 - 0.15625 (10.03) 2 = 9 9 . 0 6 - 15.72 = 83.34 in3

~^K

The horizontal reaction in the poles at P and Q is:

Rp"=RQ"

= -l.5Hc-

Hg

The axial reaction in the poles at Pand Qis:

(3H + 2Hl
g (39.83) + 0.57177 + 1.24477,, = 6.00277,, + 4.86477
F
Un"_i~~c
=
22
UP" = -UQ"
The force at K can be found by taking moments about point M(fig. 102):
T27.81 (1.577. + 77J
+ 12.02(1.577r + HS[
g
g
FK" = - | ^
-\ =-2.71577 c - 1.81377^
FK" = - FM"

00]

1.5 H c + H g

CM
CSJ

'

CVJ

-l.5H c -rHg

Figure 102.-Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection (U.S.

customary example 2).

236

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

The force in X-braces KN and LM is:

~ \

-) = -3M0Hc

^ 4 5 *

2 564H

The net area of the pole, less the X-brace mounting hole, at M and TV is:

AM
AM

= ^ 4

1 1 9 . 1 2 - 1 1 . 5 4 = 107.58 in 2

\^D=
16'

~AN

The section modulus at M and TV is:

_nD3
z^=--

152/16_100^
. n
,.Q,,.3

= 183.36 - 23.70 = 159.66 in"

Taking moments about point M(fig. 102):

MM" = - 12.02(L5HC+Hg)

= - 18.1 l # c -

\2.Q2Hg

MM"=MN"
By superposition, the values of the forces and bending moments computed separately for vertical
and horizontal loading can be combined for total loading. The strength of each member can be divided
by its respective total load and safety factors tabulated.
Stress in the poles is:
At point L :

AZ

*L

AL

ZL

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

where:

UL" = U/ + 0.707W ' and UL = UL' + UL"

UL" = 0.57 \HC + \.244Hg + 0.707 (3.840#c + 2.564Hg) = 3.286HC + 3.057^
UL'=1.5Ve + Vg
UL = UL' + UL" =l.5Vc + Vg + 3.286#c + 3.057#,
AL = 69.66 in2
M{ = 8.715^ + 5 . 8 1 ^ lb- ft
ZL =83.34 in3
\.5VC + Vg + 3.286HC+3.051HC , . 7 1 5~^c +. 5. .. 8_ 1. / ^. /, 11 Z2 1i n^.
3
+ (
}
==
l bl /bi /nl2
83.34
^j\-lTJ
> =
69.66 in2

-in
^

At point TV:
9

/4

where:

t y = V and UN = UN' + UN"

U'= 1.5F, + F
t y = 6.002#c + 4.864^
UN = UN' + UN" = 1.5 Vc + Vg + 6.002#c + 4.864^
AN = 107.58 in2
UN" = -\8.UHC- \2.Q2Hg
ZN = 159.66 in3
_

1.5 f,c + Vg + 6.002#c + 4.864#g /18.1 \HC + 12.02ffA / 1 2 in\ _

+
107.58 in2
\
159.66 in3
/ \1T/ = l b / i r

237

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

238
A d j u s t a b l e b r a c e s AG and

EF:
LAG

600-ft Spans, LP =1200 ft

1-635 F c

LAG

= 0.Q934Hc + 0.2036Hg

LAG=LAG+LAG

3666

77.06 + 110.76 = 188

3854 1b

4277

89.94 + 129.29 = 219

4496 1b

4887

102.74 + 147.61=250

5137 1b

5499

115.63 + 166.14 = 282

57811b

6110

128.43 + 184.67 = 313

64231b

6720

141.31 + 202.99 = 344

70641b

7331

154.11+221.52 = 376

7707 1b

7941

167.00 + 240.04 = 407

83481b

8553

179.89 + 2 5 8 . 3 7 = 4 3 8

89911b

Vc = 2242 lb
V = 9701b
ITC= 825 1b
H = 544 1b
700-ft Spans, LP = 1400 ft
Kc =
K =
/ =
Hg=

2616 1b
1131 lb
963 1b
6351b

800-ft Spans, LP = 1600 ft

Vc = 2989 lb
V = 1293 lb
7 ^ = 1100 lb
^ = 725 1b
900-ft Spans, LP =1800 ft
Vc = 3363 lb
Vg = 1454 lb
^ = 1 2 3 8 lb
Hg = 8161b
1000-ft Spans, LP = 2000 ft
F c = 3 7 3 7 1b
V = 1616 lb
^ = 1 3 7 5 lb
Hg=
907 1b
1100-ft Spans, LP = 2200 ft
Kc = 41101b
V = 1777 lb
# ; = 1 5 1 3 1b
Hg = 997 lb
1200-ft Spans, LP = 2400 ft
V = 4484 lb
V = 1939 lb
^ = 1 6 5 0 lb
Hg = 1088 lb
1300-ft Spans, LP = 2600 ft
Vc = 4857 lb
F =2101 lb
Kc = 1788 lb
Hg=M9
lb
1400-ft Spans, LP = 2800 ft

Fc
V
^
H

= 52311b
= 2262 lb
= 1926 lb
= 1269 lb

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

239

Nonadjustable braces GC and FC :

Spans,
ft

LP,
ft

Z,^'= 0.818FC
lb

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

1834
2140
2445
2751
3057
3362
3668
3973
4279

Crosstie

GC

0-841//c + 1.832#
lb

GC~LGC

694+ 996 = 1690

810 + 1163 = 1973
925 + 1328 = 2253
1041 + 1495=2536
1156+1661 = 2817
1272 + 1826 = 3098
1388+1993 = 3381
1504 + 2160 = 3664
1620 + 2324 = 3944

+L

GC,

lb

3524
4113
4698
5287
5874
6460
7049
7637
8223

GF:
Spans,
ft

LP,
ft

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

LGF=

0.647 VCf

lb
1451
1693
1934
2176
2418
2659
2901
3142
3384

Crossarm AB and DE (compressive):

Spans,
ft
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

LP,
ft
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

= -1.294Fc>
lb

AB ~ LAB

+ L

AB%

lb

-2901
-3385
-3868
-4352
-4836
-5318
-5802
-6285
-6769

-886- 88= -974

-1034-102 =-1136
-1181 - 117 =-1298
-1330- 131 =-1461
-1477- 146 = -1623
-1625-161 =-1786
-1772-175 =-1947
-1920- 190 = -2110
-2069-204 =-2273

-3875
-4521
-5166
-5813
-6459
-7104
-7749
-8395
-9042

Crossarm BC and CD [compressive):

Spans,
ft

LP,
ft

^ ' = -1.294^
lb

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

12D0
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

-2901
-3385
-3868
-4352
-4836
-5318
-5802
-6285
-6769

CD=

-L165# c - 1.448^
lb

-961- 788 = -1749

-1122- 919 = -2041
-1282-1050 = -2332
-1442-1182 = -2624
-1602-1313 =-2915
-1763-1444 = -3207
-1922- 1575 =-3497
-2083- 1707 =-3790
-2244-1838 = -4082

CD

= L

CD

lb

-4 650
-5 426
-6 200
-6 976
-7 751
-8 525
-9 299
-10 075
-10 851

CD,

240

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

X-braces KN and LM :
Spans,
ft

LP,
ft

LKJ = -3.840// c - 2.564#

lb
*'

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

-3168-1395= -4 563
-3698-1628= -5 326
-4224-1859= -6 083
-4754-2092= -6 846
-5280-2326= -7 606
-5810-2556= -8 366
-6336-2790= -9 126
-6866-3023= -9 889
-7396-3254 = -10 650

Poles (at point L):

1.5 Vc + Vg + 3.286# c + 3.051Hg /8.71S* C + S.81tf f \/ 1 2 \
l

CQ d

o,

\ 1 i "

2
1

600-ft spans, 1200-ftLP

1.5(2242)+ 970+ 3.286(825)+3.057(544)
SL=
69.66

/8.715 (825) + 5.81 ( 5 4 4 ) \ / l 2 \

+ (
) ( ) =1615 lb/in2
V
83.34
/ \ l /

700-ft spans, 1400-ft LP

1.5 (2616) + 1131 + 3.286(963) + 3.057 (635) /8.715 (963) + 5.81 (635 A A A
*
ST =
~
~
+ (
)( ) =1886 lb/in2
L
69.66
\
83.34
/ \ 1 /

800-ft spans, 1600-ft LP

SL =
L

1.5(2989)+ 1293+ 3.286(1100)+ 3.057(725). /8.715 (1100)+ 5.81 (725)\/l2\

+(
11 1=2154 lb/in'
69.66
\
83.34
J\\)

900-ft spans, 1800-ft LP

SL =

1.5(3363)+1454+ 3.286(1238)+ 3.057(816) /8.715 (1238) + 5.81 (816)\/l2\

+ (
)( T- ) = 2424 lb/in
69.66
\
83.34
/\lj

1000-ft spans, 2000-ft LP

1.5(3737)+1616+ 3.286(1375)+ 3.057(907)

/8.715 (1375) +5.81 (907)\/l2\
2
SL =
+ (
II 1 = 2693 lb/ in
69.66
\
83.34
/ \ 1 /

1100-ft spans, 2200-ft LP

1.5,(4110)+ 1777+ 3.286(1513)+3.057(997)
5L =

69.66

/8.715 (1513) + 5.81 ( 9 9 7 ) \ / l 2 \

2
+ (
) ( ) =2961 lb/in2

83.34

A1/

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

241

1200-ft spans, 2400-ft LP

1.5(4484) + 1939+3.286(1650)+ 3.057(1088) ,/8.715(1650)
. , * . , v i v , +. J5.81(1088)\/12\
.M1TO,1M
2

+ (

) ( - ) = 3231
32Mlb/in
1Wi

SL

8^31

XT) =

1300-ft spans, 2600-ft LP

/8.715 (1788) +
+5.81
/8.715(1788)
5.81 (1179)\/l2\ _ ^ ^ ^ 2
(
)( ~ ) = 3501 lb/in\
83.34
/ \ 1 /

_ 1.5(4857) + 2101 + 3.286(1788) + 3.057(1179)

L

"

69.66

1400-ft spans, 2800-ft LP

SL =

1.5 (5231) + 2262 + 3.286(1926) + 3.057 (1269)

69.66

/8.715 (1926)3 +5.81(1269)^ ^

^715(1926)

Poles (at point TV):

1.5VC+ Vg + 6.002HC + 4.865Hg
N

107.58

/ 18.11// c + 12.02#A/ 1 2 \
\

159.66

/\l/~

600-ft spans, 1200-ft LP

1.5(2242) + 970 + 6.002(825) + 4.865(544)
o
N

107.58

/18.11(825) + 12.02(544)\/l2\
7
+ I
j( I = 1725 lb/in2
\
159.66
A l /

700-ft spans, 1400-ft LP

1.5 (2616) + 1131 + 6.002 (963) + 4.865 (635)
N

107.58

/18.11(963) + 12.02(635)\/12\
[
)( ) = 2013 Ib/ii

159.66

Al/

800-ft spans, 1600-ft LP

1.5(2989)+1293+ 6.002(1100)+ 4.865(725) /l8.11(1100) + 12.02(725)\/l2\
,
SN =
+ (
)( - ) = 2300 lb/in2
"
107.58
\
159.66
A l /

900-ft spans, 1800-ft LP

1.5(3363)+ 1454+ 6.002(1238)+ 4.865(816)
SN=
N

107.58

/l8.11 (1238) + 12.02 ( 8 1 6 ) \ / 1 2 \

i
+ I
M ~ ) =2589 lb/in2
\
159.66
A l /

1000-ft spans, 2000-ft LP

N=

1.5 (3737) + 1616 + 6.002 (1375) + 4.865 (907) /l8.11 (1375) + 12.02 (907)\/l2\
m
107.58

5iS

AT7 ****

242

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

1100-ft spans, 2200-ft LP
SN=

1.5(4110)+1777+ 6.002(1513)+ 4.865 (997) /18.11(1513) + 12.02(997)\/12\

+ [(

) l)
- J =3163 lb/in
)(
lb/in2
\
159.66
/ \ 1 /

1200-ft spans, 2400-ft LP

SAT=
N

1.5 (4484) + 1939 + 6.002 (1650) + 4.865 (1088) /18.11 (1650) + 12.02(108 8 ) \ / l 2 \
7
+I
jl J =3451 lb/in2
107.58
\
159.66
/ \ l /

1300-ft spans, 2600-ft LP

1.5(4857)+ 2101+ 6.002(1788)+ 4.865(1179)
SAT=

/18.11 (1788) + 12.02(1179)\/l2\

107.58

M J =37391b/in2

+(

159.66

A l /

1400-ft spans, 2800-ft LP

SN =
"

1.5(5231) + 2262 + 6.002(1926) + 4.865(1269) /18.11(1926) + 12.02(1269)\/l2\

0

+I
11 ~ 1 = 4027 lb/in2
107.58
\
159.66
A l /

Table 25 shows a summary of loads in the structure members for various span lengths and low
point distances.

Table 25.Summary of loads in structure members for various spans lengths

and low-point distances (U.S. customary example 2)
SAS/2, ft
600
600
Member

700

800

900
900

1 100

1200

1300

1400

2 000

2 200

2 400

2 600

2 800

6 423
5 874
2 418
6 459
7 751
7 606
2 693
2 876

7 064
6 460
2 659
7 104
8 525
8 366
2 961
3 163

8 348
7 637
3 142
8 395
10 075
9 889
3 501
3 739

8 991
8 223
3 384
9 042
10 851
10 650
3 770
4 027

1000

Position
LP, ft

Adjustable braces, lb
Nonadjustable braces, lb
Crosstie, lb
Crossarm (compressive), lb
Crossarm (compressive), lb
X-brace, lb
Pole, lb/in2
Pole, lb/in2

AG & EF
GC & FC
GF
AB & DE
BC & CD
KN & LM
L
N

1200

1400

1 600 1800

3 854
3 524
1451
3 875
4 650
4 563
1615
1725

4 496
4113
1693
4 521
5 426
5 326
1 886
2 013

5 137
4 698
1934
5 166
6 200
6 083
2 154
2 300

5 781
5 287
2 176
5 813
6 976
6 846
2 424
2 589

7 707
7 049
2 901
7 749
9 299
9 126
3 231
3 451

Example
3.-Stress analysis for a 29-m (95-ft) type H S B 230-kV structure with class 1 wood poles
and double X-brace:
Metric
Figure 103 shows the structure outline and other data. Using the nomenclature from example 1,

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

243

Conductor: 403 mm* ACSR, 45/7

Diameter: 27 mm
0.38-kPa wind on iced (13-mm radial)
conductor - 20.07 N/m
Vertical force with 13-mm radial ice s
27.26 N/m
OGW: 10mm, H.S. Steel, 7-wire
Diameter - 9 mm
0.38-kPa wind on iced (13-mm radial)
0GW= 13.23 N/m
Vertical force with 13-mm radial i c e 11.79 N/m
Position

Pole
Circumference,

B or D
K or L
M or N
R or s

mm

Pp.
N*m

771
857
1247
1401

74 208
101 754
312 751
444 314

Ground
Douglas Fir
Working Stress - 51.02 MPa

ton

sin a
COS a
a

- -*! - 0.7727
- 0.6114
- 0.7913
- 374I'

Figure 103.-29-m type HSB 230-kV structure with class 1 Douglas fir poles (two X-braces). 104-D-llll.
Vc = (27.26)(LP)
Hc = (20.07)(SAS/2)

Vg = (11.79)(LP)
Hg = (13.23)(SAS/2)

Load in adjustable braces AG and EF':

= L

EF = vdsin

= 1-635FC

Compression load in crossarm:

LAB' = LDE' = - VJtm a = - 1.294 Vr

244

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Load in nonadjustable braces GC and FC:

L

=L

GC

FC

= 0.5 F c /sin a = 0.818 Vc

Compressive force in crossarm between B and C and between D and C :

LBC' = LDC' = -Vc/tana

-l.294Vc

Load in crosstie GF:

LGF' = LAQ cos a - LGQ COS a = 0.647 Vc

Vertical loads 3 Vc and 2 K. are shared equally by two poles:
"H

= UJ =UK' = UL' = UM' = UN' - Up1 = UQ' = UR' = Us' = \.5VC + Vg

For transverse loads Hc and / / _ , a plane of inflection HJexists. The location of this plane is found
by:
x P

( rB)
rK+PrB

_ 3.048(74 208)
101754 + 74 208

- 9R<l Z6:>m
'

x1 = x - x0 = 3.048 - 1.285 = 1.763 m

A plane of inflection PQ also exists. Its location is found by:

3 ;

y(PrM) _ 5.486(312 751) _

^ + ^ = 4 4 4 314 + 312 7 5 1 = 2 - 2 6 6 m

yi=y-

y0= 5-486 - 2.266 = 3.220 m

When position of zero moment is known, the structure may be separated into parts and each part
considered separately.
Horizontal wind forces on conductors and overhead ground wires are resisted equally by each pole
at the points of zero moment:
R

=R

=R

p" = RQ

" 1 5HC - Hg

Axial reaction at / c a u s e d by horizontal wind force is found by taking moments about

dividing by the moment arm (pole spacing):
(3HC) (1.285) + (2H.) (4.181)
Uj

"

Uj" = ~UH"

6J06^

575^

+ l

-241Hs

Hand

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

245

Taking moments about B in the pole above the plane of inflection (fig. 104) gives force FQ":

9
o
OJ

- y "9
Figure 104,-Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection
and to the crosstie (metric example 3).

Ef
m
oo

1.5 H c + H g

OJ

1.285(1.5// c + H.) + 2.896HJ

FG" = ~

2 -gf

-j = -0.744// c - 1.614//,

FF"=FG"
The outside braces, y^Gand EF] carry 10 percent of FG"and FH" while the inside braces, CG and
CF\ carry 90 percent. Load on the inner braces CG and CFis:

LT

CG

" =

Q.9FG"

0.9(-0.74477 c - 1.614//)

cos a

0.7913

= - 0 . 8 4 6 / / c - 1.836//,,

CF

CG

The load in the outer braces AG and

-0.1 FG"
j
"=
L
AG

^L
cos
_a

^ F

EFis:

-0.1 (-0.7447/^-1.6147/J
c
il = o~ . 0 9 4 0 / / c + 0 . 2 0 4 / / ,
0.7913
H7QH

AG

The load in the crossarm portions EC and GZ) is:

L

BC

cosa +

(~ W >

-5Hc = -(.-0.846Hc - 1.8367^)(0.7913) + 0.5HC

= 1.1697/c + 1 . 4 5 3 ^
Lr

BC

" - _ T

^CD

"

246

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

The load in the crossarm portions AB and DE is:

W
T

= ~(LAG" cosa+Hc) = -(0.094Hc + 0.204#g) (0.7913) -Hc = -\.014HC - 0.\6\Hg

"= - T

"

The moment at B and D is given by:

MD" = -x0(l.5Hc + Hg) = - 1.928ffc - 1.285/^ N-m

MB"=MD"
For the portion of pole between the planes of inflection, the moment at K and L is:
MK"=Xl

(l.5Hc

+ Hg) = 2.645HC + l.763Hg

N-m

ML"=MK"
The area of the pole at K and L, excluding the 23.8-mm-diameter hole for mounting the X-brace
is:

nD2

AK =- 23.8>=-(272.8) 2 - 23.8(272.8) = 58 449 - 6493 = 51 956 mm2

The section modulus at K and L is:

ZK = ^ - - ^ j ^
51
o
Z

=^-(272.8) 3 - 23 ' 8( f 2 - 8)2 = 1 993 118- 295 198= 1 697 920mm 3

32
6

=Z

The horizontal reaction in the poles at P and Q is:

R

p"

= R

Q"

" ! -5Hc " Hg

The axial reaction in the poles at P a n d Q is:

t/ e " =

3HC + 2/7^
6

UP" = -UQ"

(17.898) + 0.575/7c + L241Hg = 8.581#c + 6.585/^

247

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

The force at K can be found by taking moments about point M (fig. 105):
1.5 H c t H q

IT

ro

CO

00
fO*
CO
CO

Figure 105.-Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection

(metric example 3).

cJ

M
1.5 H c + H g
1 5 . 6 3 2 ( 1 . 5 ^ . +He) +

V'="[

6.706

2.266(\.5H(

"P] _ 4 . 0 0 3 #

- 2.669^

FK=-FM"

Since the division of load between X-braces KU and LT and X-braces FTVand WM depends upon
the installation, assume that all load is taken by one set of braces. The force in X-braces KU, LT,
VN, and WM is:

" - \

/4.003#c+2.669i/F\

5 ^
;-5.662iyc-3.775J5rf

The net area of the pole (less the X-brace mounting hole) at M and TV is:
-nD2

IT

1L

AM

2 3 . 8 Z > = ^ ( 3 9 6 . 8 0 ) 2 - 2 3 . 8 ( 3 9 6 . 8 0 ) = 123 6 6 1 - 9 4 4 4 = 114 217 mm 2

= ^-

~AN

The section modulus at Mand TV is

nD3
Z

^""32

23.8Z) 2

7T
23.8
(396.80) 3 - ^
(396.80) 2 = 6 133 592 - 624 553
32
6

= 5 509 039 mm 3
Z

"

248

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Taking moments about point M(fig. 105):

MM" = - 2.266 (l.5Hc

+ Hg) = - 3 . 3 9 9 # c - 2 . 2 6 6 ^

MM" = MN"
By superposition, the values of the forces and bending moments computed separately for vertical
and horizontal loading can be combined for total loading. The strength of each member can be divided
by its respective total load and safety factors tabulated.
Stress in the poles is:
At point L :

U,

Mr

where:
U

L" = UJ" + 0J01LLT"

and UL = UL' + UL"

UL" = Q.515HC + \.2AlHg + 0.707 (5.662HC + 3.77'5Hg) = 4.578/7 c + 3.91677^

UL'=l.5Vc

+ Vg

UL = UL' + UL" =l.5Vc + V. + 4.578# c + 3.916HAL=5l

956mm 2

ML" = 2.645# c + 1.763Hg N-m

ZL = 1 697 920 mm 3

sL =

\.5VC + Vg+4.578Hc + 3.9\6Hg /2.645Hd + 1.763Hg\ /lQQQ m m\1 /lOOO2 mm2\ #

\ 1697 920mm3 / \
m / \
m2
J^^ 1000 = kPa
51 956 mm2

At point N:

SN=

T ~Z~

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

249

where:
UN" = UQ" and UN = UN' + UN"
UN'=l.5Vc

+ Vg

UN" = 8.581HC + 6 . 5 8 5 ^
U

= U

N' + UN"= 1.5^ c + Vag + 8 . 5 8 1 ^ + 6.585#,g

AN = 114 217 mm 2
MN" =-3399Hc-

2.266Hg

3
Z-TV
N = 5 509 039 mm

\\.SVC + Vg + 8.581//, + 6.585//,

L
114 217 mm2

Adjustable braces AG and

EF:

AG

183-m Spans, LP = 366 m

/3.399// c + 2.266/frX / 1 0 0 Q m m \ 1 / i 0 0 Q 2 m m A .
1 0 0 0 = kPa
\ 5 509 039 mm3 / \
m /J\
m2
/ '

= l 6 5V

-* c

AG

0-0940//c + 0.204//^.

AG

~ ZXG

+ Z

16 312

345.26 + 493.88 = 839

17 151 N

18 987

401.85 + 574.87 = 977

19 964 N

21750

460.32 + 658.51 = 1119

22 869 N

24 424

516.91 + 739.50 = 1256

25 680 N

F c = 9977 N
F =4315N
/C = 3673N
//^ = 2421 N
213-m Spans, LP = 426 m
F C =11613N
F = 5 023N
ITC= 4 275N
Hg = 2 818N
244-m Spans, LP = 488 m
K C =13 303N
V- = 5 754 N
ITC= 4 897N
Hg = 3 228N
274-m Spans, LP = 548 m
Vc = 14 938 N
F = 6 461N
ITC= 5 499N
H = 3 625N

y4G

250

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Adjustable braces AG and EF Continued

LAG=1.635VC
305-m Spans, LP = 610 m

LAG

=0.0940Hc + 0.204Hg

AG " LAG

27 188

575.37 + 823.14=1399

28 587 N

29 862

631.96 + 904.13 = 1536

31 398 N

32 625

690.52 + 987.77 = 1678

34 303 N

35 300

747.11 + 1068.76 = 1816

37 116 N

38 063

805.58 + 1152.40=1958

40 021 N

Vc = 16 629 N
F = 7 192N
ITC= 6 121N
Hg= 4 035N
335-m Spans, LP = 670 m
Vc = 18 264 N
V= 7 899N
/= 6 723N
Hg= 4 432N
366-m Spans, LP = 732 m
Vc = 19 954 N
F = 8 630N
/ = 7 346N
Hg= 4 842N
396-m Spans, LP = 792 m
FC =
F=
Ifc=
Hg =

21590N
9 338N
7 948N
5 239 N

427-m Spans, LP = 854 m

Vc = 23 280 N
Vs = 10 069 N
i = 8 570N
H = 5 649N

Nonadjustable braces GC and FC :

Spans,
m

LP,
m

Z GC ' = 0.818KC>
N

183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
427

366
426
488
548
610
670
732
792
854

8 161
9 499
10 882
12 219
13 603
14 940
16 322
17 661
19 043

GC= 0.846# c + 1.836#

N
3107+ 4 445= 7 552
3617+ 5 174= 8 791
4128+ 5 927=10 055
4652+ 6 656=11308
5178+ 7 408 = 12 586
5688+ 8 137 = 13 825
6215+ 8 890=15 105
6724+ 9 619 = 16 343
7250 + 10 372=17 622

GC " LGC
N

+ L

15 713
18 290
20 937
23 572
26 189
28 765
31427
34 004
36 665

GC,

AG

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

Crosstie

251

GF:

LGp = 0.64'
N

Spans,
m

LP,
m

183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
427

366
426
488
548
610
670
732
792
854

6 455
7 514
8 607
9 665
10 759
11817
12 910
13 969
15 062

Crossarm AB and DE (compressive):

Spans,
m

LP,
m

183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
427

366
426
488
548
610
670
732
792
854

**AB = -1-294 Vc
N
-12 910
-15 027
-17 214
-19 330
-21518
-23 634
-25 820
-27 937
-30 124

LjJ

= -1.074tfc - 0.161^
N

LAB = L^ + L ^
N

3945 - 390 = -4 335

4591 - 454 = -5 045
5259-520 = -5 779
5906 - 584 = -6 490
6574 - 650 = -7 224
7221 - 714 = -7 935
7890-780 = -8 670
8536 - 843 = -9 379
9204 - 909 = -10 113

-17 245
-20 072
-22 993
-25 820
-28 742
-31 569
-34 490
-37 316
-40 237

Crossarm BC and CD (compressive):

Spans,
m

LP,
m

183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
427

366
426
488
548
610
670
732
792
854

LCD'

= -1.294VC9
N

-12 910
-15 027
-17 214
-19 330
-21518
-23 634
-25 820
-27 937
-30 124

C) "=-1.169# c -

1.453//
*'

-4 294-3518= -7 812
-4 997-4095= -9 092
-5 725-4690 = -10 415
-6 428-5267 = -11 695
-7 155-5863 ="13 018
-7 859 - 6440 = -14 299
-8 587-7035 =-15 622
-9 291-7612 = -16 903
10 018-8208 = -18 226

X-brace:

Spans,
m

LP,
m

183
213
244
274
305
335
366
396
427

366
426
488
548
610
670
732
792
854

-20 796- 9 139 = -29 935

-24 205 - 10 638 = -34 843
-27 727-12 186 = -39 913
-31 135-13 684 = -44 819
-34 657 - 15 232 = -49 889
-38 066 - 16 731 = -54 797
-41 593 - 18 279 = -59 872
-45 002 - 19 777 = -64 779
-48 523 - 21 325 = -69 848

vih

-5.662tf. -3.775//

CD ~ LCD
N

'

+L

-20 722
-24 119
-27 629
-31 025
-34 536
-37 933
-41 442
-44 840
-48 350

CD,

"

252

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Poles (at point L):

1SVC+ Vg + 4.S78Hc + 3.916Hg
51956 mm2

(2.645HC

+1.763Hg\{1Q00ma

10002 mm2

-M000 = kPa

1 697 920 mm

183-m spans, 366-m LP

_ fl.5(9977) + 4315 +4.578(3673) + 3.916(2421) 2.645(3673) + 1.763(2421)1

+(1000)= 9113 kPa
~L
51956
*\
1697.92
'

213-m spans, 426-m LP

ST =
L

T 1.5(11 613)+ 5023+4.578(4275)+ 3.916(2818) 2.645(4275) + 1.763(2818)1

+
(1000) = 10 607kPa
L
51956
1697.92
J

244-m spans, 488-m LP

1,5(13 303)+ 5754 + 4.578(4897) + 3.916(3228)

*-[

2.645(4897) + 1.763(3228)1

51956

"J

1697.92

(1000) = 12 150 kPa

274-m spans, 548-m LP

_ f l . 5 (14 938) + 6461 + 4.578(5499) + 3.916(3625)
L

~L

2.645(5499) + 1.763(3625)'

51956

1697.92

(1000) = 13 644 kPa

305-m spans, 610-m LP

n.5(16 629)+ 7192 + 4.578(6121) + 3.916(4035)
SL=

2.645 (6121) + 1.763(4035)1

+

51956

(1000) = 15 187 kPa

1697.92

335-m spans, 670-m LP

1.5 (18 264) + 7899 + 4.578(6723) + 3.916(4432)

51956

2.645(6723) + 1.763(4432)1
+

1697.92

(1000) = 16 681 kPa

366-m spans, 732-m LP

-1

__ ["1.5 (19 954) + 8630 + 4.578(7346) + 3.916(4842) 2.645(7346) + 1.763(4842)

+
51956
1697.92

" L

(1000) = 18 225 kPa

396-m spans, 792-m LP

f l . 5 (21 590) + 9338 + 4.578(7948) + 3.916(5239)

2.645 (7948) + 1.763(5239)1

+

51 956

1697.92

(1000) = 19 719kPa

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

253

427-m spans, 854-m LP

fl.5 (23 280) + 10 069 + 4.578(8570) + 3.916(5649) 2.645 (8570) + 1.763(5649)1
SL =
+
(1000) = 21 262 kPa
** L
51956
1697.92
J
Poles (at point TV):
1.5 Vc + Vg + S.5SIHC + 6.5S5Hg 13.399#c? + 2 -266^A / 1 Q 0 0 m m \ / 1 0 0 Q 2 m m 2 \ ^
+
M000 = kPa
114 217 mm2
\ 5 509 039mm
039) 3 / \
m /J\
m2
/

SN-

183-m spans, 366-m LP

1.5 (9977) + 4315 + 8.581 (3673) + 6.585 (2421) 3.399(3673) + 2.266(2421)1

+
(1000) = 3846 kPa
114 217
5509.039
J

213-m spans, 426-m LP

fl.5 (11 613) + 5023 + 8.581 (4275) + 6.585 (2818)
SN =
N

3.399(4275) + 2.266(2818)1
+

114 217

(1000) = 4477 kPa

5509.039

244-m spans, 488-m LP

f 1.5(13 303) + 5754 + 8.581(4897) + 6.585(3228) 3.399(4897) + 2.266(3228)1
+
(1000) = 5128 kPa
L
114 217
5509.039
J

5^=
N

274-m spans, 548-m LP

Tl.5 (14 938) + 6461 + 8.581 (5499) + 6.585 (3625)
SN =
yv

3.399(5499) + 2.266(3625)1
+

114 217

(1000) = 5759 kPa

5509.039

305-m spans, 610-m LP

s

fl.5 (16 629) + 7192 + 8.581 (6121) + 6.585 (4035) + 3.399(6121) + 2.266(4035)1
. (1000)
L
H4 217
5509.039
J

= 6 4 1 0 kPa

335-m spans, 670-m LP

1.5 (18 264) + 7899 + 8.581 (6723) + 6.585 (4432) 3.399(6723) + 2.266(4432)1
+
(1000) = 7040 kPa
114 217
5509.039
J

366-m spans, 732-m LP

1.5 (19 954) + 8630 + 8.581 (7346) + 6.585(4842)

114 217

3.399(7346) + 2.266(4842)1
5509.039

(1000) = 7693 kPa

254

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

396-m spans, 792-m LP
fl.5 (21 590) + 9338 + 8.581 (7948) + 6.585(5239) 3.399(7948) + 2.266(5239)1

+
(1000) = 8323 kPa
L
114 217
5509.039
J

sN-

427-m spans, 854-m LP

1.5(23 280) + 10 069 + 8.581 (8570) + 6.585 (5649)

114 217

3.399(8570) + 2.266(5649)1
5509.039

(1000) = 8974 kPa

Table 26 shows a summary of loads in the structure members for various span lengths and low
point distances.

Table 26.-Summary of loads in structure members for various span lengths

and low-point distances (metric example 3)
SAS/2, m
183
Member

244

274

Position

Adjustable braces, N
AG & EF
Nonadjustable braces, N
GC & FC
Crosstie, N
GF
Crossarm (compressive), N AB & DE
Crossarm (compressive), N BC & CD
X-brace, N
KN & LM

Pole,kPa
Pole, kPa

213

L
N

305

335

366

396

427

LP, m
366

426

488

548

610

670

732

792

854

17 151
15 713
6 455
17 245
20 722
29 935

19 964
18 290
7 514
20 072
24 119
34 843

22 869
20 937
8 607
22 993
27 629
39 913

25 680
23 572
9 665
25 820
31025
44 819

28 587
26 189
10 759
28 742
34 536
49 889

31 398
28 765
11817
31569
37 933
54 797

34 303
31427
12 910
34 490
41442
59 872

37 116
34 004
13 969
37 316
44 840
64 779

40 021
36 665
15 062
40 237
48 350
69 848

9 113 10 607 12 150 13 644 15 187 16 681 18 225 19 719 21262

3 846
4 477
5 128
5 759
6 410
7 040
7 693
8 323
8 974

U.S. Customary
Figure 106 shows the structure outline and other data.
Vc = (1.8682)(LP)
Hc = ( 1 . 3 7 5 4 ) ( S A S / 2 )
Load in adjustable braces AG and
L

AG

Vg =
Hg =

(0.8079)(LP)
(0.9066)(SAS/2)

EF:
= LEF = V

s i n

<* = 1-635K C

Compression load in crossarm:

W = W = - */tana = -1.294Fc
Load in nonadjustable braces GC and

FC:

LGC' = Lpc = 0.5F c /sin o = 0.818F C

255

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

Conductor: 759 kcmil, ACSR, 45/7

Diameter - 1.063 in
8 - l b / f t 2 wind on iced (i-in radial)
conductor. 1.3754 l b / f t
Vertical force with {-in radial
ice - 1.8682 l b / f t
OGwi-in, H.S. steel, 7-wire
Diameter - 0.360 in
8- lb/ft * wind on iced (-in radial)
OGW 0.9066 l b / f t
Vertical force with {-\r\ radial
ice 0.8079 lb/ft
Pole

Position

Circumference,

in
B or D
or L
M or N
R or s
K

30.37
33.74
49.08
55.15

Pr>
lb- f t
54
75
230
328

730
047
976
655

Douglas Fir
Working stress 7400 l b / i n 2

tan
Sin
COS

& ^ - 0.7727
a - 0.6114
a 0.7913
a - 37 41'

Figure 106.-95-ft type HSB 230-kV structure with class 1 Douglas fir poles (two X-braces). 104-D-1112.

Compressive force in crossarm between B and C and between D and C:

LBc'=LDC'

= - F c /tano = -1.294 FC

Load in crosstie GF:

LGp = LAG' cos a - LGC' cos a = 0.647 Vc

256

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Vertical loads 3 Vc and 2 V are shared equally by two poles:

UH' = Uj' = UK' = UL' = UM' = UN' = UP' = UQ' = UR' = Us' = l.SVe + Vg
For transverse loads Hc and H , a plane of inflection HJexists. The location of this plane is found
by:

x(PrB)
rK+PrB

10(54 730)
_
75 047 + 54 730

xl =x- x0 = 1 0 - 4.22 = 5.78 ft

A plane of inflection PQ also exists. Its location is found by:
-

y(?rM)
P
r * + rM

32

18(230 976)
8 655 + 230 976

J'I = ^ " ^ 0 = 1 8 . 0 - 7 . 4 3 = 10.57 ft

When position of zero moment is known, the structure may be separated into parts and each part
considered separately.
Horizontal wind forces on conductors and overhead ground wires are resisted equally by each pole
at the points of zero moment:
R

= R

= R

= R

~ 1 -5Hc '

Axial reaction at / c a u s e d by horizontal wind force is found by taking moments about

dividing by the moment arm (pole spacing):

U/ =
TT
U
J

(3He) (4.22) + (2HZ) (13.77)

22~~

Hand

- 5 7 5 ^ c + l-252Hg

" = - 11
"
U
H

Taking moments about B in the pole above the plane of inflection (fig. 107) gives force FQ":
[4.22(1.5Hc+He)

FG" = - [
FF"=FG"

+ 9.5Hg~\

J=-0.745#C- 1.614^

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

257

H,
10
CO

Figure 107.Free body diagram of pole above plane of inflection

and to the crosstie (U.S. customary example 3).
CVJ
CVJ

1.5 Hc + H ,

T h e outside b r a c e s , AG and EF, c a r r y 10 p e r c e n t of FQ" a n d FR while t h e inside b r a c e s , CG a n d

CF, c a r r y 9 0 p e r c e n t . L o a d o n t h e inner b r a c e s , CG a n d CF, is:
0.9F G "
'CG

0.9(-0.745#c-

1.61477J

0.7913

cos a

= -0.847#c-

1.836/^

T
" = - LT
"
^CF
CG

T h e load in t h e o u t e r braces AG and

_-0AFG"

EFis:

-0.1 (-0.745#c - 1.614^)

AG

EF

0.7913

cos a

= 0.0941# c + 0 . 2 0 4 ^

AG

T h e load in t h e crossarm p o r t i o n s BC a n d CD is:

LBC"

= {-LCG") cosa + 0.5HC= - (-0.847HC - 1.836#p (0.7913) + 0.5HC

\M0Hc

+ \A53Hg

" = - LT "
CD

LT

BC

T h e load in t h e crossarm p o r t i o n s AB a n d DE is:

L

AB

= ~ (LAG" cosa+Hc)
= -l.074Hc-

r
"=- r "
L
AB
DE

= - (0.0941# c + 0 . 2 0 4 # p (0.7913) - Hc

0A6lHg

258

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

The moment at B and D is given by:

MD" = - x0 (l.5Hc

+Hg) = -633Hc

- 4.22Hg lb-ft

MB"=MD"
For the portion of pole hetween the planes of inflection, the moment at K and L is:
MK" = x , {\.SHC +Hg) = 5 . 7 8 ( 1 . 5 # c +Hg) = 8.67HC + 5.78Hg

lb*ft

ML"=MK"
The area of the pole at A^and Z , excluding the 15/16-inch-diameter hole for mounting the X-brace

A AK = ^ 4
A

j | - Z ) = ^ ( 1 0 . 7 4 ) 2 - J | ( 1 0 . 7 4 ) = 9 0 . 5 9 - 10.07 = 80.52 in 2
16
4
16

~AK

The section modulus at K and L is:

ZK

^2~~

l5L>2 16

= ^ ( 1 0 . 7 4 ) 3 - 0.15625 (10.74) 2 = 1 2 1 . 6 2 - 18.02 = 103.6 in 3

The horizontal reaction in the poles at P and Q is:

R

P"

~RQ"

" " 1 5 ^ c " Hg

The axial reaction in the poles at P a n d Q is:

UQ" = (3Hc

' " " * )(58.71) + 0 . 5 7 5 # c + 1.252ff, = 8.5815,. + 6.589/T,

22

The force at /L can be found by taking moments about point M (fig. 108):

V=
FK

=~

" 5 1 . 2 8 ( 1 . 5 # c + Hge) +
^
FM"

1A3(\.5HC+Hg)]
g
- = -4.003#c - 2 . 6 6 9 ^

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

1.5 H c ^ H q

4^5

ST 1 1H
1
43

259

Figure 108.-Free body diagram of pole between planes of inflection

(U.S. customary example 3).

<1 1M
1

f0 1

1P

.5 H c Kg

Since the division of load between X-braces KUand LTand X-braces VNand WMdepends upon
installation, assume that all load is taken by one set of braces. The force in X-braces KU, LT', VN,
and WMis:
4.003#c + 2 . 6 6 9 ^
= -5.662HcT

" = ~ T

" -

'VN

" - - T

3.11 SHg

WM

The net area of the pole (less the X-brace mounting hole) at M a n d TV is:
AM

=^j-~

AM

~AN

| | D

= ^(15.62)2

- j | ( 1 5 . 6 2 ) = 1 9 1 . 6 2 - 14.64 = 176.88 in 2

The section modulus at M a n d TV is:

Z"M
A/r=^-

15>2 16

32

= 0 . 0 9 8 ( 1 5 . 6 2 ) 3 - 0.15625(15.62) 2 = 3 7 3 . 4 8 - 38.21 = 335.36 in 3

Taking moments about point M (fig. 108):

MM" = - 7.43 (1.5HC + Hg) = - 1 1 . 1 4 # c - 7A3H g
MM"=MN"

260

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

By superposition, t h e values of t h e forces a n d b e n d i n g m o m e n t s c o m p u t e d separately for vertical

and horizontal loading c a n be c o m b i n e d for t o t a l loading. T h e s t r e n g t h of each m e m b e r c a n be divided
by its respective t o t a l load a n d safety factors t a b u l a t e d .
Stress in t h e poles is:
At p o i n t L :

U,

Mr

AL

zL

where:
U

L" = UJ" + 0.707 LLT" and UL = UL' + UL"

UL" = 0.575HC + \.252Hg +0.707 (5.66277c + 3J75Hg) = 4.578HC + 3.92177g

UL'=L5VC + Vg
UL =UL' + UL"= 1.5FC + Vg+4.578HC +3.92177^
AL = 80.52 in2
ML" = 8.6777c + 5.7877^ lb-ft
ZL = 103.60 in3

UL' + UL"

AL

(ML"\(ni\

\zLl\ix)

1.5FC + F,+4.57877,+3.92177, J8.67HC

+

SOTsTh?

V 103.6 in3

Poles (at p o i n t TV):

UN
SN=

T Y'

where:
UM" = Un" an&UM

= UN' + UK"

+ 5.7877^ (n

MN

in\

) VtC)

= lb/m

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

261

UN' =\.5VC + Vg

UN" = 8.58\HC +6.589//^

UN = UN' + UN" = l.5Vc + Vg + 8.58 \HC + 6.S89Hg
AN = 176.98 in2
MN" = -\\A4Hc - 7.43Hg
ZN = 335.36 in3
1.5Fc
S

^+8.581//c+6.589//,
176^8^

Adjustable braces AG and

(UA4He+7A3Hg\(l2ini
335.36 in3
) \1T] = l b / m

EF:
LAG = L 6 3 5 vc

600-ft Spans, LP = 1200 ft

^AG = o.0940// c + 0.204//

= 1 ^ ' + z ^G

3666

77.63 + 110.98 = 189

3855 lb

4277

90.62 + 129.54 = 220

4497 lb

4887

103.51 + 147.90 = 251

5138 1b

5499

116.50 + 166.46 = 283

5782 lb

6110

129.39 + 185.03 = 315

6425 1b

Vc = 2242 lb
F = 9701b
ffc=
825 1b
Hg = 5441b
700-ft Spans, LP = 1400 ft
F c = 26161b
K =1131 lb
Ifc= 963 1b
Hg= 635 1b
800-ft Spans, LP =1600 ft
Vc = 2989 lb
Vg = 1293 lb
# = 1 1 0 0 lb
Hg = 725 1b
900-ft Spans, LP = 1800 ft
Vc = 3363 lb
Vz = 1454 lb
# ; = 1238 1b
Hg = 8161b
1000-ft Spans, LP = 2000 ft
Kc = 3737 1b
K = 1616 lb
^ = 1375 lb
H = 907 1b

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

262

Adjustable braces AG and EFContinued

L

LAG'=1.635VC
1100-ft Spans, LP = 2200 ft

AG

AG " LAG

0-0940# c + 0 . 2 0 4 / ^

+ L

AG

6720

142.37 + 203.39 = 346

7066 lb

7331

155.27 + 221.95 = 377

7708 lb

7924

168.25 + 240.43 = 409

83511b

8553

181.20 + 2 5 8 . 9 2 = 4 4 0

8993 lb

Kc = 41101b
V = 1777 lb
^ = 1 5 1 3 lb
Hg= 997 1b
1200-ft Spans, LP = 2400 ft
Vc = 4484 lb
F = 1939 lb
tfc = 1650 lb
Hg = 1088 lb
1300-ft Spans, LP = 2600 ft
V = 4857 lb
J^ = 21011b
^ , = 1788 lb
Hg = 1179 lb
1400-ft Spans, LP = 2800 ft
F = 5231 lb
V2 = 2262 lb
ITC = 1926 lb
Hg=\269
lb

N o n a d j u s t a b l e b r a c e s GC a n d FC :
Spans,
ft

LP,
ft

Z , ^ ' = 0.818 F c
lb

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

1834
2140
2445
2751
3057
3362
3668
3973
4279

Crosstie

LrJ

0 0

= 0.847/T, + 1.836# a
lbC
*'

699+
816 +
932 +
1049 +
1165 +
1282 +
1398 +
1515 +
1631 +

999
1165
1332
1498
1665
1831
1998
2164
2330

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1698
1981
2264
2547
2830
3113
3396
3679
3961

GF:
Spans,
ft

LP,
ft

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

LGF=

0.647 V
c
lb
'
1451
1693
1934
2176
2418
2659
2901
3142
3384

GC~LGC

+L

GC,

lb
3532
4121
4709
5298
5887
6475
7064
7652
8240

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

263

Crossarm AB and DE (compressive):

Spans,
ft

LP,
ft

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

Crossarm

BC a n d

LAI;=

-1.294 VCf
lb

LAQ

-2901
-3385
-3868
-4352
-4836
-5318
-5802
-6285
-6769

=-1.014H-Q.l6\Hs
lb
*'

AB " LAB
lb

- 8 8 6 - 88= -974
- 1 0 3 4 - 1 0 2 = -1136
- 1 1 8 1 - 1 1 7 = -1298
- 1 3 3 0 - 1 3 1 =-1461
- 1 4 7 7 - 1 4 6 = -1623
- 1 6 2 5 - 1 6 1 =-1786
- 1 7 7 2 - 1 7 5 = -1947
- 1 9 2 0 - 190 = - 2 1 1 0
-2069 ~ 204 = -2273

+ L

AB,

-3875
-4521
-5166
-5813
-6459
-7104
-7749
-8395
-9042

CD( c o m p r e s s i v e ) :

Spans,
ft

LP,
ft

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

LCD'

=-1.294V
lb

LCD" = -1.U0H
lb

-2901
-3385
-3868
-4352
-4836
-5318
-5802
-6285
-6769

-1.453/7
8
>

- 9 6 6 - 791 = - 1 7 5 7
- 1 1 2 7 - 922 = -2049
- 1 2 8 7 - 1054 = -2341
- 1 4 4 8 - 1 1 8 6 = -2634
- 1 6 0 9 - 1 3 1 7 = -2926
- 1 7 7 0 - 1 4 4 9 = -3219
-1931-1581 =-3512
- 2 0 9 2 - 1 7 1 3 =-3805
- 2 2 5 3 - 1 8 4 4 = -4097

Lr

CD ~ LCD
lb

- 4 658
- 5 434
- 6 209
- 6 986
- 7 762
- 8 537
- 9 314
- 1 0 090
- 1 0 866

X-brace:
Spans,
ft

LP,
ft

Lfcu

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400

1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

-4
-5
-6
-7
-7
-8
-9
-10
-10

- "5.662// - 3.775#
St
lb
673 - 2054 =
451-2396 =
230 - 2738 =
009 - 3080 =
788 - 3422 =
566 - 3765 =
345 - 4107 =
124-4449 =
903-4791 =

- 6 727
- 7 847
- 8 968
- 1 0 089
-11210
- 1 2 331
- 1 3 452
- 1 4 573
-15 694

Poles (at point L):

1.5 Vr + VQ + 4.51SHr + 3.921/T, /8.677/ c + 5 . 7 S 7 A / 1 2 i n \
*

80.52 in

103.60 in

_ ^

/ \ ft /

600-ft spans, 1200-ftLP

1.5 (2242) + 970 + 4.578(825) + 3.921 (544)
*L =

80.52

8
+ 5.78 (544)^
Y/8.67(825)
^

103.60

T
+ L

'XT)

1320 lb/in2

CD

tr

264

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

700-ft spans, 1400-ft LP
1.5(2616)+ 1131 +4.578(963)+ 3.921(635)
L

/ 8.67 (963) + 5.78 (635)\/l2

80.52

103.60

) \ l

800-ft spans, 1600-ftLP

1.5(2989) + 1293+ 4.578(1100) + 3.921(725)
SL =

+
80.52

/8.67(1100) + 5.78(725)\ / l 2 \
0
= 1760 lb/in2
\
103.60
Ml '

900-ft spans, 1800-ft LP

1.5(3363)+1454 + 4.578(1238)+3.921(816)
Sr =
L

80.52

/ 8.67(1238) +5.78(816)\/l2 .
+I
Jl J = 1980 lb/in2
,v
\
103.60
* '

1000-ft spans, 2000-ft LP

1.5(3737) + 1616 + 4.578(1375) + 3.921(907)

/ 8.67(1375) + 5.78(907)\/l2\

'
V

80.52

103.60

/ 1\ 1*~ I =

2 2 0 0 lb

/in

1100-ft spans, 2200-ft LP

1.5(4110)+1777+ 4.578(1513) +3.921(997)
80.52

/ 8.67(1513) + 5.78(997)\/l2\
~
1 =2420 1b/inz
\
103.60
/\1

1200-ft spans, 2400-ft LP

1.5(4484)+1939+ 4.578(1650)+ 3.921(1088)
ST =

80.52

/8.67(1650) + 5.78(1088)\/l2\
,
=2640 lb/in2
\
103.60
/\1

1300-ft spans, 2600-ft LP

1.5 (4857)+ 2101 +4.578(1788) + 3.921(1179) / $.61(178%) + 5.78(1179)\/l2\

,
SL =
+
II ) =2861 lb/in2
80.52
\
103.60
/ \ l /

1400-ft spans, 2800-ft LP

S

L
L

1.5(5231) + 2262 + 4.578(1926) + 3.921 (1269) /8.67(1926) + 5.78(1269)\/l2\

+
7772
~ = 3081 lb/in2
80.52
I
103.60
J\\J

Poles (at point TV):

1.5r c +// g + 8.581/yg + 6.589ffg
176.98 in

/ l 1.14^ + 7 . 4 3 ^ / ^
\

335.36 in

Aft

__ ^ ^

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

265

600-ft spans, 1200-ft LP

SN =

1.5(2242)+ 970 + 8.581 (825) + 6.589(544)

176.98

/ l 1.14(825) + 7.43(544)\ /l2^

= 558 lb/in'
\
335.36
/\l

700-ft spans, 1400-ft LP

1.5(2616) + 1131 + 8.581(963) + 6.589(635)
SN=
*

/ll.14(963) + 7.43(635)\ / l 2 \
0
= 651 lb/in2
\
335.36
/\1

+
176.98

800-ft spans, 1600-ft LP

1.5(2989) + 1293 + 8.581(1100) + 6.589(725)
SN =
*

/ll.14(1100) + 7.43(725)\ / l 2 \
0
= 744 lb/in2
\
335.36
/ \1

/ll.l4(1238) + 7.43(816)\ / l 2 \
J ( = 837 lb/in2
\
335.36
/\i;

/11.14(1375) + 7.43(907)\/12\
2
- =930 lb/in'
\
335.36
/\1 '

176.98

900-ft spans, 1800-ft LP

1.5(3363) + 1454 + 8.581 (1238) + 6.589(816)
SN =
"

176.98

1000-ft spans, 2000-ft LP

SN=
N

1.5(3737) + 1616 + 8.581(1375) + 6.589(907)

176.98

1100-ft spans, 2200-ft LP

1.5(4110) + 1777 + 8.581(1513) + 6.589(997) /ll.14(1513) + 7.43(997)\ / l 2 \
t 2
SN =
+
- = ! 0 2 3 lb /in 2
N
176.98
\
335.36
/\l

1200-ft spans, 2400-ft LP

1.5 (4484) + 1939 + 8.581 (1650) + 6.589(1088)
Sj =
N

+
176.98

/ll.14(1650) + 7.43(1088)\ / l 2 \
, 2
=11161b/inz
\
335.36
/\1

1300-ft spans, 2 600-ft LP

1^(4857) + 2101 + 8.581 (1788) + 6.589(1179)
SM =
N

176.98

/ll.l4(1788) + 7.43(1179)\ / l 2 \
2
+ 1)[ =1209 lb/in2

335.36

J\l J

1400-ft spans, 2800-ft LP

1.5(5231) + 2262 + 8.581 (1926) + 6.589(1269)
N=
SM

176.98

/ll.l4(1926) + 7.43(1269)\ / l 2 \
2
2
+" \

=1302
lb/in
335.36
J

266

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table 27 shows a summary of loads in the structure members for various span lengths and low
point distances.

Table 27.-Summary of loads in structure members for various span lengths

and low-point distances (U.S. customary example 3)
SAS/2, ft
600
Member

700

800

900

1000 1 100

1200

1300

1400

2 200

2 400

2 600

2 800

6 425 7 066
5 887 6 475
2418 2 659
6 459 7 104
7 762 8 537
11210 12 331
2 200 2 420
930 1023

7 708
7 064
2 901
7 749
9 314
13 452
2 640
1 116

8 351
7 652
3 142
8 395
10 090
14 573
2 861
1209

8 993
8 240
3 384
9 042
10 866
15 694
3 081
1 302

Position
LP, ft
1200

Adjustable braces, lb
Nonadjustable braces, lb
Crosstie, lb
Crossarm (compressive), lb
Crossarm (compressive), lb
X-brace, lb
Pole, lb/in2
Pole, lb/in2

AG&EF
GC&FC
GF
AB&DE
BC&CD
KU&LT
L
N

1400

3 855 4 497
3 532 4 121
1451 1693
3 875 4 521
4 658 5 434
6 727 7 847
1 320 1541
558
651

1600

1800

5 138 5 782
4 709 5 298
1934 2 176
5 166 5 813
6 209 6 986
8 968 10 089
1760 1980
744
837

2 000

2 6 . S t r u c t u r e Spotting. Structure spotting is a t e r m used for t h e process of d e t e r m i n i n g t h e

l o c a t i o n , h e i g h t , a n d t y p e of t r a n s m i s s i o n line s t r u c t u r e s o n t h e p l a n a n d profile d r a w i n g s . F o r
wood-pole s t r u c t u r e s , t h e a m o u n t of guying a n d b r a c i n g is also d e t e r m i n e d for e a c h location.

(a) Data and Equipment

Required.The following d a t a and e q u i p m e n t are r e q u i r e d for
determining the locations of structures on a transmission line:
Plan and profile drawings of the transmission line. These drawings are prepared by the field
forces.
A sag template made to the plan-profile scales for the specified conductor, ruling span, and
loading conditions.
The necessary structure limitation and guying charts, and a conductor height table or
template showing the conductor height above ground at the structure for the various structure
types and heights.
Required conductor clearances over ground, railroads, highways, communication circuits, and
other power lines. These clearances should be calculated in accordance with the latest edition
of the National Electrical Safety Code or the applicable State or municipal code.
(b) Process of Spotting.-Figure 109 shows the details of the sag template, and figure 110 is a typical
plan and profile drawing with the sag template superimposed showing the method of using it for
spotting structures. Figure 110 also shows the method of using the 15.5 C (60 F ) curve of the
template to determine the proper conductor and structure heights. The curve labeled "15.5 C
(60 F ) Final" represents the conductor position. The lower two curves, marked rp 8.2-m (27-ft)
clearance" and "8.8-m (29-ft) clearance" are exactly the same curves as the 15.5 C final curve, but
displaced vertically 8.2 and 8.8 m, respectively. Therefore, any point on the final curve is 8.2 m above
the corresponding point on the 8.2-m clearance curve or 8.8 m above the corresponding point on
the 8.8-m clearance curve. Referring again to figure 110, the 8.8-m clearance curve just touches the

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

267

ground line of the profile. Therefore, the conductor is 8.8 m above the ground at the point where
the 8.8-m clearance line touches the ground line.

Figure 109.-Typical sag template (plastic) used for spotting structures. 104-D-1113.

The process of spotting usually progresses from left to right on the profile. The structure at Sta.
2083 + 50 on figure 110, and the spans to the left of it are spotted before the template is placed in
the position described above. Please note that the station numbering referred to in this section are
in U.S. customary units. After the required position of the conductor has been determined for the
span to the right of the structure at Sta. 2083 + 50, the location and height of the next structure
is selected, either by scaling or by use of a pole template. For convenience, the pole template for
the various types of structures is marked on the margin of the template. For the span under discussion,
the structure location selected is at Sta. 2090 + 20, the structure is a type HS with 18.3-m (60-ft)
poles, and the span length is 204 m (670 ft). This information should be recorded on the drawing.
The template is then moved to the right and the next span and structure located by repeating the
process.

268

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Although the process of spotting structures usually progresses from left to right, it is best t o examine
the profile for several spans ahead because there may be conditions such as line angle points, highway
or railroad crossings, powerline or communication line crossings, and high or low points in the profile
which will require special consideration and affect the location of the structure. Such conditions often
fix the location of a transmission line structure, and it is usually a matter of determining the most
desirable arrangement of the structures between these fixed locations. Sometimes it is desirable to
move ahead to one of the fixed structure locations and work backward. In the sections of line where
there is a choice of structure locations, it may be desirable to make more than one layout in order
to determine the best arrangement. The most desirable layout is t o have spans of nearly uniform length
that are equal to or slightly less than the ruling span, a smooth conductor profile, and structures
of equal heights. The smooth conductor profile is a sign of good design. The conductor attachment
points at each of the structures should lie in a smooth flowing curve to equalize structure loading
as m u c h as possible. This is called grading the line and is an i m p o r t a n t part of t h e design of a
transmission line.
(c) Determining
Uplift-Uplift,
or upstrain, is a condition which should be avoided, if possible.
Uplift may occur in a rough profile where the conductor supports are at different elevations. For
example, refer to the three structures at Sta. 2105 + 3 5 , 2 1 1 2 + 4 0 , and 2 1 2 1 + 70 on figure 1 1 1 . T h e
conductor sag is drawn for a temperature of 15.5 C (60 F ) , but as the temperature decreases, the
conductor will contract and the sag will decrease. When the temperature reaches minus 51 C (minus
60 F), the conductor assumes the position indicated by the minus 51 C cold curve shown on the
t e m p l a t e . Therefore, by placing the minus 51 C curve on the t e m p l a t e b e t w e e n the c o n d u c t o r
supports of alternate structures (Sta. 2105 + 35 and 2121 + 70), it can be determined whether the
conductor support of the intermediate structure (Sta. 2 1 1 2 + 40) is above or below the cold curve.
For the 21.3-m (70-ft) structure at Sta. 2 1 1 2 + 4 0 , the conductor support is approximately on the
cold curve. S u p p o s e , h o w e v e r , that the 2 1 . 3 - m (70-ft) structure is replaced by a 19.8-m (65-ft)
structure. The conductor support would then be below the cold curve and the conductor would exert
an upward pull on the structurethis upward pull is the uplift or upstrain. Uplift at a structure will
cause the conductor to pull the insulators up into the crossarm, and with pin-type insulators it might
cause the conductor to pull away from the insulator and possibly pull the insulator pin out of the
crossarm. Uplift may possibly be avoided by adjusting structure locations on the plan-profile drawing,
to take advantage of terrain, by using a higher structure at the point of uplift or by attaching weights
to the conductor. If these methods fail, then the conductor must be dead-ended. Structures should
not be located at uplift points if it can be avoided because the only function of such a structure is
t o h o l d the c o n d u c t o r s against wind pressure and s o m e t i m e s t o s u p p o r t a short l e n g t h of t h e
conductors during hot weather.
(d) Insulator Sideswing.-Suspension
insulators are subject to sideswing caused by horizontal wind
pressure. Conductor clearance to the structure is reduced by insulator sideswing, so it is necessary
to limit the sideswing in order to maintain proper conductor insulation. The horizontal wind pressure
that tends to swing an insulator suspended on a structure is equal to one-half the total wind pressure
on the conductor in the two adjacent spans. The vertical force that tends to keep the insulator string
from swinging is equal to the force of the conductor supported by the insulator string plus one-half
the force of the insulator string. The length of conductor supported by the insulator string is equal
to the distance between the conductor low points of the adjacent spans. On rough terrain where each
of the adjacent spans fall rapidly away from the structure, the conductor low points, as indicated

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

269

te#fe

ftgnoe

H*j--

-f '+ ;" "H

2006 + 00

f - J

-r

TpuH-ifatea

2070 + 00

4 Afefe^ewf

mo + do

*fc

4H--r-4

35 34

Section

*22

-I+-4I

T 144 N, R89W

Figure 110.-Typical plan and profile drawing with

conductor sag template superimposed. 104-D-1114.
From Dwg. 466-D-102.

Page 270 Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

271

Figure 1 1 1 . - T y p i c a l plan and profile drawing showing use

of sag template in determining uplift. 104-D-1115. From
Dwg. 466-D-102.

Page 272 Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

273

by the conductor template, may fall outside of the adjacent spans. However, the distance between
the low points is still the length of conductor to be considered as acting vertically to hold the insulator
from swinging. T o o much low-point distance can cause a failure in the insulators, the hardware, or
the structure. T o determine whether the sideswing of the insulators is within allowable limits, the
distance between the low points of the adjacent spans is measured on the plan-profile. This value
is then checked against the sum of adjacent spans on the suspension structure limitation chart. If
the point so defined falls within the area in which the specified structure type may be used, the value
of insulator sideswing will be within the prescribed limits. If the point falls outside this area, the
insulator sideswing will be greater than allowable, and some correction is necessary. Structure heights
might be adjusted to provide more low-point distance, weights could be added at the bottom of the
insulator strings, or another type of structure could be used.
(e) General Instructions.Instructions
regarding span lengths and structure heights are given in
the design instructions for each transmission line.
On all wood-pole lines, class 3 poles are normally used for pole lengths of 13.7 m (45 ft) or less;
class 2 poles are normally used for lengths of 15.2 m (50 ft) and over. Class 1 poles are used for extra
long spans, for extra tall structures, or where additional strength is needed for any reason.
T h e proper type of structure, as indicated by the structure limitation chart, should be used at a
line angle in a transmission line. The correct number of guys, as shown on the guying charts, should
be used for wood-pole structures.
In California, all crossings over railroads, major highways, major communication circuits, and
major powerlines should be provided with sufficient clearance to maintain the clearance required
b y a broken conductor in either of the spans adjacent to the crossing span. Other states are governed
b y t h e N E S C r u l e s w h i c h , in t h e l a t e s t e d i t i o n ( 1 9 7 7 ) , d o n o t r e q u i r e b r o k e n c o n d u c t o r
considerations.
It is our p o l i c y t o provide N E S C required clearance over railroads, major h i g h w a y s , major
powerlines, and major communication lines for broken conductor conditions on transmission lines
of 2 3 0 kV and above.
When strain- or pin-type structures are used on both sides of a crossing, it is not necessary to allow
extra clearance for broken conductors. For lower voltages, when suspension-type structures are used
on both sides of a crossing, the increased sag in the crossing span due to a broken conductor in an
adjacent span is not enough to seriously decrease the clearance in most cases.
River or lake crossings involving special structures or long spans are to be handled as special studies.
When it is necessary to use spans longer than approximately 1.7 times the ruling span or shorter
than one-half the ruling span, the conductors should be dead-ended at both ends of the span and
sagged to a special ruling span.
W h e n e v e r the terrain slopes across the right-of-way, sufficient clearance should be maintained
under the outside conductor on the high side to meet all requirements.
T h e maximum tension in conductors and overhead ground wires under full load should normally
be r e d u c e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 p e r c e n t in the span terminating on the s u b s t a t i o n or s w i t c h y a r d
structure. Other policies regarding substations and switchyards are:
1. It is Bureau policy to install self-supporting structures (no guys) within 183 m (600 ft) of
a substation or switchyard. In general, this means that the structure adjacent to the substation

274

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

or switchyard will be a steel structure capable of accepting the unbalanced tensions in the
conductor and overhead ground wire due to the slack span into the yard.
2. When the overhead ground wire tension is reduced in a span where the conductor tension
is not reduced, sufficient midspan clearance between the conductors and overhead ground wires
should be maintained. The amount of reduction of conductor and overhead ground wire tensions
may be varied to meet the requirements of the structural design of the substation or switchyard
and any special crossing requirements such as railroads, roads, and power or communication lines.
The method of approach to the substation or switchyard should be discussed with the design group
that is designing the steel structures before proceeding with the final design of the transmission
line.
3. The deflection angle in the transmission line at the substation or switchyard structure should
be made as small as possible. It is preferred that this angle be less than 10 because a larger
deflection angle reduces the clearance and imposes additional transverse load on the substation
or switchyard structure.
On wood-pole lines where sandy soil or other soil with poor bearing characteristics is encountered,
all guyed structures should have a separate anchorplate for each guy strand.
2 7 . Right-of-Way and Building Clearance.Right-of-way is a very important consideration in
transmission line design. Today's higher voltages, wider phase spacings, and unrestrained insulator
strings require a wider right-of-way and greater clearances than ever before. A right-of-way must be
wide enough to give adequate clearance between conductors in a high-wind situation, and also
clearance from any obstruction that may be at the edge of the right-of-way on private property.
Sufficient clearance is essential to avoid flashover to trees, buildings, pole lines, and any other
obstruction adjacent to the right-of-way. Some of these clearance hazards are not obvious when the
conductors are hanging in their no-wind position.
It is legally possible for someone to erect a structure, such as a building, at the very edge of our
right-of-way, and occasionally this is done. The only way we can protect ourselves and others is to
make our right-of-way wide enough to provide a minimum electrical clearance between the outer
conductor, at a maximum wind condition of 0.43 kPa (9 lb/ft 2 ), and an imaginary building with a
wall on the edge of the right-of-way. Tables 28 and 29 show the horizontal distance required as
clearance between a conductor and a building for various line voltages and elevations above sea level.
Tables 30 through 35 show the required right-of-way for transmission lines of different voltages and
ruling spans.
Sometimes there is a tendency to reduce the right-of-way width to keep costs down, but this would
require shorter spans (to keep the conductors safely within the right-of-way) and the line probably
would be more expensive than initially because of the additional structures required.

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

275

Table 28.Minimum horizontal clearance to buildingsUSBR standard for

NESClight, medium, and heavy loading (metric)
kV

Conductor

69

84 mm 2 ACSR 6/1

115

135 mm 2 ACSR 26/7

2

138

242 mm ACSR 24/7

161

242 mm 2 ACSR 24/7

230

483 mm 2 ACSR 45/7

345

483 mm 2 ACSR 45/7

duplex

Ruling
span,
m

Basic
clearance,
m

213
305
213
305
213
305
213
305
305
366
427
305
366
427

3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048
3.048

, voltage
..
. /kV + 5%
The irlcrease for
is:I
- 50W0.0 1016).

At 1006-m elevation and at 15.5 C with a 0.43-kPa wind.

Increase for
voltage,1
m

_
-

0.2003
.2003
.3420
.3420
.4836
.4836
.9086
.9086
.9086
1.6170
1.6170
1.6170

Increase for
elevation,
m

Minimum horizontal
clearance
to buildings,2
m

3 percent of
"increase for
voltage" for
each 305 m
of elevation
over 1006 m

3.048
3.048
3.249
3.249
3.389
3.389
3.532
3.532
3.956
3.956
3.956
4.666
4.666
4.666

Table 29.-Minimum horizontal clearance to buildingsUSBR standard

for NESC light, medium, and heavy loading (U.S. customary)

kV

Conductor

69

No. 4/0 AWG ACSR 6/1

115

266.8 kcmil ACSR 26/7

138

477 kcmil ACSR 24/7

161

477 kcmil ACSR 24/7

230

954 kcmil ACSR 45/7

345

954 kcmil ACSR 45/7

duplex

Ruling
span,
ft

Basic
clearance,
ft

Increase
for
voltage,
ft

700
1000
700
1000
700
1000
700
1000
1000
1200
1400
1000
1200
1400

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

/ k V + 5%

et\(0A\

Th*

At 3300-ft elevation and at 60 F with a 9-lb/ft2 wind.

0.66
0.66
1.12
1.12
1.59
1.59
2.98
2.98
2.98
5.31
5.31
5.31

Increase for
elevation,
ft
3 percent of "increase
for voltage" for each
1000 ft of elevation
over 3300 ft

Minimum
horizontal
clearance
to buildings,
ft
10.00
10.00
10.66
10.66
11.12
11.12
11.59
11.59
12.98
12.98
12.98
15.31
15.31
15.31

84 mm2 ACSR 6/1

69

242 mm2 ACSR 24/7

483 mm2 ACSR 45/7

483 mm2 ACSR 45/7

duplex

161

230

345

213
305
213
305
213
305
213
305
305
366
427
305
366
427
b

12
12
16
a
16
a
24
a
23
a
24
a
23
a
31
a
30
a
29
a
31
a
30
a
29

900
900
900
400
900
100
900
100
100
200
300
100
200
300

Maximum
conductor
tension,
newtons per
conductor
3 745
7 576
3 460
7 116
3 746
7 705
3 746
7 705
8 964
12 851
17 676
8 964
12 851
17 676

Conductor
sag at
15.5 C,
mm
869
869
1219
1219
1372
1372
1676
1676
2286
2286
2286
3658
3658
3658

Insulator
string
length,
mm
6519'
6519'
6302'
6302'
5709'
5709'
5709'
5709'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038/

18 percent ultimate strength at 15.5 C final, no load.

25 percent ultimate strength at -18 C final, no load.

At 1006-m elevation, and at 15.5 C with a 0.43-kPa wind.

At 1006-m elevation, and rounded off to next highest meter.

4.1925
7.6736
4.1705
7.4292
4.2996
7.6255
4.5550
7.8809
8.6982
11.7036
15.4341
9.7590
12.7644
16.4949

Conductor swing
0.43-kPawind
1/3 low point
Degrees
m

69 through 161 kV are H-frame wood-pole construction; 230 and 345 kV are steel tower construction.
Maximum conductor tensions are limited by:

242 mm2 ACSR 24/7

138

135 mm ACSR 26/7

115

Conductor

kV1

Ruling
span,
m
3.048
3.048
3.658
3.658
4.267
4.267
5.182
5.182
7.620
7.620
7.620
9.144
9.144
9.144

Outside
phase to
structure
centerline,
m

Table 30.-Right-of-way valuesNESC light loading (metric)

3.048
3.048
3.249
3.249
3.389
3.389
3.532
3.532
3.956
3.956
3.956
4.666
4.666
4.666

Minimum
horizontal
clearance
to buildings,3
m

21
28
23
29
24
31
27
34
41
47
55
48
54
61

Right-of-way
m

266.8 kcmil ACSR 26/7

477 kcmil ACSR 24/7

477 kcmil ACSR 24/7

954 kcmil ACSR 45/7

954 kcmil ACSR 45/7

duplex

115

138

161

230

345

No.4/0AWGACSR6/l

69

700
1000
700
1000
700
1000
700
1000
1000
1200
1400
1000
1200
1400
a

2900
2900
b
3800
a
3700
a
5600
a
5200
a
5600
a
5200
a
7000
a
6800
a
6600
a
7000
a
6800
a
6600

Maximum
conductor
tension, 2
pounds per
conductor
12.28
24.86
11.34
23.27
12.28
25.25
12.28
25.25
29.37
42.09
57.89
29.37
42.09
57.89

Conductor
sag at
60 F ,
ft
2.5
2.5
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.5
5.5
5.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
12.0
12.0
12.0

Insulator
string
length,
ft
6519'
6519'
6302'
6302'
5709'
5709'
5709'
5709'
50 38
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'

18 percent ultimate strength at 60 F final, no load.

25 percent ultimate strength at 0 F final, no load.

At 3300-ft elevation, and at 60 F with a 9-lb/ft2 wind.

At 3300-ft elevation, and rounded off to next highest 5 feet.

13.43
24.86
13.67
24.31
14.10
24.99
14.94
25.83
28.51
38.34
50.56
31.99
41.82
54.04

Conductor swing
9-lb/ft2 wind
1/3 low point
ft
Degrees

69 through 161 kV are H-frame wood-pole construction; 230 and 345 kV are steel tower construction.
Maximum conductor tensions are limited by:

Conductor

kV 1

Ruling
span,
ft
10
10
12
12
14
14
17
17
25
25
25
30
30
30

Outside
phase to
structure
centerline,
ft

Table 31.-Right-of-way valuesNESC light loading (U.S. customary)

10.0
10.0
10.6
10.6
11.1
11.1
11.5
11.5
12.9
12.9
12.9
15.3
15.3
15.3

Minimu
horizon
clearan
to buildin
ft

242 mm2 ACSR 24/7

242 mm2 ACSR 24/7

483 mm2 ACSR 45/7

483 mm2 ACSR 45/7

duplex

138

161

230

345

213
305
213
305
213
305
213
305
305
366
427
305
366
427
b

15 500
17 300
a
19 100
b
21 300
a
26 700
h
28 500
a
26 700
b
28 500
b
37 400
b
36 900
b
36 400
b
37 400
b
36 900
b
36 400

Maximum
conductor
tension,
newtons per
conductor
4 033
7 527
3 777
6 947
4 111
7 655
4 111
7 655
8 948
12 827
17 525
8 948
12 827
17 525

Conductor
sag at
15.5 C,
mm
869
869
1219
1219
1372
1372
1676
1676
2286
2286
2286
3658
3658
3658

Insulator
string
length,
mm
6519'
6519
6302
6302'
5709'
5709
5709
5709'
50 38'
5038'
50 38'
50 38'
50 38'
50 38'

25 percent ultimate strength at -29 C final, no load.

18 percent ultimate strength at 15.5 C final, no load.

At 1006-m elevation, and at 15.5 C with a 0.43-kPa wind.

At 1006-m elevation, and rounded off to next highest meter.

4.4542
7.6291
4.4531
7.2785
4.6062
7.5835
4.8616
7.8389
8.6859
11.6850
15.3174
9.7467
12.7458
16.3782

Conductor swing
0.43-kPa wind
1/3 low point
Degrees
m

69 through 161 kV are H-frame wood-pole construction; 230 and 345 kV are steel tower construction.
Maximum conductor tensions are limited by:

135 mm2 ACSR 26/7

115

84 mm2 ACSR 6/1

Conductor

69

kV

Ruling
span,
m
3.048
3.048
3.658
3.658
4.267
4.267
5.182
5.182
7.620
7.620
7.620
9.144
9.144
9.144

Outside
phase to
structure
centerline,
m

Table 32.-Right-of-way valuesNESC medium loading (metric)

3.048
3.048
3.249
3.249
3.389
3.389
3.532
3.532
3.956
3.956
3.956
4.666
4.666
4.666

Minimum
horizontal
clearance
to buildings,
m

22
28
23
29
25
31
28
34
41
47
54
48
54
61

Right-of-way,4
m

266.8 kcmil ACSR 26/7

477 kcmil ACSR 24/7

477 kcmil ACSR 24/7

954 kcmil ACSR 45/7

954 kcmil ACSR 45/7

duplex

115

138

161

230

345

700
1000
700
1000
700
1000
700
1000
1000
1200
1400
1000
1200
1400
b

3500
3900
a
4300
b
4800
a
6000
b
6400
a
6000
b
6400
b
8400
b
8300
b
8200
b
8400
b
8300
b
8200

Maximum
conductor
tension, 2
pounds per
conductor
13.16
24.63
12.37
22.75
13.49
25.15
13.49
25.15
29.38
42.07
57.38
29.38
42.07
57.38

Conductor
sag at
60 F ,
ft

2.5
2.5
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.5
5.5
5.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
12.0
12.0
12.0

Insulator
string
length,
ft

6519'
6519'
6302'
6302'
5709'
5709'
5709'
5709'
5038 /
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'

25 percent ultimate strength at -20 F final, no load.

18 percent ultimate strength at 60 F final, no load.

At 3300-ft elevation, and at 60 F with a 9-lb/ft2 wind._

At 3300-ft elevation, and rounded off to next highest 5 feet.

14.23
24.65
14.59
23.84
15.11
24.91
15.95
25.75
28.51
38.33
50.16
31.99
41.81
53.64

Conductor swing
9-lb/ft2 wind
1/3 low point
Degrees
ft

69 through 161 kV are H-frame wood-pole construction; 230 and 345 kV are steel tower construction.
Maximum conductor tensions are limited by:

No.4/0AWGACSR6/l

69

Conductor

kV 1

Ruling
span,
ft

10
10
12
12
14
14
17
17
25
25
25
30
30
30

Outside
phase to
structure
centerline,
ft

Table 33.-Right-of-way values-NESC medium loading (U.S. customary)

10.00
10.00
10.66
10.66
11.12
11.12
11.59
11.59
12.98
12.98
12.98
15.31
15.31
15.31

Minimu
horizont
clearan
to buildin
ft

242 mm 2 ACSR 24/7

483 mm 2 ACSR 45/7

483 mm 2 ACSR 45/7

duplex

161

230

345

213
305
213
305
213
305
213
305
305
366
427
305
366
427
a

18 200
18 200
b
2 4 400
a
24 900
b
3 3 300
a
38 200
b
3 3 300
a
38 200
c
51 100
c
50 700
c
50 300
c
51 100
c
50 700
c
50 300

Maximum
conductor
tension, 2
newtons per
conductor
5 794
12 530
4 452
9 524
4 665
8 101
4 665
8 101
8 954
12 844
17 515
8 954
12 844
17 515

Conductor
sag at
15.5 C,
mm
869
869
1219
1219
1372
1372
1676
1676
2286
2286
2286
3658
3658
3658

Insulator
string
length,
mm
6519'
6519
6302'
6302'
5709'
5709'
5709'
5709'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'

50 percent ultimate strength at -18 C initial, full load.

33-1/3 percent ultimate strength at -40 C initial, no load.
18 percent ultimate strength at 15.5 C final, no load.

At 1006-m elevation, and at 15.5 C with a 0.43-kPa wind.

At 1006-m elevation, and rounded off to next highest meter.

6.0544
12.1751
5.0547
9.5755
5.0716
7.9582
5.3270
8.2186
8.6905
11.6982
15.3097
9.7513
12.7590
16.3705

Conductor swing
0.43-kPawind
1/1 low point
Degrees
m

69 through 161 kV are H-frame wood-pole construction; 230 and 345 kV are steel tower construction.
Maximum conductor tensions are limited by:

242 mm 2 ACSR 24/7

138

135 mm ACSR 26/7

84 mm 2 ACSR 6/1

Conductor

115

69

kV 1

Ruling
span,
m
3.048
3.048
3.658
3.658
4.267
4.267
5.182
5.182
7.620
7.620
7.620
9.144
9.144
9.144

Outside
phase to
structure
centerline,
m

Table 34.-Right-of-way valuesNESC heavy loading (metric)

3.048
3.048
3.249
3.249
3.389
3.389
3.532
3.532
3.956
3.956
3.956
4.666
4.666
4.666

Minimum
horizontal
clearance
to buildings,3
m

25
37
24
33
26
32
29
34
41
47
54
48
54
61

Right-of-way 4
m

477 kcmil ACSR 24/7

477 kcmil ACSR 24/7

954 kcmil ACSR 45/7

954 kcmil ACSR 45/7

duplex

138

161

230

345

700
1000
700
1000
700
1000
700
1000
1000
1200
1400
1000
1200
1400

Ruling
span,
ft

4 100
4 100
b
5 500
a
5 600
b
7 500
a
8 600
b
7 500
a
8 600
c
11500
c
11400
c
l l 300
c
11 500
c
11400
c
11300

Maximum
conductor
tension, 2
pounds per
conductor
18.95
41.00
14.57
31.23
15.47
26.54
15.47
26.54
29.35
42.13
57.51
29.35
42.13
57.51

Conductor
sag at
60 F ,
ft
2.5
2.5
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.5
5.5
5.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
12.0
12.0
12.0

Insulator
string
length,
ft
6519'
6519'
6302 f
6302'
5709'
5709'
5709'
5709'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'
5038'

50 percent ultimate strength at 0 F initial, full load.

33-1/3 percent ultimate strength at -40 F initial, no load.
18 percent ultimate strength at 60 F final, no load.

At 3300-ft elevation, and at 60 F with a 9-Ib/ft2 wind.

At 3300-ft elevation, and rounded off to next highest 5 feet.

19.49
39.53
16.55
31.40
16.78
26.08
17.62
26.92
28.49
38.37
50.26
31.97
41.85
53.74

Conductor swing
9-lb/ft2 wind
1/3 low point
Degrees
ft

69 through 161 kV are H-frame wood-pole construction; 230 and 345 kV are steel tower construction.
Maximum conductor tensions are limited by:

266.8 kcmil ACSR 26/7

115

No. 4/0 AWG ACSR 6/1

Conductor

69

kV

10
10
12
12
14
14
17
17
25
25
25
30
30
30

Outside
phase to
structure
centerline,
ft

Table 35.-Right-of-way values-NESC heavy loading (U.S. customary)

10.00
10.00
10.66
10.66
11.12
11.12
11.59
11.59
12.98
12.98
12.98
15.31
15.31
15.31

Minimum
horizonta
clearance
to building
ft

282

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

2 8 . Armor Rods and Vibration Dampers.-All conductors are subject to aeolian and other types
of vibrations produced by the wind, which induces repeated bending stresses in the conductor and
may well result in its failure. Aeolian vibrations are those of the natural frequencies which are
stimulated by very steady winds of 1 to 48 k m / h (1 to 30 mi/h). It is the periodically varying eddy
turbulence on the leeward side of the conductor that produces the excitation. The frequencies range
from 1 to possibly 100 hertz, and the amplitudes normally range from a few millimeters to 200
millimeters (a fraction of an inch to several inches), or more. The frequencies and amplitudes of
aeolian vibrations are functions of the wind velocity, span length, distance between nodes, tension
in the conductor, diameter of the conductor, and the conductor force per unit length. On short spans,
the vibration is of extremely small amplitude and is evident only by the humming sound producedlike
the singing of telephone lines on a clear, cold morning.
Steel reinforced aluminum conductor is comparatively light and is usually strung to fairly high
tensions, so it is quite susceptible to vibration. Therefore, this type of conductor requires special
protection by the use of armor rods, vibration dampers, or both.
Armor rods have some damping effect on vibration and reduce the amplitude from 10 to 20 percent;
however, their greatest protective value is through the reinforcing of the conductor at the point of
maximum stress. In addition to offering some protection to the conductor against vibration, the armor
rods protect the conductor from burns due to flashovers. Armor rods for aluminum conductors are
made of aluminum and consist of a spiral layer of short, round rods surrounding the conductor. The
attachment of the conductor to its support is made in the middle of the armored length. This makes
the conductor equivalent to a stranded cable of larger diameter-thereby strengthening it at the
support, which is in the region of maximum bending stress.
A set of 7 to 13 rods, depending on conductor size, is required to armor a conductor. The size
and length of the rods vary with the size of the conductor. Generally, because of the ease of
application, and removal if necessary, preformed armor rods are used for all sizes of ACSR conductors
and for both steel and Alumoweld overhead ground wires. Formed rods are manufactured with a spiral
shape to fit the diameter of the conductor on which they are to be used. The ends of each rod are
rounded or parrot-billed to reduce the chance of abraiding the conductor and the tendency for corona
discharge at these points. Clips or clamps are not required on this type of armor rod. Older types
of armor rods, now seldom used by the Bureau, include the straight rod and the tapered-rod types.
Straight armor rods, having a constant diameter for their full length, are used for ACSR conductor
sizes of 15 to 62 mm 2 (No. 6 AWG to No. 1/0 AWG), inclusive. Tapered armor rods are straight rods
with long tapered ends and are used for 79 mm 2 (No. 2/0 AWG) and larger conductors. Both the
straight and tapered types of rods are furnished straight and the spiral is formed around the conductor
at the time of installation using special armor rod wrenches. These types of rods are held in place
on the conductor by the installation of armor rod clips or clamps at each end after the spiral has
been formed. Normally, armor rod clamps are used on transmission lines for voltages of 115 kilovolts
and higher, and armor rod clips are used for voltages of 69 kilovolts and lower. This choice is due
mostly to the possibility of corona loss off the sharper edges of the clips.
Through experience, the Bureau has found the Stockbridge-type vibration damper to be a very
effective device against vibration and, when properly installed, the latest models of this type of
damper will greatly reduce vibration.
We use both armor rods and vibration dampers on our transmission lines. Armor rods at conductor
suspension points may be eliminated if sized clamps are used for the conductor. These clamps must
be an almost perfect fit, with extremely small tolerance, to provide the desired protection against
strand breakage at this stress point.

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

283

Each construction contractor is required to furnish the manufacturer's recommendations for size,
application, and location of the vibration dampers that are t o be furnished and installed on the
transmission line. The data are checked and, if found satisfactory, are transmitted t o the appropriate
field office as the criteria to use for installation of the vibration dampers. The dampers are installed
at a prescribed distance from the centerline of the conductor suspension clamp or from the mouth
of a strain clamp or compression dead end.
If all conductors vibrated at the same frequency regardless of size, span length, tension, and wind
velocity, the vibration problem could be handled quite simply. A vibration damper could be placed
in the middle of the loop formed in the conductor and the problem would be solved. However, the
number of possible frequencies is almost unlimited so the problem becomes more complex. A damper,
to be most effective, should be located at the midpoint of a loop created in the conductor by the
wind; however, the midpoint could be a node point for another frequency, and the damper would
have absolutely no effect (see fig. 112).
A damper must be located in the middle third of a loop to be effective. Studies should be made
so that a damper installed at the chosen location will be effective on as many probable frequencies
as possible. Numerous laboratory studies have been made by manufacturers of dampers over the years.
T h e n e w , more sophisticated dampers have been developed through these laboratory studies and
should be applied as recommended by the manufacturer. Formulas for computing the frequency and
loop length and the basic theory of vibration can be found in most physics books. T w o such formulas
are:

For frequency:

U.S. Customary

Hz
51.4534
km/h

Hz
3.26
mi/h

mm

in

kV_
d

where /
k
V
d

Metric

=
=
=
=

frequency
a constant (for air)
velocity of wind
outside diameter of
conductor

For loop length:

L=
where L =
/ =
T =
g =
w=

loop length
frequency
tension in conductor
acceleration due to gravity
force of conductor

519.64
/

Vrglw

mm
Hz
N
9.8066 m/s 2
N/m

w
in
Hz
lb
32.2 ft/s2
lb/ft

A standing wave, such as the vibration loop, is the result of t w o traveling waves equal in magnitude
but of opposite direction of motion.
Reduction of span length and tension reduces the severity of vibration.

284

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

/--Midpoint of loop

Node point

(Vibration waves are

exaggerated vertically for illustration)

Figure 112.-Schematic of vibration waves in a conductor.

Galloping or dancing conductors are large-amplitude, low-frequency vibrations. Galloping is caused

by strong gusty winds blowing across irregularly ice-covered conductors. The only known methods
of eliminating this phenomenon are to either prevent the ice from forming on the conductor, or to
melt it off as quickly as possible after it forms and before damage occurs (see sec. 14).
2 9 . Corona.Corona loss on a transmission line is the result of the ionization process which takes
place on the surface of conductors when the electric stress (or voltage gradient) exceeds a certain
value. Corona occurs when the potential of a conductor in air is raised to such a value that the
dielectric strength of the surrounding air is exceeded. Corona is visible as bluish tufts or streamers
around the conductor; the visible discharge is accompanied by a hissing sound and the odor of ozone.
In the presence of moisture, nitrous acid is produced and, if the corona is heavy enough, corrosion
of the conductors will result. There is always a power loss with corona.
When and where will corona occur on a given transmission line? How much power loss will there
be? What can be done to reduce or eliminate it? These are some of the questions t h a t many
investigators have studied over the years. Three methods of calculation by Peek [15], Carroll and
Rockwell [16], and Peterson [17] are in general use in this country. The Carroll-Rockwell and
Peterson formulas have been the most accurate in the low-loss region, below 3.1 kilowatt per phase
kilometer (5 kilowatt per phase mile). Recent work has been directed toward corona loss in the
extra-high-voltage range, and the latest available information for this range should be explored and
used for calculating the expected corona loss for these higher voltages. Actually, the best method
of obtaining good data is to take the data from the line being studied after it has been constructed.
This is especially true of the extra-high-voltage lines, so care must be exercised to select test data
and the method of calculation from a published study based on transmission line data very similar
to that which you propose using.
In fair weather, corona is small up to a voltage near the disruptive voltage for a particular
conductor. The calculated disruptive voltage is an indicator of corona performance. The closer the
surface of a given conductor approaches a smooth cylinder, the higher the critical disruptive voltage.
For the same diameter, a stranded conductor is good for about 80 to 85 percent of the voltage of
a smooth conductor. Any distortion to the surface of the conductor (raised strands, burrs, scratches)
will increase corona-and the higher the line voltage, the more critical these rough spots become. The
size of the conductors and their spacings also have considerable effect on corona loss. Fair weather,

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

285

rain, snow, hoarfrost, atmospheric pressure, and temperature must be considered w h e n studying
corona loss. Rain probably affects corona loss more than any other single factor. The presence of
rain produces corona loss on a conductor at voltages as low as 65 percent of the voltage at which
the same loss is observed during fair weather. The peak value of corona loss to be expected in a
transmission line is very difficult, if not impossible, to determine. T o do so, it would be necessary
to know all of the rates of rainfall that could exist simultaneously along an entire transmission line.
In earlier years of high-voltage transmission, corona was avoidedstrictly because of energy loss.
In more recent years, the radio influence aspect of corona has probably become more important.
W h e n abnormally high v o l t a g e s (lightning, switching) are p r e s e n t , corona can affect s y s t e m
behavior. Corona can reduce overvoltage on long open-circuited lines, and it will attenuate b o t h
lightning voltage and switching surge.
Following is a procedure for calculating the e x p e c t e d corona loss on a transmission line. This
procedure and related figures were taken from reference [ 1 8 ] . This reference used centimeters as a
dimension instead of the preferred SI metric dimension of millimeters. T o ensure c o m p a t i b i l i t y
between text and illustrations, we have chosen to present the procedure in centimeters:
Nomenclature:
Pk = corona loss, k W / k m at 50 Hz (per phase)
Pc = corona loss, k W / m i at 60 Hz (per 3-phase)
E = average surface voltage gradient
EQ=
critical visual corona gradient
e = line to ground voltage, kV
F = line frequency, Hz
S = air density factor
n = number of conductors in bundle
r = conductor radius, cm
s = spacing of conductors in bundle, cm
D = equivalent phase spacing, cm
g = mean between average and maximum surface gradient, k V / c m
g surface voltage gradient at which corona starts, k V / c m
m = conductor surface factor (assumed 0.88, average weathered conductor)
Assume:
345-kV transmission line at 1829-m (6000-ft) elevation
4 8 3 - m m 2 (954-kcmil) A C S R , 4 5 / 7 conductor (duplex)
4 5 7 - m m (18-in) spacing on conductor bundle
10.06-m (33-ft) flat phase spacing

e
r
s
D

= 199.2 kV
= 1.48 cm
= 4 5 . 7 2 cm
= 1 0 0 5 . 8 4 cm

The basic formula for reading the corona loss from the curves shown on figures 113 and 114 is:

286

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

J- is analogous to ^ so, / ^

= F()

For a duplex conductor,

,._H)
(2r)log e -^
y/W

For a single conductor,

e

8 =

'togeT

v
8 =

-T.,~,

(2)(L48)1

205.65

1005.84

^V(rife

l4^T

.
= 14

A A e

-45

.,

T l

k V / c m

Calculateg0 fromg0 = 21.1 m 51/2 (l + ^ ^ J

Results from a high-altitude test project at Leadville, Colo. [19] concluded that the correction
for air density 8 varies as the one-half power in lieu of the first power as suggested by Peek [15] or
the two-thirds power as indicated by Peterson's investigations [17].

go

Calculate g/g

= 2 1 . 1 ( 0 . 8 8 ) (0.80) 1 / 2 ( l + O j g M

and read corresponding value for Pfc/n2r2

Z

14 45

go

20.72

20.72 kV/cm

at 50 Hz from figure 113:

From figure 113, curve A:

n2 r2

= 0.04

Pk = 0.04(2)2 (1.48)2 = 0.2368 kW/km at 50 Hz (per phase)

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

iot

8b

-A

4r

NP
M

=5
/
L-L
1 f\

xJI_

it

n v

8F

at

nU A

L/f

I
\1 [ -

^M

1 \y\

1 ^

[ t 1 IUUI

/I/J-\-\-\1 80F
Anl
t 1 &+\
1

'E

J
1

neLU.OT

4-H
I I I

h
1

0.4F

04F

=pp|

4F

02 F

3 -2F
d 008b

j OO2E

m
1

1.0

1.2

JQ002L
0.3

Jv

ti/h

"FH

Q04

07

0.9

h/ fl-

-LU Q02^
G5

_n
u J_LJJ

-9\\-

4 - N 0.08E- -Jr
1 r(Va

m-

+-H OLlU

H0004F
0.8

4=F* ^

VADr-

1/

0.6

i\

1 npL

-H/

0.004F

-H-l 04F

iff
i\
/

JO.OOIE
H0.008FTT
~|U.UUO|~ f

VJlUv/Or

0002 L
0.4

| | \

TT7

OjOOlfc
0D08F

^ /11 1I I1I 1
II

-rn
ir
f 1 H1 1 OBH
AfiU-

/
/

O.Uor

0021

TLTTM
1 / 1 11
>
f 1 1 1 1 1

4-

J 0.1 E
d O04fc

4+1 'Or
8

ncL
U.DT

004F

-l4"XI

44-] 20F-

0.8F

40l_

0.1 F
o.oet
noRf

T l

OJ

inf
V

0.8F

J
A

287

I |

JJz
/

r
Hd

_/L

>

0 3 0.4 0 5 0 6 0.7 0.8 0 9 1.0 I.I 1.2 1.3

90
Figure 113.-Corona loss curves for (A) fair weather, (B) rainfall, (C) hoarfrost, and (D) snow. 104-D-1116. From [18].

As read from figures 113 and 114, P^ is in kilowatts per kilometer for each phase from a 50-Hz
test. Because the corona loss factor is in direct proportion to frequency, the value read from the chart
should be multiplied by 6 0 / 5 0 for a 60-Hz system. The kilometer may be changed to mile by
multiplying by 1.6093, and if the loss is desired for all three phases, the answer should be multiplied
by three. Combining the three factors, the figure value should be multiplied by 5.79 to obtain a loss
value in kilowatts per mile for three phases for 60-Hz systems:

Pk = 0.2368 kW/km at 50 Hz (per phase)

Pc = 5.79 (0.2368) =1.371 kW/mi at 60 Hz (per 3-phase)
When rainfall is to be considered, the corona loss due to rain must be read from figure 113 using
curve B. Similarly, for hoarfrost or snow, losses are obtained from curves Cor Z>, respectively. Then,
the two, three, or four (whichever is applicable) values for corona loss must be apportioned to make
100 percent. Taking the assigned percentages times the corresponding losses and summing these will
give the expected corona loss for the line in question.

1
11

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

288

1"71

/ /
/, /
/
/ / -51f

i-

f
it

/i , /
,7 //
/
/
/

1.0

M\

('/

0.8

/ } /t

//
0.6

F
f
$

0.4

2 2

nr

i$

r"

0.2

It /

\L-3

0.1

hV

hp
M

0.08
0.06
0.04

/jf

0.03

Ah

0.02

tit
fit

it/
0.01

0.5

ff0.6

it

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

I.

%
Figure I14.-Average values of corona loss under fair weather with different
conductor bundles. (1) single conductor (2) two-conductor bundle
(3) three-conductor bundle (4) four-conductor bundle (5) average curve.
104-D-1117. From [18].

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

289

Example:
Assume that the line previously used is located such that 85 percent of the time the weather
is fair, 5 percent of the time it rains, and 10 percent of the time it snows-all during a period
of a year.

= 0.04 for fair weather (curve A, fig. 113)

Pk = 0.04(2) 2 (1.48) 2 = 0.2368 kW/km at 50 Hz (per phase)
Pc = 5.79(0.2368) =1.371 kW/mi at 60 Hz (per 3-phase)

Pk
2

= 0.90 for rainfall (curve B, fig. 113)

r2

Pk = 0.90(2) 2 (1.48) 2 = 7.885 kW/km at 50 Hz (per phase)

Pc = 5.79(7.885) = 45.654 kW/mi at 60 Hz (per 3-phase)
Pk

= 0.15 for snow (curve D, fig. 113)

Pk =0.15(2) 2 (1.48) 2 = 1.314 kW/km at 50 Hz (per phase)

Pc = 5.79(1.314) = 7.608 kW/mi at 60 Hz (per 3-phase)
Summation of losses times percentages:
(0.85)(1.371) + (0.05)(45.654) + 0.10 (7.608) = 4.21 kW/mi at 60 Hz (per 3-phase)
This is the average corona loss for the year.
Although this method of calculation for corona loss is only an approximation, it is apparently
justified for practical purposes. As indicated in the example, there are substantial changes in the losses
due to weather conditions. Fair weather corona loss depends mostly on the surface condition of the
c o n d u c t o r . N e w transmission lines tend t o have higher losses; h o w e v e r , these higher values will
decrease rather rapidly with time.
Factors for various weather conditions are:

All conductors in rain

Weathered conductor in fog, mist, and snow
Weathered conductor in fair weather

Range

Average value

0.47 to 0.60
0.60 to 0.80
0.80 to 0.95

0.54
0.70
0.88

Corona loss curves for different voltages are shown on figure 115. Curves are shown for different
elevations and ACSR conductor sizesfrom which may be determined the estimated corona loss as
computed by the Carroll-Rockwell method for fair weather at 25 C (77 F).

A
-

tr

*Lj
z
(/)

t-

(9

J5i_
7)

V
s

.1
L_

1 ,1
0.7

i_ X

h,s

FM
H\ M
\ \\ \\\\

161-kV FLAT SPACING 5.18m (17 ft )

l \ K \ K^ \ NJ
\\\
r \ \ iVvl\J \
\
N
M \ f\L i\ \ N \
\\\
r\ NJ(T)\^)\ NJ
\ N.
tvJ
N
iv
k l \
|\j
IV N,
\

o \ \ \ \

--

^
^

i
\\~
~
~"

r
r
r-

---

1 Ir^iTnt^fu^Kti
ij
M^Tj^+^L^fctPi
1
n r S r ^ T ^ S

rpjfsrNjsTvj
J FN [ t v K i ^ j K
T rv i ^ Z r ^ i r i i ^ J ^ t r s x H ^

CURVE
INDEX
Curve
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II

CONDUCTOR

DIAMETER

Carrollweather

f / e v at ion
m
ft
Sea level
305
1 000
2 000
610
914
3 000
1219
4 000
1524
5 000
1829
6 000
2134
7 000
2438
8 000
2743
9 000
3048
10 000
3658
12 000

h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40.5
0.6
0.7
o.e
0.9
1.
1.0 (inches)
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
(millimeters)

1
1
r

r
r

0 0

NOTES

U 11 I 111 1 l |\i 1 1 1 l 111 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 | 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

All cur ve s computed by
Rockwell
method for fair
at 25 C
(77F).

\\\
coM
I \\
\\ \\\ N
\
r\ \ \\\ \\\ \ \ \
n \ X\
\
r\ \ \ \
M
U\ \\ \J \\ \ \m
r\ \ X N N N
\-\ \\ \\\\ 1 \\\\
M\\\\\ \\m
N
kPv M\
\ M\ \\\ \ \l
\\

7 0

CURVES

lis. 1\J r \ N NJ ^J
is. [V
iv
~
k j \ | p) f\| | \ l pvPTV P\,
isj
|N1
P l v M i v l x IN. pv rv PSv is]
1>-1
- K (2nN. rsJ l x T x iSJ ]M
TvJ Pvl
Irv ~
A " 0 p r ^ r x T ^ / N i rNv[>.J>V!>_
jvl fvl
rs
KArvMvlisJNv iSvjS^Jr^jrvJ l i v J r J
~
A
[-TNTPJ^W
IrsTpsJ ~
r IrsjTJrJivtTsJ^^
Tr V n
A

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
-\
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
^
^

11

T.EC5

1 1

STRANDED

LOSS

Figure 115.-Corona loss curves for different voltages (sheet 1 of 2). 104-D-l 118-1. From Dwg. 104-D-75.

fir 1

il

//5 -i(rV FL4T SPACING 3.66 m (12ft)

1 T
1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i
1
1
! ~r

(6

s\

i T

</>2-5
0.
\
<
_ *V

^v.
UJ

Ui

CORONA

to

(=
>

CO
CD

GO

en

CO

-z.

ID

>

SO

FLAT SPACING 3.05m (10 ft)

STRANDED

230-kV

DIAMETER

CURVES

CONDUCTOR

LOSS
FLAT SPACING 6.70m

(22ft)

Figure 115.-Corona loss curves for different voltages (sheet 2 of 2). 104-D-l 118-2. From Dwg. 104-D-75.

69-kV

CORONA

292

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

3 0 . Stringing Sag Data.-(a) Sag Tables.-Stringing sag data are extremely important. If the
sag data furnished for stringing the conductors and overhead ground wires are not based directly on
the sag and tension data used for the design of the line, the complete design including line loading
studies, determination of structure sizes and strengths, calculations for final sags and tensions, and
electrical clearances is wrong. None of the calculations will be exactly right, and if the stringing sags
are too far offthe results may be disastrous.
For field installation of conductors and overhead ground wires, it is necessary to furnish sag tables
prepared for suspension spans which cover the entire range of span lengths based on the ruling span.
Dead-ended spans are computed separately based upon the individual length of each span. Stringing
data for approach spans to a substation are also based on exact span lengths, but generally at a lower
tension than that used on the rest of the transmission line. The basic data required for the preparation
of a stringing sag table for approximately level suspension spans are the unloaded sag and tension
values at the ruling span for the conductor. These values are based on initial loading conditions if
the conductor to be installed is unstressed, and on final loading conditions if the conductor is
prestressed. Stringing sag values are usually listed in table form for convenience in field use and are
expanded to such an extent as to cover a temperature range from 0 to 120 F in 10 increments,
and to cover a range of span lengths from about 50 percent below to 50 percent above the ruling
span length in 10-ft increments. For metric units, the tables should range from 18 to 49 C in 5
increments, and span lengths in 5-m increments.
(b) Sag and Insulator Offset Data for Inclined Spa/is.-When conductor supports on adjacent
structures are not at the same elevation, conductors hanging in stringing sheaves tend to run downhill
from the high spans into the low spans. If the terrain is not very steep, this problem can be handled
without much concern; however, if the terrain is quite steep, the proper sagging of the conductors
may become complex.
On free running sheaves, conductor tensions T\ and T2 must be equal; see figure 116. For the
suspension insulator strings to hang vertically after the conductor is clipped in, slack must be taken
from the lower span and put into the upper span in such a way that the horizontal components of
the conductor tension Hi and H2 are equal. Whenever the amount of slack in a given span is changed,
the amount of sag in that span is also changedso it is necessary to change the sag while the conductor
is in the sheaves to obtain the correct sag after the conductor has been clipped in. Calculations for
offsets are made in a series of spans between dead ends, either permanent or temporary, since the
entire length of conductor between dead ends must be sagged in one operation. Where the distance
between dead ends is too great to permit sagging the conductor in one operation, it is necessary to
establish intermediate temporary dead ends. For purposes of calculation, the temporary dead end
shall be the last structure in the section of line being sagged where the suspension clamp will be clipped
to the conductor. There should be at least one structure ahead, between the dead end and the point
where the conductor is snubbed, to maintain tension during the clip-in operation. The selection of
these temporary dead ends, to isolate the steep from the comparatively level sections of line, should
be such as to minimize sag and offset calculations. The insulator string of the last previous temporary
dead end (the last structure clipped in) must be held in a vertical position while the next section of
line is brought to the proper sag.
The tension in the conductor while in the stringing sheaves may be higher or lower than the tension
after the suspension clamp is clipped to the conductor, so the last suspension insulator string clipped
in may swing towards or away from the new section of line being brought to sag if the insulator is

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

293

Figure 116.-Conductor tensions when using free

running stringing sheaves.

T,
not properly held in a vertical position. If the insulator is not held vertical, a serious error in the
sagging and clipping in of the conductor in the new section could occur. After the conductor is brought
to sheave sag by checking the corrected sag (stringing chart sag plus correction) of several spans,
a reference mark should be placed on the conductor directly under the point where each insulator
string is supported. Clipping in is then started at any structure by placing the center of the suspension
clamp at the proper offset distance and direction from the reference mark. An explanation of a method
for calculating offset and sag correction data is given in the following paragraphs.
Procedure
The tension at any point in a conductor of uniform cross section suspended in the form of a catenary
is equal to the length of the ordinate of the curve at the given point times the unit force of the
conductor.
At support A on figure 117:

Directrix 2

Figure 117.-Dimensions required for calculating insulator offset and sag correction data during
stringing operations. 104-D-1119.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

294

Tx = WYA in span 1
T2 =W(YA +Y2 - Yx) in span 2
T2 - Tx = W(Y2 - Yx)
where:
W = force of conductor in newtons per meter (pounds per foot)
Tx and T2 = conductor tensions in newtons (pounds)
Y2 - Yx
= difference in elevation between the directrices of the two
cantenaries, which is also the difference in elevation
between the low points of sag in the two spans, in
meters (feet)
A table with the following column headings should be made:
Column 1: Station number. This shows the survey station where each structure is located.
Column 2: Span length L , in meters (feet)
Column 3: Y2- l i in meters (feet). This value shows the difference in elevation Y2- Y\ between
the low points of sags in spans adjacent to each structure. These sags should be the initial sags
at the stringing temperature; however, because the difference between sags in the t w o spans will
be essentially the same at any given temperature, Y2 Yi may be measured on the plan-profile
sheets.
Column 4: W {Y2Yi), ( W) (col. 3 ) , in n e w t o n s (pounds). This value shows t h e difference
between the conductor tensions, T2T\, on the t w o sides of the structure.
Column 5: Assumed tension / / i n newtons (pounds). This value shows an assumed horizontal
component / / o f the tension (called horizontal tension for convenience) in the conductor as it hangs
in the stringing sheaves. For this assumption, use the initial horizontal tension of the conductor
at the stringing temperature as shown on the sag-tension calculation form. Assume this tension
to be in a certain span (generally, it is best to use one of the longer spans) and compute the tensions
in other spans by adding or subtracting increments from column 4.
Column 6: / / 0 / / , (HQ~col. 5), in newtons (pounds). This value shows the difference b e t w e e n
the horizontal tension in the conductor at the ruling span H0 and the assumed horizontal tension
/ / i n each span with the conductor hanging in the stringing sheaves.
Column 7: Offset K in millimeters per newton (inches per pound).

1000ft/ 2 Z 3
I?// 3

m m

,__
/

or

K=

W2L3
3

. /lu
m/lb

This value shows the change in slack in a span corresponding to a one-newton (one-pound) change
in tension. T h e sum of the values in this column gives the total change in slack per newton (or
slack per pound) change in the tension for the complete section of line being considered.
Column 8: Trial offset, (col. 6) (col. 7 ) , in millimeters (inches). This value shows the change
in slack for each span corresponding t o the unbalanced tensions. T h e algebraic sum of the values
in this column is the overall change of slack for the complete section of line, based on the assumed

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

295

tensions. This sum should be zero if the correct tension has been assumed in each span. If the
sum is a positive value, that amount of slack must be subtracted from the complete section of
the line. If the sum is negative, that amount must be added to the complete section of the line.
The sum of column 8 divided by the sum of column 7 is the total correction in tension which
must be applied to the complete section of line.
Column 9: H0 / / c o r r e c t e d , column 6 ( 2 col. 8 / 2 col. 7), in newtons (pounds).
Column 10: Corrected offset, (col. 7) (col. 9), in millimeters (inches).
Column 11: Modulus correction in millimeters (inches)

1000L(col.9)
mm or
AE

12Z(col. 9 ) .
T-=
m
AE

where:
A = area of conductor in square millimeters (square inches)
E = modulus of conductor in gigapascals (pounds per square inch)
Column 12: Final correction in millimeters (inches).
(S col. 10 + 2 col. 11) (col. 7)
2 col. 7
Columns 9, 10, 11, and 12 are used to make corrections in the offsets. The modulus correction
(col. 11) is the change in length of the conductor with change in tension. The sum of the values
in columns 10 and 11 should equal zero. If there is a remainder in either of these columns,
corrections proportional to the span length must be made in column 12 to offset these remainders.
Column 13: Final offset, (col. 10 + col. 11 + col. 12), in millimeters (inches). This value shows
the amount of offset required in each span.
Column 14: Sum of offsets, (running sum of col. 13), in millimeters (inches). This value shows
the amount necessary to offset each insulator string from the vertical. This offset is the summation
of the offsets in the individual spans.
Column 15: Sag correction while in sheaves in millimeters (feet)

(2W0(col. 2)

m m

(2H0(col.2)

(1/12)ft

This column shows the amount that will be necessary to correct the sag in each span while the
conductors are in the stringing sheaves to obtain the correct sag after the conductor is clipped
in.
The offset and sag correction data as computed in such a table should be sufficiently accurate as
long as the individual offset for one span is not in excess of 381 mm (15 in). For installations on very
rough terrain where the offset in any one span in a section of line may exceed 381 mm, a more detailed
and accurate computer program should be used instead of this simplified method. It is usually

296

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

unnecessary to consider the offset and sag correction data if, in a section of line that is being sagged
in one operation, the corrections calculated are within all three of the following limits:

Line corlductor
mm
(in)
(1) Maximum summation of offsets at any
structure
(2) Maximum difference between summations of offsets at adjacent structures
(3) Maximum sag correction in any span

Overhead ground wire

mm
(in)

152

(6)

76

(3)

76

(3)

51

(2)

305

(12)

305

(12)

The same procedure as described for calculating the offset and sag correction data for
conductors should be used to calculate similar data for the overhead ground wires.
A sample problem has been worked out in both metric and U.S. customary units to illustrate
procedure:
Example
Conductor: 644 mm 2 (1272 kcmil), ACSR, 45/7 (Bittern)
Full load conditions: 13-mm (1/2-in) radial ice with a 0.19-kPa (4-lb/ft 2 ) wind at - 1 8 C (0
Maximum tension under full load conditions = 5 3 3 78 N (12 000 lb)
Initial tension at 15.5 C (60 F ) is 26 040 N (5854 lb) with a corresponding sag of 12 485
(40.96 ft).
Area of conductor A = 689 mm 2 (1.068 in 2 )
Initial modulus of conductor E = 46.678 GPa (6.77xl0 6 lb/in 2 )
Initial AE = 32 162 542 N (7 230 360 lb)
H0 = T - Ws = 26 040 - (20.9277)(12.485) = 25 778 N
= 5854 - (1.434)(40.96) = 5795 lb

line
this

F)
mm

Figures 118 and 119 show the sag and tension calculations for the given conductor, and figure
120 shows the stationing, elevations, and span lengths for the sample problem. The table described
in the procedure is shown in tables 36 and 37.

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

297

DCm-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
FINAL
CONDUCTOR &j/ MM*

rfrtSP

SAG CALCULATIONS

LOADrN G _ ^ (

ad>y

jfs/y

Code Name

Linear Force Factor:

Rated Breaking Strength /5"J

Diameter

J 7

>23

Dead Load Force (W) 20,

mm

/3

Tension Limitations;
Initial

- mm Ice ( W )

OJ$2kPa

C. 3 3 J

37.

9277

. N/m

&JS>

. NAn

//, fnf/
ifJ. Hf

Wind.

Resultant: ( W " )

C., 25

Area (A)

C. 50

Temp. Coeff. of Linear Exp.: j< X - ^SJZY/

it $j

0.000 n j g ^

Total 0.00<7 %37

Modulus. (E) Final /

parV.

Final AE
Initial A E

*r/977
LOADING
J3_
GJ4/S&
_kPa Wind (W")
Permanent Set & Creep

oJ

P,,

| UNSTRESSED LENGTH j

?*7

\fl-Ma

SAG FACTOR

SAG,

SW, N

mm

0.

N
N

TENSION, N

]JS Jt&W

\n<Afln 22# /
\<?,Mfi <ZZX /
\gtQto 222 /
\Q'Oto <ZZ2 /
\jf)
AAA Z*g
-7 1 0 /
/
\4<to0

QQ$
^^ " ^

^5Q.^<2

7)t&222

V/2 3

j/^ j//f
>Jn? /

X--S- 37 2 Z,

SW

SPAN LENGTH(S)
It \/M/

-18 p- (fat
1*7
j/, rfrf* 32
15.5 /no2. 577
32 J'4Q& <?Z2
/ A^O
J / 7
/rift?.?
<*47

No Ice, No Wind (W)

NESC

SW
A?

/ *// GPa

Initial j/. /* 7$ GPa

Date.

. N/m

Loaded

Final. 15.5 <fc

Creep 0.00 O 5Sj/ /

. N/m

Final

Computed by

Permanent Set 0.00 <2_

2/7

fi,0&5 &2\/X V/^"

f 3AS.*S\
1 315 51\
7 33S. 58\

J5*

3-JX

2& Cfa

7 33f*5f?

7^J5,5S

Figure I18.-Sag and tension calculation form for example problem on insulator offset and sag correction (metric).

DC-576 (3-78)
INITIAL
FINAL
CONDUCTOR Ja?72
Code Name

kc/ni/,

///ZSfi

4$/7

Rated Breaking Load

JZ.

/on

L ^

+ Z<Lin. Ice (W)

jJL\+> Wind

F 33T

lb/ft

Creep 0.00rtS5~*7 V -

0 . 7 2/7

lb/ft

Total 0.00/2. 937

Final,

F 25 % .

. lb

Area (A) /, S) , 2 in2

F 50 % .

.lb

Temo. Coeff. of Linear Exp,

LOADING
Inr.h Ice,
lb/ft2 WindfW'")

0.000 0 / / 5

SPAN 1 FNfiTHftt J/~0

/.no J

427

n.nno

J/JX 4

0.2

Modulus, (E) Final ft 3S x 106 Ib/in2

i^K-O.^J

Initial ^ , 7 7 x 1Q6 | D / i n 2

*E$C

SAG FACTOR

Final AE

f f25

Initial AE

7 J3D

SAG, f t

SW, lb

#AO
JI/AG

No Ice, No Wind (W)

/. nnJ 22-]
/.nnZL
232
J.ArtJZ
S71
/. 002.
<j22

$t^

*J5t.

/>M3

O.. nno 3JQ J

fi. nn0
?22 /
n.QOn JL22 / O. 22/7
0. onn A22 /
*6 7 O.Goa AM /

lb

TENSION, lb

40 12 non

j /*/<}. 1
/toY". /
d.03- /2

s/o-qt>

ujf. /

5354

/&>/<}. 1

/tiff' /

Figure H 9 . - S a g and tension calculation form for example problem on insulator offset and sag correction (U.S.
customary).

lb

FFFT

Permanent Set & Creep

0
30
60
90
120

lb/ft

per F

5*

I?

| T ? F P " | U N S T R E S S E D LENGTH|

OD^j3

*/?77

% _
. Date

^A3 J

lb/ft

Resultant: ( W " ) \3.

.lb

Permanent Set n n n o

<2- 5% I fa

Loaded
Final,
_SQ_
Computed by .

7^2
y

/Am

Dead Weight (W')_

inch

Tension Limitations:
Initial

LOADING

Weight Factors:

RiTf&m

Diameter

SAG CALCULATIONS

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

298

365.76 (1200)

457.2 (1500)

426.72 (1400)

335.28

(1100)
396.24 (1300)

365.76 (1200)
304.8 (1000)

373.38 (1225)
335.28 (MOO)

+
Fi
C/}

243.84 (800)

213.36 (700)

182.88 (600)

152.4 (500)
Figure 120,-Profile of spans for example problem on insulator offset and sag correction. 104-D-1120.

358.140

365.760

381.000

373.380

335.280

365.760

Span
length
L,

-52.121

-43.586

-45.110

-41.148

-1091

-912

-944

-861

-1059

W(3),

W(Y2~Yl)

23 775

24 866

25 778

26 722

27 583

28 642

H,
N

Assumed

1175

1200

1250

1225

1100

1200

-171

-143

-148

-135

-166

-245

-205

-212

-194

-238

lb

W{Y2-YX)

5345

5590

5795

6007

6201

6439

lb

Assumed

Numbers in parentheses are column numbers.

Totals

139+50

127+75

115+75

103+25

91+00

80+00

68+00

Station

Span
length
L,
ft

2003

912

-944

-1805

-2864

H0-(S),
N

0.615 45

.097 88

.104 26

.117 84

.110 91

.080 30

0.104 26

-258

196

95

-105

-145

-299

2422

1331

419

-525

-1386

-2445

(6) . 2(8)
2(7)'
N

Corrected

237

139

49

-58

-111

-255

mm

Corrected
offset
(7) (9),

10
13

27

15

-6

-14

-28

264

154

54

-64

-125

-283

Final
Modulus
Final
correction
correction
offset
10001(9) [2(10) + 2(11)1(7) (10)+ (11)+ (12),
mm
AE '
2m
'
mm

12

-264

-41

-47

-40

-283

mm

Sum
offse
2(1

450

205

-212

-406

-644

lb

o "*

0.107 78

.017 14

.018 26

.020 64

.019 42

.014 06

0.018 26

in/lb

V>

Offset
per
pound
K
W2L3

-10.177

7.695

3.751

-4.113

-5.725

-11.785

Trial
offset
(6) (7),

544.4

299.4

94.4

-117.6

-311.6

-549.6

2(7)

(6)-5i?2,

Corrected
H0~H

+0.05

9.33

5.47

1.95

-2.28

-4.38

-10.04

in

-0.04

1.06

0.60

0.20

-0.24

-0.57

-1.09

AE

12(9)

offset
(7)(9) ,

Modulus
correction
wiiBHRw

Corrected

11

.0016

.0017

.0019

.0018

.0013

0.0017

2(7)

_^

Final
correction

[S(10>:S(H>](7)

,-

10.39

6.07

2.15

-2.52

-4.95

-11.13

(10) + ( u ) t ( I 2 ) (

Final
offset
unsci

13

-10

-16

-18

-16

-1

Sum
offs
offs

14

Table 37.-Data from example problem on insulator offset and sag correction (U.S. customary)

Numbers in parentheses are column numbers.

Totals

42+51.96

38+93.82

35+28.06

31+47.06

27+73.68

24+38.40

20+72.64

Station

Offset
Trial
per
offset
Newton
K
(6) (7),
1000H>2: mm
12#
0 ,
mm/N

Table 36.-Data from example problem on insulator offset and sag correction (metric)

300

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

3 1 . Transmission Line Equations.If a transmission line is surveyed from one end to the other,
and there are no later reroutes; then all successive, equally spaced stations will increase uniformly
in numerical notation and there will be no equations in the line. However, if two or more survey crews
start work on the same line at different points, there will be one or more equations in the line. An
equation will also result from a reroute of a portion of a line after a survey has been completed.
Assume that two survey crews start at opposite ends of a line and work toward each other. One
crew starts at Sta. 0 + 00 and the other at an assumed station which is the approximate length of
the line, say Sta. 4752 + 00. When the two crews meet at a common point on the line, they will each
have a station value for that common point, but the values will be different.
Assume that the crew which started at the beginning of the line designates the common point as
Sta. 2370 + 66.4 while the second crew designates it as Sta. 2374 + 31.2. The equation to identify
this point is Sta. 2370 + 66.4Bk = Sta. 2374 + 31.2Ah. The Bk means back and indicates that station
belongs to the part of the line behind the common point. Similarly, Ah means ahead and indicates
that station belongs to the section of line ahead of the common point. There is a difference of 364.8
in the two designations, and the length of line will be 475 200-364.8 = 474 835.2 if there are no
other equations (fig. 121). These lengths may be in meters or feet, depending on the units used.
Assume the crew which started at the beginning of the line determines that the meeting point is
Sta. 2374 + 31.2, and the crew starting at the end of the line says the point is Sta. 2370 + 66.4. The
equation will then read Sta. 2374 + 31.2Bk == Sta. 2370 + 66.4Ah, and the line length will then be
475 200 + 364.8 = 475 564.8 if there are no other equations (fig. 122).
If the station back is greater than the station ahead, then there is an overlap of station designations
and the length of the line is increased by the amount of overlap (fig. 123).
If the station ahead is greater than the station back, then there is a gap in the stationing and the
length of the line is shortened by the value of the length of the gap (fig. 124).

CHAPTER V-ADDITIONAL DATA

s
IO
-

to
ro

ro
o
hro

2
O

70+66.4Bk
EQUATION 74+31.2 Ah

I
1
I

0+0

301

CVJ

OJ

00
rO

I
I

CVJ

ro

ro

Figure 121.-Stationing equation for common point on a transmission line survey, assumption No. 1.

o
+

o
^t

ro

ro

CVJ

CVJ

o
+

2
ro

'

OJ

CD O <
cvj ZZ f
^ <r i6
ro
cvj

ro
CVJ

Figure 122.-Stationing equation for common point on a transmission line survey, assumption No. 2.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

o
-CO

<

Figure 123.-Station designations when station back is greater than station

ahead.

m
o

<
o

Figure 124.Station designations when station ahead is greater than station back.

 Bibliography
[1
[2
[3
[4
[5
[6
[7

[8
[9
[10
[11
[12
[13
[14
[15
[16
[17

[18

[19
[20

"Rules for Overhead Electric Line Construction," General Order No. 95, State of California
Public Utilities Commission, November 1, 1960.
"National Electrical Safety Code," American National Standards Institute, Inc., Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y. 10017, Sixth Edition.
"National Electrical Safety Code," American National Standards Institute, Inc., Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y. 10017, 1977 Edition.
M a r t i n , J. S., "Sag Calculations by the Use of Martin's T a b l e s , " Copperweld Steel Co.,
Glassport, Pa. 15045, 1931.
Ehrenburg, D. O., "Transmission Line Catenary Calculations," Trans, of the A I E E , vol. 54,
pp. 719-728, July 1935.
"Copperweld Sag Calculating Charts," Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa. 15045, 1942.
R o d e e , H . H . , r r G r a p h i c M e t h o d for Sag-Tension C a l c u l a t i o n s for ACSR a n d O t h e r
Conductors," Alcoa Aluminum Overhead Conductor Engineering Data No. 8, Aluminum
Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219, 1961. (out of print)
Bissiri, A., and Landau, M., "Broken Conductor Effect on Sags in Suspension Spans," Trans.
of the AIEE, vol. 66, pp. 1181-1188, 1947.
Austin, T. M., "Determine Insulator Effect on Tension and Sag for Short and Approximately
Level Spans," Electrical World, p. 100, April 4, 1955.
Stover, J. R., "Strain Insulator Effect in Substation Span Sags," Electrical World, p. 62, July 6,
1946.
"Wire Rope Engineering Handbook," American Steel and Wire Co. of New Jersey, 1940. (out
of print)
Rodee, H. H., "Sagging Conductors in a Series of Inclined Spans," AIEE Conference Paper
presented at the Fall General Meeting, Oklahoma City, Okla. 73101, October 23-27, 1950.
"A Method for Estimating Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines," A I E E Committee
Report, Trans, of the AIEE, vol. 69, pp. 1187-1196, 1950.
Clayton, J. M., and Young, F. S., "Estimating Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines,"
Trans, of the AIEE, vol. 83, pp. 1102-1110, December 1964.
Peek, F. W., "Dielectric Phenomena in High-Voltage Engineering," McGraw-Hill, New York,
N.Y. 10017, Third Edition, 1929.
Carroll, J. S., and Rockwell, M. M., "Empirical Method of Calculating Corona Loss From High
Voltage Transmission Lines," Electrical Engineering, vol. 56, pp. 558-565, May 1937.
Peterson, W. S., Cozzens, B., and Carroll, J. S., "Field Measurements of Corona Loss Above
230-kV," International Conference on Large Electric Systems at High Tension (CIGRE),
Paper 401, vol. I l l , 1950.
Burgsdorf, V. V., "Corona Investigation on Extra-High Voltage Overhead Lines," International
Conference on Large Electric Systems at High Tension ( C I G R E ) , Paper 4 1 3 , vol. I l l ,
June 1960.
Robertson, L. M., and Dillard, J. K., "Leadville High-Altitude Extra-High-Voltage Test
Project," Trans, of the AIEE, vol. 80, pp. 715-725, December 1961.
Pedde, L. D., etal^ "Metric Manual", U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation,
Denver, Colo. 80225, 1978.

'The Aluminum Electrical Conductor Handbook," The Aluminum Association, 750 Third Ave., New
York, N.Y. 10017, First Edition, September 1971.
303

304

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

"Stress-Strain-Creep Curves for Aluminum Overhead Electrical C o n d u c t o r s , " T h e Aluminum

Association, 750 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017, 1974.
"Amerstrand Steel Strand Catalog and Construction Handbook," The American Steel and Wire Co.,
New York, N.Y. 10001, 1943. (out of print)
Edwards, A. T., "Conductor Galloping," CIGRE Study Committee No. 22, Paper 22-69 (WG01),
International Conference on Large Electric Systems at High Tension, Electra No. 12, April 1970.
Lewis, W. W., "Co-ordination of Insulation and Spacing of Transmission Line Conductors," Trans.
of the A I E E , vol. 65, pp. 690-694, October 1946.
"Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book," Westinghouse Electric Corp., East
Pittsburg, Pa. 15222, 1950.
Armstrong, H. R., and Whitehead, E. R., "Field and Analytical Studies of Transmission Line
Shielding," I E E E Trans., Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 270-281, January 1968.
Phillips, T. A., Robertson, L. M., Rohlfs, A. F., and Thompson, R. L., "Influence of Air Density
on Electrical Strength of Transmission Line Insulation," I E E E Trans., Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. 86, No. 8, pp. 948-961, August 1967.
Bellashi, P. L., "Electrical Clearances for Transmission Line Design at the Higher Voltages," Trans.
of the A I E E , vol. 73, pp. 1192-1197, 1954.
Owens, J. B., " T h e Determination of Switching Surge Withstand Voltages for E H V Insulation
Systems," I E E E Trans., Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 263-266, March 1964.
Paris, L., "Influence of Air Gap Characteristics on Line-to-Ground Switching Surge Strength," I E E E
Trans., Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 86, No. 8, pp. 936-947, August 1967.
" E H V Transmission Line Reference Book," Edison Electric Institute, 90 Park Avenue, New York,
N.Y. 10016, 1968.
"Lightning Performance of EHV-UHV Lines," Transmission Line Reference Book 345-kV and
Above, Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304, Ch. 12,
1975.
"Optimized Transmission Line Design," Electric Utility Engineering Seminars, General Electric Co.,
Schenectady, N.Y. 12345, October 21-23, 1974.
"Aeolian Vibrations on Overhead Lines," International Conference on Large Electric Systems at High
Tension (CIGRE), Study Committee No. 22, vol. 1, Paper 22-11, 1970.
"Overhead Conductor Vibration," Alcoa Aluminum Overhead Conductor Engineering Data No. 4.,
Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburg, Pa. 15219, 1961. (out of print)
Kirkpatrick, L. A., "Customized Line Dampers Reduce Aeolian Vibration," Electrical World,
vol. 185, pp. 108-109, March 15, 1976.
Wilson, G. P., Sarikas, R. H., Andracki, Z. J., and Trotter, R. L., "Sidney-Cayuga 345-kV Wood
H - F r a m e L i n e , " I E E E T r a n s . , Power A p p a r a t u s and Systems, vol. 84, N o . 2, p p . 9 3 - 1 0 6 ,
February 1965.
"Specifications and Dimensions for Wood Poles," American National Standards Institute, Inc., 1430
Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018, ANSI 05.1-1972.
"Standard Grading Rules for West Coast Lumber," West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau, Portland,
Oreg. 97208, No. 16, Rev. January 1, 1973.
" N a t i o n a l Design Specification for Stress-Grade Lumber and Its Fastenings," National Forest
Products Association, Washington D.C. 20020, 1973 Edition.
"Wood Handbook: Wood As An Engineering M a t e r i a l , " Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest
Products Laboratory, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250, Rev.
August 1974.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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"Standard Specifications for Structural Glued Laminated Douglas Fir (Coast Region) Timber," West
Coast Lumbermen's Association, Portland, Oreg. 97208, 1962 Edition, Rev. 1963.
"Wood Pole Maintenance," Power O. and M. Bulletin No. 30, Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Dept.
of the Interior, Denver, Colo. 80225, 1974.

Appendix A

A METHOD FOR COMPUTING TRANSMISSION

LINE SAGS A N D T E N S I O N S IN S P A N S
ADJACENT TO A BROKEN CONDUCTOR
A t h e s i s by G. R. W i s z n e a u c k a s 1
I-INTRODUCTION
Description of the Problem.The determination of sag and corresponding tension for any
conductor or cable under various conditions of temperature and loading is of basic importance in
the mechanical design of a transmission line. It is of equal importance to extend this determination
of sag and tension from the simple cases of symmetrical spans to the more complicated cases of
nonsymmetrical and special spans, none the least of which is the case of a series of spans adjacent
to a broken conductor. The determination of sags and corresponding tensions is important in this
special case for the reason that it assures the designer of structure heights necessary at critical points
such as railroad, highway, waterway, telephone line, or power line crossings in order to comply with
national and/or local safety codes.
Purpose of Thesis.To date, several methods or techniques have been proposed for the solution
of the broken conductor problem; however, in many of the methods rather severe limitations have
been imposed in that level, equal spans have been assumed for any particular problem without making
corrections to account for existing asymmetries. Another somewhat undesirable aspect common to
most methods is the time consuming trial-and-error procedures. These factors set forth the purpose
of this thesis which is to develop a technique or method by which the sags and tensions in a series
of spans adjacent to a broken conductor can be computed while accounting to some degree for the
asymmetries present in any particular case and eliminating in essence the trial-and-error aspects of
the methods now in use.

I I - D E V E L O P M E N T O F A T E C H N I Q U E F O R ANALYZING
STRESSES DUE T O A BROKEN CONDUCTOR
Study of Initial and Final Conditions .-In the broken conductor problem the initial condition,
that is before the conductor breaks, is one of static equilibrium with all quantities such as sags,
tensions, and span lengths known. The final condition is likewise one of static equilibrium; however,
in this case all such quantities are unknown. The diagrams shown in figures 1 and 2 have been given
1

Former Electrical Engineer with Bureau of Reclamation. This method was his thesis for the degree of Master of
Science from the University of Colorado in 1949.

307

308

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

to illustrate in general these initial and final conditions. In figures 1 and 2, as in those following, the
insulator strings and their deflections have been shown somewhat exaggerated as compared to the
other elements of the spans shown in order to present a more readable picture of the features under
consideration.
A study of figure 2 reveals the complexity of the conditions which must be satisfied simultaneously
in order to maintain static equilibrium after the conductor breaks. To facilitate the development of
a method for treating this problem by not complicating it further, the following assumptions have
been made temporarily:
(a) Level, equal spans exist before the conductor breaks.
(b) Conductor breaks at mid-span.
(c) No deflection of supporting structure as a result of the conductor breaking.
(d) No slipping of conductor in its clamps as a result of the conductor breaking.
(e) The changes in elevation of the conductor after the conductor breaks are negligible.
(f) The insulator acts as a rigid body.
After a procedure has been established for dealing with the problem under the above assumptions,
criteria will be presented by which assumptions (a), (b), and (c) can be removed entirely. For most
cases the assumption made under assumption (d) is valid; however, conductor clamps are sometimes
set to slip at a predetermined tension, in which case this assumption may not be in order. The
assumptions made under assumptions (e) and (f) are reasonable for all but very special cases.
Further study of figure 2 shows that the forces acting as a result of a conductor breaking can be
resolved into two opposing horizontal forces. Herein lies the basis for the technique which has been
developed.
Study of the P Force.-Referring again to figure 2, the horizontal force designated P is the
force which retards or damps the effects of the broken conductor and may be considered as the equal
and opposite of the force required to deflect an insulator string by any angle 6 while a vertical load
is acting. The relation between this force, P, and the vertical load can be developed from figure 3.
Again, assuming that the insulator string acts as a rigid body and also that its gravity axis is midway
between the conductor and the a t t a c h m e n t hinge, the following relations can be written: For
equilibrium at any angle 0, Wd = P 'v or P '= Wd/v. Also, cos 6 = v/i and tan 6 = d/v = P/W
from which P= Wd/v; therefore, P P '. Also, P= Wd/icos 0, which is a form more convenient
for calculation. Insofar as the broken conductor problem is concerned, this relation should be
interpreted as: P is the horizontal force which resists the movement of an insulator string of length
i from the vertical to any angle 6 while a vertical load JPis acting.
Study of the H Force.The horizontal force designated H in figure 2 is the horizontal component
of tension acting in the conductor or cable. Insofar as the broken conductor problem is concerned,
the relation between this force and a change in span length, such as might be caused by the deflection
of an insulator string, is of primary importance and can be developed from figure 4 as follows: The
length of conductor in the initial span is:

l0 =

sinh

2H0

APPENDIX A

309

The length of conductor in the span after a change of 4> is:

2Ht .
L =

wao-0)

smh

2HX

The change in conductor length due to the elastic properties of the conductor in changing the tension
from H0 to HI is:

AE
Then, barring temperature and/or loading changes, the final conductor length must equal the initial
conductor length plus or minus the elastic change in the conductor depending on whether the span
length is increased or decreased, i.e.

h=i0

AE

By substituting the values found above for li and /Q,

2HX . w(L0 - 0) 2H0 . wL (H0 - Hx) (IH\

. wL0
smh
=
sinh -^

smh -^~
w
2Hl
w
2H0
AE
\ wJ
2H0

or sinh

w(L0 - 0)
^

wL o l
2K

1 -

o -

i\

AE

XT,

and solving for 0:

(H sinh^flwL

2HX
0 = Z0 -

OIL

sinh

11

"

AE

Ht

By way of interpretation, this means that when a span of length L0 is changed in length by an amount
<J>, the horizontal tension in the cable changes from / / 0 to H\.
The Relations Between the P and H Forces.-The relations as developed for the P and H
forces become invaluable aids in the solution of the broken conductor problem, the development
of which will progress from a simple special case as shown in figure 5 to a general case as shown in
figure 11.
Consider first the case of a conductor breaking in a span adjacent to a dead end as shown in figure 5,
which also outlines the conditions to be satisfied simultaneously in order to maintain equilibrium.

310

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Although these conditions are simple and few, considerable effort could be expanded in using the
common trial-and-error procedures to evaluate them. In contrast, the following solution has been
presented:
If the P and H relations, previously developed, are plotted with a c o m m o n system of coordinates
as shown in figure 6, the resulting curves will intersect at some point which, upon examination, will
prove to be the only point in the system which could possibly satisfy s i m u l t a n e o u s l y all of t h e
necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium; hence, it is the solution. Figure 6 has been given
to demonstrate this solution which can be substantiated by studying any point of the H curve which
lies, for instance, above the intersection with the P curveit should be apparent that the solution
point must lie on the Hcurve. Corresponding to the value of / / a t this point, note the value of <f>
and compare with the value of d which corresponds to a value of P which equals the value of //.
The value of d will be less than the value of <J> for every point so selected above the intersection,
and likewise, will be greater than (J> for every point below the intersection. N o t e then, that although
there are any number of points or conditions for which P = / / , there is only onethe intersection
of the P and H curve-which satisfies also the other necessary condition that d = <f>.
As a step in the generalization of this more or less special case, consider next the case of a conductor
breaking t w o spans away from dead end as s h o w n in figure 7. In this case an additional set of
conditions must be satisfied in order t o maintain equilibrium. Referring t o figure 8, it can easily be
seen that the intersection of the basic P a n d / / c u r v e s no longer satisfies all of the required conditions
as in the previous case; however, these basic curves can be manipulated to obtain values which will
satisfy all of the required c o n d i t i o n s . A m e t h o d for this m a n i p u l a t i o n can be derived from t h e
trial-and-error procedures commonly used in other methods. The essentials of such a trial-and-error
procedure are as follows:
(1) Referring to figure 7, assume a value for d\ and compute the corresponding new tension
which would be H\. Also, based on the assumed value for d\9 compute the corresponding value
of P x .
(2) Compute the value of H2 by subtracting P i from H\.
(3) Knowing / / 2 , compute the corresponding value of tf>2.
(4) From this value of <f>2, the value of d2 can be determined by the relation: d2 = <J>2 +
d\.
(5) P2 can now be evaluated since it is a function of d2. If this value for P2 is equal t o
the value computed for / / 2 , the initial assumption for the value of d\ is correct and all other
values computed are correct; however, if this is not the case, then a new value must be selected
for d\ and the entire procedure repeated. Usually, three or four trials will bracket the correct
value of d\ which can then be found by interpolation, and the corresponding correct values
for / / i , H2, and d2 can be computed.
Based on this procedure, a straightforward graphical analysis can be developed as follows: if all
possible values for d\ were assumed, then all possible values for H\ and P\ could be determined
from which all possible values of H2 could be found. This can be a c c o m p l i s h e d very easily by
subtracting graphically, point by point, the abscissa values of the basic P curve from those of the
basic Hcurve. The resulting curve then represents the locus of all possible values for H2 with respect
to d\. In similar manner, the graphical addition of the ordinates of the newly formed H2 curve, which
represents also the locus of all possible values of d\ to the ordinates of the basic H curve, which
represents all possible values of <f)2, will result in forming a new curve which represents the locus of
all possible values of d2 and also represents all possible values of H2 with respect to d2. N o w that
all possible values for H2 with respect to corresponding values of d\ and d2 have been defined, all

APPENDIX A

311

t h a t remains to be done is to determine which of the possible values will satisfy the required
conditions. Referring again to figure 8, it should be evident that some point on the newly formed
d2 curve will satisfy the conditions required at the insulator string immediately adjacent to the break
in the conductor. As in the previous case, it will be found that there are any number of points on
this curve which will satisfy the necessary condition that d2 = <J>2 + d\. By inspection, it can be
seen that the intersection point of the basic P curve and the d2 curve (point a) is the only point
which can satisfy all of the necessary conditions for equilibrium at the first insulator string adjacent
to the break. Further inspection will prove point b on the basic H curve to be the only point which
can satisfy all of the necessary conditions for equilibrium at the second insulator string. In regard
to point 6, note the simple manner in which it is determinedproject vertically down from point
a to intersect the H2 curve and thence horizontally to intersect the basic H curve.
The next step in the generalization of the problem would be to add another span in the series to
make the dead end three spans away from the break as shown in figure 9. In this case it will be of
interest to note the similarities to the two previous cases. Of special importance is the progressive
and interrelated nature in which the requirements for equilibrium occur as the span in which the
conductor breaks is moved away from the dead end. By comparing these requirements, it will be seen
for this case that only one set of conditions is needed to maintain equilibrium in addition to those
required in the previous case in which the conductor breaks two spans away from the dead end. Also,
though it may not be immediately apparent, the graphical analysis as developed for the previous case
can be utilized in its entirety and requires only an additional step to account for the additional
requirements for equilibrium in order to provide the complete solution. This additional step is one
which is in continuation of those taken in the previous case, and consists of determining from all
of the possible values found for d2, the corresponding possible value of P2 from which all possible
values of H$ with respect to d2 can be determined. This can be accomplished by subtracting
graphically, point by point, the abscissa values of the basic P curve from the corresponding values
of the d2 curve thus forming a new curve, / / 3 . T h e n , knowing all possible values of / / 3 , the
corresponding values of rf3 can be determined by adding graphically, point by point, the ordinates
of the / / 3 curve to the corresponding ordinates of the basic / / c u r v e - t h u s forming a new curve, d 3 ,
which represents the locus of all possible values of / / 3 with respect to rf3. The results of these
manipulations have been shown in figure 10. Also indicated is the solution which is represented by
points a, b, and c. These points were obtained in a manner similar to that given for the previous
case and can be substantiated likewise.
Based on these special cases, a procedure for solving a general case as represented by figure 11
can be outlined as follows:
(1) Compute and plot values for the basic P a n d / / c u r v e s as shown in figure 12.
(2) Subtract graphically, point by point, the abscissa values of the basic P curve from the
abscissa values of the basic H curve to form a new curve, H2.
(3) Add graphically, point by point, the ordinate values of the new H2 curve to the ordinate
values of the basic H curve to form a new curve, d2.
(4) Subtract graphically, point by point, the abscissa values of the basic P curve from the
abscissa values of the new d2 curve to form a new curve, / / 3 .
(5) Add graphically, point by point, the ordinate values of the new / / 3 curve to the ordinate
values of the basic H curve to form a new curve, rf3.
(6) Continue this composition process of subtracting abscissa values of the basic P curve
from those of each succeeding d curve to form new H curves, and add the ordinate values of
these new //curves successively to the ordinate values of the basic Hcurve to form new dcurves

312

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

until the dn and Hn curves are established. The composition procedure as described above can
be represented symbolically as:
H- P = H2 +H = d2 - P = H3 +H=d3

. . . Hn +H = dn

in which the () indicates point by point subtraction of abscissa values of curves, and the ( + )
indicates point by point addition of the ordinate values of curves.
(7) The solution is then found graphically by stairstepping down from the intersection of
the dn curve with the basic P curve, which defines the deflection of the insulator immediately
adjacent to the conductor break and the horizontal tension in the span immediately adjacent
to the conductor break, to the Hn curve and across to the dn\ curve and down to the Hn\
curve and across to the dn2 curve and down to the Hn2 curve, etc. until the basic Hcurve
is reached. Each intersection of the converging stairstep with a d curve defines the deflection
of the insulator string which corresponds to the subscript of the curve and also the tension in
the span which is identified by the same subscript. Having established the deflections of each
insulator and the tension in each span from the conductor break to the dead end, the length
of each span and the corresponding sag can be computed by any standard method. The stairstep
procedure as described above can be represented symbolically as:

in which dnX P indicates the intersection of dn and P curves, the vertical arrows indicate a
vertical projection down from one curve to another, and the horizontal arrows indicate a
horizontal projection, left to right, from one curve to another. The circles indicate intersection
points of the stairstep with d curves, which points describe insulator deflections and conductor
tensions.
From the procedure as outlined to this point, a question as to the physical possibility of
constructing all of the indicated number of curves for a case in which the nearest dead end is a very
great number of spans away from the conductor break might logically be raised. Such a question
immediately suggests trying to find the limiting locus of the dn and Hn curves. Fortunately, this can
be done with a fair degree of accuracy. By following the procedure as outlined above until five or
six d and corresponding H curves have been constructed, a tendency of convergence can be noted
regarding the space relations of the intersection points of the d curves with the basic Pcurve. Upon
examining these space relations closely, it will be found that a geometric series can be arranged which
will very closely describe this tendency. T h e n , it is but a simple m a t t e r to test the series for
convergence and find its sum which, if existent, will describe the space relations of the intersection
point of the dn curve. The location can be established by drawing a curve through this point and
the HQ point such that it appears to be a member of the family of curves thus far established. In
many cases, this will be a straight line for practical purposes. From the dn curve, the Hn curve is
easily established by subtracting abscissa values of the basic P curve, point by point, from those of
the dn curve. By stairstepping down between these curves from the intersection point of the dn curve
with the basic .Pcurve to the HQ point, and noting the intersection points of the converging stairstep
on the dn curve, the insulator deflection and tension value for each span progressing away from the
conductor break will be defined. These points present an interesting relation in that regardless of
the distance to the nearest dead end, the effects of a conductor breaking will be damped out for
practical purposes in a very few spans. This is in agreement with statements made by other authors
on this subject. Figure 16 illustrates in detail a solution for a typical problem by this procedure.

APPENDIX A

313

To substantiate the validity of stairstepping between only the dn and Hn curves, reason as follows:
Since the dn and Hn curves represent in theory the limiting positions of an unlimited number of
curves, it should be evident that these curves will have to be so indescribably close together that
for practical purposes one could not distinquish between the dn, the rf^i, the dn2-> o r even the
^rc-iooo curve. Likewise, it would be equally difficult to distinguish between the Hn, the Hn-\, the
Hn2-> o r the ///i-iooo curve. Therefore, it is possible for the dn and Hn curves to represent such
a great number of curves in the family that the stairstep formula previously given reduces, for
practical purposes, to operating between the dn and Hn curves. While this aspect of the analysis may
appear academic only, actually it serves as the solution for the majority of preliminary problems
encountered in practice since it can represent any case in which the dead end is beyond a few spans
from the break in the conductor.
Another interesting and useful feature of this entire procedure is that the results can easily be
checked either graphically or by inspection in a manner such as has been shown in figures 4, 6, 8,
10 or 12. In this connection, care should be taken to check the ^intersection point with the basic
P curve and the dn and Hn curves by resolving them (that is, reversing the process of composition)
far enough to ensure that the H0 point is approached and not some other point on the horizontal
force scale. This feature prompts the question of accuracy. As with the other methods, accuracy can
be attained to any degree desired. With this method, curves drawn on a standard 11- by 15-inch
cross-section sheet as shown in figures 16 or 17, should offer sufficient accuracy for all but very special
cases.
Criteria for Removing Initial Assumptions.-The following is an outline of procedures for
adjusting the method developed thus far to accommodate problems with asymmetries, such as unequal
and nonsymmetrical spans, and with other variables, such as deflections in supporting structures and
the point of the conductor break which were initially assumed constant. In dealing with a series of
unequal and nonsymmetrical spans, it should be realized that such a series of spans is the rule rather
than the exception, and that any method for dealing with problems regarding such a series of spans
which does not recognize this fact and offers some means to account for it-is not doing justice to
the problem.
Two criteria can be used to adjust the method developed thus far to account for such asymmetries
and variables. One offers an approximate correction at the expense of very little additional work and
is suitable for use in making preliminary studies and estimates. The other offers a comparatively exact
solution but requires much more work and is suitable for use in connection with problems requiring
a high degree of accuracy.
The approximate correction is based on the Ruling Span Theory which states, in effect, that for
any series of random-length symmetrical spans, there can be found a series of equal-length
symmetrical spans which will have the same horizontal tension, the same total slack, and cover the
same distance as the random-length series of spans. Applying this theory to the broken conductor
problem, the implications are then, that for any series of spans which might exist between a break
in a conductor and the nearest dead end, there will exist one series of equal-length symmetrical spans
which will best describe the characteristics of the existing series of spans. If such an equivalent series
of spans can be established, the method, as developed, can be applied. In order to establish the
equivalent series of spans, a means for determining the equivalent level or symmetrical span for any
inclined or nonsymmetrical span will be required. Such a means has been developed by Martin[8]2
and is given by a relation as:
2

Numbers in brackets refer to items in the Bibliography, section VI.

314

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Equivalent level span length = 2 (inclined span length) - (horizontal span length). (Safe limit =
20 percent slope)
This relation makes possible the conversion of any series of spans into a series of symmetrical spans
and leaves only one condition y e t t o be fulfilled-that of finding an equivalent series of equal length
spans. This can be done by using a relation given by Still[6].

L* +L23 +L 3 3 + . . .
Ruling span length = \ /
V

Ll+L2+L3+....Ln

T h e ruling span length is then the length of each span in the equivalent series of spans. Figure
16 gives the solution of a typical problem by this approximate method.
The more exact correction is accomplished by recognizing asymmetries as they actually exist and
treating them as such without recourse t o equivalent arrangements. Treatment of a problem o n this
basis requires a separate basic P a n d H curve for each span i n v o l v e d , and while possible, undue
difficulties would be experienced in computing the basic / / c u r v e s for nonsymmetrical spans. In order
to alleviate these difficulties, but with little or no sacrifice in accuracy, the H curves can be based
on the equivalent level span of each nonsymmetrical span thereby making possible the use of t h e
H curve relations as previously derived. T h e basic P curves required can be computed exactly as
previously outlined; however, for nonsymmetrical spans, t h e weight of c o n d u c t o r acting o n each
insulator must be taken as equal t o the weight of conductor from low point t o low point. This distance
can be measured on the plan-profile sheets describing the series of spans under study. Figure 13 is
given t o illustrate a typical problem.
The initial assumption that the conductor break occurs at midspan can be generalized under this
correction procedure by adjusting the basic P curve of the insulator immediately adjacent t o the
break t o account only for the actual length of conductor from the assumed break point t o the low
point of the conductor in the adjacent span. In this connection, it is interesting t o note that if the
conductor is assumed t o break next t o an insulator string and if the adjacent span were inclined so
that its low point would fall sufficiently far outside of the span, a negative weight or uplift would
act on the insulator string which could cause it t o deflect above the horizontal position which is
generally considered the limiting position.
The effects of structure deflection can also be incorporated into the basic P curves if the relation
between the structure deflection and the horizontal deflecting force is known t o the extent that a
descriptive curve similar in aspect t o the basic P curve can be drawn. B y adding, point by point,
the ordinates of this curve t o the basic P curve of each span, new curves describing the combined
effects of insulator and structure deflections will be formed and can be used in the procedure exactly
as t h e P c u r v e s are. B y a similar p r o c e d u r e , t h e e f f e c t s o f " h i n g e d " c r o s s a r m s m a y also b e
incorporated into the basic P curves.
Represented in figure 14 is a solution by this criteria for the typical case shown in figure 13. T h e
steps involved in this procedure can be outlined as follows:
(1) Compute a basic P curve for each insulator string t o be considered, based on actual
conductor weights as determined from low-point distances and based on other considerations
such as structure deflections, hinged crossarms, e t c .
(2) Compute a basic H curve for each span involved, based on the equivalent level span
for each actual span.

APPENDIX A
(3)
(4)

Plot these curves in the same coordinate system.

Manipulate these curves graphically by the following symbolic formula:
H, - Pt = H2'+H2

(5)

315

= d2-P2

+H3' +H3

=d3

The solution is given by the symbolic stairstep formula:

The justification for the above solution follows the same reasoning as given previously for the
general case as represented in figure 11. One question which could be raised in this connection
concerns the handling of a problem in which the dead end is a great distance away from the conductor
break. In this case, as in previous cases considered, the effects of the broken conductor will be damped
out for practical purposes in a few spans so that the first 6, 8, or 10 spans away from the break,
depending on the nature of the problem, are all that need be considered.
III-SUMMARY
To summarize, the discussion presented outlines a general method or procedure based on special
catenary relations for determining insulator and/or structure deflections and conductor tensions in
spans adjacent to a broken conductor. Knowing these deflections and tensions, the corresponding
conductor sags can be computed by the use of standard catenary relations. The method, while
graphical in nature, is capable of a high degree of accuracy and is straightforward; that is, it does
not involve the usual trial-and-error procedures. In appendix A-l which follows, a typical broken
conductor problem has been worked out and a comparison made of the results as obtained by this
method with those as obtained by another method.

IV-APPENDIX A-l
The Solution of a Typical Broken Conductor Problem.In the following, a typical broken
conductor problem has been worked out to illustrate the techniques presented. For this purpose and
to facilitate a comparison of results, the typical problem used by Bissiri and Landau [4] has been
selected. The details of the problem are given in figure 15. The requirement is to find the sag and
tension in span A if the conductor breaks next to insulator No. 6.
By the approximate method the procedure is as follows:
(1) Using the nomograph given in figure 18, convert the series of given spans into a series
of level spans. Since all equivalent level span lengths are less than 2 feet more than the horizontal
span lengths shown, all spans will be assumed level without correction.
(2) Using the Ruling Span Computation Chart given in figure 18, convert the series of level
spans into a series of level equal spans. Take 970 feet as the span length for the equal level span
series.
(3) Using the H force formula, assume values for H\ and compute corresponding values
of <f>. These values are given in table A.
(4) Using the P force formula, assume values of d and compute corresponding values of
P. These values are given in table B.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

316

(5) Plot the computed values as shown in figure 16 and manipulate the resulting P a n d H
curves according to the symbolic formula:
H-P

= H2+H

= d2-P

= H3...Hn+H

= dn

Since the program (as given by Bissiri and Landau) does not state the location of the nearest
dead end, the dead end will be assumed, first, a great distance away and, second, at insulator
No. 1 in span E.
(6) For the dead end a great distance away, the solution is given by the symbolic formula:

For the dead end at insulator No. 1, the solution is given by the symbolic formula:

XPI

# 6 + @ ; #s - i # 4 + @ i # 3 + @

The results are tabulated in table E.

By the more exact method, the procedure is as follows:
(1) Compute an Hcurve for each span. Assume that span E is dead ended at insulator No. 1
and that all spans are level spans without correction since the correction is less than 2 feet for
each span. These values are given in table C.
(2) Compute a P curve for each suspension insulator string. These values are given in
table D.
(3) Plot the H and P curves as shown in figure 17 and manipulate them graphically
according to the symbolic formula:
HE - P2 +HE' +HD =d3 - P3 =HD' +HC = d4 - P4 = # c ' +HB =ds - P3 =HB' +HA =d6 - P6 =HA'
(4)

The solution is given by the following symbolic formula:

@XP

IHB'^@IHC'^(QIHD'^@IHE'^@

The results are tabulated in table E.

Discussion of Results.Considering the inherent differences between the methods used to solve
the typical problem, the results check each other as well as could be expected. The principal difference
between the methods lies in the assumption made by Bissiri and Landau that the conductor length
in the span adjacent to a break is increased by the length of the insulator string immediately adjacent
to the break. Theoretically, this would be true only if the weight distribution over the insulator string
were the same as that over the conductor, and if no concentrated loads such as holddown weights,
armor rods, vibration dampers, etc., were acting. Since the unit weight of an insulator string is usually
several times that of a conductor, the effects of such a discontinuity of weight distribution depend
on the relative magnitudes of the tension in the system to the total weight of conductor, insulators,

APPENDIX A

317

and concentrated loads comprising the system. Hence, the assumption made by Bissiri and Landau
has a varying effect, being more correct for long spans with high tensions than for short spans with
low tensions.

V - A P P E N D I X A-2
To facilitate certain computations such as made in Appendix A-l, a Ruling Span Computation
Chart and a Sag and Tension Computation Chart have been devised. These are self-explanatory and
are given on the following pages as figures 18 and 19, respectively.
Figure 20 shows a typical set of data by which preliminary studies of the effects of a broken
conductor can be facilitated. The span-tension curves have been plotted from data computed for
several specific ruling span lengths by the approximate method as presented herein.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

318

MMfO
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2200
2500
3000
4000

2300
2500
3000
4000

2500
3000
4000

910

980

1050

Ht

1
AE

.3300
.3044
.2547
.1921
.3258
.2727
.2058

.3361
.3092
.2574
.1933
.3315
.2760
.2072

772.9763
772.9996
773.0579
773.1744
828.7991
828.8616
828.9865

.999683
.999714
.999789
.999939
.999714
.999789
.999939

829.0365
829.0365
829.0365

717.4822
717.4822
717.4822
717.4822

773.2210
773.2210
773.2210
773.2210

0.999668
.999714
.999789
.999939

693.6416
693.6416
693.6416
693.6416
.3205
.2831
.2366
.1783

sinh"1 (5)

.3260
.2869
.2389
.1794

(4)

717.2443
717.2768
717.3308
717.4384

(2) (3)

.999668
.999714
.999789
.999939

AE

H0-H1

2H.

0.3102
.2739
.2289
.1725

H0 sinh

0.3152
.2774
.2309
.1734

2// 0

wLQ

sinh

693.4116
693.4429
693.4951
693.5996

Hn sinh

Numbers in parenthesis are column numbers.

2200
2500
3000
4000

#i

880

Span

2HX

HQ = 4400 lb; w = 1.57 lb/ft; AE = 6,635,672

^ 0 = 880, 910, 980, and 1050 ft

0 = Z,O-

Table C.H curve computations

3184.710
3821.660
5095.540

2929.936
3184.710
3821.660
5095.540

2802.548
3184.710
3821.660
5095.540

2802.548
3184.710
3821.660
5095.540

2^

103
104
104

99
96
97
97

89
90
90
90

86
87
87
87

(6

0.1987
.3975
.5962
.7949
.8611
.9274
.9406
.9539
.9671

30
60
90
120
130
140
142
144
146

Item

0.9803
.9178
.8028
.6074
.5090
.3740
.3394
.3002
.2542

cos0
313.4
669.6
1148.1
2023.1
2614.3

53.0

131.2
58.0
31.2
18.0
10.8

2920
3590
3930
4120
4230

53.5

131.1
57.8
30.0
16.0
6.9

2900
3550
3870
4050
4120

57.0

145.8
67.4
32.8
17.0
7.5

2710
3620
3950
4120
4220

Exact method

Table E.-Tabulation of results

354.7
757.9
1299.6
2290.1
2959.3

^3

W=1546

^2

H>=1750

Approximate method
Dead end a
Dead end at
insulator
great dist.
from break
No. 1

0.2027
0.4331
0.7426
1.3086
1.6910
2.4790
2.7710
3.1770
3.8050

d
i cos 9

= 12.58 ft = 150.96 in

Wd
i cos 6

59.0

2625

Bissiri and Landau

174.9
316.2
542.1
955.3
1234.4
1809.7
2022.8
2319.2
2777.6
357.9
764.9
1311.4
2310.9
2986.3

326.1
696.9
1194.8
2105.5
2720.2

H>=730

^5

W =1766

^4

W=1609

1
For a final result, Bissiri and Landau give only an interpolated catenary parameter value for the span adjacent to the break. From
this, Tension A = (1670)(1.57) = 2625 lb.
Sag values determined by use of Computing Chart given in figure 19.

Sag (ft)-A

Insulator deflection (in )-6

-5
-4
-3
-2

Tension (lb)-A
-B
-C
-D
-E

d_
i

Table D.--P Curve computations

Hn

LU

Wr

H
X

LU

H
Hn

Break

FINAL

CONDITIONS - After

Break

H 0 = Horizontal tension in conductor

L 0 = Span length
FIGURE I

Hn

LU

CONDITIONS - Before

LU

H
Hn

104-D-1121

Pn = H n ; P n -i + H n = H n _| ; P n _ 2 + H n . | = H n _ 2 ; Pn-3 + Hn-2 = H n - 3 , e tC.

0 n = d n - d n - i ; 0 n -i = <Jn-i " d n - 2 , 0n-2 = d n -2 "dn-3 . 0n-3 = d n - 3 ~ d n - 4
L n = L o - 0 n , Ln-i = L 0 - 0 n -i ; L n - 2 = L 0 - 0 n - 2 . Ln-3 = L 0 - 0 n - 3 . e t c
FIGURE 2

Conditions for equilibrium: 0 = Change in span length.

LU

INITIAL

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

322

d - Horizontal displacement
of insulator string.
i - Length of insulator string.
v - Vertical displacement of
insulator string.
6 - Angle of deflection of
insulator string.
w,- Weight of insulator string.
w 2 - Weight of conductor acting
on insulator string
W - Total vertical load = Y + W 2 P - Horizontal force caused by w when the insulator string
is deflected by an angle e.
P'- Horizontal force required to deflect the insulator string
by an angle 6 when a load w is acting.
FIGURE 3

L00 L,I0 I, H0H,-

Initial span length.

Change in span length.
Final span length.
Initial conductor length.
Conductor length after a change of 0 in span length.
Initial horizontal tension in conductor.
Horizontal tension in conductor after a change of 0
in span length.
w - Unit weight of conductor.
AE- Product of Modulus of elasticity and cross section area.
FIGURE 4
104-D-1122

APPENDIX A

Conductor Break in a Span Adjacent to a Dead End

Conditions for equilibrium a f t e r conductor breaks:

P, = H,; 0, = d,j L, = L o -0,
FIGURE 5
P&H

Force Relations

FIGURE 6
104-D-1123

323

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

324
Conductor

Break Two Spans Removed From Dead

Conditions for equilibrium after conductor breaks:

P2 = H2; P, + H 2 =H,; 0 2 = d 2 -d,; 0, = d,; L 2 = L o - 0 2 ,
FIGURE 7
P&H

Force

FIGURE
104-D-1124

Relations

End

L, = L 0 - f l ,

APPENDIX A

Conductor Break Three Spans Removed From Dead End

Conditions for equilibrium after conductor breaksP3 = H 3 ; P 2 +H 3 =H 2 ; P, + H 2 - H , ; 0 3 = d 3 -d 2 ; 0 2 = d 2 -d,;

0 , = d , ; L3 = L o - 0 3 ; L 2 = L o - 0 2 ; L , = L o - 0 ,
FIGURE 9
P&H

ro

Change in Span
& Insulator Defl.

-I

Force Relations
H J d2d3
p
\d|J^ ^ a

,i

\ Vrb

iI

\ \
(M

i1

06
i1

1'

' * f"f

Horizontal Force
P3 & H 3
H2

'

H,
Ho
FIGURE

p2

10

104-D-1125

p,

\Vc

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

326

Conductor Break

Spans Removed from Dead End

Conditions for equilibrium after conductor breaks:

Pn=H n ; p^+Hn-H,,.,; P , + H 2 - H ,
L

n L o - 0 n ; Ln-pLo-On-,;

0n=dn-dn.,; ^ - d ^ - d , ^ 0 ^

L, = L o - 0 ,
FIGURE II

P& H

Force
H

Pn & H n

H,
FIGURE

12

104-D-1126

Relations
H ndn

APPENDIX A

LOW-"Point
Distance

Low Point
Distance

Conditions for equilibrium after conductor breaks:

P
3 " H 3i P2 + H'3= H'2; P, + H 2 = H(; 0 3 = d 3 -d 2 ; 0 2 d 2 -d | i
0 , = d , ; L ' 3 = L 3 - 0 3 ; L ' 2 = L 2 - 0 2 ; L'.-L.-fl,
FIGURE 13
H,
1

* v j f e = '

P.

I>1

^p,
1

\ \

1
\1
fO

.i

\\

\ \

v\\ \

CM

\\ \

K\
N

Si

-6"

,
P3 & H's

3.

H'2
H'I

H| t Hg & H3
n

rimr
104-D-1127

L.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

328

CVJ

CO

<4-

in

r->

o s CD
^ oo
m m
^- i n
*-

H4

CD

Cn
O

- J CD S^ CJ CD

n?S

.^
<D
O
C
CD

*_

or

cz
o
CO

o
c:
o cn a> cn cn a>
c "is

*> } I I I I I I

o
o
CD

CD
CO
N11

-^
M--2
tlCD

-2 * .
-C
O

L_ "O

o
o

E Z3
c:
o

LU

CVJ ^ I l l l l l

00

nS
M-2

j MM 1

LU

-Q<

a>
tr
CD
CO ->
o

o
E

c:

in

128

C1>
M<1>

c- ;
c
o o -h-

-- +- o
_2 .52
^

= ' c_

r+

329

APPENDIX A

The determination of a geometric

series which approximately describes"
the space relations of the "d" curve
intersections with the V curve :
distance d 2 tod 3 -46 units ] ratio-o.250_
d3to d4 11.5 units {
d 4 tod 5 -3.5 units ) ratio-0.305
Avg ratio-0.277
Since ratio < i. the series. 46* 11.5 3.5will converge and the sum will be
approximately:

120

-5
I
I

64 units
I
100

<D

Q
o
o

c
o

en
c
Q>

_J

o
CL

CO

a>
o

2000

3000

Horizontal Force - Pounds

FIGURE 16
104-D-1129

4000

5000

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

330

y**

T \\

i \i\

140

i\\

LAP4

FT ?l

V^i

Hn'^'

IN*

\\

iT V \ \
\ A \'

HEW

Ho

44\ \

HDE
He

HB
PS&HA
100

\ i\
\ i\
\ i \

\
\
\

\ i \

P2

\
.

\
\

i\ \

\
\
\
\

_fc.

\\V

i\ \
i \ \
i \ \
i \ \

P4

ft
t

\ \! \ \

\V \
\ i\

80

\ \

\ \ i\ \
YA. i \ \

v\ \ \

\\T
\\ i\\\
i \\\

V \\\

CO

i \ tt\

i \ 1\
M \ \\

\ i
\ i

40

j\

\ i\
\\\

\ u

\ vK^1

20

Refei *ence: See Figure-16 f o r diagra m and

sto tement of equilibrium requirement S.

2000

3000

Horizontal Force - Pounds

FIGURE 17
104-D-1130

u
k lu

4\

_3l_LL

_1

APPENDIX A

331

VI-BIBLIOGRAPHY
Technical Journals
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

Brown, R. S., "Stresses Produced in a Transmission Line by Breaking of a Conductor," Electrical World, vol. 6 1 ,
No. 13, pp. 673-676, March 29, 1913.
Healy, E. S., and Wright, A. J., "Unbalanced Conductor Tensions," Trans, of AIEE, pp. 1064-1070, September,
1926.
Den Hartog, J. P., "Calculation of Sags in a Transmission Line With a Broken Conductor," The Electric Journal,
vol. XXV, pp. 24-26, January, 1928.
Bissiri, A., and Landau, M., "Broken Conductor Effect on Sags in Suspension Spans," Trans, of AIEE, vol, 66, pp.
1181-1188, 1947.

Technical Books
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]

Painton, E. T., "Mechanical Design of Overhead Electrical Transmission Lines," D. Van Nostrand Co., New York,
pp. 265-269, 1925.
Still, A., "Electric Power Transmission," Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, pp. 137-138, 1927.
Pender, H., Del Mar, W. A., and Mcllwain, K., "Electrical Engineers Handbook-Electric Power," Third Edition,
Section 14, pp. 71-73, 1936.
Martin, J. S., "Sag Calculations by the Use of Martin's Tables," Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa., pp. 39-40,
1942.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

CO

o -"5

131

332

Q
<ue> S

^x

^0IXZ2'0= r H ) 2
, 0 1 x ( a H) 2

Tf

.
-c o ,
U- </)

'"-

I00- 1 -

200 +

EXAMPLE*. Horizontal span (H ) * 1000

Vertical span (v) -100'
-10'
Correction (c)
Equiv. horiz. span = 1010'

300^

200-4-

o
x 300-

500-

a> 100 +

20 -+

3+

o 400 +

_ 30 +
H 40c 50 +

Vert
Span (v)

600+

c
o
^

1000900:
800-

1500 +

2000 +

3000 +

4000-

Equiv Horiz. Span (He[^

EXAMPLE
Problem: Find the ruling span length for a
series of level spans of lengths, He = 800
900, & 1000 f t .
Solution: (Using the Ruling Span Chart),
1. Enter the equivalent horizontal scale
at the span lengths given and read t
corresponding He3 values.
2. Add the He3& He values;
IH e = 2700: ZH e 3 =22.5xl0 8
3. Enter the auxiliary bias lines at the
value corresponding to IH e 3 =22.5xio 8
and read down the bias line to the
intersection of the horizontal
ZH e =0.27x I0 4 line.
4. Project vertically down from this po
to the Hrs scale and read the rulin
span length of 910 ft.

NOTES
These charts are designed to facilitate
the computation of the ruling span length
for any series of suspension spans.
The procedure for computing the ruling span
length is as follows;
1. Compute the Equivalent Horizontal Spa
(He) for each span in the series being
considered by using the nomograph w
is based on J.S.Martin's formula': He =
(Use only for spans of 20% slope or l
2. The Ruling Span Length is then compu
by using the relation: H rs =vH e 3 /5:
the solution of which is facilitated
using the Ruling Span Computation Ch

(Sheet 2 of 2)

FIGURE 18

500- 1 -

400+

300+

?200 +

CL
CO

70 +
80 +
90+
"100+

6o4-

50-J-

40+

30-

20-i-

EQUIVALENT HORIZONTAL SPAN NOMOGRAPH

334

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

FIGURE 19

As an example, the following problem has been

Find the sag for a conductor which w
f t when the span length is MOO f t . an
is 7000 lb.
Answer by chart: 23.9 ft.
Answer by more exact computation: 23.871 f

3. Project horizontally from this point to t

to intersect the sag ratio curve.
4. From this point project vertically upward
the Base Span Aux. Bias Line.
5. Thence, project horizontally -right or left
the bias line corresponding to the span
in step (l) above.
6. From this point project vertically downwa
the sag scale and read the correspondin
feet

(Sheet 2 of 2 )

1. Enter the span length scale at a point corresponding to

the equivalent level span length of the span under
consideration and project horizontally to the right to
intersect the bias line which corresponds to the unit
weight of the conductor.
2. Project vertically -up or down- from this point to
intersect the bias line which corresponds to the
tension in tne conductor

The purpose of this chart is to facilitate the computation

of transmission line conductor sags and tensions when
any three of the elements - span length, unit weight,
sag, or tension are known and when accuracy beyond the
first decimal place is not required. This chart is based on the
catenary functions as derived by J.S. Martin and given in
the pamphlet "Sag Calculations By The Use Of Martin's
Tables" published by the Copperweld Steel Company,
Glassport, Pa.
The procedure for computing a sag value when the span
length, unit weight, and tension are known is as follows:

EXPLANATION

336

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

6000
1

cr

K
O
D
Q
Z

5000

m
CD
O
K
1Z
UJ

-^of

OKE

8
Z

*000

<
O

9000

PAN

<

00
/i t^^^^^
& * &
^*

<
/
K>
<>
/
(k

^^^^^^^^\^^^^*

^ ^

Lrf^^"

2000^^5^
z
^^^
z
^^^'

^^^ii i

OISN

UJ

RIZONTAI

1000

0
600

//
/
800

1000

1200

RULING SPAN LENGTH - FT.

/.
2
3.
4.
5
6.
7.

Dead-end in first span adjacent to break.

Dead-end in second span adjacent to break.
Dead-end in third span adjacent to break.
Dead-end in fourth span adjacent to break
Dead-end in fifth span adjacent to break.
Dead-end a great distance from break.
Tension before break.

FIGURE 20
(Sheet I of 2 )
104-D-1133

1400

APPENDIX A

337

NOTES
These curves are to be u$*d in making preliminary determinations of conductor heights,
at crossings which warrant compliance with National and/or Local safety codes and
are based on the followingConductor - 795,000 CM. A.C.S.R. 2*/7
stranding.
Loading - I30F. final noload with max load* 7500lbs. () 25F. and 8*wind
Insulators - 16, 55A" x 10*suspension units.
The following example is given to illustrate the use of the curves shown to the left.
PROBLEM:
Determine
conductor heights at crossing shown below, making provisions
for required clearance under broken conductor
conditions.

<-- Li- Equivalent level span - - -

Normal sag^

-3k-

=fe:

Actual span

-/?./?

PROCEDURE:
FIRST- From pertinent safety codes determine required clearance over crossing.
SECOND - Determine the ruling span from crossing span to nearest dead-end by.
*\| Li5 Lj3* Note: L,,Litetc. are equivalent level spans, where the equivalent
\ L, Lt level span 2 (Inclined span) - actual span.
THIRD - Enter the curves at the value of the ruling span as determined above and
using the curve which best describes the location of the nearest dead-end
read
the corresponding value of horizontal tension. For dead-ends more than 5 spans
from break use curve No. 6.
FOURTH - Determine broken conductor sag and/or profile as required.
H f
10.549 Lj\ ,1 H * Tension read from
n
u
w
Broken cond.sag ^yp^s cosh [
rr-^H -/ ;
..
A
1.098 I
\
H
' J
pertinent curve.
In applying conductor profile to transmission line profile, the shift
in the span due to the conductor break need be considered only for
very short spans.
FIFTH - For a level crossing span, conductor height * required clr. +
broken cond. sag. For an inclined span, use height as indicated by
intercepts of the broken cond. profile on the structure center lines.

FIGURE 20
(Sheet 2 of 2)

 Appendix B

USEFUL FIGURES AND TABLES

339

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

340

6 Mi les
*

/Township line
/
7
/

36

31

32

33

S. 12

10

II

12

13

18

17

16

15

14

13

ac

24

34

36

35

a>
c

CO

0)l

CO

T -

20

21

22

23

24

19

30

29

28

27

26

25

30

25

19

cz
o

36

31

32
1

I
i

33
I

',

4 j \

34

35

Township lineFigure B-1.-Typical township showing section numbering. 104-D-1134.

36

31

! 6

cr

341

APPENDIX B

I Mile
^ N 4- cor.

RNW cor. Sec 15IX*V

71

NE cor Sec. 15

>N '

v^r<s ^

Center N W ^

Center NE^-

k-

:TT\

o
o

-K
^.

US

^Center Sec. 15

KCenter S E T

f^

Center S W ^

F d*> *

1
Jc

\LSW cor. Sec. 15^

SEcor.Secl5^

2sl

^ S I cor.

Typical Section of Land Showing Corner Designations

NE JNW i
Of NW j - Of NW j

sw i

SEi
Of NW i Of NW i
1
15-

Typical Section
Figure B-2.-Typical land section showing corner and 1/16 designations. 104-D-1135.

tronsnr
left t.
a plan
(bearin
the pi
to the
azimu"
X

c_
o

*; ii 2 o i s <->
CO
Q . ^ CZ
JO
w

JO

o o

-.

0ME

ro

c\j
CO
CO

UJ

o
"o
ro

&
00

.c

TD

CO

(r+ai,s.8z =
=v

._

CD

o
00

CO - 4 -

co

letters PI (point
f intersection) are
sed as a prefix to
station to denote
n angle and to
ndicate the exact
Dcatio>n of the angl
oint.

09'00"W

> Indicaties the angle

turned, and the arro
ead inidicates the
irecti on of the new
egmen t of the line
i rela tion to the
egmen t just before
he angle point.

6'47"E

always runs from

a key map or on
Tiwing. The direction
e, as indicated on
drawin g, is related
s given on an
ample!s are:

342
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

CD
O
ZJ
O

o
CL

\ >
j 41..00.90oZ = V
^ Z'9Z + frO9 D4S Id
o
o

en

APPENDIX B

343

IConsider polei as a simple beam

where f =
M=
S=
J =
y =
r =
c =
1

"

stress in outer fiber

maximum moment
section modulus
moment of inertia
distance from center of gravity to outer fiber
radius of pole cross section
circumference of pole cross section

^~r?Yi
/

N/mm2
N-mm
mm3
mm4
mm
mm
mm

(lb/in2)
(lb-in)
(in3)
(in4)
(in)
(in)
(in)

\ \

\ZJ

/* i y i ^

^\^

i^^\ /*\ irtf\ f\ t~% ^/*

^k \r\ tf\ f\ t 1 f* \^\

/ > /% I ^ - T " f\ *%

axis OT moments tnrougn center

then b =
J =
S=

irti
irr
64 - 4
si _ 7rr 4 i _ 7TH3
y
4 * r
4

f = M
M=
c =
r =
r3 =
M=

s
fs=f(*f3)

2-rrr
27T

87T3

0 003l66fc3

^)= fe)= -

If f is in N/mm2 and c is in mm, M is in N-mm. Dividing by

1000, M is in N-m. M = 3.166 x I0" 6 fc 3 N-m.
If f is in lb/in and c is in inches, M is in lb- n. Dividing by
12, M is in lb-ft. M = 2.638 xlO" 4 fc 3 lb-ft

Figure B-4.-Development of formula for maximum moment of resistance on wood poles. 104-D-1137.

Figure B-5.-Ground resistivity in the United States. 104-D-1138. From 40-D-6456.

NOTES
All figures on this map indicate ground resistivity
(Rho) in ohm-meters. This data is taken from
FCC figure M3, February 1954. The FCC data
indicates ground conductivity in millimhos per
meter.
Resistivities of special note from Transmission
Line Reference Book by EPRi in Ohm-meters
Sea water
0.01 to 1.0
Swampy ground.
10 to K>0
Pure slate
10000000
Sand stone
IO0000 0O0

J3

c
>

CO

CO

CO

>

APPENDIX B

345

Table B-l .Maximum moment of resistance for pole circumferences at

ground lineUSER standard
Metric: Mr = 3.166 x 10~ 6 /c 3 (c in mm)
Pole
Diameter

U.S. customary: Mr = 2.638 x 10"4fc3 (c in inches)

Pole
Circumference
c
mm
in

Western Red Cedar

/ = 38.610 88 MPa
/ = 5600 lb/in2

mm

in

N-m

508
521
533
546
559

20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0

162
166
170
174
178

6.37
6.53
6.68
6.84
7.00

16 025
17 287
18 509
19 897
21 352

11 818
12 726
13 681
14 681
15 730

21 176
22 844
24 459
26 293
28 216

15 616
16 817
18 078
19 400
20 786

572
584
597
610
622

22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5

182
186
190
194
198

7.16
7.32
7.48
7.64
7.80

22
24
26
27
29

16
17
19
20
21

30
32
34
36
38

230
173
370
665
871

22 235
23 751
25 334
26 986
28 708

635
648
660
673
686

25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0

202
206
210
214
218

7.96
8.12
8.28
8.44
8.59

31 299
33 261
35 144
37 261
39 463

23 082
24 495
25 964
27 491
29 077

41 360
43 953
46 440
49 239
52 147

30 501
32 368
34 310
36 328
38 423

699
711
724
737
749

27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5

222
226
230
235
238

8.75
8.91
9.07
9.23
9.39

41 749
43 936
46 391
48 935
51 364

30
32
34
36
37

722
429
197
029
925

55 169
58 059
61 302
64 664
67 874

40 597
42 852
45 189
47 610
50 115

762
775
787
800
813

30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0

242
247
250
255
259

9.55
9.71
9.87
10.03
10.19

54 086
56 901
59 586
62 587
65 688

39 886
41914
44 009
46 173
48 407

71 470
75 191
78 738
82 705
86 803

52 707
55 386
58 155
61015
63 967

826
838
851
864
876

32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5

263
267
271
275
279

10.35
10.50
10.66
10.82
10.98

68 890
71 937
75 337
78 842
82 017

50 712
53 089
55 538
58 063
60 662

91034
95 059
99 552
104 185
108 586

67 012
70 153
73 390
76 726
80 161

889
902
914
927
940

35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0

283
287
291
295
299

11J4
11.30
11.46
11.62
11.78

85 886
89 709
93 338
97 377
101532

63 338
66 091
68 923
71 835
74 828

113 493
118 545
123 339
128 677
134 167

83 697
87 335
91 078
94 925
98 880

953
965
978
991
1003

37.5
38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5

303
307
311
315
319

11.94
12.10
12.25
12.41
12.57

105 803
109 850
114 350
118 971
123 345

77 903
81 061
84 303
87 630
91044

139 811
145 159
151 105
157 211
162 992

102 943
107 116
111400
115 797
120 308

1016
1029
1041
1054
1067

40.0
40.5
41.0
41.5
42.0

323
328
331
336
340

12.73
12.89
13.05
13.21
13.37

128 204
133 188
137 902
143 133
148 495

94 545
98 135
101 815
105 586
109 448

169 412
175 999
182 228
189 141
196 226

124 935
129 679
134 542
139 524
144 628

877
347
010
746
416

lb-ft

827
974
171
421
725

Douglas Fir and Southern Yellow Pine

/ = 51.021 52 MPa
/ = 7400 lb/in2
N-m

lb-ft

346

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-l .Maximum moment of resistance for pole circumferences at
ground lineUSER standardContinued

Pole
Circumference

Pole
Diameter

/ = 38.610

Western Red Cedar

88 MPa
/ = 5600 lb/in2

mm

in

mm

in

N-m

1080
1092
1105
1118
1130

42.5
43.0
43.5
44.0
44.5

344
348
352
356
360

13.53
13.69
13.85
14.01
14.16

153 989
159 180
164 932
170 822
176 382

1143
1156
1168
1181
1194

45.0
45.5
46.0
46.5
47.0

364
368
372
376
380

14.32
14.48
14.64
14.80
14.96

1207
1219
1232
1245
1257

47.5
48.0
48.5
49.0
49.5

384
388
392
396
400

1270
1283
1295
1308
1321

50.0
50.5
51.0
51.5
52.0

1334
1346
1359
1372
1384

lb-ft

Douglas Fir and Southern Yellow Pine

/ = 51.021 52 MPa
/ = 7400 lb/in2
Nm

lb-ft

113 404
117 454
121 599
125 840
130 179

203 486
210 345
217 947
225 730
233 077

149 855
155 207
160 684
166 289
172 023

182 540
188 840
194 782
201 358
208 081

134 617
139 154
143 792
148 532
153 375

241 214
249 538
257 390
266 081
274 964

177 886
183 882
190 011
196 275
202 674

15.12
15.28
15.44
15.60
15.76

214 952
221 427
228 587
235 900
242 787

158 322
163 375
168 534
173 800
179 175

284 044
292 600
302 062
311 725
320 826

209 212
215 888
222 705
229 664
236 767

404
408
412
416
420

15.92
16.07
16.23
16.39
16.55

250 398
258 166
265 478
273 554
281 792

184 660
190 255
195 962
201 782
207 717

330 883
341 149
350 811
361 482
372 368

244 015
251 408
258 950
266 641
274 483

52.5
53.0
53.5
54.0
54.5

425
428
433
437
440

16.71
16.87
17.03
17.19
17.35

290 193
298 095
306 816
315 706
324 062

213 767
219 933
226 216
232 618
239 140

383 470
393 912
405 436
417 183
428 225

282 477
290 625
298 928
307 388
316 006

1397
1410
1422
1435
1448

55.0
55.5
56.0
56.5
57.0

445
449
453
457
461

17.51
17.67
17.83
17.98
18.14

333 280
342 671
351 495
361 223
371 130

245 782
252 546
259 434
266 445
273 581

440 406
452 815
464 475
477 331
490 422

324 783
333 722
342 823
352 088
361 518

1461
1473
1486
1499
1511

57.5
58.0
58.5
59.0
59.5

465
469
473
477
481

18.30
18.46
18.62
18.78
18.94

381
390
401
411
421

216
686
122
742
710

280 844
288 235
295 753
303 402
311 181

503 749
516 264
530 054
544 088
557 259

371 116
380 882
390 817
400 924
411 204

1524
1537
1549
1562
1575

60.0
60.5
61.0
61.5
62.0

485
489
493
497
501

19.10
19.26
19.42
19.58
19.74

432 688
443 856
454 333
465 868
477 597

319 092
327 136
335 314
343 627
352 077

571 767
586 524
600 369
615 612
631 111

421 657
432 287
443 094
454 079
465 244

1588
1600
1613
1626
1638

62.5
63.0
63.5
64.0
64.5

506
509
513
518
521

19.89
20.05
20.21
20.37
20.53

489 521
500 703
513 007
525 511
537 232

360 664
369 389
378 254
387 260
396 407

646 868
661 643
677 902
694 425
709 914

476 591
488 121
499 836
511 736
523 824

347

APPENDIX B

Table B-l .Maximum moment of resistance for pole circumferences at

ground lineUSSR standardContinued
Pole
Circumference
c
mm
in

pi

Western Red Cedar

Diameter

/ = 38.610 88 MPa

mm

in

Nm

Douglas Fir and Southern Yellow Pine

/ = 5600 lb/in2 / = 51.021 52 MPa

lbft

/ = 7400 lb/in2

N-m

lb-ft

1651
1664
1676
1689
1702

65.0
65.5
66.0
66.5
67.0

526
530
534
538
542

20.69
20.85
21.01
21.17
21.33

550 125
563 223
575 496
588 992
602 697

405 698
415 132
424 712
434 437
444 311

726 951
744 259
760 477
778 311
796 421

536 100
548 567
561 226
574 078
587 125

1715
1727
1740
1753
1765

67.5
68.0
68.5
69.0
69.5

546
550
554
558
562

21.49
21.65
21.80
21.96
22.12

616 613
629 647
643 974
658 516
672 132

454 332
464 504
474 826
485 299
495 926

814 810
832 034
850 965
870 181
888 174

600 368
613 808
627 448
641 288
655 331

1778
1791
1803
1816
1829

70.0
70.5
71.0
71.5
72.0

566
570
574
578
582

22.28
22.44
22.60
22.76
22.92

687 093
702 275
716 486
732 096
747 931

506 707
517 642
528 734
539 984
551 391

907 945
928 006
946 785
967 412
988 337

669 577
684 027
698 685
713 550
728 624

1842
1854
1867
1880
1892

72.5
73.0
73.5
74.0
74.5

586
590
594
598
602

23.08
23.24
23.40
23.55
23.71

763 993
779 022
795 524
812 258
827 911

562 959
574 687
586 576
598 629
610 845

1 009 562
1 029 422
1 051 228
1 073 341
1 094 026

743 910
759 407
775 119
791 045
807 189

1905
1918
1930
1943
1956

75.0
75.5
76.0
76.5
77.0

606
610
614
618
623

23.87
24.03
24.19
24.35
24.51

845 095
862 514
878 805
896 683
914 802

623 227
635 775
648 490
661 374
674 427

1 116 732
1 139 751
1 161 278
1 184 902
1 208 845

823 550
840 131
856 933
873 958
891 207

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

348

Table B-2.-Maximum moment of resistance for pole circumferences at

ground lineANSI standard
Mr = 2.64 x io~ V 3
Pole
circumference
c,
in

Pole
diameter,

20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0

6.37
6.53
6.68
6.84
7.00

12
13
14
15
16

672
646
669
742
866

16
18
19
20
22

896
195
559
990
488

17 741
19 105
20 537
22 039
23 613

22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5

7.16
7.32
7.48
7.64
7.80

18 042
19 272
20 566
21 897
23 294

24
25
27
29
31

057
696
409
196
059

25 259
26 981
28 779
30 656
32 612

25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0

7.96
8.12
8.28
8.44
8.59

24 750
26 264
27 840
29 477
31 177

33
35
37
39
41

000
019
120
303
570

34 650
36 770
38 976
41 268
43 649

27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5

8.75
8.91
9.07
9.23
9.39

32
34
36
38
40

942
771
668
632
665

43 923
46 362
48 890
51 509
54 220

46 119
48 680
51 335
54 085
56 931

30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0

9.55
9.71
9.87
10.03
10.19

42 768
44 942
47 188
49 509
51904

57 024
59 922
62 918
66 012
69 206

59 875
62 919
66 064
69 313
72 666

32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5

10.35
10.50
10.66
10.82
10.98

54
56
59
62
65

375
924
551
257
044

72
75
79
83
86

501
898
401
010
726

76 126
79 693
83 371
87 160
91062

35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0

11.14
11.30
11.46
11.62
11.78

67
70
73
77
80

914
866
903
025
234

90
94
98
102
106

552
488
537
700
979

95 079
99 212
103 464
107 835
112 328

37.5
38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5

11.94
12.10
12.26
12 41
12.57

83 531
86 917
90 393
93 961
97 621

111 375
115 889
120 524
125 281
130 162

116 943
121 684
126 550
131 545
136 670

40.0
40.5
41.0
41.5
42.0

12.73
12.89
13.05
13.21
13.37

135
140
145
150
156

141
147
152
158
164

in

Western
Red Cedar
/ = 6000 lb/in 2 ,
lbft

101
105
109
113
117

376
225
170
213
355

Southern
Yellow Pine
/ = 8000 lb/in 2 ,
lb-ft

168
300
561
951
473

Western Larch
/ = 8400 lb/in 2 ,
lb-ft

926
315
839
499
297

APPENDIX B

349

Table B-2.Maximum moment of resistance for pole circumferences at

ground lineANSI standardContinued
Pole
Circumference

Pole
Diameter,

c,
in

in

42.5
43.0
43.5
44.0
44.5

13.53
13.69
13.85
14.01
14.17

121
125
130
134
139

596
939
383
931
583

162
167
173
179
186

129
918
844
908
111

170
176
182
188
195

45.0
45.5
46.0
46.5
47.0

14.32
14.48
14.64
14.80
14.96

144
149
154
159
164

342
207
180
262
455

192
198
205
212
219

456
942
573
350
274

202 078
208 889
215 852
222 967
230 237

47.5
48.0
48.5
49.0
49.5

15.12
15.28
15.44
15.60
15.76

169 760
175 177
180 709
186 356
192 119

226 347
233 570
240 945
248 474
256 158

237
245
252
260
268

50.0
50.5
51.0
51.5
52.0

15.92
16.08
16.23
16.39
16.55

198
203
210
216
222

000
999
119
359
723

264
271
280
288
296

000
999
158
479
964

277 200
285 599
294 166
302 903
311 812

52.5
53.0
53.5
54.0
54.5

16.71
16.87
17.03
17.19
17.35

229
235
242
249
256

209
821
558
422
415

305
314
323
332
341

613
428
411
563
887

320
330
339
349
358

55.0
55.5
56.0
56.5
57.0

17.51
17.67
17.83
17.99
18.14

263 538
270 790
278 175
285 693
293 345

351 384
361 054
370 900
380 924
391 127

368 953
379 107
389 466
399 971
310 683

57.5
58.0
58.5
59.0
59.5

18.30
18.46
18.62
18.78
18.94

301 133
309 057
317 119
325 320
333 661

401
412
422
433
444

511
076
825
760
881

421 586
432 680
443 967
455 448
467 126

60.0
60.5
61.0
61.5
62.0

19.10
19.26
19.42
19.58
19.74

342
350
359
368
377

456 192
467 692
479 383
491 268
503 348

479 001
491 076
503 353
515 832
528 516

62.5
63.0
63.5
64.0
64.5

19.90
20.05
20.21
20.37
20.53

386 718
396 074
405 579
415 236
425 044

515
528
540
553
566

541 506
554 504
567 811
581 330
595 062

Western
Red Cedar
/ = 6000 lb/in2
lb-ft

144
769
537
451
511

Southern
Yellow Pine
/ = 8000 lb/in2
lb-ft

625
099
773
648
725

Western Larch
/ = 8400 lb/in2
lb-ft
235
314
537
904
417

664
248
992
898
966

893
149
581
192
982

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

350

Table B-2. -Maximum moment of resistance for pole circumferences at

ground line-ANSI standard-Continued
Pole
Circumference

Pole
Diameter,

Western
Red Cedar
/ = 6000 lb/in2
lb-ft

Southern
Yellow Pine
/ = 8000 lb/in2
lb-ft

Western Larch
/ = 8400 lb/in2

c,
in

in

65.0
65.5
66.0
66.5
67.0

20.69
20.84
21.00
21.16
21.32

435 006
445 122
455 393
465 822
476 408

580
593
607
621
635

008
496
191
096
211

609
623
637
652
666

008
170
551
150
972

67.5
68.0
68.5
69.0
69.5

21.48
21.64
21.80
21.96
22.12

487 154
498 060
509 127
520 358
531 752

649
664
678
693
709

539
080
837
811
003

682
697
712
728
744

015
284
779
501
453

70.0
70.5
71.0
71.5
72.0

22.28
22.44
22.60
22.75
22.91

543
555
566
578
591

312
037
931
992
224

724
740
755
771
788

416
050
908
990
299

760
777
793
810
827

636
052
703
590
714

72.5
73.0
73.5
74.0
74.5

23.07
23.23
23.39
23.55
23.71

603
616
628
641
654

627
202
951
874
973

804
821
838
855
873

837
603
602
833
298

845
862
880
898
916

078
684
532
624
963

75.0
75.5
76.0
76.5
77.0

23.87
24.03
24.19
24.35
24.50

668 250
681 704
695 337
709 152
723 148

891
908
927
945
964

000
939
117
536
197

935
954
973
992
1 012

550
386
473
813
407

77.5
78.0
78.5
79.0
79.5

24.66
24.82
24.98
25.14
25.30

737
751
766
780
795

983 103
1 002 253
1021 651
1 041 298
1 061 195

1
1
1
1
1

032
052
072
093
114

258
366
734
363
255

80.0
80.5
81.0
81.5
82.0

25.46
25.62
25.78
25.94
26.10

811 008
826 309
841 802
857 487
873 366

1
1
1
1
1

081 344
101 746
122 403
143 317
164 489

1
1
1
1
1

135
156
178
200
222

411
833
523
483
713

82.5
83.0
83.5
84.0
84.5

26.26
26.41
26.57
26.73
26.89

889
905
922
938
955

1
1
1
1
1

185 921
207 614
229 570
251 790
274 277

1
1
1
1
1

245
267
291
314
337

217
994
048
380
991

85.0
85.5

27.05
27.21

972 774
990 041

327
690
238
973
896

440
710
177
843
708

1 297 032
1 320 055

lb-ft

1 361 883
1 386 058

APPENDIX B

351

Table B-3.Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pine
SOUTHERN YELLON PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR
DISTANCE
CLASS 1
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

CLASS 3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 4
CIRC.
INCHES

27. 00
27.40
27.79
28. 19
28.58
28.98
29.38
29.77
30. 17
30.56
30.96

25.00
25.38
25.75
2 6 . 13
26.50
26.88
27.25
27.63
28.00
28.38
28.75

23.00
23.38
23.75
2 4 . 13
24.50
24.88
25.25
25.63
26.00
26.38
26.75

21 .00
21 .33
21 .67
22.00
22.33
22.67
23.00
23.33
23.67
24.00
24.33

31 .35
31 .75
32. 15
32.54
32.94
33.33
33.73
34. 12
34.52
34.92

29. 13
29.50
29.88
30.25
30.63
31 .00
31 .38
31 .75
32. 13
32.50

27. 13
27.50
27.88
28.25
28.63
29.00
29.38
29.75
30. 13
30.50

24.67
25.00
25.33
25.67
26.00
26.33
26.67
27. 00
27.33
27.67

35.31
35.71
36. 10
36.50
-GROUND LINE
36.90
37.29
37.69
38.08
38.48
38.87

SOUTHERN YELLON PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR

DISTANCE
CLASS H- 2
CLASS H-l
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

31 .00
31 .43
31 .86
32.29
32.72
33. 16
33.59
34.02
34.45
34.88
35.31

30 FOOT POLE
CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

29.00
29.43
29.86
30.29
30.72
31 . 16
31 .59
32.02
32.45
32.88
33.31

32.88
30 .88
33.25
31 .25
31 .63
33.63
32.00
34.00
(5 FEET, 6 INCHES)
32.38
34.38
32.75
34.75
33. 13
35. 13
33.50
35.50
33.88
35.88
34.25
36.25

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES
27.00
27.41
27.83
28.24
28.66
29.07
29.48
29.90
30.31
30.72
31 . 14

28.00
28.33
28.67
29.00
29.33
29.67
30.00
30 . 3 3
30.67

31 . 0 0

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 3
CIRC.
INCHES

25.00
25.40
25.79
26. 19
26.59
26.98
27.38
27.78
28. 17
28.57
28.97

23.00
23.38
23.76
24. 14
24.52
24.90
25.28
25.66
26.03
26.4 1
26.79

35 FOOT POLE
CLASS 4
CIRC.
INCHES
21 .00
21 .36
21 .72
22.09
22.45
22.81
23. 17
23.53
23.90
24.26
24.62

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APPENDIX B

Table B-3.Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pineContinued
SOUTHERN YELLON PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR
DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
CLASS H-l
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

50 FOOT POLEcon.
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

42
43
43
43
44
44
45
45
46
46

55
00
45
91
36
82
27
73
18
64

40
40
41
41
42
42
42
43
43
44

31
75
19
64
08
52
97
41
85
30

37. 83
38. 25
38. 67
39. 09
39. 51
39. 93
40. 35
40. 77
.4 1 19
.
41.61

35.59
36.00
36.4 1
36.82
37.23
37.64
38.05
38.45
38.86
39.27

33. 1 1
33.50
33.89
34.27
34, 66
35, 05
35.43
35.82
36.20
36.59

30.64
31 .00
31 36
31 73
32.09
32.45
32.82
33. 18
33.55
33.91

28.40
28.75
29. 10
29.45
29.81
30. 16
30. 51
30.86
31 .22
31 .57

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

47
47
48
48
48
49
49
50
50
51

09
55
00
45
91
36
82
27
73
18

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45
45
46
46
46
47
47
48
48

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18
62
07
51
95
40
84
28
73

42.03
42.45
42.87
43.30
43.72
4 4 . 14
44.56
44.98
45.40
45.82

39.68
40.09
40.50
40.91
41 .32
41 .73
42. 14
42.55
42.95
43.36

36.98
37.36
37.75
38. 14
38.52
38.91
39.30
39.68
40.07
40 .45

34.27
34.64
35.00
35.36
35.73
36.09
36.45
36.82
3 7 . 18
37.55

31 . 9 2
32.27
32.62
32.98
33.33
33.68
34.03
34.39
34.74
35.09

41
42

51 64
52 09

40.84
41 .23

37.91
38.27

35.44
35.80

43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

52
53
53
53
54
54
55
55

43.77
44. 18
0 INCHES)
44.59
45.00
45.41
45.82
46.23
46.64
47.05
47.45

41.61
42.00
42.39
42.77
4 3 . 16
43.55
43.93
44.32

38.64
39.00
39.36
39.73
40.09
40.45
40.82
41.18

36. 15
36.50
36.85
37.20
37.56
37.91
38.26
38.61

55
00
45
91
36
82
27
73

49.17
46.24
49.61
46.66
---GROUND LINE (7 FEET,
50.06
47.08
50.50
47.50
50.94
47.92
51 .39
48.34
51.83
48.76
52.27
49.18
52.72
49.60
53.16
50.02

SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
CLASS H-l
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
INCHES
31 00
29.00
TOP
33.00
31 43
29.42
1
33.45
31 86
29.84
2
33.90
32 29
30.26
3
34.35
32 71
30.67
4
34.80
33 14
31 .09
5
35.24
33 57
31 .51
6
35.69
34 00
31 .93
7
36. 14
34 43
32.35
8
36.59
34 86
32.77
9
37.04
33. 18
35 29
10
37.49

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS c
CIRC.
INCHES

27.00
27.40
27.80
28. 19
28.59
28.99
29.39
29.79
30. 18
30.58
30.98

25.00
25.38
25.76
2 6 . 13
26.51
26.89
27.27
27.64
28.02
28.40
28.78

55 FOOT POLE
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES
23.00
23.36
23.71
24.07
24.43
24.79
2 5 . 14
25.50
25.86
26.21
26.57

21 .00
21 .35
21 .69
22.04
22.39
22.73
23.08
23.43
23.78
24. 12
24.47

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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

358

Table B-3.-Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pineContinued
SOUTHERN YELLON PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR
DISTANCE
C L A S S H-3
CLASS H-2
CLASS H-l
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
INCHES

51

55.67

52.72

49.78

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

56. 1 1
56.56
57.00
57.44
57.89
58.33
58.78

53. 15
53.57
54.00
54.43
54.85
55.28
55.70
56. 13
56.56

50. 19
50.59
51 .00
51.41
51 .81
52.22
52.63
53.04
53.44

59.22
59.67

SOUTHERN YELLON PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
CLASS H-l
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
INCHES
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

46.83
0 INCHES)
47.22
47.61
48.00
48.39
48.78
49. 17
49.56
49.94
50.33

60 FOOT POLEcon.
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

43.89

40.94

38.00

44.26
44.63
45.00
45.37
45.74
46. 1 1
46.48
46.85
47.22

41 .30
41 .65
42.00
42.35
42.70
43.06
43.41
43.76
44. 1 1

38.33
38.67
39.00
39.33
39.67
40.00
40.33
40.67
41.00

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 3
CIRC.
INCHES

65 FOOT POLE
CLASS 4
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.43
33.86
34.30
34.73
35. 16
35.59
36.03
36.46
36.89
37.32

31 .00
31 .42
31 .83
32.25
32.66
33.08
33.49
33.91
34.32
34.74
35. 15

29.00
29.40
29.80
30. 19
30.59
30.99
31 .39
31 .79
32. 19
32.58
32.98

27.00
27.38
27.76
28. 14
28.53
28.91
29.29
29.67
30.05
30.43
30.81

25.00
25.36
25.73
26.09
26.46
26.82
27. 19
27.55
27.92
28.28
28.64

23.00
23.35
23.69
24.04
24.39
24.74
25.08
25.43
25.78
2 6 . 13
26.47

21 .00
21 .33
21 .66
21 .99
22.32
22.65
22.98
23.31
23.64
23.97
24.31

1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

37.75
38. 19
38.62
39.05
39.48
39.92
40.35
40.78
41 .21
41 .64

35.57
35.98
36.40
36.81
37.23
37.64
38.06
38.47
38.89
39.31

33.38
33.78
34. 18
34.58
34.97
35.37
35.77
36. 17
36.57
36.97

31 . 19
31 .58
31 .96
32.34
32.72
33. 10
33.48
33.86
34.25
34.63

29.0 1
29.37
29.74
30. 10
30.47
30.83
31 . 19
31 .56
31 .92
32.29

26.82

27. 17
27.52
27.86
28.21
28.56
28.91
29.25
29.60
29.95

24.64
24.97
25.30
25.63
25.96
26.29
26.62
26.95
27.28
27 . 61

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

42.08
42.51
42.94
43.37
43.81
44.24
44.67
45. 10
45.53
45.97

39.72
40. 14
40.55
40.97
41 .38
41 .80
42.21
42.63
43. 04
43.46

37.36
37.76
38. 16
38.56
38.96
39.36
39.75
40. 15
40.55
40.95

35.0 1
35.39
35.77
36. 15
36.53
36.92
37.30
37.68
38.06
38.44

32.65
33.02
33.38
33.75

30.30
30.64
30.99
31 .34
31 .69
32.03
32.38
32.73
33.08
33.42

27.94
28.27
28.60
28.93
29.26
29.59
29.92
30.25
30.58
30.92

34. 1 1
34.47
34.84
35.20
35.57
35.93

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361

Table B-3.-Pole <circumferences for Douglas fir and sou them yellow pineContinued
SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR
DISTANCE
CLASS H--3
CLASS H-2
CLASS H- i
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
INCHES
51
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

59.21
59.64
60.07
60.50
60.93
61 .36
61 .79
62.22
62.65
63.08

GROUND LINE (9 FEET ,

55.78
52.83
56. 19
53.22
56.59
53.61
57.00
54.00
57.41
54.39
54.78
57.81
55. 17
58.22
58.63
55.56
55.95
59.03
56.34
59.44

SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-2
CLASS H- 3
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

0 INCHES)
49.88
50.25
50.63
51 .00
51 .38
51 .75
52. 13
52.50
52.88
53.25

70 FOOT POLE-con.
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

46.92
47.28
47.64
48.00
48.36
48.72
49.08
49.44
49.80
50. 16

43.97
44.31
44 .66
45.00
45.34
45.69
46.03
46.38
46.72
47. 06

40 .54
40.86
41.18
41 .50
41 .82
42. 14
42.46
42.78
43. 10
43.42

75 FOOT POLE
CLASS 3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

27.00
27.37
27.74

25. 00
25.35
25.70
26.04
26.39
26.74
27. 09
27.43
27.78
28. 13
28.48

23.00
23.33
23.67
24.00
24.33
24.67
25. 00
25.33
25.67
26.00
26.33

33.00
33.42
33.84
34.26
34.68
35. 10
35.52
35.94
36.36
36.78
37.20

31 .00
31 .41
31 .81
32.22
32.62
33.03
33.43
33.84
34.25
34.65
35.06

29.00
29.38
29.77
30. 15
30.54
30.92
31 .30
31 .69
32. 07
32.46
32.84

37.62
38.04
38.46
38.88
39.30
39.72
40. 14
40.57
40.99
41 .41

35.46
35.87
36.28
36.68
37.09
37.49
37.90
38.30
38.7 1
39. 12

33.22
33.61
33.99
34.38
34.76
35. 14
35.53
35.91
36.30
36.68

31 .07

31 .43
31 .80
32. 17
32.54
32.91
33.28
33.65
34.02
34.39

28.83
29. 17
29.52
29.87
30.22
30.57
30.91
31 .26
31 .61
31 .96

26.67
27. 00
27.33
27.67
28.00
28.33
28.67
29.00
29.33
29.67

41 .83
42.25
42.67
43.09
43.51
43.93
44.35
44.77
45. 19
45.61

39.52
39.93
40.33
40.74
41 . 14
41 .55
41 .96
42.36
42.77
43. 17

37.07
37.45
37.83
38.22
38.60
38.99
39.37
39.75
40. 14
40.52

34.76
35. 13
35.50
35.87
36.24
36.61
36.98
37.35
37.72
38.09

32.30
32.65
33.00
33.35
33.70
34.04
34.39
34.74
35.09
35.43

30 . 00
30 .33
30.67
31 .00
31 .33

28. 1 1
28.48
28.85
29.22
29.59
29.96
30.33
30.70

31 .67
32.00
32.33
32.67
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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

364

Table B-3.--Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pine--Continued
SOUTHERN YELLON P I N E AND DOUGLAS FIR
DISTANCE
CLASS H- 3
CLASS H-2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

54.02
54.43
54.84
55.26
55.67
56.08
56.49
56.91
57.32
57.73

50.99
51 . 3 8
51 . 7 7
5 2 . 16
52.55
52.95
53.34
53.73
5 4 . 12
54.51

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69

5 8 . 14
58.55
58.97
59.38
59.79
60.20
60.61
61 . 0 3
61 . 4 4

54.91
55.30
55.69
56.08
56.47
56.86
57.26
57.65
58.04

70

61 . 8 5

58.43

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

62.26
62.68
63.09
63.50
63.91
64.32
64.74
6 5 . 15
65.56
65.97

58.82
59.22
59.61
60.00
60.39
60.78
61 . 18
61 . 5 7
61 . 9 6
62.35

r n n i IMn

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SOUTHERN YELLON P I N E AND DOUGLAS F I R

DISTANCE
CLASS H - 3
CLASS H - 2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

33.00
33.41
33.81
34.22
34.62
35.03
35.43
35.84
36.24
36.65
37.05

31 . 0 0
31 . 3 9
31 . 7 7
3 2 . 16
32.54
32.93
33.32
33.70
34.09
34.47
34.86

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

48.30
48.68
49.05
49.43
49.81
50 . 19
50.57
50 . 9 5
51 . 3 2
51 . 7 0

45.61
45.97
46.34
46.70
47.07
47.43
47.80
4 8 . 16
48.53
48.89

52.08
49.26
52.46
49.62
52.84
49.99
53.22
50.35
53.59
50.72
53.97
51 . 0 8
54.35
51 . 4 5
54.73
51 .81
55. 1 1
5 2 . 18
(10 FEET, 0 INCHES)
55.49
52.54

80 FOOT P O L E - C o n .
CLASS 2
CLASS 3
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES
42.57
42.92
43.26
43.61
43.95
44.30
44.64
44.99
45.33
45.68

39.54
39.86
4 0 . 19
40.51
40.84
41 . 16
41 . 4 9
41 . 8 1
4 2 . 14
42.46

4 6 . 02
46.36
46.71
47.05
47.40
47.74
48.09
48.43
48.78

42.78
43. 1 1
43.43
43.76
4 4 . 08
44.41
44.73
45.05
45.38

4 9 . 12

45.70
46.03
46.35
46.68
47.00
47.32
47.65
47.97
48.30
48.62
48.95

55.86
56.24
56.62
57.00
57.38
57.76
5 8 . 14
58.51
58.89
59.27

52.91
53.27
53.64
5 4 . 00
54.36
54.73
55.09
55.46
55.82
5 6 . 19

49.47
49.81
5 0 . 16
50.50
50.84
51.19
51 . 5 3
51 . 8 8
52.22
52.57

CLASS H - l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

29.00
29.37
29.75
3 0 . 12
30 . 4 9
30.87
31 . 2 4
31 . 6 1
31 . 9 9
32.36
32.73

2 7 . 00
27.35
27.71
2 8 . 06
28.42
28.77
2 9 . 13
29.48
29.84
3 0 . 19
30 . 54

25.00
25.34
25.67
26.0 1
26.34
26.68
27.0 1
27.35
27.68
28.02
28.35

85 FOOT POLE
CLASS 3
CIRC.
INCHES
23.00
23.32
23.63
23.95
24.27
24.58
24.90
25.22
25.53
25.85
2 6 . 16

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368

Table B-3. Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pineContinued
SOUTHERN YELLON PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR
DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78

61 .32
61 .71
62. 1 1
62.51
62.91
63.31
63.71
64. 1 1

79
80

64.51
64.90

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

65.30
65.70
66. 10
66.50
66.90
67.30
67.70
68. 10
68.49
68.89

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

58.05
58.43
58.81
59. 19
59.57
59.95
60.33
60.71
nDni iKin i T KIT
U n U U I N U Li INt.

61.10
61 .48

51 .51
54.78
55. 14
51 .86
55.51
52.20
55.87
52.55
56.23
52.89
53.24
56.60
56.96
53.58
57.32
53.93
(11 FEET, n
iNirurci
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i IN U n c i D )
54.27
57.68
58.05
54.62
58.4 1
58.77
59. 14
59.50
59.86
60.23
60.59
60.95
61 .32
61 .68

61 .86
62.24
62.62
63.00
63.38
63.76
64. 14
64.52
64.90
65.29

SOUTHERN YELLON PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR

CLASS H-3
DISTANCE
CLASS H-2
CIRC.
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

54.96
55.31
55.65
56.00
56.35
56.69
57.04
57.38
57.73
58. 07

CLASS H
CIRC.
INCHES

90 FOOT POLECOn.
CLASS 3
CLASS 2
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES
48.67
49.00
49.33
49.67
50.00
50.33
50.67
51 .00

44.98
45.29
45.60
45.90
46.21
46.52
46.83
47. 14

51 .33
51 .67

47.45
47.76

52.00
52.33
52.67
53.00
53.33
53.67
54.00
54.33
54.67
55.00

48. 07
48.38
48.69
49.00
49.31
49.62
49.93
50.24
50.55
50 .86

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

95 FOOT POLE
CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.39
33.78
34. 16
34.55
34.94
35.33
35.7 1
36. 10
36.49
36.88

31 .00
31 .38
31 .75
32. 13
32.51
32.88
33.26
33.63
34.0 1
34.39
34.76

29.00
29.36
29.72
30.08
30.44
30.80
31 . 16
31 .52
31 .88
32.24
32.60

27
27
27
28
28
28
29
29
29
30
30

00
34
67
01
35
69
02
36
70
03
37

25
25
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
27
28

00
33
65
98
30
63
96
28
61
93
26

37.26
37.65
38.04
38.43
38.81
39.20
39.59
39.98
40.37
40.75

35. 14
35.52
35.89
36.27
36.65
37.02
37.40
37.78
38. 15
38.53

32.96
33.31
33.67
34.03
34.39
34.75
35. 1 1
35.47
35.83
36. 19

30
31
31
31
32
32
32
33
33
33

71
04
38
72
06
39
73
07
40
74

28
28
29
29
29
30
30
30
31
31

58
91
24
56
89
21
54
87
19
52

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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-3.Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pineContinued
SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR
DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

60.19
57.06
53.93
50.79
60.57
57.43
54.28
51.13
60.96
57.79
54.63
51.46
61.34
58.16
54.98
51.80
61.72
58.53
55.33
52.13
62.11
58.89
55.68
52.47
62.49
59.26
56.03
52.80
62.87
59.63
56.38
53.14
63.26
59.99
56.73
53.47
63.64
60.36
57.09
53.81
64.02
60.73
57.44
54.14
64.40
61.10
57.79
54.48
64.79
61.46
58.14
54.81
65.17
61.83
58.49
55.15
65.55
62.20
58.84
55.48
65.94
62.56
59.19
55.82
66.32
62.93
59.54
56.15
66.70
63.30
59.89
56.49
GROUND LINE (11 FEET, 0 INCHES)
67.09
63.66
60.24
56.82
67.47
64.03
60.60
57.16
67.85
64.40
60.95
57.49
68.23
64.77
61.30
57.83
68.62
65.13
61.65
58.16
69.00
65.50
62.00
58.50
69.38
65.87
62.35
58.84
69.77
66.23
62.70
59.17
70.15
66.60
63.05
59.51
70.53
66.97
63.40
59.84
70.91
67.34
63.76
60.18
71.30
67.70
64.11
60.51

SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

100 FOOT POLE-COn.

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES
47.66
47.98
48.30
48.62
48.94
49.26
49.57
49.89
50.21
50.53
50.85
51.17
51.49
51.81
52.13
52.45
52.77
53.09
53.40
53.72
54.04
54.36
54.68
55.00
55.32
55.64
55.96
56.28
56.60
56.91

105 FOOT POLE

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

TOP
1
2
3
4

33.00
33.38
33.76
34.14
34.52

31.00
31.36
31.73
32.09
32.45

29.00
29.34
29.69
30.03
30.37

27.00
27.33
27.66
27.98
28.31

25.00
25.31
25.63
25.94
26.25

34.89

32.82

30.72

28.64

26.57

6
7
8
9
10

35.27
35.65
36.03
36.4 1
36.79

33.18
33.55
33.91
34.27
34.64

31.06
31.40
31.75
32.09
32.43

28.97
29.30
29.63
29.95
30.28

26.88
27.19
27.51
27.82
28.13

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APPENDIX B

377

Table B-3. Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pineContinued
SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR
DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1 10

70.39
70.76
71.13
71 .50
71 .87
72.24
72.61
72.98
73.35
73.72

66.93
67.29
67.64

68.00
68.36
68.7 1
69.07
69.42
69.78
70. 13

SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR

CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
DISTANCE
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES
63.48
63.82
64. 16
64.50
64.84
65. 18
65.52
65.87
66.21
66.55

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES
59.53
59.86
60 . 18
60.50
60.82
61 . 14
61 .47
61 .79
62. 1 1
62.43

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

1 10 FOOT POLE-COn.
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INCHES
56.08
56.38
56.69
57.00
57.31
57.62
57.92
58.23
58.54
58.85

1 15 FOOT POLE
CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.36
33.72
34.09
34.45
34.81
35. 17
35.54
35.90
36.26
36.62

31 .00
31 .35
31 .70
32.05
32.39
32.74
33.09
33.44
33.79
34. 14
34.49

29. 00
29.33
29.67
30.00
30.34
30.67
31.01
31 .34
31 .68
32.0 1
32.35

27.00
27.32
27.63
27.95
28.27
28.58
28.90
29.22
29.53
29.85
30. 17

25.00
25.30
25.6 1
25.91
26.21
26.5 1
26.82
27. 12
27.42
27.72
28.03

1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

36.99
37.35
37.71
38.07
38.44
38.80
39. 16
39.52
39.89
40.25

34.83
35. 18
35.53
35.88
36.23
36.58
36.93
37.28
37.62
37.97

32.68
33.02
33.35
33.69
34.02
34.36
34.69
35.03
35.36
35.70

30.48
30.80
31.11
31 .43
31 .75
32.06
32.38
32.70
33.01
33.33

28.33
28.63
28.94
29.24
29.54
29.84
30. 15
30.45
30.75
31 .06

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

40.61
40.97
41 .33
41 .70
42.06
42.42
42.78
43. 15
43.51
43.87

38.32
38.67
39.02
39.37
39.72
40.06
40.41
40 .76
41.11
41 .46

36.03
36.37
36.70
37.04
37.37
37.71
38.04
38.38
38.71
39.05

33.65
33.96
34.28
34.60
34.91
35.23
35.55
35.86
36. 18
36.50

31 .36
31 .66
31 .96
32.27
32.57
32.87
33. 17
33.48
33.78
34. 08

TOP
1
2
3
4
5
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APPENDIX B

379

Table B-3.Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pineContinued
SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR
DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES

CLASS H-1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

115 FOOT POLECOn.

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

62.35
62.72
63.08
63.44
63.80
64. 17
64.53
64.89
65.25
65.61

59.24
59.59
59.94
60.28
60.63
60.98
61 33
61 68
62.03
62.38

56. 12
56.46
56.79
57. 13
57.46
57.80
58. 13
58.47
58.80
59. 14

52.64
52.95
53.27
53.59
53.90
54.22
54.54
54.85
55. 17
55.49

49.52
49.83
50. 13
50.43
50. 73
51 .04
51 .34
51 .64
51 .94
52.25

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

65.98
66.34
66.70
67.06
67.43
67.79
68. 15
68.51
68.88
69.24

62.72
63.07
63.42
63.77
64. 12
64.47
64.82
65. 17
65.51
65.86

59.47
59.81
60. 14
60.48
60.81
61 . 15
61 .48
61 .82
62. 15
62.49

55.80
56. 12
56.44
56.75
57.07
57.39
57.70
58.02
58.33
58.65

52.55
52.85
53. 16
53.46
53.76
54.06
54.37
54.67
54.97
55.28

101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1 10

69.60
66.21
62.82
58.97
69.96
66.56
63. 16
59.28
-GROUND LINE (12 FEET, 0 INCHES)66.91
70.33
63.49
59.60
67.26
70.69
63.83
59.92
67.61
71 .05
64. 16
60 .23
67.95
71 .41
64.50
60 .55
68.30
71 .78
64.83
60.87
68.65
72. 14
65. 17
61 . 18
69.00
72.50
65.50
61 50
69.35
72.86
65.83
61 82

56. 18
56.49
56.79
57.09
57.39
57.70
58.00
58.30

1
1
1
1
1

73.22
73.59
73.95
74.31
74.67

58.61
58.91
59.21
59.51
59.82

1 1
12
13
14
15

69.70
70.05
70.39
70.74
71 .09

SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

33.00
33.36
33.72
34.08
34.44
34.80
35. 16
35.52
35.88
36.24
36.60

31 00
31 34
31 68
32.03
32.37
32.71
33.05
33.39
33.74
34.08
34.42

66. 17
66.50
66.84
67. 17
67.51

62. 13
62.45
62.77
63.08
63.40

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS
CIRC.
INCHES

29.00
29.33
29.66
29.99
30.32
30.64
30.97
31 .30
31 63
31 96
32.29

27.00
27.31
27.62
27.93
28.25
28.56
28.87
29. 18
29.49
29.80
30. 1 1

55.58
55.88

120 FOOT POLE

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES
25.00
25.30
25.60
25.89
2 6 . 19
26.49
26.79
27.09
27.39
27.68
27.98

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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

382

Table B-3.~Pole circumferences for Douglas fir and southern yellow pineContinued
SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR
DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES
1 1 1
1 12
1 13
1 14
1 15
1 16
1 17
1 18
1 19
120

72.92
73.28
73.64
74.00
74.36
74.72
75.08
75.44
75.80
7 6 . 16

68 ,97
69 ,32
69 ,66
70 .00
70 ,34
70 ,68
71 ,03
71 ,37
71 ,71
72.05

SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CLASS H-2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

65.51
65.84
66. 17
66.50
66.83
67. 16
67.49
67.82
68. 14
68.47

61 .57
61 .88
62. 19
62.50
62.81
63. 12
63.43
63.75
64.06
64.37

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

120 FOOT POLE-COn.

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES
58. 1 1
58.40
58.70
59.00
59.30
59.60
59.89
60. 19
60.49
60.79

125 FOOT POLE

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.35
33.71
34.06
34.4 1
34.76
35. 12
35.47
35.82
36. 18
36.53

31 .00
31 .34
31 .67
32.01
32.34
32.68
33.02
33.35
33.69
34.03
34.36

29.00
29.32
29.65
29.97
30.29
30.62
30.94
31 .26
31 59
31 91
32.24

27.00
27.31
27.61
27.92
28.23
28.53
28.84
29. 15
29.45
29.76
30.07

25.00
25.29
25.58
25.87
26. 16
26.45
26.74
27.03
27.32
27.61
27.90

1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

36.88
37.24
37.59
37.94
38.29
38.65
39.00
39.35
39.71
40.06

34.70
35.03
35.37
35.71
36.04
36.38
36.71
37.05
37.39
37.72

32.56
32.88
33.21
33.53
33.85
34. 18
34.50
34.82
35. 15
35.47

30.37
30.68
30.99
31 .29
31 60
31 91
32.21
32.52
32.83
33. 13

28. 19
28.48
28.77
29.06
29.35
29.64
29.93
30.22
30.51
30 .80

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

40.41
40.76
41 12
41 ,47
41 ,82
42, 18

38.06
38.39
38.73
39.07
39.40
39.74
40.08
40.41
40.75
41 . 0 8

35.79
3 6 . 12
36.44
36.76
37.09
37.4 1
37.74
38.06
38.38
38.71

33.44
33.75
34.05
34.36
34.67
34.97
35.28
35.59
35.89
36.20

31 09
31 38
31 67
31 96
32.25
32.54
32.83
33. 12
33.41
33.70

TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

42.53
42.88
43.24
43.59

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APPENDIX B

385

Table BA.Pole circumferences for western red cedar

30

WESTERN RED (:EDAR

DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

WESTERN RED CEDAR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-2
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

31 .00
31 .59
32. 17
32.76
33.34
33.93
34.52
35. 10
35.69
36.28
36.86

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 4
CIRC.
INCHES

27.00
27.54
28.08
28.63
29. 17
29.7 1
30.25
30.79
31 .33
31 .88
32.42

25.00
25.52
26.04
26.56
27.08
27.60
28. 13
28.65
29. 17
29.69
30.21

23.00
23.50
24.00
24.50
25.00
25.50
26.00
26.50
27.00
27.50
28. 00

21 .00

32.96
33.50
34. 04
34.58
35. 12
35.67
36.21
36.75
37.29
37.83

30.73
31 .25
31 .77
32.29
32.81
33.33
33.85
34.37
34.90
35.42

28.50
29.00
29.50
30.00
30.50

26.27
26.75
27.23
27.71
28. 19
28.67
29. 15
29.63
30. 10
30.58

38.37
38.92
39.46
40.00
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40 .54
41 .08
4 1 .62
42. 17
42.71
43.25

31 . 00
31 .50
32.00
32.50
33.00

35.94
33.50
36.46
34.00
36.98
34.50
37.50
35.00
(5 FEET, 6 INCHES)
38.02
35.50
38.54
36.00
39.06
36.50
39.58
37.00
40. 10
37.50
40.62
38.00

FOOT POLE

21 .48
21 .96
22.44
22.92
23.40
23.88
24.35
24.83
25.31
25.79

31 . 06
31 .54
32.02
32.50
32.98
33.46
33.94
34.42
34.90
35.37

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 3
CIRC.
INCHES

29.00
29.57
30. 14
30.71
31 .28
31 .84
32.4 1
32.98
33.55
34. 12
34.69

27.00
27.53
28.07
28.60
29. 14
29.67
30.21
30.74
31 .28
31 .81
32.34

25.00
25.52
26.03
26.55
27.07
27.59
28. 10
28.62
29. 14
29.66
30. 17

23.00
23.50
24.00
24.50
25.00
25.50
26.00
26.50
27.00
27.50
28.00

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CIRC.
INCHES
21 .00
21 .47
21 .93
22.40
22.86
23.33
23.79
24.26
24.72
25. 19
25.66

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387

APPENDIX B

Table B-4.Pole circumferences for western red cedarContinued

WESTERN RED CEDAR
CLASS H-3
DISTANCE
CIRC.
FROM TOP
FEET
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

40.74
41 .29
41 .85
42.41
42.97
43.53
44.09
44.65
45.21
45.76

38. 12
38.65
39. 18
39.71
40.24
40.76
41 .29
41 .82
42.35
42.88

35.81
36.32
36.84
37.35
37.87
38.38
38.90
39.4 1
39.93
40.44

33. 19
33.68
34. 16
34.65
35. 13
35.62
36. 10
36.59
37.07
37.56

30.57
31 .03
31 .49
31 .94
32.40
32.85
33.31
33.76
34.22
34.68

43.41
43.94
44.47
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45.00
45.53
46.06
46.59
47. 12
47.65
48. 18

40.96
41 .47
41 .99

38.04
38.53
39.0 1

35. 13
35.59
36.04

42.50
43.01
43.53
44.04
44.56
45.07
45.59

39.50
39.99
40.47
40.96
41 .44
41 .93
42.41

36.50
36.96
37.41
37.87
38.32
38.78
39.24

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

45.66
46.26
46.87
47.47
48.07
48.68
49.28
49.88
50.49
51 .09

43.35
43.94
44.53
45. 12
45.71
46.29
46.88
47.47
48.06
48.65

31
32
33

51 .69
52.29
52.90

34
35
36
37
38
39
40

53.50
54. 10
54.71
55.31
55.91
56.51
57. 12

46.32
49.24
46.88
49.82
47.44
50.41
GROUND LINE (6 FEET,
48.00
51 .00
48.56
51 .59
49. 12
52. 18
49.68
52.76
50.24
53.35
50.79
53.94
51 .35
54.53

WESTERN RED CEDAR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
CIRC.
FROM TOP
INCHES
FEET
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

40 FOOT POLEcon.
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

45 FOOT POLE
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.59
34. 18
34.77
35.36
35.95
36.54
37. 13
37.72
38.31
38.90

31 .00
31 .58
32. 15
32.73
33.31
33.88
34.46
35.04
35.62
36. 19
36.77

29.00
29.55
30. 10
30.65
31 .21
31 .76
32.31
32.86
33.41
33.96
34.51

27.00
27.53
28.05
28.58
29. 10
29.63
30. 15
30.68
31 .21
31 .73
32.26

25.00
25.50
26.00
26.50
27.00
27.50
28.00
28.50
29.00
29.50
30.00

23.00
23.47
23.95
24.42
24.90
25.37
25.85
26.32
26.79
27.27
27.74

21 .00
21 .45
21 .90
22.35
22.79
23.24
23.69
24. 14
24.59
25.04
25.49

39.49
40.08
40.67
41 .26
41 .85
42.44
43.03
43.62
44.21
44.79

37.35
37.92
38.50
39.08
39.65
40.23
40.81
41 .38
41 .96
42.54

35.06
35.62
36. 17
36.72
37.27
37.82
38.37
38.92
39.47
40.03

32.78
33.31
33.83
34.36
34.88
35.4 1
35.94
36.46
36.99
37.51

30.50
31 .00
31 .50
32.00
32.50
33.00
33.50
34.00
34.50
35.00

28.22
28.69
29. 17
29.64
30. 12
30.59
31 .06
31 .54
32.01
32.49

25.94
26.38
26.83
27.28
27.73
28. 18
28.63
29.08
29.53
29.97

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389

Table B-4.Pole circumferences for western red cedarContinued

WESTERN RED CEDAR
CLASS H-3
DISTANCE
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

50 FOOT POLEcon.
CLASS 4
CLASS 3
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

45. 17
45.75
46.33
46.91
47.49
48.07
48.65
49.23
49.81
50.39

42.69
43.25
43.81
44.36
44.92
45.48
46.03
46.59
47. 15
47.70

40.22
40.75
41 .28
41 .82
42.35
42.89
43.42
43.95
44.49
45.02

37.74
38.25
38.76
39.27
39.78
40.30
40.81
41 .32
41 .83
42.34

35.26
35.75
36.24
36.73
37.22
37.70
38. 19
38.68
39. 17
39.66

32.78
33.25
33.72
34. 18
34.65

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

50.97
51 .55
52. 12
52.70
53.28
53.86
54.44
55.02
55.60
56. 18

48.26
48.82
49.37
49.93
50.49
51 .05
51 .60
52. 16
52.72
53.27

45.56
46.09
46.62
47. 16
47.69
48.23
48.76
49.30
49.83
50.36

42.85
43.36
43.87
44.39
44.90
45.41
45.92
46.43
46.94
47.45

40. 15
40.64
41.12
41 .61
42. 10
42.59
43.08
43.57
44. 06
44.55

37.44
37.91
38.37
38'. 84
39.31
39.77
40.24
40 .70

41 . 17
41 .64

34.39
34.82
35.25
35.68
36. 1 1
36.55
36.98
37.4 1
37.84
38.27

41
42

56.76
57.34

42. 10
42.57

38.70
3 9 . 14

57.92
58.50
59.08
59.66
60.24
60.82
61 .40
61 .98

47.97
48.48
0 INCHES)
48.99
4S.50
50.01
50.52
51 .03
51 .55
52.06
52.57

45.03
45.52

43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

50.90
53.83
54.39
51 .43
GROUND LINE (7 FEET,
54.94
51 .97
55.50
52.50
53. 03
56.06
56.61
53.57
57. 17
54. 10
54.64
57.73
55. 17
58.28
58.84
55.70

46. 01
46.50
46.99
47.48
47.97
48.45
48.94
49.43

43.03
43.50
43.97
44 .43
44.90
45.36
45.83
46.30

39.57
40.00
40 .43
40.86
41 .30
41 .73

WESTERN RED CEDAR

CLASS H-3
DISTANCE
CIRC.
FROM TOP
FEET
INCHES
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

33.00
33.57
34. 14
34.7 1
35.29
35.86
36.43
37.00
37.57
38. 14
38.71

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

31 .00
31 .54
32.08
32.62
33. 16
33.70
34.24
34.79
35.33
35.87
36.4 1

29.00
29.52
30.04
30.56
31 .08
31 .60
32. 12
32.64
33. 16
33.68
34.20

27.00
27.50
28.00
28.50
29.00
29.50
30.00
30.50
31 .00
31 .50
32.00

25.00
25.48
25.96
26.44
26.92
27.40
27.88
28.36
28.84
29.32
29.80

35. 1 1
35.58
36.05
36.51
36.98

30.07
30.50
30.93
31 .36
31 .80
32.23
32.66
33.09
33.52
33.95

42. 16
42.59

55 FOOT POLE
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES
23.00
23.45
23.90
24.35
24.80
25.24
25.69
26. 14
26.59
27.04
27.49

21 .00
21 .43
21 .86
22.29
22.71
23. 14
23.57
24.00
24.43
24.86
25.29

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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

392

Table B-4.Pole circumferences for western red cedarContinued

NESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

51

61 .33

57.92

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

61 .89
62. 44
63.00
63.56

58.44
58.97
59.50
60.03
60.56
61 .08
61 .61
62. 14
62.67

64. 1 1
64.67
65.22
65.78
66.33

NESTERN RED CEDAR

CLASS H-3
DISTANCE
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES
54.97
LINE (8 FEET,
55.48
55.99
56.50
57.0 1
57.52
58.03
58.54
59.05
59.56

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

52.03
0 INCHES)
52.52
53.01
53.50
53.99
54.48
54.97
55.46
55.95
56.44

60 FOOT POLEcon.
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

49. 08

45. 19

42.25

49.56
50.03
50.50
50.97
51 .44
51 .92
52.39
52.86
53.33

45.63
46.06
46.50
46.94
47.37
47.81
48.24
48.68

42.67
43. 08
43.50
43.92
44.33
44.75
45. 17
45.58
46.00

49. 1 1

65 FOOT POLE
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.54
34.08
34.63
35. 17
35.71
36.25
36.80
37.34
37.88
38.42

31 .00
31 .52
32.03
32.55
33.07
33.58
34. 10
34.62
35. 14
35.65
36. 17

29.00
29.50
30.00
30.50
31 .00
31 .50
32.00
32.50
33.00
33.50
34.00

27.00
27.47
27.95
28.42
28.90
29.37
29.85
30 .32
30.80
31 .27
31 .75

25.00
25.45
25.90
26.35
26.80
27.25
27.69
28. 14
28.59
29.04
29.49

23. 00
23.42
23.85
24.27
24.69
25. 12
25.54
25.97
26.39
26.81
27.24

21 .00
21.41
21 .81
22.22
22.63
23. 03
23.44
23.85
24.25
24.66
25. 07

1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

38.97
39.51
40.05
40.59
41 . 14
41 .68
42.22
42.76
43.31
43.85

36.69
37.20
37.72
38.24
38.75
39.27
39.79
40.31
40.82
41 .34

34.50
35.00
35.50
36.00
36.50
37.00
37.50
38.00
38.50
39.00

32.22
32.69
33. 17
33.64
34. 12
34.59
35.07
35.54
36.02
36.49

29.94
30.39
30.84
31 .29
31 .74
32. 19
32.64
33.08
33.53
33.98

27.66
28.08
28.51
28.93
29.36
29.78
30 .20
30.63
31 .05
31 .47

25.47
25.88
26.29
26.69
27. 10
27.51
27.92
28.32
28.73
29. 14

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

44.39
44.93
45.47
46.02
46.56
47. 10
47.64
48. 19
48.73
49.27

41 .86
42.37
42.89
43.41
43.92
44.44
44.96
45.47
45.99
46.51

39.50
40. 00
40.50
41 .00
41 .50
42.00
42.50
43.00
43.50
44.00

36.97
37.44
37.92
38.39
38.86
39.34
39.81
40.29
40.76
41 .24

34.43
34.88
35.33
35.78
36.23
36.68
37. 13
37.58
38.03
38.47

31 .90
32.32
32.75
33. 17
33.59
34.02
34.44
34.86
35.29
35.71

29.54
29.95
30.36
30.76
31 . 17
31 .58
31 .98
32.39
32.80
33.20

TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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APPENDIX B

Table B-4.Pole circurr iferences for western red cedarCcntinued

WESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

GROUND LINE (9 FEET ,

58.55
61 .98
59.03
62.48
59.52
62.99
60.00
63.50
60.48
64.0 1
60.97
64.52
65.02
61 .45
61 .94
65.53
62.42
66.04
62.91
66.55

65.41
65.94
66.47
67.00
67.53
68.06
68.59
69. 13
69.66
70. 19

WESTERN RED CEDAR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEETINCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

0 INCHES)
55. 12
55.58
56.04
56.50
56.96
57.42
57.88
58.34
58.80
59.27

70 FOOT POLEcon.
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

51 .69
52. 13
52.56
53.00
53.44
53.88
54.31
54.75
55. 19
55.63

48.26
48.67
49.09
49.50
49.91
50.33
50.74
51 . 16
51 .57
51 .98

44.83
45.22
45.61
46.00
46.39
46.78
47. 17
47.56
47.95
48.34

75 FOOT POLE
CLASS 3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
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INCHES

33.00
33.51
34.03
34.54
35.06
35.57
36.09
36.60
37. 12
37.63
38. 14

31 .00
31 .49
31 .99
32.48
32.97
33.46
33.96
34.45
34.94
35.43
35.93

29.00
29.47
29.94
30.41
30.88
31 .36
31 .83
32.30
32.77
33.24
33.71

27.00
27.45
27.90
28.35
28.80
29.25
29.70
30. 14
30.59
31 .04
31 .49

25.00
25.43
25.86
26.28
26.71
27. 14
27.57
27.99
28.42
28.85
29.28

23.00
23.41
23.81
24.22
24.62
25.03
25.43
25.84
26.25
26.65
27.06

1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

38.66
39. 17
39.69
40.20
40.72
41 .23
41 .75
42.26
42.78
43.29

36.42
36.91
37.41
37.90
38.39
38.88
39.38
39.87
40.36
40.86

34. 18
34.65
35. 12
35.59
36.07
36.54
37.0 1
37.48
37.95
38.42

31 .94
32.39
32.84
33.29
33.74
34. 19
34.64
35.09
35.54
35.99

29.70
30. 13
30.56
30.99
31 .41
31 .84
32.27
32.70
33. 12
33.55

27.46
27.87
28.28
28.68
29.09
29.49
29.90
30.30
30.71
31 . 12

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

43.80
44.32
44.83
45.35
45.86
46.38
46.89
47.41
47.92
48.43

41 .35
41 .84
42.33
42.83
43.32
43.81
44.30
44.80
45.29
45.78

38.89
39.36
39.83
40.30
40.78
41 .25
41 .72
42. 19
42.66
43. 13

36.43
36.88
37.33
37.78
38.23
38.68
39. 13
39.58
40.03
40.48

33.98
34.4 1
34.83
35.26
35.69
36. 12
36.54
36.97
37.40
37.83

31.52
31 .93
32.33
32.74
33. 14
33.55
33.96
34.36
34.77
35. 17

TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

398

Table B-4.Pole circumferences for western red cedarContinued

WESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

58.84
59.35
59.86
60.36
60.87
61 .38
61 .89
62.39
62.90
63.41

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69

63.91
64.42
64.93
65.43
65.94
66.45
66.95
67.46
67.97

70

68.47

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

68.98
69.49
69.99
70.50
71.01
71 .51
72.02
72.53
73.03
73.54

WESTERN RED CEEDAR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

33.00
33.49
33.99
34.48
34.97
35.47
35.96
36.46
36.95
37.44
37.94

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

55.81
56.30
56.78
57.27
57.76
58.24
58.73
59.22
59.70
60. 19

52.43
52.89
53.35
53.81
54.27
54.73
55. 19
55.65
56. 1 1
56.57

57.03
60.68
57.49
61 . 16
57.95
61 .65
58.41
62. 14
58.86
62.62
59.32
63. 1 1
59.78
63.59
60.24
64.08
64.57
60.70
--GROUND LINE ( 10 F E E T , 0
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61 . 16

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

80 FOOT POLEcon.
CLASS 2
CLASS 3
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

49.40
49.84
50.28
50.72
51 . 16
51 .59
52.03
52.47
52.91
53.35

46.36
46.78
47.20
47.62
48.04
48.46
48.88
49.30
49.72
50. 14

42.99
43.38
43.77
44. 16
44.55
44.95
45.34
45.73
46. 12
46.51

53.79
54.23
54.67

50.55
50.97
51 .39
51 .81
52.23
52.65
53.07
53.49
53.91

46.91
47.30
47.69
48.08
48.47
48.86
49.26
49.65
50.04

54.32

50.43
50.82
51 .22
51 .61
52.00
52.39
52.78
53. 18
53.57
53.96
54.35

55. 1 1
55.55
55.99
56.43
56.86
57.30
INCHES)57.74

65.54
66.03
66.51
67.00
67.49
67.97
68.46
68.95
69.43
69.92

61 .62
62.08
62.54
63.00
63.46
63.92
64.38
64.84
65.30
65.76

58. 18
58.62
59.06
59.50
59.94
60.38
60.82
61 .26
61 .70
62. 14

54.74
55. 16
55.58
56.00
56.42
56.84
57.26
57.68
58.09
58.51

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

31 .00
31 .47
31 .95
32.42
32.90
33.37
33.85
34.32
34.80
35.27
35.75

29.00
29.45
29.90
30.35
30.80
31 .25
31 .70
32. 15
32.59
33.04
33.49

27.00
27.43
27.86
28.29
28.72
29. 15
29.58
30.01
30.44
30.87
31 .30

25.00
25.41
25.81
26.22
26.62
27.03
27.43
27.84
28.24
28.65
29.05

85 FOOT POLE
CLASS 3
CIRC.
INCHES
23.00
23.39
23.77
24. 16
24.54
24.93
25.32
25.70
26.09
26.47
26.86

APPENDIX B
Table

399

B-4.-Pole circumferences for western red cedar -Continued

NESTERN RED CEDAR

DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

85 FOOT POLE-COn.
CLASS 2
CLASS 3
CIRC.
CIRC.
INCHES
INCHES

1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

38.43
38.92
39.42
39.91
40.41
40.90
41 .39
4 1 .89
42.38
42.87

36.22
36.70
37. 17
37.65
38. 12
38.59
39.07
39.54
40.02
40.49

33.94
34.39
34.84
35.29
35.74
36. 19
36.64
37.09
37.54
37.99

31 .73
32. 16
32.59
33.03
33.46
33.89
34.32
34.75
35. 18
35.61

29.46
29.86
30.27
30.67
31 .08
31 .48
31 .89
32.29
32.70
33. 10

27.25
27.63
28.02
28.4 1
28.79
29. 18
29.56
29.95
30.34
30.72

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
30

43.37
43.86
44.35
44.85
45.34
45.84
46.33
46.82
47.32
47.81

40.97
41 .44
41 .92
42.39
42.87
43.34
43.82
44.29
44.77
45.24

38.44
38.89
39.34
39.78
40.23
40.68
41.13
41 .58
42.03
42.48

36. 04
36.47
36.90
37.33
37.76
38. 19
38.62
39.05
39.48
39.91

33.51
33.91
34.32
34.72
35. 13
35.53
35.94
36.34
36.75
37. 15

31.11
31 .49
31 .88
32.27
32.65
33.04
33.42
33.81
34.20
34.58

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

48.30
48.80
49.29
49.78
50.28
50.77
51 .27
51 .76
52.25
52.75

45.72
46. 19
46.66
47. 14
47.61
48.09
48.56
49.04
49.51
49.99

42.93
43.38
43.83
44.28
44.73
45. 18
45.63
46.08
46.53
46.97

40.34
40 .77
41 .20
41 .63
42.06
42.49
42.92
43.35
43.78
44.22

37.56
37.96
38.37
38.77
39. 18
39.58
39.99
40.39
40.80
41 .20

34.97
35.35
35.74
36. 13
36.51
36.90
37.28
37.67
38.06
38.44

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

53.24
53.73
54.23
54.72
55.22
55.71
56.20
56.70
57. 19
57.68

50.46
50.94
51 .41
51 .89
52.36
52.84
53.31
53.78
54.26
54.73

47.42
47.87
48.32
48.77
49.22
49.67
50. 12
50.57
51 .02
51 .47

44.65
45.08
45.51
45.94
46.37
46.80
47.23
47.66
48.09
48.52

41.61
42.01
42.42
42.82
43.23
43.63
44. 04
44.44
44.85
45.25

38.83
39.22
39.60
39.99
40.37
40.76
41 . 15
41 .53
41 .92
42.30

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

58. 18
58.67
59. 16
59.66
60. 15
60.65
61 . 14
61 .63
62. 13
62.62

55.21
55.68
56. 16
56.63
57. 1 1
57.58
58.06
58.53
59.0 1
59.48

51 .92
52.37
52.82
53.27
53.72
54. 16
54.61
55.06
55.51
55.96

48.95
49.38
49.81
50.24
50.67
51 . 10
51 .53
51 .96
52.39
52.82

45.66
46.06
46.47
46.87
47.28
47.68
48.09
48.49
48.90
49.30

42.69
43.08
43.46
43.85
44.23
44.62
45.01
45.39
45.78
46. 16

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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

402

Table B-4.-Pole circumferences for western red cedar--Continued

NESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
CLASS H-3
FROM TOP
CIRC.
FEET
INCHES

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78

67.23
67.71
68.20
68.68
69. 16
69.64
70. 12
70.61

79
80

71 .09
71 .57

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

72.05
72.54
73.02
73.50
73.98
74.46
74.95
75.43
75.91
76.39

NESTERN RED CEDAR

DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET

90 FOOT POLE -COn.

CLASS 3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

60.27
57.0 1
63.96
60.71
57.43
64.43
57.85
64.89
61 . 15
58.27
65.36
61 .60
62.04
65.82
58.70
62.48
66.29
59. 12
66.75
62.92
59.54
59.96
67.21
63.36
-GROUND LINE (11 FEET, n
iMrurciJ
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60.39
63.80
67.68
64.24
60.81
68. 14

53.32
53.71
54. 1 1
54.51
54.91
55.31
55.71
56. 1 1

49.63
50.00
50.38
50.75
51 . 13
51 .50
51 .88
52.25

56.51
56.90

52.63
53.00

57.30
57.70
5 8 . 10
58.50
58.90
59.30
59.70

53.38
53.75
54. 13
54.50
54.88
55.25
55.63
56.00
56.38
56.75

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

64.68
65. 12
65.56
66.00
66.44
66.88
67.32
67.76
68.20
68.64

68.61
69.07
69.54
70.00
70.46
70.93
71 .39
71 .86
72.32
72.79

61 .23
61 .65
62.08
62.50
62.92
63.35
63.77
64. 19
64.61
65.04

95 FOOT POLE
CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

6
7
8
9
10

33.00
33.47
33.94
34.42
34.89
35.36
35.83
36.30
36.78
37.25
37.72

31 .00
31 .46
31 .91
32.37
32.82
33.28
33.73
34. 19
34.64
35. 10
35.55

29.00
29.43
29.87
30.30
30.73
31 . 16
31 .60
32.03
32.46
32.89
33.33

27.00
27.4 1
27.82
28.23
28.64
29.05
29.46
29.87
30.28
30.69
31.10

25.00
25.39
25.78
26. 16
26.55
26.94
27.33
27.71
28. 10
28.49
28.88

1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

38. 19
38.66
39. 13
39.61
40.08
40.55
41 .02
41 .49
41 .97
42.44

36.0 1
36.46
36.92
37.37
37.83
38.28
38.74
39. 19
39.65
40. 10

33.76
34. 19
34.62
35.06
35.49
35.92
36.35
36.79
37.22
37.65

31 .51
31 .92
32.33
32.74
33. 15
33.56
33.97
34.38
34.79
35.20

29.26
29.65
30. 04
30.43
30.81
31 .20
31 .59
31 .98
32.37
32.75

CJl

TOP
1
2
3
4

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

60. 10
60.49
60.89

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

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404

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-4 Pole circumferences for western red cedarContinued
NESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET

95 FOOT POLEcon.
CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

C L A S S H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

66.51
66.98
67.45
67.92
68.39
68.87
69.34
69.81
70.28
70.75

63.31
63.76
64.22
64.67
65. 13
65.58
66.04
66.49
66.95
67.40

59.71
60. 15
60.58
61.01
61 .44
61 .88
62.31
62.74
63. 17
63.61

56. 12
56.53
56.94
57.35
57.76
58. 17
58.58
58.99
59.40
59.81

52.52
52.91
53.30
53.69
54. 07
54.46
54.85
55.24
55.62
56.0 1

81
82
83

60.22
60 .63
61 .04

56.40
56.79
57. 17

84
85
86
87
88
89
90

71 .22
64.04
67.86
71 .70
64.47
68.31
68.77
72. 17
64.90
GROUND LINE (11 FEET, 0 INCh rL eb
72.64
65.34
69.22
73. 1 1
65.77
69.68
73.58
70. 13
66.20
74.06
70.59
66.63
74.53
71 .04
67.07
75.00
71 .50
67.50
75.47
71 .96
67.93

61 .45
61 .86
62.27
62.68
63.09
63.50
63.91

57.56
57.95
58.34
58.72
59. 1 1
59.50
59.89

91
92
93
94
95

75.94
76.42
76.89
77.36
77.83

60.28
60.66
61 .05
61 .44
61 .83

NESTERN RED CEDAR

DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

i
)

72.41
72.87
73.32
73.78
74.23

68.37
68.80
69.23
69.66
70. 10

64.32
64.73
65. 14
65.55
65.96

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.46
33.93
34.39
34.85
35.31
35.78
36.24
36.70
37. 16
37.63

31 .00
31 .44
31 .88
32.32
32.77
33.21
33.65
34.09
34.53
34.97
35.4 1

29.00
29.43
29.85
30.28
30.70
31.13
31 .55
31 .98
32.40
32.83
33.26

27.00
27.40
27.81
28.21
28.62
29.02
29.43
29.83
30 .23
30.64
31 .04

25.00
25.38
25.77
26. 15
26.53
26.91
27.30
27.68
28.06
28.45
28.83

38.09
38.55
39.02
39.48
39.94
40.40
40.87
41 .33
41 .79
42.26

35.86
36.30
36.74
37. 18
37.62
38.06
38.51
38.95
39.39
39.83

33.68

31 .45
31 .85
32.26
32.66
33.06
33.47
33.87
34.28
34.68
35.09

29.21
29.60
29.98
30.36
30.74
31 . 13
31 .51
31 .89
32.28
32.66

34. 1 1
34.53
34.96
35.38
35.81
36.23
36.66
37.09
37.51

100 FOOT POLE

CLASS 2 '
CIRC.
INCHES

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cnoioi-F-FWLNiOsjruru

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CDCnruCD-FOCDCAlCDOl
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cnoioi-p-FwojLNjnjnj

Ol-F-F-F-F-F-F-F-F-F
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O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I O I
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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

406

Table B-4.Pole circumferences for western red cedorContinued

WESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

C L A S S H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

65.86
66.32
66.78
67.24
67.71
68. 17
68.63
69. 10
69.56
70.02

62.35
62.79
63.23
63.67

59.21
59.64
60.06
60.49
60.91
61 .34
61 .77
62. 19
62.62
63.04

55.70

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88

70.48
70.95
71 .41
71 .87
72.34
72.80
73.26
73.72

89
90

74. 19
74.65

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

75. 1 1
75.57
76.04
76.50
76.96
77.43
77.89
78.35
78.81
79.28

rDfil IKin
U K U U IN U

NESTERN RED CEDAR

DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

64. 1 1
64.55
64.99
65.44
65.88
66.32

56. 1 1
56.51
56.91
57.32
57.72

58. 13
58.53
58.94
59.34

66.76
63.47
59.74
67.20
63.89
60. 15
67.64
64.32
60.55
68.09
64.74
60.96
68.53
65. 17
61 .36
68.97
61 .77
65.60
69.4 1
62. 17
66.02
69.85
62.57
66.45
C~C
1
LINE (11 FEET, 0 INCH L b J
70.29
66.87
62.98
70.73
67.30
63.38
71 . 18
71 .62
72.06
72.50
72.94
73.38
73.82
74.27
74.7 1
75. 15

67.72
68. 15
68.57
69.00
69.43
69.85
70.28
70.70
71 . 13
71 .55

63.79
64. 19
64.60
65.00
65.40
65.81
66.21
66.62
67.02
67.43

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.45
33.91
34.36
34.82
35.27
35.73
36. 18
36.64
37.09
37.55

31 .00
31 .43
31 .87
32.30
32.74
33. 17
33.61
34.04
34.47
34.91
35.34

29.00
29.4 1
29.83
30.24
30.66
31 .07
31 .48
31 .90
32.31
32.73
33. 14

27.00
27.39
27.79
28. 18
28.58
28.97
29.36
29.76
30. 15
30.55
30.94

100 FOOT POLE-COn.

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES
52. 19
52.57
52.96
53.34
53.72
54. 1 1
54.49
54.87
55.26
55.64
56.02
56.40
56.79
57. 17
57.55
57.94
58.32
58.70
59. 09
59.47
59.85
60.23
60.62
61 .00
61 .38
61 .77
62. 15
62.53
62.91
63.30

105 FOOT POLE

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES
25.00
25.37
25.75
26. 12
26.49
26.87
27.24
27.62
27.99
28.36
28.74

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410

Table B-4.Pole circumferences for western red cedarContinued

NESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET

.1 10 FOOT POLEcon.
CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

C L A S S H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

55.80
56.25
56.70
57. 14
57.59
58.04
58.49
58.93
59.38
59.83

52.82
53.25
53.68
54. 1 1
54.53
54.96
55.39
55.82
56.25
56.67

49.84
50.25
50.66
51 .07
51 .48
51 .88
52.29
52.70

46.86
47.25
47.64
48.03
48.42
48.81
49.20
49.59
49.98
50.37

43.63
44.00
44.37
44.73
45. 10
45.46
45.83
46. 19
46.56
46.92

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

60.27
60.72
61 . 17
61 .62
62.06
62.51
62.96
63.40
63.85
64.30

57. 10
57.53
57.96
58.38
58.81
59.24
59.67
60. 10
60.52
60.95

53.93
54.34
54.75

55. 15
55.56
55.97
56.38
56.79
57.20
57.61

50.75
51 . 14
51 .53
51 .92
52.31
52.70
53.09
53.48
53.87
54.26

47.29
47.65
48.02
48.38
48.75
49. 12
49.48
49.85
50.21
50.58

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

64.75
65. 19
65.64
66.09
66.53
66.98
67.43
67.87
68.32
68.77

61 .38
61 .81
62.24
62.66
63.09
63.52
63.95
64.37
64.80
65.23

58.0 1
58.42
58.83
59.24
59.65
60.06
60.47
60.87
61 .28
61 .69

54.65
55.04
55.43
55.82
56.21
56.60
56.99
57.37
57.76
58. 15

50.94
51 .31
51 .67
52.04
52.40
52.77
53. 13
53.50
53.87
54.23

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

69.22
69.66
71 .00
71 .45
71 .90
72.35
72.79
73.24

65.66
66.09
66.51
66.94
67.37
67.80
68.23
68.65
69.08
69.51

62. 10
62.51
62.92
63.33
63.74
64. 14
64.55
64.96
65.37
65.78

58.54
58.93
59.32
59.71
60. 10
60.49
60.88
61 .27
61 .66
62.05

54.60
54.96
55.33
55.69
56.06
56.42
56.79
57. 15
57.52
57.88

91
92
93
94
95
96
97

73.69
74. 13
74.58
75.03
75.48
75.92
76.37

66. 19
66.60
67.00
67.4 1
67.82
68.23
68.64

62.44
62.83
63.22
63.61
64.00
64.38
64.77

58.25
58.62
58.98
59.35
59.71
60.08
60.44

98
99
100

76.82
77.26
77.71

69.94
70.37
70.79
71 .22
71 .65
72.08
72.50
LINE (12
72.93
73.36
73.79

65. 16
65.55
65.94

60.81
61 . 17
61 .54

70. 1 1
70.56

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53.52

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69.46
69.87

APPENDIX B

411

Table B-4 Pole circumferences for western red cedarContinued

WESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET

1 10 FOOT POLE-COn.
CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

78. 16
78.61
79.05
79.50
79.95
80.39
80.84
81 .29
81 .74
82. 18

74.22
74.64
75.07
75.50
75.93
76.36
76.78
77.21
77.64
78.07

70.27
70.68
71 .09
71 .50
71 .91
72.32
72.73
73. 13
73.54
73.95

66.33
66.72
67.11
67.50
67.89
68.28
68.67
69.06
69.45
69.84

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.44
33.87
34.31
34.74
35. 18
35.61
36.05
36.49
36.92
37.36

31 .00
31 .42
31 .83
32.25
32.67
33.09
33.50
33.92
34.34
34.76
35. 17

29.00
29.40
29.80
30.20
30.60
31 .00
31 .39
31 .79
32. 19
32.59
32.99

27.00
27.38
27.76
28. 14
28.52
28.90
29.28
29.67
30.05
30.43
30.81

25.00
25.36
25.72
26.07
26.43
26.79
27. 15
27.50
27.86
28.22
28.58

1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

37.79
38.23
38.67
39. 10
39.54
39.97
40.41
40.84
41 .28
41 .72

35.59
36.0 1
36.43
36.84
37.26
37.68
38. 10
38.51
38.93
39.35

33.39
33.79
34. 19
34.59
34.99
35.39
35.78
36. 18
36.58
36.98

31 . 19
31 .57
31 .95
32.33
32.71
33.09
33.47
33.85
34.23
34.61

28.94
29.29
29.65
30.01
30.37
30.72
31 .08
31 .44
31 .80
32. 16

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

42. 15
42.59
43.02
43.46
43.89
44.33
44.77
45.20
45.64
46.07

39.77
40. 18
40.60
41 .02
41 .44
41 .85
42.27
42.69
43. 1 1
43.52

37.38
37.78
38. 18
38.58
38.98
39.38
39.78
40. 17
40.57
40.97

35.00
35.38
35.76
36. 14
36.52
36.90
37.28
37.66
38.04
38.42

32.51
32.87
33.23
33.59
33.94
34.30
34.66
35.02
35.38
35.73

101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1 10

WESTERN RED CEDAR

DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

61.90
62.27
62.63
63.00
63.37
63.73
64.10
64.46
64.83
65.19

115 FOOT POLE

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

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APPENDIX B

413

Table BA.Pole circumferences for western red cedarContinued

WESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET

115 FOOT POLE-con.

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

68.30
68.73
69. 17
69.61
70.04
70.48
70.91
71 .35
71 .78
72.22

64.81
65.23
65.65
66.06
66.48
66.90
67.32
67.73
68. 15
68.57

61 .33
61 .72
62. 12
62.52
62.92
63.32
63.72
64. 12
64.52
64.92

57.84
58.22
58.60
58.98
59.36
59.74
60. 12
60.50
60.89
61 .27

53.98
54.34
54.70
55.06
55.4 1
55.77
56. 13
56.49
56.84
57.20

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

72.66
73. 09
73.53
73.96
74.40
74.83
75.27
75.71
76. 14
76.58

68.99
69.40
69.82
70.24
70.66
71 .07
71 .49
71 .91
72.33
72.74

65.32
65.72
66. 1 1
66.51
66.91
67.31
67.7 1
68. 1 1
68.51
68.91

61 .65
62.03
62.41
62.79
63. 17
63.55
63.93
64.31
64.69
65.07

57.56
57.92
58.28
58.63
58.99
59.35
59.71
60.06
60.42
60.78

101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1 10

77. 01
73. 16
69.31
65.45
69.71
77.45
73.58
65.83
GROUND LINE (12 FEET, 0 INCH r e i
Lo )
74.00
77.89
70. 1 1
66.22
78.32
74.41
70.50
66.60
78.76
74.83
70.90
66.98
79. 19
75.25
71 .30
67.36
79.63
75.67
71 .70
67.74
80.06
76.08
72. 10
68. 12
80.50
76.50
72.50
68.50
80.94
76.92
72.90
68.88

61 .85
62.21
62.57
62.93
63.28
63.64
64.00
64.36

1
1
1
1
1

81 .37
81 .81
82.24
82.68
83. 1 1

77.33
77.75
78. 17
78.59
79.00

73.30
73.70
74. 10
74.50
74.89

69.26
69.64
70.02
70.40
70.78

64.72
65.07
65.43
65.79
66. 15

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.43
33.86
34.29
34.72
35. 15
35.58
36.0 1
36.44
36.87
37.30

31 .00
31 .41
31 .82
32.24
32.65
33.06
33.47
33.89
34.30
34.71
35. 12

29.00
29.39
29.79
30. 18
30.58
30.97
31 .37
31 .76
32. 16
32.55
32.95

27.00
27.37
27.75
28. 12
28.49
28.86
29.24
29.61
29.98
30.36
30.73

1 1
12
13
14
15

WESTERN RED CEDAR

DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

61 . 14
61 .50

120 FOOT POLE

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES
25.00
25.35
25.70
26.05
26.40
26.75
27. 1 1
27.46
27.81
28. 16
28.51

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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

416

Table B-4.Pole circumferences for western red cedarContinued

WESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET

120 FOOT POLE -COn.

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

80.71
81 . 14
81 .57
82.00
82.43
82.86
83.29
83.72
84. 15
84.58

76.76
77. 18
77.59
78.00
78.41
78.82
79.24
79.65
80.06
80.47

72.82
73.21
73.61
74.00
74.39
74.79
75. 18
75.58
75.97
76.37

68.38
68.75
69. 13
69.50
69.87
70.25
70.62
70.99
71 .36
71 .74

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

33.00
33.42
33.84
34.26
34.68
35. 10
35.52
35.94
36.36
36.78
37.20

31 .00
31 .40
31 .81
32.21
32.61
33.02
33.42
33.82
34.23
34.63
35.03

29.00
29.39
29.77
30. 16
30.55
30.93
31 .32
31 .71
32.09
32.48
32.87

27.00
27.37
27.73
28. 10
28.46
28.83
29. 19
29.56
29.92
30.29
30.66

25.00
25.34
25.69
26.03
26.38
26.72
27.07
27.4 1
27.76
28. 10
28.45

1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

37.62
38.04
38.46
38.88
39.30
39.72
40. 14
40.56
40.98
41 .40

35.44
35.84
36.24
36.65
37.05
37.45
37.86
38.26
38.66
39.07

33.25
33.64
34.03
34.4 1
34.80
35. 18
35.57
35.96
36.34
36.73

31 .02
31 .39
31 .75
32. 12
32.48
32.85
33.21
33.58
33.95
34.31

28.79
29. 13
29.48
29.82
30. 17
30.51
30.86
31 .20
31 .55
31 .89

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

41 .82
42.24
42.66
43.08
43.50
43.92
44.34
44.76
45. 18
45.61

39.47
39.87
40.28
40.68
41 .08
41 .49
41 .89
42.29
42.70
43. 10

37. 12
37.50
37.89
38.28
38.66
39.05
39.44
39.82
40.21
40.60

34.68
35.04
35.4 1
35.77
36. 14
36.50
36.87
37.24
37.60
37.97

32.24
32.58
32.92
33.27
33.61
33.96
34.30
34.65
34.99
35.34

1 1 1
1 12
1 13
1 14
1 15
1 16
1 17
1 18
1 19
120

WESTERN RED CEDAR

DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET
TOP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

63.95
64.30
64.65
65.00
65.35
65.70
66.05
66.40
66.75
67. 1 1

125 FOOT POLE

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

418

Table B-4. -Pole circumferences for western red cedarContinued

WESTERN RED CEDAR
DISTANCE
FROM TOP
FEET

125 FOOT POLECOn.

CLASS 2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-3
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-2
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS H-l
CIRC.
INCHES

CLASS 1
CIRC.
INCHES

81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

67.03
67.45
67.87
68.29
68.71
69. 13
69.55
69.97
70.39
70.82

63.67
64.08
64.48
64.88
65.29
65.69
66.09
66.50
66.90
67.30

60.31
60.70
61 .08
61 .47
61 .86
62.24
62.63
63.02
63.40
63.79

56.61
56.97
57.34
57.71
58.07
58.44
58.80
59. 17
59.53
59.90

52.91
53.25
53.60
53.94
54.29
54.63
54.97
55.32
55.66
56.01

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

71 .24
71 .66
72.08
72.50
72.92
73.34
73.76
74. 18
74.60
75.02

67.71
68. 1 1
68.51
68.92
69.32
69.72
70. 13
70.53
70.93
71 .34

64. 18
64.56
64.95
65.34
65.72
66. 1 1
66.50
66.88
67.27
67.66

60.26
60.63
61 .00
61 .36
61 .73
62.09
62.46
62.82
63. 19
63.55

56.35
56.70
57.04
57.39
57.73
58.08
58.42
58.76
59. 1 1
59.45

101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1 10

75.44
75.86
76.28
76.70
77. 12
77.54
77.96
78.38
78.80
79.22

71 .74
72. 14
72.55
72.95
73.35
73.76
74. 16
74.56
74.97
75.37

68.04
68.43
68.82
69.20
69.59
69.97
70.36
70.75
71 . 13
71 .52

63.92
64.29
64.65
65.02
65.38
65.75
66. 1 1
66.48
66.84
67.21

59.80
60. 14
60.49
60.83
61 . 18
61 .52
61 .87
62.21
62.55
62.90

1 1 1
1 12

79.64
80.06

1 13
1 14
1 15
1 16
1 17
1 18
1 19
120

80.48
80.90
81 .32
81 .74
82. 16
82.58
83.00
83.42

121
122
123
124
125

83.84
84.26
84.68
85. 10
85.52

"*

UnUUINU

75.77
71 .91
67.58
76. 18
72.29
67.94
e i
LINE (12 FEET, 0 INCH rLb
J
76.58
72.68
68.31
76.98
73.07
68.67
77.39
69.04
73.45
77.79
73.84
69.40
78. 19
69.77
74.23
78.60
74.61
70. 13
79.00
75.00
70.50
79.40
70.87
75.39
79.81
80.21
80.61
81 .02
81 .42

75.77
76. 16
76.55
76.93
77.32

71 .23
71 .60
71 .96
72.33
72.69

63.24
63.59
63.93
64.28
64.62
64.97
65.31
65.66
66.00
66.34
66.69
67.03
67.38
67.72
68.07

APPENDIX B

419

Table B-5.-Permanent set values for Alumoweld strand

Maximum conductor tension
Percent of rated strength

Permanent set
mm/mm or in/in

Maximum conductor tension

Percent of rated strength

Permanent set
mm/mm or in/in

10
11
12
13
14

0.000 096
.000 104
.000 112
.000 120
.000 129

40
41
42
43
44

0.000 502
.000 521
.000 540
.000 559
.000 579

15
16
17
18
19

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

138
148
159
171
183

45
46
47
48
49

.000 600
.000 622
.000 645
.000 668
.000 691

20
21
22
23
24

.000 195
.000 206
.000 217
.000 228
.000 240

50
51
52
53
54

.000 714
.000 737
.000 760
.000 783
.000 807

25
26
27
28
29

.000 253
.000 267
.000 282
.000 298
.000 314

55
56
57
58
59

.000 832
.000 858
.000 885
.000 912
.000 940

30
31
32
33
34

.000 330
.000 347
.000 364
.000 381
.000 398

60
61
62
63
64

.000 968
.000 997
.001 027
.001 057
.001 087

35
36
37
38
39

.000 415
.000 432
.000 449
.000 466
.000 484

65
66
67
68
69

.001 118
.001 149
.001 181
.001 214
.001 248

70

.001 283

Initial modulus: 148.238 GPa (21.5 x 106 lb/in2)

Final modulus: 158.580 GPa (23 x 10 6 lb/in2)

420

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-6.Permanent set values for steel strand

Tension

10 mm (3/8 in)
HS 1
EHS2

11 mm (7/16 in)
EHS 2
HS1

13 mm (1/2 in)
HS 1

EHS2

0.000 019
.000 020
.000 021
.000 022
.000 023

0.000 060
.000 063
.000 066
.000 070
.000 074

0.000 012
.000 013
.000 014
.000 015
.000 016

.000 115
.000 120
.000 125
.000 130
.000 135

.000 024
.000 025
.000 026
.000 027
.000 028

.000 078
.000 082
.000 086
.000 090
.000 094

.000 017
.000 018
.-000 019
.000 020
.000 021

.000 049
.000 052
.000 055
.000 058
.000 061

.000 140
.000 145
.000 150
.000 155
.000 160

.000 029
.000 030
.000 031
.000 032
.000 033

.000 098
.000 102
.000 106
.000 111
.000 115

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.000 275
.000 287
.000 299
.000 311
.000 323

.000 064
.000 068
.000 072
.000 076
.000 081

.000 165
.000 170
.000 175
.000 180
.000 185

.000 034
.000 035
.000 036
.000 037
.000 038

.000 119
.000 123
.000 127
.000 131
.000 135

.000 027
.000 028
.000 029
.000 030
.000 031

4 000
4 100
4200
4 300
4 400

.000 336
.000 350
.000 365
.000 381
.000 398

.000 086
.000 092
.000 098
.000 104
.000 110

.000 190
.000 195
.000 202
.000 208
.000 214

.000 040
.000 041
.000 043
.000 045
.000 047

.000 139
.000 143
.000 148
.000 152
.000 156

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

017
462
907
351
796

4
4
4
4
4

500
600
700
800
900

.000 416
.000 435
.000 455
.000 475
.000 496

.000 117
.000 124
.000 131
.000 138
.000 146

.000 220
.000 227
.000 234
.000 242
.000 250

.000 049
.000 051
.000 053
.000 056
.000 058

.000 160
.000 164
.000 168
.000 172
.000 176

.000 037
.000 038
.000 039
.000 040
.000 041

241
686
131
575
020

5 000
5 100
5 200
5 300
5 400

.000 519
.000 544
.000 571
.000 600
.000 631

.000 154
.000 162
.000 171
.000 180
.000 189

.000 259
.000 268
.000 277
.000 286
.000 295

.000 062
.000 065
.000 068
.000 071
.000 074

.000 180
.000 185
.000 190
.000 195
.000 200

.000 042
.000 043
.000 044
.000 045
.000 046

lb

8 896
9 341
9 786
10 231
10 657

2 000
2 100
2 200
2 300
2 400

0.000 136
.000 142
.000 147
.000 154
.000 162

0.000 036
.000 037
.000 038
.000 039
.000 040

0.000 091
.000 096
.000 100
.000 105
.000 110

11 121
11 565
12 010
12 455
12 900

2 500
2 600
2 700
2 800
2 900

.000 170
.000 179
.000 188
.000 198
.000 208

.000 041
.000 042
.000 043
.000 045
.000 047

13
13
14
14
15

345
789
234
679
124

3 000
3 100
3 200
3 300
3 400

.000 219
.000 230
.000 242
.000 253
.000 264

15 569
16 014
16 458
16 903
17 348

3 500
3 600
3 700
3 800
3 900

17
18
18
19
19

793
238
682
127
572

20
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24

022
023
024
025
026

032
033
034
035
036

24 465
24 910
25 355
25 800
26 244

5
5
5
5
5

500
600
700
800
900

.000 199
.000 209
.000 219
.000 230
.000 241

.000 305
.000 315
.000 325
.000 335
.000 347

.000 077
.000 080
.000 083
.000 086
.000 089

.000 205
.000 210
.000 215
.000 220
.000 225

.000 047
.000 048
.000 049
.000 050
.000 051

26 689
27 134
27 576
28 024
28 468

6
6
6
6
6

000
100
200
300
400

.000 252
.000 263
.000 275
.000 287
.000 299

.000 359
.000 371
.000 382
.000 393
.000 405

.000 092
.000 095
.000 099
.000 103
.000 107

.000 230
.000 236
.000 243
.000 250
.000 257

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

28
29
29
30
30

6
6
6
6
6

500
600
700
800
900

.000 311
.000 324
.000 337
.000 351
.000 365

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.000 111
.000 115
.000 119
.000 123
.000 128

.000 264
.000 271
.000 278
.000 285
.000 292

.000 060
.000 062
.000 064
.000 067
.000 070

913
358
803
248
693

417
429
441
453
465

052
053
054
056
058

APPENDIX B

421

Table B-6.-Permanent set values for steel strandContinued

10 m m (3/8 in)

Tension

lb

HS

EHS

31
31
32
32
32

137
582
027
472
917

7 000
7 100
7 200
7 300
7 400

0.000 380
.000 396
.000 413
.000 431
.000 451

33
33
34
34
35

362
806
251
696
141

7 500
7 600
7 700
7 800
7 900

.000 472
.000 493
.000 515

35
36
36
36
37

586
030
475
920
365

37
38
38
39
39

11 m m (7/16 in)
HS1
EHS2
0.000 477
.000 489
.000 501
.000 513

0.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

133
139
146
152
159

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

8 000
8 100
8 200
8 300
8 400

810
255
699
144
589

40
40
40
41
41

13 m m (1/2 in)
EHS 2
HS1
0.000 299

0.000 073
.000 075
.000 078
.000 081
.000 083

.000
.000
.000
.000

306
313
320
327

165
172
178
185
191

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

334
341
348
355
363

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

198
204
211
217
224

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

371
378
387
396
405

.000 099
.000 102
.000 105
.000 108
.000 111

8 500
8 600
8 700
8 800
8 900

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

230
237
243
249
256

.000 414
.000 424
.000 434
.000 444
.000 454

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

114
118
122
126
130

034
479
923
368
813

9 000
9 100
9 200
9 300
9 400

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

262
268
274
280
287

.000 464
.000 474
.000 484
.000 495
.000 506

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

135
139
143
147
151

42
42
43
43
44

258
703
148
592
037

9 500
9 600
9 700
9 800
9 900

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

295
306
318
329
341

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

155
159
164
168
173

44
44
45
45
46

482
927
372
816
261

10 000
10 100
10 200
10 300
10 400

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

352
364
375
387
403

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

178
183
188
192
197

085
087
090
093
096

46 706
47 151
47 596
48 041
48 485

10
10
10
10
10

500
600
700
800
900

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

201
205
209
213
218

48
49
49
50
50

11000
11 100
11 200
11 300
11400

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

223
228
233
238
243

11
11
11
11
11

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

249
255
261
267
273

930
375
820
265
709

51 154
51 599
52 044
52 489
52 934

500
600
700
800
900

422

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-6.Permanent set values for steel strandContinued

10 mm (3/8 in)

Tension

lb

HS1

EHS2

11 mm (7/16 in)
HS1
EHS2

13 m m (1/2 in)

HS1

EHS2

53
53
54
54
55

378
823
268
713
158

12
12
12
12
12

000
100
200
300
400

0.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

280
287
295
302
309

55
56
56
56
57

603
047
492
937
382

12
12
12
12
12

500
600
700
800
900

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

317
325
333
341
350

57
58
58
59
59

827
271
716
161
606

13
13
13
13
13

000
100
200
300
400

.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

359
368
377
386
396

Ultimate strength

48 040 N
(10 8001b)

1
2

68 500 N
(15 400 lb)

64 500 N
(14 500 lb)

92 520 N
(20 800 lb)

83 625 N
(18 8001b)

119 655 N
(26 900 lb)

High strength. Initial modulus = 158.580 GPa (23 x 106 lb/in2). Final modulus = 177.885 GPa (25.8 x 106 lb/in2).
Extra-high strength. Initial modulus = 162.028 GPa (23.5 x 106 lb/in2). Final modulus = 177.885 GPa (25.8 x 10 6 lb/in2).

APPENDIX B

423

Table B-l.Flashover characteristics of suspension insulator strings

and air gaps
Impulse air gap,

in

mm

Impulse
flashover
(positive
critical),

Number of
insulator
units1

kV

Wet 60-Hz
flashover,

Wet 60-Hz air ga

kV

mm

in

8
14
21
26
32

203
356
533
660
813

150
255
355
440
525

1
2
3
4
5

50
90
130
170
215

254
305
406
508
660

10
12
16
20
26

38
43
49
55
60

965
1092
1245
1397
1524

610
695
780
860
945

6
7
8
9
10

255
295
335
375
415

762
889
991
1118
1245

30
35
39
44
49

66
71
77
82
88

1676
1803
1956
2083
2235

1025
1105
1185
1265
1345

11
12
13
14
15

455
490
525
565
600

1346
1473
1575
1676
1778

53
58
62
66
70

93
99
104
110
115

2362
2515
2642
2794
2921

1425
1505
1585
1665
1745

16
17
18
19
20

630
660
690
720
750

1880
1981
2083
2184
2286

74
78
82
86
90

121
126
132
137
143

3073
3200
3353
3480
3632

1825
1905
1985
2065
2145

21
22
23
24
25

780
810
840
870
900

2388
2464
2565
2692
2794

94
97
101
106
110

148
154
159
165
171

3759
3912
4039
4191
4343

2225
2305
2385
2465
2550

26
27
28
29
30

930
960
990

2921
3023
3124
3251
3353

115
119
123
128
132

1020
1050

Insulator units are 146 by 254 mm (5-3/4 by 10 in) or 146 by 267 mm (5-3/4 by 10-1/2 in).

424

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-8 .Flashover values of air gaps
Air gap
mm

in

Flashover
60-Hz wet,
Pos. critical
kV
impulse, k V

Air gap

Flashover
__
60-Hz wet,
Pos. critical
impulse, k V
kV

mm

in

1295
1321
1346
1372
1397

51
52
53
54
55

438
447
455
464
472

814
829
843
858
872

56
57
58
59
60

481
489
498
506
515

887
901
916
930
945
960
975
990

25
51
76
102
127

1
2
3
4
5

152
178
203
229
254

6
7
8
9
10

80

190

1422
1448
1473
1499
1524

279
305
330
356
381

11
12
13
14
15

89
98
107
116
125

207
224
241
258
275

1549
1575
1600
1626
1651

61
62
63
64
65

523
532
540
549
557

1005
1020

406
432
457
483
508

16
17
18
19
20

134
143
152
161
170

290
305
320
335
350

1676
1702
1727
1753
1778

66
67
68
69
70

566
574
583
591
600

1035
1050
1065
1080
1095

533
559
584
610
635

21
22
23
24
25

178
187
195
204
212

365
381
396
412
427

1803
1829
1854
1880
1905

71
72
73
74
75

607
615
622
630
637

1109
1124
1138
1153
1167

660
686
711
737
762

26
27
28
29
30

221
229
238
246
255

443
458
474
489
505

1930
1956
1981
2007
2032

76
77
78
79
80

645
652
660
667
675

1182
1196
1211
1225
1240

787
813
838
864
889

31
32
33
34
35

264
273
282
291
300

519
534
548
563
577

2057
2083
2108
2134
2159

81
82
83
84
85

683
691
699
707
715

1254
1269
1283
1298
1312

914
940
965
991
1016

36
37
38
39
40

309
318
327
336
345

592
606
621
635
650

2184
2210
2235
2261
2286

86
87
88
89
90

723
731
739
747
755

1327
1341
1356
1370
1385

1041
1067
1092
1118
1143

41
42
43
44
45

353
362
370
379
387

665
680
695
710
725

2311
2337
2362
2388
2413

91
92
93
94
95

763
771
779
787
795

1399
1414
1428
1443
1457

1168
1194
1219
1245
1270

46
47
48
49
50

396
404
413
421
430

740
755
770
785
800

2438
2464
2489
1 2515
2540

96
97
98
99
100

803
811
819
827
835

1472
1486
1501
1515
1530

38
60
75
91-95
106-114
128-141
141-155
159-166
175-178

APPENDIX B

425

Table B-8. Flashover values of air gapsContinued

Air gap

Flashover
60-Hz wet,
Pos. critical
impulse, k V
kV

mm

in

2565
2591
2616
2642
2667

101
102
103
104
105

842
848
855
862
869

2692
2718
2743
2769
2794

106
107
108
109
110

2819
2845
2870
2896
2921

Air gap

Flashover
60-Hz wet,
Pos. critical
impulse, k V
kV

mm

in

1544
1559
1573
1588
1602

3835
3861
3886
3912
3937

151
152
153
154
155

1176
1182
1188
1194
1200

2269
2284
2298
2313
2327

875
882
889
896
902

1617
1631
1646
1660
1675

3962
3988
4013
4039
4064

156
157
158
159
160

1206
1212
1218
1224
1230

2342
2356
2371
2385
2400

111
112
113
114
115

909
916
923
929
936

1689
1704
1718
1733
1747

4089
4115
4140
4166
4191

161
162
163
164
165

1236
1242
1248
1254
1260

2414
2429
2443
2458
2472

2946
2972
2997
3023
3048

116
117
118
119
120

943
950
956
963
970

1762
1776
1791
1805
1820

4216
4242
4267
4293
4318

166
167
168
169
170

1266
1272
1278
1284
1290

2487
2501
2516
2530
2545

3073
3099
3124
3150
3175

121
122
123
124
125

977
984
991
998
1005

1834
1849
1863
1878
1892

4343
4369
4394
4420
4445

171
172
173
174
175

1296
1302
1308
1314
1320

2559
2574
2588
2603
2617

3200
3226
3251
3277
3302

126
127
128
129
130

1012
1019
1026
1033
1040

1907
1921
1936
1950
1965

4470
4496
4521
4547
4572

176
177
178
179
180

1326
1332
1338
1344
1350

2632
2646
2661
2675
2690

3327
3353
3378
3404
3429

131
132
133
134
135

1047
1054
1061
1068
1075

1979
1994
2008
2023
2037

4597
4623
4648
4674
4699

181
182
183
184
185

1355
1361
1366
1372
1377

2704
2719
2733
2748
2762

3454
3480
3505
3531
3556

136
137
138
139
140

1082
1089
1096
1103
1110

2052
2066
2081
2095
2110

4724
4750
4775
4801
4826

186
187
188
189
190

1383
1388
1394
1399
1405

2777
2791
2806
2820
2835

3581
3607
3632
3658
3683

141
142
143
144
145

1116
1122
1128
1134
1140

2124
2139
2153
2168
2182

4851
4877
4902
4928
4953

191
192
193
194
195

1410
1416
1421
1427
1432

2849
2864
2878
2893
2907

3708
3734
3759
3785
3810

146
147
148
149
150

1146
1152
1158
1164
1170

2197
2211
2226
2240
2255

4978
5004
5029
5055
5080

196
197
198
199
200

1438
1443
1449
1454
1460

2922
2936
2951
2965
2980

426

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-9.Relative air density and barometric pressure

Elevation
m

Barometric pressure
mm
in

ft

Relative air density

at 25 C
at 77 F

0
328.08
656.17
984.25
1312.34

0
1000
2 000
3 000
4 000

760
733
707
681
656

29.92
28.86
27.82
26.81
25.84

1.00
0.96
.93
.90
.86

1.00
0.96
.93
.90
.86

1640.42
1968^0
2296.59
2624.67
2952.76

5
6
7
8
9

000
000
000
000
000

632
609
587
564
544

24.89
23.98
23.10
22.22
21.40

.83
.80
.77
.74
.72

.83
.80
.77
.74
.72

3280.84
3608.92
3937.01
4265.09
4593.18

10 000
11000
12 000
13 000
14 000

523
503
484
465
447

20.58
19.81
19.05
18.31
17.58

.69
.66
.64
.61
.59

.69
.66
.64
.61
.59

4921.26
5249.34

15 000
16 000

429
412

16.88
16.21

.56
.54

.56
.54

Table B-10.-Barometric p ressure versus elevation

Nonstandard
air factor

Barometric pressure
mm of
inches of
mercury
mercury l

Elevation
m
ft

Nonstandard
air factor

Barometric pressure
mm of
inches of
mercury
mercury l

Elevation
m

ft

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

760
752
745
737
730

29.92
29.62
29.32
29.02
28.72

0
85
171
256
343

0
280
561
841
1126

1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27

585
578
570
562
555

23.04
22.74
22.44
22.14
21.84

2154
2258
2362
2468
2580

7
7
7
8
8

068
409
750
098
463

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

722
714
707
699
692

28.42
28.12
27.83
27.53
27.23

432
521
609
697
788

1417
1709
1999
2287
2584

1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32

547
540
532
524
517

21.54
21.24
20.94
20.64
20.35

2691
2803
2914
3026
3139

8
9
9
9
10

829
195
561
927
299

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

684
676
669
661
654

26.93
26.63
26.33
26.03
25.73

878
971
1065
1159
1253

2881
3186
3495
3804
4112

1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37

509
502
494
486
479

20.05
19.75
19.45
19.15
18.85

3258
3377
3497
3617
3740

10
11
11
11
12

688
079
474
868
270

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

646
638
631
623
616

25.43
25.13
24.83
24.53
24.24

1347
1440
1534
1638
1739

4418
4724
5034
5375
5705

1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42

471
464
456
448
441

18.55
18.25
17.95
17.65
17.35

3864
3987
4113
4238
4369

12
13
13
13
14

676
082
493
904
333

1.20
1.21
1.22

608
600
593

23.94
23.64
23.34

1843
1946
2050

6045
6386
6727

1.43
1.44
1.45

433
426
418

17.05
16.76
16.46

4501
4630
4765

14 768
15 191
15 632

Barometric pressure = (29.92) (2 minus nonstandard air factor).

APPENDIX B

Table B-11 .Mass per unit volume and relative mass density of
wood species used for poles l
Green

Air-dry
(15 percent moisture content)

Species

Relative
mass
density

kg/m 3

lb/ft 3

kg/m 3

Bald cypress

801

50

512

32

0.42

Douglas-fir
Coast type
Rocky Mountain type

625
657

39
41

545
480

34
30

.45
.40

Hemlock, western

657

41

464

29

.38

Larch, western

801

50

609

38

.51

Pine
Jack
Loblolly 3
Lodgepole
Longleaf3
Ponder osa
Red
Shortleaf3

641
849
625
881
721
785
833

40
53
39
55
45
49
52

480
577
464
657
448
496
561

30
36
29
41
28
31
35

.40
.47
.38
.54
.38
.41
.46

Red cedar
Eastern
Western

593
432

37
27

529
368

33
23

.44
.31

Redwood

801

50

400

25

.38

Spruce (red, sitka, and white)

545

34

448

28

.37

White cedar
Atlantic
Northern

400
432

25
27

368
352

23
22

.31
.29

lb/ft 3

From "Wood Handbook," Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, Department of
Agriculture.

Based on volume when green, and mass when oven dry .

Part of southern yellow pine group .

Volume of pole
Metric
7

U.S. Customary
6

V= 2.616 x 10" h{&{ + dxd2)m

where, h = length of pole, m
d\= diameter of pole at top, mm
d2 = diameter of pole at bottom, mm

K= 1.818 x 10- 3 M d ^ + W 3
where, h = length of pole, ft
dx = diameter of pole at top, in
d2 = diameter of pole at bottom, in

428

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-12.Conductor temperature coefficients of expansion

for normal sag-tension computations
Temperature coefficient of expansion
Conductor

Stranding

Initial/F
xlO"6

Final/F
xlO"6

Initial/C
xlO"6

Final/C
xlO"6

EC aluminum
Steel
ACSR 1
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR

all
all
6/1
7/1
18/1
24/7
26/7
30/7
45/7
54/7
54/19
84/19

12.8
6.4
10.2
9.5
11.6
10.5
9.9
9.5
11.2
10.2
10.4
11.2

12.8
6.4
10.5
9.8
11.7
10.8
10.5
9.9
11.5
10.7
10.8
11.5

23.0
11.5
18.3
17.1
20.8
18.9
17.8
17.0
20.2
18.3
18.8
20.1

23.0
11.5
18.9
17.7
21.1
19.5
18.9
17.8
20.7
19.3
19.5
20.6

For ACSR conductors, the values shown apply only when the stress is borne by both
the steel and aluminum strands.

APPENDIX B

429

Table B-13.Pressure on a projected area due to wind velocity

Indicated velocity
m/s

mi/h

Actual velocity
m/s

mi/h

Pressure on projected area

Cylindrical surface
Flat surface
lb/ft2
kPa
kPa
lb/ft2

0.894
1.788
2.682
3.576
4.470

2
4
6
8
10

0.894
1.743
2.593
3.442
4.291

5.364
6.258
7.152
8.046
8.940

12
14
16
18
20

5.006
5.766
6.482
7.241
7.957

11.2
12.9
14.5
16.2
17.8

.015 01
.019 91
.025 17
.031 41
.037 92

.31
.42
.53
.66
.79

.0252
.0335
.0423
.0528
.0637

1.10
1.33

11.175
13.410
15.645
17.880
20.115

25
30
35
40
45

9.745
11.488
13.231
14.930
16.584

21.8
25.7
29.6
33.4
37.1

.056 88
.079 05
.104 86
.133 51
.164 73

1.19
1.65
2.19
2.79
3.44

.0956
.1328
.1762
.2243
.2768

2.00
2.77
3.68
4.68
5.78

22.350
24.585
26.820
29.055
31.290

50
55
60
65
70

18.238
19.892
21.500
23.065
24.630

40.8
44.5
48.1
51.6
55.1

.199 23
.237 01
.276 87
.318 65
.363 36

4.16
4.95
5.78
6.66
7.59

.3347
.3982
.4652
.5353
.6104

6.99
8.32
9.72
11.18
12.75

33.525
35.760
37.995
40.230
42.465

75
80
85
90
95

26.194
27.893
29.368
30.977
32.542

58.6
62.4
65.7
69.3
72.8

.410 97
.466 01
.516 60
.574 76
.634 30

8.58
9.73
10.79
12.01
13.25

.6904
.7829
.8679
.9656
1.0656

14.42
16.25
18.13
20.17
22.26

44.700
46.935
49.170
51.405
53.640

100
105
110
115
120

34.061
35.626
37.190
38.755
40.319

76.2
79.7
83.2
86.7
90.2

.694 90
.760 22
.828 43
.899 62
.973 70

14.52
15.88
17.31
18.79
20.34

1.1674
1.2772
1.3918
1.5114
1.6358

24.39
26.68
29.07
31.57
34.17

55.875
58.110
60.345
62.580
64.815

125
130
135
140
145

41.884
43.448
45.013
46.622
48.187

93.7
97.2
100.7
104.3
107.8

1.050 75
1.130 69
1.213 62
1.30193
1.390 80

21.95
23.62
25.35
27.20
29.05

1.7653
1.8996
2.0389
2.1872
2.3365

36.87
39.68
42.59
45.69
48.81

67.050
71.520
75.990
80.460
84.930

150
160
170
180
190

49.751
52.835
55.964
59.093
62.178

111.3
118.2
125.2
132.2
139.1

1.482 55
1.672 05
1.875 96
2.091 59
2.315 68

30.97
34.93
39.19
43.69
48.37

2.4907
2.8090
3.1516
3.5139
3.8903

52.03
58.68
65.84
73.40
81.26

2.0 ~ 0.000 48~~ 0.01 " 0.0008

.04
3.9
.0031
.001 82
.004 03
.0068
5.8
.08
.0119
7.7
.15
.007 10
.23
9.6
.01103
.0185

QM

.06
.14
.25
.39
.53
.70
.88

430

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-14.Equivalent metric data for standard electrical conductors

U.S. Customary
Code word

Stranding

Size of conductor
Thousand
AWG
circular
No.
mils
(kcmil)

Diameter,
in

Metric

Area, in
Aluminum
Total

Diameter,
mm

Area, mm
Aluminum
Total

Turkey
Swan
Sparrow
Robin
Raven

6/1
6/1
6/1
6/1
6/1

6
4
2
1
1/0

0.198
0.250
0.316
0.355
0.398

0.0206
0.0328
0.0521
0.0657
0.0829

0.0240
D.0383
0.0608
0.0767
0.0967

5.03
6.35
8.03
9.02
10.11

13.29
21.16
33.61
42.39
53.48

15.48
24.71
39.23
49.48
62.39

Quail
Pigeon
Penguin
Partridge
Ostrich

6/1
6/1
6/1
26/7
26/7

2/0
3/0
4/0
266.8
300.0

0.447
0.502
0.563
0.642
0.680

0.1045
0.1318
0.1662
0.2095
0.2356

0.1219
0.1538
0.1939
0.2436
0.2740

11.35
12.75
14.30
16.31
17.27

67.42
85.03
107.23
135.16
152.00

78.65
99.23
125.10
157.16
176.77

Linnet
Ibis
Lark
Flicker
Hawk

26/7
26/7
30/7
24/7
26/7

336.4
397.5
397.5
477.0
477.0

0.721
0.783
0.806
0.846
0.858

0.2642
0.3122
0.3122
0.3746
0.3746

0.3072
0.3630
0.3850
0.4232
0.4356

18.31
19.89
20.47
21.49
21.79

170.45
201.42
201.42
241.68
241.68

198.19
234.19
248.39
273.03
281.03

Parakeet
Dove
Peacock
Squab
Rook

24/7
26/7
24/7
26/7
24/7

556.5
556.5
605.0
605.0
636.0

0.914
0.927
0.953
0.966
0.977

0.4371
0.4371
0.4752
0.4752
0.4955

0.4938
0.5083
0.5368
0.5526
0.5643

23.22
23.55
24.21
24.54
24.82

282.00
282.00
306.58
306.58
322.26

318.58
327.93
346.32
356.52
364.06

Grosbeak
Flamingo
Drake
Tern
Rail

26/7
24/7
26/7
45/7
45/7

636.0
666.0
795.0
795.0
954.0

0.990
1.000
1.108
1.063
1.165

0.4995
0.5235
0.6244
0.6244
0.7493

0.5809
0.5914
0.7261
0.6676
0.8011

25.15
25.40
28.14
27.00
29.59

322.26
337.74
402.84
402.84
483.42

374.77
381.55
468.45
430.71
516.84

Cardinal
Ortolan
Curlew
Bluejay
Finch

54/7
45/7
54/7
45/7
54/19

954.0
1033.5
1033.5
1113.0
1113.0

1.196
1.213
1.246
1.259
1.293

0.7493
0.8117
0.8117
0.8741
0.8741

0.8464
0.8678
0.9169
0.9346
0.9849

30.38
30.81
31.65
31.98
32.84

483.42
523.68
523.68
563.93
563.93

546.06
559.87
591.55
602.97
635.42

Bittern
Pheasant
Bobolink
Plover
Lapwing

45/7
54/19
45/7
54/19
45/7

1272.0
1272.0
1431.0
1431.0
1590.0

1.345
1.382
1.427
1.465
1.502

0.9990
0.9990
1.124
1.124
1.249

1.068
1.126
1.202
1.266
1.335

34.16
35.10
36.25
37.21
38.15

644.51
644.51
725.16
725.16
805.80

689.03
726.45
775.48
816.77
861.29

Falcon
Chukar
Bluebird
Kiwi

54/19
84/19
84/19
72/7

1590.0
1780.0
2156.0
2167.0

1.545
1.602
1.762
1.737

1.249
1.398
1.693
1.702

1.407
1.512
1.831
1.776

39.24
40.69
44.75
44.12

805.80
901.93
1092.26
1098.06

907.74
975.48
1181.29
1145.80

APPENDIX B

431

Table B-15.-Selected Si-metric conversions. From [20]

Area
To convert from
acre [U.S. survey]
are
barn
circular mil (cmil)
hectare (ha)
section [U.S. survey]
square centimeter (cm 2 )
square chain
square f o o t [International]
(ft2)
square foot [U.S. survey]
(ft2)
square inch (in 2 )
square kilometer ( k m 2 )
square mile [International]

Multiply by

To
square
square
square
square
square
square
square
square
square

meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter

(m )
(m 2 )
(m2)
(m2)
(m2)
(m 2 )
(m2)
(m2)
(m 2 )

500
304

E+03
E+02
E-28
E-10
E+04
E+06
E-04
E-04
E-02

square meter ( m 2 )

9.290 341

E-02

square meter ( m 2 )
square meter ( m 2 )
square meter ( m 2 )

*6.451 600
* 1.000
2.589 988

E-04
E+06
E+06

square meter ( m 2 )

2.589 998

E+06

square meter ( m 2 )

2.529 295

E+01

square meter (m 2 )
square meter (m 2 )

8.361 274
9.323 993

E-01
E+07

4.046
* 1.000
* 1.000
5.067
* 1.000
2.589
* 1.000
* 1.562
*9.290

873

075
998

f\U\\
m i 2 \)

square mile [U.S. survey]

/mi 2 \
imi ;
square2 rod [U.S. survey]
(rod )
square yard ( y d 2 )
township
* Exact conversion.

Force
To convert f r o m
crinal
dyne (dyn)
kilogram force (kgf)
kilopond
kip
ounce force
pound force (Ibf)
poundal (pdl)
ton force

To
newton
newton
newton
newton
newton
newton
newton
newton
newton

Multiply by
(N)
(N)
(N)
(N)
(N)
(N)
(N)
(N)
(N)

* 1.000
* 1.000
*9.806
*9.806
4.448
2.780
4.448
1.382
8.896

E-01
E-05
650
650
222
139
222
550
444

E+03
E-01
E-01
E+03

* Exact conversion.

Force per length

To convert from
dyne per centimeter
(dyn/cm)
kilogram force per meter
(kgf/m)
pound per f o o t (lb/ft)
pound per inch (lb/in)
* Exact conversion.

To

Multiply by

newton per meter (N/m)

* 1.000

newton per meter (N/m)

*9.806 650

newton per meter (N/m)

newton per meter (N/m)

1.459 390
1.751 268

E-03

E+01
E+02

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

432

Table B-15. Selected Si-metric con versionsContinued

DensityMass capacity
To convert from
gram per cubic centimeter
(g/cm 3 )
gram per liter (g/L)
megagram per cubic meter
(Mg/m 3 )
metric ton per cubic meter
(t/m3)
milligram per liter (mg/L)
ounce per cubic inch
(oz/in 3 )
ounce per gallon (oz/gal)
ounce per pint (oz/pt)
pound per
(lb/in 3 )
pound per
(lb/ft 3 )
pound per
(lb/yd 3 )
pound per

cubic inch
cubic foot
cubic yard
gallon (lb/gal)

slug per cubic foot

(slug/ft 3 )
ton [short] per cubic yard
(ton/yd 3 )

To
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )
kilogram per cubic
meter (kg/m 3 )

Multiply by
E+03

* 1.000
* 1.000
* 1.000

E+03

* 1.000

E+03

* 1.000

E-03

1.729 994

E+03

7.489 152
9.361 4 4 0

E-01

2.767 990

E+04

1.601 846

E+01

5.932 764

E-01

1.198 264

E+02

5.153 788

E+02

1.186 553

E+03

* Exact conversion.

Time
To convert from
day [mean solar] (d)
day [sidereal]
hour [mean solar] (hr)
hour [sidereal]
minute [mean solar] (min)
minute [sidereal]
month [mean calendar] (mo)
second [sidereal]
week [7 days] (wk)
year [calendar] (a)
year [sidereal]
* Exact conversion.

To
second
second
second
second
second
second
second
second
second
second
second

Multiply by
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)
(s)

*8.640
8.616
*3.600
3.590
*6.000
5.983
*2.628
9.972
*6.048
*3.153
3.155

409
170
617
696
600
815

E+04
E+04
E+03
E+03
E+01
E+01
E+06
E-01
E+05
E+07
E+07

APPENDIX B

433

Table B-15.Selected Si-metric con versionsContinued

Length
To

To convert from
angstrom unit (A)
astronomical unit (AU)
caliber
centimeter (cm)
chain, surveyor's
chain, engineer's
chain, nautical
fathom
fermi [obsolete replaced by
femtometer]
femtometer (fm)
f o o t [U.S. survey] (ft)
foot [International] (ft)
furlong (fur)
inch (in)
kilometer (km)
league
link, surveyor's
light year (ly)
microinch (juin)
micrometer (/im)
micron [obsolete, replaced by
micrometer]
mil (mil)
mile [International] (mi)
mile [Statute] (mi)
mile [U.S. survey] (mi)
nautical mile (nmi)
parsec
pica, printer's
point, printer's
rod
spat
yard (yd)

Multiply by

meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter

(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)

* 1.000
1.495979
*2.540
* 1.000
2.011 680
*3.048
4.572
* 1.828 800

E-10
E+11
E-02
E-02
E+01
E+01

meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter

(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)

* 1.000
* 1.000
3.048
*3.048
2.011
* 2.540
* 1.000
4.828
2.011
9.460
*2.540
* 1.000

E-15
E-15
E-01
E-01
E+02
E-02
E+03
E-03
E-01
E+15
E-08
E-06

meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter

(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)

* 1.000
*2.540
* 1.609
1.609
1.609
*1.852
3.085
4.217
3.514
5.029
* 1.000
*9.144

006
680

032
680
900

344
300
347
678
518
598
210

E-06
E-05
E+03
E+03
E+03
E+03
E+16
E-03
E-04
E+12
E-01

* Exact conversion.

Linear density
To convert from
denier
pound per foot (lb/ft)
pound per inch (lb/in)
tex
* Exact conversion.

To
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram

per
per
per
per

meter
meter
meter
meter

Multiply by
(kg/m)
(kg/m)
(kg/m)
(kg/m)

1.111 111
1.488 164
1.785 797
* 1.000

E-07
E+01
E-06

434

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-15.Selected Si-metric conversionsContinued

L oad concen tra tion
To convert from
gram per square centimeter
(g/cm 2 )
megagram per square meter
(Mg/m 2 )
metric ton per square meter
(t/m 2 )
ounce per square inch
(oz/in 2 )
ounce per square foot
(oz/ft 2 )
ounce per square yard
(oz/yd 2 )
pound per square inch
(lb/in 2 )
pound per square foot
(lb/ft 2 )
pound per square yard
(lb/yd 2 )
ton per square foot
(ton/ft 2 )

To

Multiply by

kilogram per square

meter (kg/m 2 )
kilogram per square
meter (kg/m 2 )
kilogram per square
meter (kg/m 2 )
kilogram per square
meter (kg/m 2 )
kilogram per square
meter (kg/m 2 )
kilogram per square
meter (kg/m 2 )
kilogram per square
meter (kg/m 2 )
kilogram per square
meter (kg/m 2 )
kilogram per square
meter (kg/m 2 )
kilogram per square
meter (kg/m 2 )

* 1.000

E+01

* 1.000

E+03

* 1.000

E+03

2.119 109

E-03

3.051 517

E-01

3.390 575

E-02

7.030 696

E+02

4.882 428
5.424 920

E-01

9.071 847

E+02

* Exact conversion.

Power
To convert from
British thermal unit [IT] per hour
(Btu / 7 7h)
British thermal unit [tc] per hour
(Btu r c /h)
British thermal unit [re] per minute
(Btu r c /min)
British thermal unit [tc] per second
(Btu rc /s)
calorie [re] per minute (cal rc /min)
calorie [tc] per second (cal rc /s)
erg per second (erg/s)
foot-pound per hour (ftlb/h)
foot-pound per minute (ft-lb/min)
foot-pound per second (ft'lb/s)
horsepower (hp)
horsepower [boiler]
horsepower [electric]
horsepower [metric] (hp^)
horsepower [water]
ton [refrigeration]
* Exact conversion.

To

Multiply by

watt (W)

2.930 711

E-01

watt (W)

2.928 751

E-01

watt (W)

1.757 250

E+01

watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt

(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)
(W)

1.054
6.973
*4.184
* 1.000
3.766
2.259
1.355
7.456
9.809
*7.460
7.354
7.460
3.516

350
333

161
697
818
999
500
990
430
800

E+03
E-02
E-07
E-04
E-02
E+02
E+03
E+02
E+02
E+02
E+03

APPENDIX B
Table B-15.Selected Si-metric

435

conversions-Continued

Mass
To convert from

Multiply by

To

barrel of cement [376 lb]

carat [metric]
carat (kt)
cental
centner
centner [metric]
grain
gram (g)
hundredweight [gross or long] (cwt)
hundredweight [net or short] (cwt)
kilogram forcesecond squared per
meter (kgf-s 2 /m)
kilotonne (kt)
ounce [avoirdupois] (oz)
ounce [troy/apothecary] (oz)
megagram (Mg)
metric grain
metric ton (t)
milligram (mg)
pennyweight
pound [avoirdupois] (lb)
pound [troy/apothecary]
quintal
sack of cement [94 lbs]
slug
ton [assay]
ton [long]
ton [ short]
tonne (t)

kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram

kg)
kg)
[kg)
(kg)
kg)
kg)
kg)
kg)
kg)
(kg)

1.705
*2.000
2.591
4.535
4.535
1.000
6.479
* 1.000
5.080
4.535

kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram

(kg)
(kg)
kg)
kg)
kg)
(kg)
kg)
kg)
(kg)
(kg)
kg)
kg)
kg)
kg)
kg)
kg)
kg)
kg)

*9.806 650
* 1.000
2.834 952
3.110348
* 1.000
*5.000
* 1.000
* 1.000
1.555 174
4.535 924
3.732417
* 1.000
4.263 767
1.459 390
2.916 667
1.016 047
9.071 847
* 1.000

507
956
924
924
891
235
924

E+02
E-04
E-04
E+01
E+01
E+02 a
E-05
E-03
E+01
E+01

E+06
E-02
E-02
E+03
E-05
E+03
E-06
E-03
E-01
E-01
E+02
E+01
E+01
E-02
E+03
E+02
E+03

* Exact conversion.
European metric centner is 50 percent of this value; conversion factor presented
applies to the centner as used in the U.S.S.R.
a

Frequency
To convert from

To

Multiply by

cycle per hour (c/h)

hertz (Hz)

2.777 778

E-04

cycle per minute (c/min)

hertz (Hz)

1.666 667

E-02

cycle per second (c/s)

hertz (Hz)

* 1.000

fresnel

hertz (Hz)

* 1.000

* Exact conversion.

E+12

436

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table B-15.-Selected Si-metric conversions-Continued

PressureStress
To convert from
atmosphere [standard] (atm)
bar
barye
dyne per square centimeter
(dyn/cm2)
foot of water [4 C]
gram force per square centimeter
(gf/cm 2 )
inch of mercury [0 C]
inch of mercury [16 C]
inch of water [4 C]
inch of water [16 C]
kilogram force per square meter
(kgf/m 2 )
kilogram force per square centimeter
(kgf/cm 2 )
kip per square inch ( k i p / i n 2 )
kip per square foot ( k i p / f t 2 )
megapascal (MPa)
meter-head [meter of water, 4 C]
millibar (mbar)
millimeter of mercury [0 C]
(mm(Hg))
millimeter of water [4 C]
(mm(H20))
newton per square meter ( N / m 2 )
pound per square foot (lb/ft 2 )
pound per square inch (lb/in 2 )
poundal per square foot (pdl/ft 2 )
tor
torr (mm(Hg))
* Exact conversion.

To

Multiply by

pascal (Pa)
pascal (Pa)
pascal (Pa)

1.013 250
* 1.000
* 1.000

E+05
E+05
E-01

pascal (Pa)
pascal (Pa)

* 1.000
2.988 980

E-01
E+03

pascal
pascal
pascal
pascal
pascal

*9.806
3.386
3.376
2.490
2.488

E+01
E+03
E+03
E+02
E+02

(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)

650
380
850
817
400

pascal (Pa)

*9.806 650

pascal (Pa)

*9.806 650

E+04

pascal
pascal
pascal
pascal
pascal
pascal

6.894
4.788
* 1.000
9.806
* 1.000
1.333

E+06
E+04
E+06
E+03
E+02
E+02

(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)

pascal (Pa)
pascal
pascal
pascal
pascal
pascal
pascal

(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)
(Pa)

757
026
365
220

9.806 365
* 1.000
4.788
6.894
1.488
* 1.000
1.333

026
757
164

E+01
E+03

220

E+02

APPENDIX B

437

Table B-15. Selected Si-metric conversionsContinued

Temperature
Scale
values

X C =

Degrees
Celsius
C

Degrees
Fahrenheit
F

f X + 32

Degrees
Rankine
R

Kelvins
K

Degrees
Reaumur
o

i*

g
X +273.15

|-X+491.67
o

o
X F =

-|(X"32)

X K =

|-(X +459.67)

X - 273.15

|~X ~ 459.67
b

X R =

| ( X " 491.67)

X - 459.67

t*

X r =

f*

fx + 32

4 x +273.15

|(X-32)

X +459.67

^(X~
o

! *

9
jX

| - ( X - 491.67)

+491.67

Intervals:
C

1 C= 1 K =

1 F = 1 R =

1r =

9
5
4

R
9.
5

273.15)

r
4_
5

4
9

9
4

438

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN M A N U A L

Table B-15.Selected Si-metric

conversions-Continued

VelocitySpeed
To

To convert from

Multiply by

Angular (0/7"):
radian per second
(rad/s)
radian per second
(rad/s)
radian per second
(rad/s)

degree per second

revolution per minute
(r/min)
revolution per second
(r/s)
Linear

1.745 329

E-02

1.047 198

E-01

6.283 185

(L/T)\

foot per second (ft/s)

foot per minute (ft/min)
foot per hour (ft/h)
foot per day (ft/d)
foot per year (ft/a)
inch per second (in/s)
inch per hour (in/h)
kilometer per hour (km/h)
knot [nautical miles per
hour] (kn)
mile per hour (mi/h)
meter per hour (m/h)
meter per year (m/a)
millimeter per second
(mm/s)
speed of light (c)

meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter

per
per
per
per
per
per
per
per

second
second
second
second
second
second
second
second

(m/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)

*3.048
*5.080
8.466
3.527
9.695
*2.540
7.055
2.777

meter
meter
meter
meter

per
per
per
per

second
second
second
second

(m/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)

5.144
4.470
2.777
3.170

meter per second (m/s)

meter per second (m/s)

556
778

E-01
E-03
E-05
E-06
E-09
E-02
E-06
E-01

444
400
778
979

E-01
E-01
E-04
E-08

* 1.000
2.997 925

E-03
E+08

667
778
890

* Exact conversion.

TorqueBending moment
To convert from
dyne centimeter (dyn-cm)
kilogram force
meter (kgf-m)
kip-foot (kip-ft)
ounce inch (oz*in) a '
pound-foot ( l b - f t ) a ' b
pound-inch ( l b i n ) a ' b

To

Multiply by

newton meter ( N m )

* 1.000

newton
newton
newton
newton
newton

*9.806
1.355
7.061
1.355
1.129

meter
meter
meter
meter
meter

(Nm)
(Nm)
(N-m)
(N-m)
(N*m)

E-07
650
818
552
818
848

E+02
E-03
E-01

* Exact conversion.
The addition of the force designator may be desirable, e.g., Ibf-ft.
Most USBR engineers reverse the torque units, for example, foot-pound; this is
equivalent terminology.
a

APPENDIX B

439

Table B-15. Selected Si-metric conversionsContinued

VolumeCapacity
To convert from
acre-foot [U.S. survey] (acre-ft)
barrel [oil] (bbl)
barrel [water] (bbl)
board foot [1 ft x 1 ft x 1 in]
(fbm)
bushel [U.S., dry] (bu)
cord
cubic centimeter (cm 3 )
cubic decimeter (dm 3 )
cubic dekameter (dam 3 )
cubic foot (ft 3 )
cubic inch (in 3 )
cubic kilometer (km 3 )
cubic mile (mi 3 )
cubic millimeter (mm 3 )
cubic yard (yd 3 )
cup
firkin
fluid dram
fluid ounce [U.S.] (fl.oz.)
gallon [Imperial]
gallon [U.S., dry]
gallon [U.S., liquid] (gal)
gill [U.S.]
kiloliter (kL)
liter (L)
megaliter (ML)
milliliter (mL)
peck [U.S.]
pint [U.S., dry]
pint [U.S., liquid]
quart [U.S., dry]
quart [U.S., liquid]
stere [timber]
tablespoon
teaspoon
ton [sea freight or shipping
capacity]
ton [internal cap. of ships or
register ton]
ton [vol. of oil]
ton [timber]
tun [U.S., liquid]
* Exact conversion.

To

Multiply by

3
cubic meter (m )
cubic meter (m 3 )
cubic meter (m 3 )

cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic

meter (m 3 )
meter tm )
3
meter (m )
meter (m 3 )
meter (m 3 )
meter m )
3
meter (m )
3
meter (m )
meter (m 3 )
meter (m 3 )
meter (m 3 )
meter rn )
meter (m 3 )
meter (m 3 )
meter (m 3 )
meter (m 3 )
meter m 3 )
meter (m 3 )
meter (m 3 )
meter m 3 )
meter m 3 )
3
meter m )
meter m 3 )
meter m 3 )
meter m 3 )
meter m 3 )
meter m 3 )
meter m 3 )
meter m 3 )
meter ' m 3 )
meter m 3 )
meter m 3 )

1.233 489
1.589 873
1.192 405
2.359
3.523
3.624
* 1.000
* 1.000
* 1.000
2.831
1.638
* 1.000
4.168
* 1.000
7.645
2.359
3.406
3.696
2.957
4.546
4.404
3.785
1.182
* 1.000
* 1.000
* 1.000
* 1.000
8.809
5.506
4.731
1.101
9.463
* 1.000
1.478
4.928

737
907
556

549
737
871
691
353
060
884
412
941

768
105
765
221
529

E-03
E+03
E-06
E-03
E-04
E-04
E-03
E-04

676
922

E-05
E-06

685
706
182

1.132 674

i m3)
i m3)
l m3)
I m3)

2.831 685
6.700 179
1.415842
9.539 238

meter
meter
meter
meter

E-03
E-02
E-06
E-03
E+03
E-02
E-05
E+09
E+09
E-09
E-01
E-03
E-02
E-06
E-05
E-03
E-03
E-03
E-04

cubic meter i m 3 )
cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic

E+03
E-01
E-01

E-01

Appendix C

CONDUCTOR AND OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE DATA TABLES

The tables in this appendix have been prepared for ACSR conductor based upon conductor data
and stress-strain and creep curves prepared by the Aluminum Association. The Alumoweld data are
based on information from Copperweld Steel Co., and the steel data are based on American Steel
and Wire Co. (U.S. Steel) catalog information.
Initial modulus values shown in the tables were determined from the average slope of the initial
loading curve between the point where the entire conductor starts to share the load and the point
at 50 percent of the ultimate strength.
Permanent set values were determined at 50 percent of the conductor ultimate strength as it
represents the maximum stress permitted under full load conditions.
Creep values were determined at 18 percent of the ultimate strength of the conductor because
this would be about equal to the 15.5 C (60 F ) final no-load tension on a conductor.

441

442

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table CA.Permanent set, creep, and initial and final
modulus values (metric)
6 ALUMINU M STRANDS AND 1 STEEL STRAND

Size,
mm2

Code
word
TURKEY
SWAN
SPARROW
ROBIN
RAVEN
QUA 1 L
PIGEON
PENGUIN

13.28
21.13
33.64
42.41
53.46
67.44
85.02
107.22

Stress,
MPa
6.89
13.79
20.68
27.58
34.47
41.37
48.26
55.16
62.05
68.95
75.84
82.74
89.63
96.53
103.42
110.32
117.21
124.11
131.00
137.90
144.79
151.69
158.58
165.48
172.37
179.26
186.16
193.05
199.95
206.84

10-year
creep1

Tension1,
N

To0046458
.00045465
.00043810
.00043228
.00042251
.00040529
.00040014
.00040034

Permanent
set
.00005034
.00006347
.00007589
.00008791
.00009981
.00011190
.00012448
.00013784
.00015228
.00016810
.00018560
.00020507
.00022682
.00025114
.00027834
.00030870
.00034253
.00038012
.00042178
.00046780
.00051848
.00057412
.00063501
.00070146
.00077376
.00085221
.00093712
.00102877
.00112746
.00123350

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

952.8
1489.3
2281.9
2842.4
3507.0
4251 .6
5300.5
6685,6

Final
modulus,
GPa
79.014
79.014
79.014
79.014
79.014
79.014
79.014
79.014

Initial
modulus,
GPa
68.679
68.923
69.099
69.207
69.245
69.214
69.116
68.951
68.721
68.431
68.082
67.680
67.227
66.728
66.187
65.609
64.998
64.358
63.694
63.008
62.306
61.589
60.861
60.126
59.385
58.641
57.897
57.153
56.412

443

APPENDIX C

Table C-l .Permanent set, creep, and initial and final

modulus values (metric)Continued
7 ALUMINU M STRANDS ANC 1 STEEL STRAND

Code
word
SWANATE
SPARATE

Stress,
MPa
6.89
13.79
20.68
27.58
34.47
41.37
48.26
55.16
62.05
68.95
75.84
82.74
89.63
96.53
103.42
110.32
117.21
124.11
131.00
137.90
144.79
151.69
158.58
165.48
172.37
179.26
186.16
193.05
199.95
206.84
213.74
220.63
227.53
234.42

Size,
mm2

10-year
creep1

21.13
33.64

.00048932
.00047536

Tension1,
N

Final
modulus,
GPa

1889.6
2914.5

87.012
87.012

Permanent
set
.00002236
.00003009
.00003766
.00004518
.00005282
.00006070
.00006896
.00007776
.00008723
.00009751
.00010874
.00012106
.00013462
.00014955
.00016600
.00018410
.00020401
.00022585
.00024977
.00027591
.00030442
.00033543
.00036908
.00040552
.00044488
.00048731
.00053295
.00058194
.00063441
.00069052
.00075040
.00081419
.00088204
.00095408

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Initial
modulus,
GPa
79.271
79.351
79.389
79.383
79.335
79.244
79.112
78.939
78.726
78.474
78.186
77.862
77.505
77.115
76.696
76.249
75.776
75.280
74.761
74.223
73.666
73.094
72.507
71.909
71.299
70.680
70.054
69.421
68.784
68.143
67.500
66.856
66.211

444

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table C-l .Permanent set, creep, and initial and final
modulus values (metric)-Continued
ALUMTNU M

18

Code
word
WAXW1NG
MERLIN
CHICKADEE
PELICAN
OSPREY
KINGBIRD

Size,
mm2

10-year
creep1

135.19
170.45
201.41
241.70
287.05
322.26

.00058691
.00058702
.00056698
.00056019
.00055702
.00055886

Stress,
MPa
6.89
13.79
20.68
27.58
34.47
41.37
48.26
55.16
62.05
68.95
75.84
82.74
89.63
96.53
103.42
110.32
117.21
124.11
131.00
137.90
144.79
151.69
158.58
165.48

1 STEEL STRAND

STRANDS ANC

Tension1,
N
5508.7
6949.9
7958.7
9448.0
10969.3
12570.6

Permanent
set
.00007997
.00011682
.00015029
.00018134
.00021094
.00024002
.00026954
.00030046
.00033374
.00037032
.00041116
.00045722
.00050944
.00056879
.00063621
.00071266
.00079909
.00089647
.00100573
.00112784
.00126375
.00141442
.00158079
.00176383

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Final
modulus,
GPa
68.031
68.031
68.031
68.031
68.031
68.031

Initial
modulus,
GPa
49.893
50.516
51.036
51.441
51.725
51.885
51.919
51.831
51.627
51.313
50.900
50.400
49.824
49.183
48.489
47.754
46.985
46.194
45.387
44.570
43.751
42.933
42.120

APPENDIX C

445

Table C-1 .Permanent set, creep, and initial and final

modulus values (metric)Continued
2 4 ALUMINUM STRANDS AND

Code
word

Size,
mm 2

10-year
creep 1

BRANT
FLICKER
PARAKEET
PEACOCK
ROOK
FLAMINGO
CUCKOO

201.41
241.70
281.98
306.81
322.26
337.46
402.83

.00050955
.00049932
.00049191
.00049382
.00047682
.00049160
.00048458

Stress,
MPa

6.89
13.79
20.68
27.58
34.47
41.37
48.26
55.16
62.05
68.95
75.84
82.74
89.63
96.53
103.42
110.32
117.21
124.11
131.00
137.90
144.79
151.69
158.58
165.48
172.37
179.26
186.16
193.05
199.95

7 STEEL STRANDS

Tension 1 ,
N
11689.9
13771.6
15853.4
17294.6
17614.9
18976.0
22338.9

Permanent
set
[

.00004441
.00007736
.00010696
.00013378
.00015840
.00018138
.00020330
.00022474
.00024627
.00026846
.00029189
.00031713
.00034475
.00037532
.00040943
.00044764
.00049053
.00053867
.00059263
.00065299
.00072033
.00079521
.00087821
.00096990
.00107086
.00118166
.00130287
.00143507
.00157883

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Final
modulus,
GPa
72.602
72.602
72.602
72.602
72.602
72.602
72.602

Initial
modulus,
GPa
53 . 900
54=625
55.288
55 . 880
56.395
56 . 827
57.170
57 . 422
57.581
57 .. 646
57.620
57 . 506
57.307
57 . 029
56.678
56 . 2 6 2
55.787
55.259
54.687
54 . 077
53.435
52 . 767
52 . 079
51.375
50.660
49.939
49.213
48.487

446

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table C-\ .Permanent set, creep, and initial and final
modulus values (metric)Continued
2 6 ALUMINUM STRANDS JVND

Size,
mm2

10-year
creep1

135.19
152.01
170.45
201.41
241.70
281.98
306.55
322.26
362.54
402.83

.00050213
.00050168
.00049623
.00048422
.00048255
.00047888
.00047298
.00046581
.00046675
.00046583

Code
word
PARTR1DGE
OSTR1CH
LINNET
IBIS
HAWK
DOVE
SQUAB
GROSBEAK
STARL1NG
DRAKE

Stress,
MPa
6.89
13.79
20.68
27.58
34.47
41.37
48.26
55.16
62.05
68.95
75.84
82.74
89.63
96.53
103.42
110.32
117.21
124.11
131.00
137.90
144.79
151.69
158.58
165.48
172.37
179.26
186.16
193.05
199.95
206.84

7 STEEL STRANDS

Tension1
N
9047.6
10168.6
11289.5
13051.0
15613.2
18095.3
19456.4
20177.0
22739.2
25221.3

Permanent
set
.00007464
.00010656
.00013679
.00016568
.00019357
.00022078
.00024767
.00027456
.00030180
.00032973
.00035868
.00038900
.00042101
.00045507
.00049150
.00053065
.00057285
.00061844
.00066777
.00072116
.00077897
.00084152
.00090915
.00098221
.00106103
.00114595
.00123731
.00133544
.00144069
.00155340

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Final
modulus,
GPa
74.188
74.188
74.188
74.188
74.188
74.188
74.188
74.188
74.188
74.188

Initial
modulus,
GPa
55.223
55.600
55.932
56.215
56.449
56.631
56.761
56.837
56.860
56.831
56.750
56.619
56.440
56.216
55.948
55.640
55.295
54.915
54.505
54.067
53.604
53.119
52.615
52.096
51.562
51.018
50.465
49.905
49.340

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448

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table C-l .Permanent set, creep, and initial and final
modulus values (metric)Continued
4 5 ALUMINUM STRANDS AND

Code
word

Size,
mm2

10-year
creep1

TERN
RUDDY
RAIL
ORTOLAN
BLUEJAY
BUNT 1NG
BITTERN
DIPPER
BOBOL1NK
NUTHATCH
LAPWING

402.83
456.03
483.39
523.67
563.96
604.24
644.52
684.81
725.09
765.37
805.65

.00057764
.00056147
.00056215
.00055394
.00055325
.00055490
.00055412
.00055343
.00055282
.00054804
[.00054776

Stress,
MPa

6.89
13.79
20.68
27.58
34.47
41.37
48.26
55.16
62.05
68.95
75.84
82.74
89.63
96.53
103.42
110.32
117.21
124.11
131.00
137.90
144.79
151.69
158.58

7 STFFL STRANDS

Tension1
N
17694.9
19536.5
20737.5
22178.7
23860.1
25621.6
27303.1
28984.5
30665.9
32107.1
33788.5

Permanent
set
.00007248
.00012961
.00017972
.00022409
.00026402
.00030081
.00033576
.00037017
.00040532
.00044251
.00048305
.00052822
.00057932
.00063765
.00070450
.00078118
.00086897
.00096917
.00108308
.00121199
.00135721
.00152002
.00170172

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Final
modulus,
GPa
64.466
64.466
64.466
64.466
64.466
64.466
64.466
64.466
64.466
64.466
64.466

Initial
modulus,
GPa
42.020
42.961
43.828
44.606
45.278
45.830
46.251
46.534
46.679
46.686
46.562
46.317
45.963
45.513
44.982
44.384
43.731
43.036
42.309
41.561
40.799
40.030

APPENDIX C

449

Table C-l .Permanent set, creep, and initial and final

modulus values (metric)Continued
&4 ALUMINUM STRANDS AND

Code
word

Size,
mm2

10-year
creep1

CONDOR
CANARY
CARDINAL
CURLEW

402.83
456.03
483.39
523.67

.00046434
.00046390
.00046369
.00046347

Stress,
MPa
6.89
13.79
20.68
27.58
34.47
41.37
48.26
55.16
62.05
68.95
75.84
82.74
89.63
96.53
103.42
110.32
117.21
124.11
131.00
137.90
144.79
151.69
158.58
165.48
172.37
179.26

7 STEEL STRANDS

Tension1,
N
22579.1
25541.6
27062.8
29304.7

Permanent
set
.00005753
.00010350
.00014543
.00018402
.00021994
.00025388
.00028652
.00031856
.00035066
.00038352
.00041782
.00045425
.00049348
.00053621
.00058311
.00063487
.00069218
.00075571
.00082615
.00090420
.00099052
.00108580
.00119074
.00130600
.00143228
.00157026

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Final
modulus,
GPa
67.114
67.114
67.114
67.114

Initial
modulus,
GPa
46.368
47.014
47.606
48.136
48.598
48.987
49.297
49.527
49.674
49.738
49.721
49.624
49.453
49.212
48.907
48.543
48.126
47.665
47.163
46.629
46.066
45.482
44.879
44.264
43.639

450

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table C-l. Permanent set, creep, and initial and final
modulus values (metric)Continued
54

ALUMINUM STRANDS AND 19 SIEEl^TRANDS

Code
word

Size,
mm2

10-year
creep1

FINCH
GRACKLE
PHEASANT
MART 1N
PLOVER
PARROT
FALCON

563.96
604.24
644.52
684.81
725.09
765.37
805.65

.00050022
.00050043
.00048771
.00048760
.00048851
.00048704
.00048789

Stress,
MPa
6.89
13.79
20.68
27.58
34.47
41.37
48.26
55.16
62.05
68.95
75.84
82.74
89.63
96.53
103.42
110.32
117.21
124.11
131.00
137.90
144.79
151.69
158.58
165.48
172.37
179.26
186.16

Tension1,
N
31306.4
33548.3
34909.5
37071.3
39313.2
41394.9
43636.8

Permanent
set
I

.00002892
.00006013
.00008941
.00011729
.00014431
.00017099
.00019788
.00022551
.00025441
.00028512
.00031817
.00035409
.00039342
.00043669
.00048444
.00053719
.00059549
.00065987
.00073086
.00080900
.00089482
.00098885
.00109163
.00120369
.00132557
.00145779
.00160090

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Final
modulus,
GPa
69.706
69.706
69.706
69.706
69.706
69.706
69.706

Initial
modulus,
GPa
52.987
53.386
53.717
53.976
54.159
54.267
54.299
54.254
54.136
53.948
53.692
53.374
52.999
52.571
52.097
51.582
51.031
50.451
49.845
49.219
48.577
47.923
47.260
46.592
45.922
45.251

APPENDIX C

451

Table C-l .Permanent set, creep, and initial and final

modulus values (metric)Continued
&4 ALUMINUM STRANDS AND 1Q STEFL STRANDS

Code
word

Size,
mm2

CHUCKAR
BLUEBIRD

901.93
1092.45
1552.53

Stress,
MPa
6.89
13.79
20.68
27.58
34.47
41.37
48.26
55.16
62.05
68.95
75.84
82.74
89.63
96.53
103.42
110.32
117.21
124.11
131.00
137.90
144.79
151.69
158.58
165.48

10-year
creep1
.00071310
.00069677
.00069663

Tension1,
N
40834.5
48280.8
68617.9

Permanent
set
0.00000000
.00003350
.00006531
.00009538
.00012455
.00015366
.00018356
.00021507
.00024904
.00028631
.00032772
.00037411
.00042632
.00048519
.00055156
.00062627
.00071016
.00080407
.00090885
.00102532
.00115433
.00129672
.00145333
.00162500

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Final
modulus,
GPa
66.811
66.811
66.811

Initial
modulus,
GPa
50.111
50.590
50.972
51.251
51.423
51.487
51.443
51.296
51.050
50.713
50.293
49.799
49.241
48.628
47.970
47.275
46.551
45.807
45.048
44.280
43.509
42.737
41.970

452

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table C-2.Permanent set, creep, and initial and final
modulus values (U.S. customary)
6 ALUMINUM STRANDS ANC_i STEEL STRAND

Code
word
TURKEY
SWAN
SPARROW
ROBIN
RAVEN
QUAIL
PIGEON
PENGUIN

Stres 5,
lb/in2
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
19000
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
30000

Size,
AWGor
kcmil
6
4
2
l
1/0
2/0
3/0
4/0

10-year
creep1

Tension1,
lb

Final
modulus,
lb/in2

.00046458
.00045465
.00043810
.00043228
.00042251
.00040529
.00040014
.00040034

214.
335.
513.
639.
788.
956.
1192.
1503.

11460000.
11460000.
11460000.
11460000.
11460000.
11460000.
11460000.
11460000.

Permanent
set
.00005034
.00006347
.00007589
.00008791
.00009981
.00011190
.00012448
.00013784
.00015228
.00016810
.00018560
.00020507
.00022682
.00025114
.00027834
.00030870
.00034253
.00038012
.00042178
.00046780
.00051848
.00057412
.00063501
.00070146
.00077376
.00085221
.00093712
.00102877
.00112746
.00123350

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Initial
modulus,
lb/in2
9960963.
9996316.
10021891.
10037502.
10043072.
10038633.
10024321.
10000376.
9967127.
9924989.
9874445.
9816035.
9750342.
9677978.
9599568.
9515745.
9427132.
9334340.
9237955.
9138534.
9036604.
8932655.
8827140.
8720474.
8613037.
8505170.
8397179.
8289339.
8181890.

APPENDIX C

Table C-2.Permanent set, creep, and initial and final

modulus values (U.S. customary)Continued
7^AUJM1NU M STRANDS ANC 1 STEEL STRAND

Code
word

Size,
AWGor
kcmil

10-year
creep1

Tension1,
lb

Final
modulus,
lb/in2

4
2

.00048932
.00047536

425.
655.

12620000.
12620000.

SWANATE
SPARATE

Stress,
lb/in2

Permanent
set

Initial
modulus,
lb/in2

1000.
2000.
3000.
4000.
5000.
6000.
7000.
8000.
9000.
10000.
11000.
12000.
13000.
14000.
15000.
16000.
17000.
18000.
19000.
20000.
21000.
22000.
23000.
24000.
25000.
26000.
27000.
28000.
29000.
30000.
31000.
32000.
33000.
34000.

.00002236
.00003009
.00003766
.00004518
.00005282
.00006070
.00006896
.00007776
.00008723
.00009751
.00010874
.00012106
.00013462
.00014955
.00016600
.00018410
.00020401
.00022585
.00024977
.00027591
.00030442
.00033543
.00036908
.00040552
.00044488
.00048731
.00053295
.00058194
.00063441
.00069052
.00075040
.00081419
.00088204
.00095408

11497226.
11508882.
11514317.
11513518.
11506512.
11493358.
11474154.
11449026.
11418134.
11381666.
11339833.
11292869.
11241027.
11184574.
11123789.
11058958.
10990372.
10918326.
10843111.
10765016.
10684325.
10601313.
10516247.
10429384.
10340968.
10251233.
10160398.
10068672.
9976248.
9883309.
9790022.
9696544.
9603018.

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

454

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table C-2.Permanent set, creep, and initial and final
modulus values (U.S. customary)Continued
18^ ALUM 1NU M STRANDS ANC _1 STEEL STRAND

Size,
AWGor
kcmil

Code
word
WAXW1NG
MERLIN
CHICKADEE
PELICAN
0SPREY
KINGBIRD

266.8
336.4
397.5
477.0
566.5
636.0

10-year
creep1

Tension 1 ,
lb

Final
modulus,
lb/in2

.00058691
.00058702
.00056698
.00056019
.00055702
.00055886

1238.
1562.
1789.
2124.
2466.
2826.

9867000.
9867000.
9867000.
9867000.
9867000.
9867000.

Stress,
lb/irI 2

Permanent
set

1000 .
2000 .
3000 .
4000 .
5000 .
6000 .
7000 .
8000 .
9000 .
10000 .
11000 .
12000 .
13000 .
1400C .
1500C .
1600C .
1700C .
1800C .
1900C .
2000C .
2100C).
2200C).
2300C).
2400C).

.00007997
.00011682
.00015029
.00018134
.00021094
.00024002
.00026954
.00030046
.00033374
.00037032
.00041116
.00045722
.00050944
.00056879
.00063621
.00071266
.00079909
.00089647
.00100573
.00112784
.00126375
.00141442
.00158079
.00176383

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Initial
modulus,
lb/in2
7236257.
7326749.
7402066.
7460835.
7502070.
7525224.
7530226.
7517466.
7487760.
7442273.
7382441.
7309875.
7226273.
7133343.
7032742.
6926027.
6814624.
6699814.
6582724.
6464328.
6345457.
6226811.
6108966.

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TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table C-2.Permanent set, creep, and initial and final
modulus values (U.S. customary)Continued
2fi ALUMINUM STRANDS AND 7 STEEL STRANDS
Code
word

Size,
AWGor
kcmil

PARTR1DGE
OSTRICH
L1NNET
IBIS
HAWK
DOVE
SQUAB
GROSBEAK
STARL1NG
DRAKE

266.8
300.0
336.4
397.5
477.0
556.5
605.0
636.0
715.5
795.0

~l

10-year
creep1

Tension 1 ,
lb

Final
modulus,
lb/in2

.00050213
.00050168
.00049623
.00048422
.00048255
.00047888
.00047298
.00046581
.00046675
.00046583

2034.
2286.
2538.
2934.
3510.
4068.
4374.
4536.
5112.
5670.

10760000.
10760000.
10760000.
10760000.
10760000.
10760000.
10760000.
10760000.
10760000.
10760000.

Stres
lb/irl2

Permanent
set

1000 .
2000 .
3000 .
4000 .
5000 .
6000 .
7000 .
8000 .
9000 .
1000C .
1100C .
1200C>.
1300C .
1400C>.
1500C).
1600C).
1700C).
1800C).
1900C).
2000C).
2100C).
2200C).
2300C).
2400C).
2500C).
2600C).
2700C).
2800().
2900C).
3000().

.00007464
.00010656
.00013679
.00016568
.00019357
.00022078
.00024767
.00027456
.00030180
.00032973
.00035868
.00038900
.00042101
.00045507
.00049150
.00053065
.00057285
.00061844
.00066777
.00072116
.00077897
.00084152
.00090915
.00098221
.00106103
.00114595
.00123731
.00133544
.00144069
.00155340

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Initial
modulus,
lb/in2
8009304,
8064029.
8112144.
8153295.
8187189.
8213600.
8232378.
8243448.
8246813.
8242554.
8230825.
8211848.
8185905.
8153331.
8114503.
8069834.
8019760.
7964731.
7905206.
7841642.
7774488.
7704182.
7631143.
7555770.
7478440.
7399503.
7319286.
7238088.
7156184.

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Initial
modulus
lb/in2
Perma
set

S c
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~
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&
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^.

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4^.

u
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5*

^ ^

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^ ^
$
'. a
(N tS

| ORIOLE
| LARK
| HEN
1 EAGLE

Final
lodulus,
tb/in 2

00

CO

in

CO 1 ^

in

in

Cvj 0 0
CO
00
<>
o> o>
o
r^.
,
_
<
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.
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**
CVJ CVJ CVJ CVJ CVJ r - t r - r H
,
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o>

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m
00
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o r^ 0 0 V> vr> 0CO0 r - H
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VD CVJ i n **
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rx
vo
00

o o o o o O o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o ti
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o o o
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o CVJ CVJ
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CO

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r x CVJ
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r-i
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<x>
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**
CVJ CVJ CVJ
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rv
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
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o o o o o o o o o o o
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o o o o o o o
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CVJ
in
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rv
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C\J CO

458

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Table C-2.-Permanent set, creep, and initial and final

modulus values (U.S. customary)Continued
45 ALUMINUM STRANDS AND 7 STEEL STRANDS

Size,
AWGor
kcmil

10-year
creep1

Tension 1 ,
lb

795.0
900.0
954.0
1,033.5
1,113.0
1,192.5
1,272.0
1,351.5
1,431.0
1,510.5
1,590.0

.00057764
.00056147
.00056215
.00055394
.00055325
.00055490
.00055412
.00055343
.00055282
.00054804
,00054776

3978.
4392.
4662.
4986.
5364.
5760.
6138.
6516.
6894.
7218.
7596'.

Code
word
TERN
RUDDY
RAIL
ORTOLAN
BLUEJAY
BUNTING
BITTERN
DIPPER
BOBOLINK
NUTHATCH
LAPWING

Stress,
lb/in2

Permanent
set

1000.
2000.
3000.
4000.
5000.
6000.
7000.
8000.
9000.
10000.
11000.
12000.
13000.
14000.
15000.
16000.
17000.
18000.
19000.
20000.
21000.
22000.
23000.

.00007248
.00012961
.00017972
.00022409
.00026402
.00030081
.00033576
.00037017
.00040532
.00044251
.00048305
.00052822
.00057932
.00063765
.00070450
.00078118
.00086897
.00096917
.00108308
.00121199
.00135721
.00152002
.00170172

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Final
modulus,
lb/in2
9350000.
9350000.
9350000.
9350000.
9350000.
9350000.
9350000.
9350000.
9350000.
9350000.
9350000.

Initial
modulus,
lb/in2
6094514.
6230875.
6356725.
6469544.
6566978.
6647001.
6708064.
6749205.
6770117.
6771136.
6753185.
6717665.
6666327.
6601128.
6524109.
6437290.
6342586.
6241760.
6136388.
6027851.
5917333.
5805834.

APPENDIX C

Table C-2.Permanent set, creep, and initial and final

modulus values (U.S. customary)Continued
L_

54 ALUMINUM STRANDS AND

7 STEEL STRANDS

Code
word

Size,
AWGor
kcmil

10-year
creep1

Tension1,

lb

Final
modulus,
lb/in2

CONDOR
CANARY
CARDINAL
CURLEW

795.0
900.0
954.0
1,033.5

.00046434
.00046390
.00046369
.00046347

5076.
5742.
6084.
6588.

9734000.
9734000.
9734000.
9734000.

Stress,
lb/in2
1000.
2000.
3000.
4000.
5000.
6000.
7000.
8000.
9000.
10000.
11000.
12000.
13000.
14000.
15000.
16000.
17000.
18000.
19000.
20000.
21000.
22000.
23000.
24000.
25000.
26000.

Permanent

set
f

.00005753
.00010350
.00014543
.00018402
.00021994
.00025388
.00028652
.00031856
.00035066
.00038352
.00041782
.00045425
.00049348
.00053621
.00058311
.00063487
.00069218
.00075571
.00082615
.00090420
.00099052
.00108580
.00119074
.00130600
.00143228
.00157026

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Initial
modulus,
lb/in2
6725040.
6818757.
6904585.
6981488.
7048526.
7104893.
7149946.
7183242.
7204543.
7213835.
7211311.
7197364.
7172554.
7137584.
7093261.
7040465.
6980111.
6913128.
6840425.
6762878.
6681315.
6596501.
6509140.
6419866.
6329243.

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

460

Table C-2.Permanent set, creep, and initial and final

modulus values (U.S. customary)Continued
~54 ALUMINUM STRANDS AND 19STEEL STRANDS
Code
word
FINCH
GRACKLE
PHEASANT
MARTIN
PLOVER
PARROT
FALCON

Size,
AWGor
kcmil

10-year
creep1

Tension 1 ,
lb

Final
modulus,
lb/in2

1,113.0
1,192.5
1,272.0
1,351.5
1,431.0
1,510.5
1,590.0

.00050022
.00050043
.00048771
.00048760
.00048851
.00048704
.00048789

7038.
7542.
7848.
8334.
8838.
9306.
9810.

10110000.
10110000.
10110000.
10110000.
10110000.
10110000.
10110000.

Stress,
lb/in2

Permanent
set

Initial
modulus,
lb/in2

1000.
2000.
3000.
4000.
5000.
6000.
7000.
8000.
9000.
10000.
11000.
12000.
13000.
14000.
15000.
16000.
17000.
18000.
19000.
20000.
21000.
22000.
23000.
24000.
25000.
26000.
27000.

.00002892
.00006013
.00008941
.00011729
.00014431
.00017099
.00019788
.00022551
.00025441
.00028512
.00031817
.00035409
.00039342
.00043669
.00048444
.00053719
.00059549
.00065987
.00073086
.00080900
.00089482
.00098885
.00109163
.00120369
.00132557
.00145779
.00160090

7685036.
7742948.
7790922.
7828437.
7855119.
7870755.
7875301.
7868880.
7851773.
7824407.
7787332.
7741200.
7686737.
7624723.
7555962.
7481264.
7401427.
7317221.
7229375.
7138573.
7045445.
6950565.
6854451.
6757566.
6660319.
6563070.

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

APPENDIX C

Table C-2.Permanent set, creep, and initial and final

modulus values (U.S. customary)Continued
M ALUMINUM STRANDS AND 19 STEEL STRANDS

Code
word
CHUCKAR
BLUEBIRD

Size,
AWGor
kcmil

10-year
creep1

Tension1,
lb

Final
modulus,
lb/in2

1,780.0
2,156.0
3,064.0

.00071310
.00069677
.00069663

9180.
10854.
15426.

9690000.
9690000.
9690000.

Stress,
lb/in2
1000.
2000.
3000.
4000.
5000.
6000.
7000.
8000.
9000.
10000.
11000.
12000.
13000.
14000.
15000.
16000.
17000.
18000.
19000.
20000.
21000.
22000.
23000.
24000.

Permanent
set
1

0.00000000
.00003350
.00006531
.00009538
.00012455
.00015366
.00018356
.00021507
.00024904
.00028631
.00032772
.00037411
.00042632
.00048519
.00055156
.00062627
.00071016
.00080407
.00090885
.00102532
.00115433
.00129672
.00145333
.00162500

Calculated at 18 percent of ultimate strength.

Initial
modulus,
lb/in2

7267970.
7337414.
7392798.
7433244.
7458197.
7467449.
7461150.
7439784.
7404137.
7355238.
7294302.
7222659.
7141699.
7052811.
6957345.
6856575.
6751677.
6643716.
6533641.
6422281.
6310355.
6198473.
6087152.

0.192-kPa Resu
fore
wind,
N/m
N/

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

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464

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

-+-*
G

Resulta
force1
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mm
mm
mm
mm

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

8M
10M
12. 5M
14M
16M
18M
20M
25M
NO. 12
NO. 11
NO. 10
NO. 9
NO. 8
NO. 7
NO. 6
NO. 5

AWG
AWG
AWG
AWG
AWG
AWG
AWG
AWG

HIGH
EXTRA HIGH
HIGH
EXTRA HIGH
HIGH
EXTRA HIGH

Does not include NESC constant.

11.113
11.113
12.7
12.7

1 9.525mm

Wire type
and size

STRENGTH
STRENGTH
STRENGTH
STRENGTH
STRENGTH
STRENGTH

Area,
mm 2

Ultimate
strength,
N

Coeff. of
linear
expansion,
perC
Force,
N/m

51.1
51.1
74.6
74.6
96.6
96.6

48040
68502
64498
92522
83626
119656
.0000115
.0000115
.0000115
.0000115
.0000115
.0000115

6.91
7.77
8.71
9.22
9.80
10.59
11.28
13.18
6.15
6.91
7.77
8.71
9.78
11.00
12.34
13.87

29.4
36.9
46.1
51.9
58.1
68.5
77.7
106.1
23.2
29.2
36.8
46.5
58.6
73.9
93.1
117.4
35585
44482
55602
62274
71171
80067
88964
111205
28028
35340
44570
56180
70859
84782
101107
120234

.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130
.0000130

ALUMOWELD STRAND OVERHEAD (3R0UND WIRE

9.14
9.14
11.05
11.05
12.57
12.57

1.9118
2.4080
3.0355
3.3858
3.8236
4.4657
5.0641
6.9321
1.5119
1.9060
2.4036
3.0297
3.8207
4.8160
6.0754
7.6603

3.9841
3.9841
5.8230
5.8230
7.5450
7.5450

STEEL STRAND OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE (7- WIRE)

Diameter,
mm

Table C-3.Conductor and overhead ground wire data (metric)'-Continued

1.3
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.
2.5
1.
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.
2.3
2.6

1.7
1.7
2.
2.
2.4
2.4

0.192
win
N/m

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

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NO. 11 AWG
NO. 10 AWG
NO. 9 AWG
NO. 8 AWG
NO. 7 AWG
NO. 6 AWG
NO. 5 AWG

Does not include NESC constant.

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

14M
16M
18M
20M
25M

12. 5M

8M
10M

INCH
HIGH STRENGTH
INCH EXTRA HIGH STRENGTH
HIGH STRENGTH
7/16 INCH
7/16 INCH EXTRA HIGH STRENGTH
1/2 INCH
HIGH STRENGTH
1/2 INCH EXTRA HIGH STRENGTH

3/8
3/8

Wire type
and size

Area,
in2

Coeff. of
linear
expansion,
per F
Weight,
lb/ft

.0792
.0792
.1156
.1156
.1497
.1497
10,800
15,400
14,500
20,800
18,800
26.900

.0000064
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.0000064
.0000064

.272
.306
.343
.363
.386
.417
.444
.519
.242
.272
.306
.343
.385
.433
.486
.546
.0455
.0572
.0714
.0805
.0901
.1062
.1204
.1645
.0359
.0453
.0571
.0720
.0908
.1145
.1443
.1820

8,000
10,000
12,500
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
25,000
6,301
7,945
10,020
12,630
15,930
19,060
22,730
27.030

.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072
.0000072

ALUMOWELD STRAND OVERHEAD (3R0UND WIRE

.360
.360
.435
.435
.495
.495

.13100
.16500
.20800
.23200
.26200
.30600
.34700
.47500
.10360
.13060
.16470
.20760
.26180
.33000
.41630
.52490

.27300
.27300
.39900
.39900
.51700
.51700

STEEL STRAND OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE (7--WIRE)

Diameter,
in

Ultimate
strength,
lb

Table C-4.-Conductor and overhead ground wire data (U.S. customary )-Conimx\z&

.090
.102
.114
.121
.128
.139
.148
.173
.080
.090
.102
.114
.128
.144
.162
.182

.120
.120
.145
.145
.165
.165

4-lb/f
wind
lb/ft

470

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

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2.4080
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1.9060
2.4036
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6.7527
6.7527
8.9320
8.9320
10.9264
10.9264
4.1836
4.1836
4.5484
4.5484
4.8403
4.8403
10.8625
10.8625
12.9422
12.9422
14.8693
14.8693

4.2678
4.8548
5.5576
5.9498
6.4279
7.1152
7.7484
9.6921
3.7796
4.2647
4.8522
5.5540
6.4179
7.4866
8.8048
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4.2810
4.9315
5.7270
6.1680
6.7102
7.4930
8.2139
10.4224
3.7450
4.2752
4.9271
5.7211
6.7028
7.9159
9.4159
11.2731

8.6136
8.9196
9.2190
9.7244
9.9626
10.6878
10.3799
11.2196
10.8940
11.8662
11.6392
12.7897
12.3293
13.6332
14.4599
16.1820
8.1201
8.2474
8.6092
8.9137
9.2156
9.7200
9.9579
10.6819
10.8851
11.8542
12.0436
13.2852
13.4860
15.0258
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11.7907
14.3103
14.3103
16.5771
16.5771

6.18
6.35
6.53
6.63
6.74
6.89
7.02
7.38
6.04
6.18
6.35
6.53
6.73
6.97
7.22
7.52

6.61
6.61
6.98
6.98
7.27
7.27

ALL VALUES ARE IN NEWTON

3.7555
3.9209
4.1009
4.1982
4.3101
4.4609
4.5922
4.9571
3.6096
3.7555
3.9209
4.1009
4.3052
4.5387
4.7965
1 5.0884 1

ALUMOWELD STRAND OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE

6.3332
6.3332
8.2514
8.2514
10.0185
10.0185

H EA V Y

ED 1 T 1 O

Resultant Force with 0.19212.7-mm

force 2
win
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19 7 7

STEEL STRAND OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE (7-WIRE)

Resultant
force 1

CODE

L OA D I N G

S A F E T Y

MED I U M

E L E C 1 R 1 C AL

LOAD 1 NG

Force
with no
ice

LIGHT

Includes 0.7297 NESC constant.

Includes 2.9188 NESC constant.
Includes 4.3782 NESC constant.

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5

mm HS
mm EHS
mm HS
mm EHS
mm HS
mm EHS

8M
10M
12.5M
14M
16M
18M
20M
25M
7 NO.
7 NO.
7 NO.
7 NO.
7 NO.
7 NO.
7 NO.
7 NO.

9.525
9.525
11.11
11.11
12.7
12.7

Wire type
and size

N A T 1 O NA L

Table C-5.Conductor and overhead ground wire values for NESC

light, medium, and heavy loading (metric)Continued

474

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Includes 0.05 NESC constant.

Includes 0.20 NESC constant.
Includes 0.30 NESC constant.

NO. 12
NO. 11
NO. 10
NO. 9
NO, 8
NO. 7
NO. 6

7 NO.

7
7
7
7
7
7
7

14M
16M
18M
20M
25M

.5249 11

.1310
.1650
.2080
.2320
.2620
.3060
.3470
.4750
.1036
.1306
.1647
.2076
.2618
.3300
.4163

8M

11

.2730
.2730
.3990
.3990
.5170
.5170

Weight
with
no ice

.2040
.2295
.2573
.2723
.2895
.3128
.3330
.3893
.1815
.2040
.2295
.2573
.2888
.3248
.3645
.4095

.2700
.2700
.3263
.3263
.3713
.3713

Weight
with
1 /4-in ice

4-lb/ft2
wind
Resultant
weight2

.4627
.4627
.6120
.6120
.7487
.7487
.2867
.2867
.3117
.3117
.3317
.3317
.7443
.7443
.8868
.8868
1.0189
1.0189

.2924
.3327
.3808
,4077
.4405
.4875
.5309
.6641
.2590
.2922
.3325
.3806
.4398
.5130
.6033
1 .7157
.2933
.3379
.3924
.4226
.4598
.5134
.5628
.7142
.2566
.2929
.3376
.3920
.4593
.5424
.6452
.7725

.6112
.6663
.7323
.7688
.8131
.8764
.9342
1.1088
.5651
.6108
.6660
.7319
.8123
.9103
1.0296
1 1.1755

.8079
.8079
.9806
.9806
1.1359
1.1359

.424
.435
.447
.454
.462
.472
.481
.506
.414
.424
.435
.447
.461
.477
.495
.515

.453
.453
.478
.478
.498
.498

ALL VALUES ARE IN POUN

.5902
.6317
.6827
.7113
.7465
.7975
.8448
.9908
.5564
.5899
.6315
.6823
.7459
.8252
.9241
.3487 1 1.0475
.2573
.2687
.2810
.2877
.2953
.3057
.3147
.3397
.2473
.2573
.2687
.2810
.2950
.3110
.3287

ALUMOWELD STRAND OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE

.4340
.4340
.5654
.5654
.6865
.6865

4-lb/f
wind

H EA V Y

ED 1 T 1 0

Weight
with
1 /2-in ice

19 7 7

STEEL STRAND OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE (7-WIRE)

Resultant
weight1

CODE

L0A DING

SAFETY

MED 1 U M

ELECTRICAL

LOAD 1N G

9-lb/ft2
wind

LIGHT

INCH HS
INCH EHS
INCH HS
INCH EHS
INCH H S
INCH E H S

10M
12. 5M

,3/8
3/8
7/16
7/16
1/2
1/2

Wire type
and size

N A T 10 NA L

Table C-6.Conductor and overhead ground wire values for NESC

light, medium, and heavy loading (U.S. customaryj-Continued

Index
ACSR conductors
creep, 9, 13, 26, 442, 452
data tables, 462, 466
ice and wind load, 27, 470, 474
initial and final modulus, 13, 15, 26, 442, 452
loading conditions, 2, 26, 128
loading constants, 27
loading tables, 470, 474
permanent set, 14, 26, 442, 452
sags and tensions (see Sags and tensions)
stress-strain curves, 10
Adjacent spans
distance between low points of, 128
maximum sum oU 128
Air gap, 103, 112
flashover values, 4 2 3 , 424
Aluminum conductor tables, 462
Alumoweld strand
data tables, 465, 469
ice and wind load, 27, 473, 477
initial and final modulus, 13, 26, 419
loading conditions, 2, 26
loading constants, 27
loading tables, 4 7 3 , 477
permanent set, 419
sags and tensions (see Sags and tensions)
stress-strain curves, 14
Angle
insulator swing, 105, 112, 123, 129, 133, 142
maximum line deflection, 128
of bias lines for single insulator string limit, 168
of bias lines on structure limitation chart, 152
of line deflection scale, 141 (wood), 151 (steel)
of protection, 108
of sideswing, 5 1 , 127
ANSI, 2, 213
moment of resistance for wood poles, 348
Armor rods, 282
Azimuth chart, 342

Barometric pressure, 426

Basic impulse insulation level, 104
Broken conductor, 56
sags and tensions, 29
thesis, 307
unbalanced condition, 67
Building clearances, 274

California safety code (see Safety codes)

Carroll, J. S., 284
Catenary curve, 14, 17, 22, 25, 28
Charts
azimuth, 342
guying, 127
structure limitation, 127
Circumference tables for wood poles, 351
Class of poles, 156
by pole lengths, 273
Clayton, J. M., I l l
Clearance patterns, 103, 111
construction of, 121

Clearances
air-gap, 103, 109, 112
at conductor transposition, 7
between conductors, 51
climbing, 2
conductor to building, 274
conductor to ground, 34, 38, 266
conductor to guy, 130, 131 (Calif.)
conductor to steel structure, 112
conductor to wood structure, 129, 131 (Calif.)
crossings, 273
curves for spotting, 266
midspan, 110
models for, 6
NESC, 34
patterns, 103, 111
right-of-way, 274
Codes (see Safety codes)
Concentrated loads, 29, 99
Conductor
broken, 29, 56, 307
clearance patterns, 103, 111
clearances (see Clearances)
creep, 9, 13, 26, 442, 452
data tables, 430, 442, 452, 462, 466, 470, 474
effect of temperature change, 30
elastic limit, 13
electrical conductivity, 9
elongation, 10
galloping, 50, 284
ice and wind load, 27, 470, 474
lightning protection, 103
loading conditions (see Loading conditions)
loading constants, 27
mechanical strength, 9
modulus of elasticity, 13
proportional limit, 13
sags and tensions (see Sags and tensions)
sag template, 32
selection of, 9
stress-strain curves, 10
ultimate tensile strength, 13
uplift, 268
vibration, 282
working limit, 13
yield strength, 13
Cone of protection, 108
Construction
single wood-pole, 4
type of, 4, 128
Copperweld sag charts, 29
Corona, 284
loss, 9
with armor rods, 282
Cost estimates, 2
Creep, 9, 442, 452
definition, 13
in final loading condition, 26
Crossings, 273

Dancing conductors (see Galloping conductors)

Data summary form, 23
Davison, A. E., 50

479

480

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Den Hartog, J. P., 50

Density, 426, 427
Department of Energy, iii
Design instructions, 21
Design tensions (conductor), 128
Distance between low points, 128
Double-circuit steel structures, 6
Douglas fir pole circumferences, 351
Drawings
guying chart, 209
plan and profile, 32, 266
project, 4
sag template, 32, 266
standard, 4
steel structure limitation chart, 147
wood structure limitation chart, 205

Effective span, 8
Ehrenburg, D . O., 40
Elastic limit, 13
Electrical conductivity, <
Ellipses, 130, 184
Elongation, 10, 26
Engineers cost estimate,
Equations (survey), 300

Factor of safety
California, 131
insulation withstand, 105
steel construction, 127
wood construction, 129
Farr, Holland H., iii
Field data, 1
Final loading condition, 26
Final modulus of elasticity, 13, 26, 442, 452
Flashover, 103
characteristics of insulators and air gaps, 423
critical impulse, 120
lightning, 107
60-Hz wet, 120
switching surge, 104
values of air gaps, 424
Flattop construction, 4
Footing
resistance, 103, 111
surge resistance, 111
Fortescue, C. L., 106

Galloping conductors, 50
half- and full-sag ellipses, 130
vibrations, 284
Grading the transmission line, 268
Graphic method for sag-tension calculations, 30
Ground clearances, 34, 38
on side slopes, 273
Ground resistivity, 111, 344
Guying chart, 127
construction of, 186
Guys
calculations for, 169

clearance to conductor, 130, 131 (Calif.)

in poor bearing soil, 274

H-frame wood-pole structures, 4

guying, 169
maximum design tensions, 128
maximum low-point distance, 153
maximum sum of adjacent spans, 156, 162
stresses, 213

Ice loading, 27, 470, 474

Impulse insulation level (value), 104, 112, 423
Inclined spans, 38
sags and tensions, 28
stringing, 292
Initial loading condition, 26
Initial modulus of elasticity, 13, 26, 442, 452
Insulation, 103
air-gap, 103, 112, 423
basic impulse level, 104
safety factors, 106
selection tables, 107
withstand, 105
Insulator
effect, 77
extra units, 106
factor of safety, 128
flashover characteristics, 423
impulse insulation value, 104, 112, 423
offset, 292
sideswing, 5 1 , 268
strength requirement for steel structures, 135
swing angle, 105, 112, 129, 131, 133, 142
vertical force, 141
Isoceraunic level, 103

Kientz, H. J., iii

Land sections, 340, 341

Level spans
sags and tensions, 28
Lightning
direct-stroke theory, 106
impulse voltages, 103
protection, 103, 106
Line deflection angle, 128
near a substation, 274
resultant force, 169
Loading conditions, 2, 128
ACSR, 27
California, 3, 27, 130
final, 26
for galloping, 50
full load, 132
initial, 26
N E S C , 9, 26
overhead ground wire, 28
Loading constants, 27

INDEX
Locating structures (see Structure spotting)
Long-span construction, 7
Losses
corona, 284

Martin, J. S., 29
Martin's Sag Calculating Tables, 29
Mass per volume (wood species), 427
Metric conversions, 431
Midspan clearances, 110
Models for clearances, 6
Modulus of elasticity, 13, 26
Mohr, R. D . , iii
Moment of resistance
ANSI standard, 348
formula, 343
USER standard, 345

N E S C , 2, 93
clearances, 34, 273
loading conditions, 27, 132
Nomenclature
steel structures, 5, 133
wood-pole structures, 4, 149
Normal span, 7

Oscillations (see Galloping conductors)

Outages
lightning, 111
Overhead ground wires, 108
data tables, 462, 466, 470, 474
loading conditions, 3 , 27
midspan clearances, 110
Overvoltages
causes, 105
lightning, 103
power frequency, 103
switching surges, 103

Parabola, 14, 25, 28

Peek, F. W., 284
Permanent set, 10, 26
definition, 13
values for ACSR, 442, 452
values for Alumoweld strand, 419
values for steel strand, 420
Peterson, W. S., 284
Pole circumferences
Douglas fir, 351
southern yellow pine, 351
western red cedar, 385
Pole ground wire, 128
Power frequency operating voltages, 103
causes of overvoltages, 105
Power loss, 284
Pressure due to wind, 429
Priest, F. F., iii, 99
Proportional limit, 13

Protection
lightning, 103
Proximity effect, 104

Relative air density, 426

Relative mass density (wood), 427
Resistance
maximum moment of, 343
Resistivity, 111, 344
Restriking, 104
Right-of-way, 274
Rockwell, M. M., 284
Ruling span
definition, 8
for stringing, 292

Safety codes, 2, 28
California, 2, 26, 35, 130, 273
N E S C , 2, 26, 132, 273, 275
Safety factor (see Factor of safety)
Sags and tensions, 25, 29
calculation form, 33
calculations for, 30, 38
catenary versus parabola, 14, 25, 28
Copperweld charts, 30
Ehrenburg's method, 40
inclined spans, 28, 38, 292
initial and final loading conditions, 26
insulator effect on, 29, 77
level spans, 28
loading conditions, 2, 27
loading constants, 27
Martin's tables, 29
maximum tensions, 3 , 27
spans adjacent to a broken conductor, 29, 56
spans with concentrated loads, 29, 99
stringing, 292
temperature for loading conditions, 3, 27
Sag template, 32
broken conductor, 67
for structure spotting, 266
inclined span, 38
Scale factors for structure limitation charts
line deflection angle, 141 (steel), 151 (wood)
low point, 140 (steel), 149 (wood)
sum of adjacent spans, 141 (steel), 152 (wood)
Section numbering, 340
Selection of
conductor, 9
ruling span, 8
type of construction, 4
Sheaves
for stringing, 292
Shield angle, 103, 108
Sideswing, 5 1 , 268
angle, 105, 112, 129, 131, 133, 142
SI metric, 431
Single-circuit steel structure, 5, 133
Single span limits on structures, 183
Single wood-pole structure, 4
Southern yellow pine
pole circumferences, 351

481

482

TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN MANUAL

Spacing
between conductors, 51
Spans
adjacent to broken conductor, 29, 56
effective, 8
inclined, 28, 38
level, 28
maximum permissable, 51
normal, 7
ruling, 8
substation approach, 273
with concentrated loads, 29, 99
with unbalanced loads, 29, 67
Standards for preparing structure limitation chart, 127
Station equations, 300
Steel strand, 7-wire
data tables, 465, 469
ice and wind load, 27, 473, 477
initial and final modulus, 13, 26, 422
loading conditions, 2, 26
loading constants, 27
loading tables, 473, 477
permanent set, 420
sags and tensions (see Sags and tensions)
stress-strain curves, 14
Steel structures (see Structures)
Strength
basis for calculation, 128
determining low-point distance, 153
determining span length, 183
determining sum of adjacent spans, 156, 162
limitation of single insulator string, 166
requirements of insulator string, 135 (steel)
Stresses
conductor, 10
voltage, 103, 112
wood-pole structures, 213
Stress-strain curves, 10, 15
Stringing, 25
sag data, 292
Stroke current, 103
Structure limitation chart, 127
angle of bias lines, 142 (steel), 152 (wood)
angle of bias lines for insulators, 168
basis for strength calculations, 128
clearance patterns, 111
conductor calculations, 135 (steel), 150 (wood)
conductor clearances, 129, 131 (Calif.)
construction of, 145 (steel), 185 (wood)
data required for construction of, 132 (steel), 146 (wood)
effect of hold downs, 156
full-load conditions, 132
guying, 169, 176, 179, 182
insulator swing angles, 142 (steel)
insulator swing limits, 129, 131
insulator vertical force, 141 (steel), 150 (wood)
line deflection angle scale, 141 (steel), 151 (wood)
loading conditions, 3, 128
low-point distance, 153
low-point scale, 140 (steel), 149 (wood)
maximum design tensions, 128
safety factors, 128, 131
single span limits, 183
standards to follow, 127

strength of insulators, 105 (wood), 135 (steel)

structure design, 130 (Calif.)
sum of adjacent spans, 156, 162, 164
sum of adjacent spans scale, 141 (steel), 152 (wood)
wind force on pole, 156
Structures
adjacent to substation, 273
basic types of, 4
double-circuit steel, 6
for special conditions, 4, 6
functional classes of, 4
grounding of, 111
H-frame wood-pole, 4, 149
insulation for, 103
lightning protection, 103
single-circuit steel, 5, 133
single wood-pole, 4
spotting, 266
stresses in wood-pole, 213
Structure spotting, 29, 266
sag template, 32
uplift, 268
Substations, 29, 273
Summary form, 23
Sum of adjacent spans, 128 (steel), 156, 162 (wood)
Survey equations, 300
Suspension clamp, 292
Suspension insulator string
flashover characteristics, 423
Switching surges, 103
Switchyards (see Substations)

Taps, 29, 99
Temperature
coefficients of expansion, 428
for loading conditions, 3 , 27
Template (see Sag template)
Tensile testing, 10
Tension (see also Sags and tensions)
calculation of, 29
conductor, 3, 25
maximum design, 128, 130
overhead ground wire, 28
Tie-downs, 29, 99
Township, 340
Transmission line
data summary form, 23
equations, 300
grading the line, 268
Transpositions, 6
Triangular construction, 4
Types of construction
double-circuit steel, 6
H-frame wood-pole, 4
selection of, 4
single-circuit steel, 5
single wood-pole, 4

Ultimate tensile strength, 422, 4 6 2 , 466

definition, 13
Uplift (upstrain), 268

483

INDEX
U S B R standards
angle of protection, 110
clearance patterns, 111
conductor and overhead ground wire design criteria, 3
conductor clearance to buildings, 275
conductor clearance to guy wire, 130, 131 (Calif.)
conductor clearance to structure, 129, 131 (Calif.)
crossings, 273
ellipses, 50
factors of safety for wood construction, 129, 131 (Calif.)
full-load conditions, 132
insulation coordination, 105
insulator swing limitations, 129 (wood)
maximum moment of resistance for wood poles, 345
structure limitation chart, 127
structures and spans near substations, 273

Vibration dampers, 282

Voltage stress, 112
lightning impulse, 103, 105
power frequency, 103, 105
switching surge, 103

Wave shape, 103

Western Area Power Administration, iii
Western red cedar
pole circumferences, 385
Wind
force on wood pole, 156
loading on conductor, 3
pressure on projected area, 429
Wiszneauckas, G. R., 29, 56, 307
Wood-pole structures
basis for strength calculation, 128
classes of poles, 156, 273

climbing clearance, 2
conductor calculations, 149
conductor clearance to guy wire, 130, 131 (Calif.)
conductor clearance to structure, 129, 131 (Calif.)
designations and types, 149
effect of hold downs, 156
full-load conditions, 133
guying, 169, 171, 176, 179, 182
H-frame, 4, 128, 149
insulator string strength, 166
insulator swing limits, 129, 131
insulator vertical force, 150
loading conditions, 3 , 128
low-point distance, 153
mass per volume of wood, 427
moment of resistance, 343
pole circumferences, 3 5 1 , 385
relative mass density of wood, 427
safety factors, 129, 131 (Calif.)
single, 4
single span limits, 183
stresses in, 213
structure limitation chart, 146, 185
sum of adjacent spans, 156, 162, 164
tensions (design), 128
type of construction, 128
wind force on pole, 156
Wood species
mass and density of, 427
Working limit, 13

X-braces, 4

Yield strength, 13
Young, F. S., I l l

ft U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:

1980662-035