Solutions Guide: Please reword the answers to essay type parts so as to guarantee that your answer is an original.

Do not
submit as your own.
It has been 2 months since you took a position as an assistant financial analyst at Caledonia Products. Although your boss has been
pleased with your work, he is still a bit hesitant about unleashing you without supervision. Your next assignment involves both the
calculation of the cash flows associated with a new investment under consideration and the evaluation of several mutually exclusive
projects. Given your lack of tenure and Caledonia, you have been asked not only to provide a recommendation but also to respond to a
number of questions aimed at judging your understanding of the capital-budgeting process. The memorandum you received outlining
your assignment follows: To: The Assistant Financial Analyst From: Mr. V. Morrison, CEO, Caledonia Products Re: Cash Flow Analysis
and Capital Rationing We are considering the introduction of a new product. Currently we are in the 34 percent marginal tax bracket with
a 15 percent required rate of return or cost of capital. This project is expected to last 5 years and then, because this is somewhat of a fad
product, be terminated. The following information describes the new project: Cost of new plant and equipment: $7,900,000 Shipping and
installation costs: $100,000 Unit Sales: Year 1: Units sold: 70,000 Year 2: Units sold: 120,000 Year 3: Units sold: 140,000 Year 4: Units
sold 80,000 Year 5: Units sold 60,000 Sales price per unit: $300/unit in years 1 through 4, $260/unit in year 5 Variable Cost per unit:
$180/unit Annual Fixed Costs: $200,000 Working capital requirements: There will be an initial working-capital requirement of $100,000
just to get production started. For each year, the total investment in new working capital will be equal to 10 percent of the dollar value of
sales for that year. Thus, the investment in working capital will increase during years 1 through 3, then decrease in year 4. Finally, all
working capital is liquidated at the termination of the project at the end of year 5. The depreciation method: Use the simplified straightline method over 5 years. Assume that the plant and equipment will have no salvage value after 5 years. A.) Should Caledonia focus on
cash flows or accounting profits in making its capital-budgeting decisions? Should the company be interested in incremental cash flows,
incremental profits, total free cash flows, or total profits? B.) How does depreciation affect free cash flows or total profits? C.) How do
sunk costs affect the determination of cash flows? D.) What is the projects initial outlay? E.) What are the differential cash flows over
the projects life? F.) What is the terminal cash flow? G.) Draw a cash flow diagram for this project H.) What is its net present value? I.)
What is its internal rate of return? J.) Should the project be accepted? Why or why not? K.) In capital budgeting, risk can be measured
from three perspectives. What are those three measures of a projects risk? L.) According to CAPM, which measurement of a projects risk
is relevant? What complications does reality introduce into the CAPM view of risk, and what does that mean for our view of the relevant
measure of a projects risk? M.) Explain how simulation works. What is the value in using a simulation approach? N.) What is sensitivity
analysis and what is its purpose? Please provide answers in excel showing the work for each answer.

a.

We focus on free cash flows rather than accounting profits because these are the flows that the firm receives and can reinvest.

Only by examining cash flows are we able to correctly analyze the timing of the benefit or cost. Also, we are only interested in
these cash flows on an after-tax basis as only those flows are available to the shareholder. In addition, it is only the incremental
cash flows that interest us, because, looking at the project from the point of the company as a whole, the incremental cash flows
are the marginal benefits from the project and, as such, are the increased value to the firm from accepting the project.
b.

Although depreciation is not a cash flow item, it does affect the level of the differential cash flows over the project's life because
of its effect on taxes. Depreciation is an expense item and, the more depreciation incurred, the larger are expenses. Thus,
accounting profits become lower and in turn, so do taxes which are a cash flow item.

c.

When evaluating a capital budgeting proposal, sunk costs are ignored. We are interested in only the incremental after-tax cash
flows, or free cash flows, to the company as a whole. Regardless of the decision made on the investment at hand, the sunk costs
will have already occurred, which means these are not incremental cash flows. Hence, they are irrelevant.

Parts d, e, & f.
Section I. Calculate the change in EBIT, Taxes, and Depreciation (this become an input in the calculation of Operating Cash Flow in Section II).
Year
0
1
2
3
4
Units Sold
70,000
120,000
140,000
80,000
Sale Price
$300
$300
$300
$300
Sales Revenue
Less: Variable Costs
Less: Fixed Costs
Equals: EBDIT
Less: Depreciation
Equals: EBIT
Taxes (@34%)

$21,000,000
12,600,000
$200,000
$8,200,000
$1,600,000
$6,600,000
$2,244,000

$36,000,000
21,600,000
$200,000
$14,200,000
$1,600,0000
$12,600,000
$4,284,000

$42,000,000
25,200,000
$200,000
$16,600,000
$1,600,0000
$15,000,000
$5,100,000

Section II. Calculate Operating Cash Flow (this becomes an input in the calculation of Free Cash Flow in Section IV).
Operating Cash Flow:
EBIT
$6,600,000
$12,600,000
$15,000,000
Minus: Taxes
$2,244,000
$4,284,000
$5,100,000
Plus: Depreciation
$1,600,000
$1,600,000
$1,600,000
Equals: Operating Cash Flow
$5,956,000
$9,916,000
$11,500,000
Section III. Calculate the Net Working Capital (This becomes an input in the calculation of Free Cash Flows in Section IV).
Change In Net Working Capital:
Revenue:
$21,000,000
$36,000,000
$42,000,000
Initial Working Capital Requirement
$100,000
Net Working Capital Needs:
$2,100,000
$3,600,000
$4,200,000

5
60,000
$260

$24,000,000
14,400,000
$200,000
$9,400,000
$1,600,0000
$7,800,000
$2,652,000

$15,600,000
10,800,000
$200,000
$4,600,000
$1,600,0000
$3,000,000
$1,020,000

$7,800,000
$2,652,000
$1,600,000
$6,748,000

$3,000,000
$1,020,000
$1,600,000
$3,580,000

$24,000,000

$15,600,000

$2,400,000

$1,560,000

Liquidation of Working Capital

$100,000

$2,000,000

$1,500,000

$600,000

($1,800,000)

Section IV. Calculate Free Cash Flow (using information calculated in Sections II and III, in addition to the Change in Capital Spending).
Free Cash Flow:
Operating Cash Flow
$5,956,000
$9,916,000
$11,500,000
$6,748,000
Minus: Change in Net Working
$100,000
$2,000,000
$1,500,000
$600,000
($1,800,000)
Capital
Minus: Change in Capital Spending
$8,000,000
0
$0
0
0
Free Cash Flow:
($8,100,000)
$3,956,000
$8,416,000
$10,900,000
$8,548,000
NPV =
IRR =

$16,731,096
77%

$1,560,000
($2,400,000)

$3,580,000
($2,400,000)
0
$5,980,000

g.

Cash flow diagram

$8,416,000

$10,900,000

$8,548,000

$5,980,400

($8,100,000)
h.

NPV

= $16,731,096

i.

IRR

j.

Yes. This project should be accepted because the NPV 0. and the IRR required rate of
return.

k.

First, there is the total project risk also called project standing alone risk, which is a
projects risk ignoring the fact that much of this risk will be diversified away as the
project is combined with the firms other projects and assets. Second, we have the
projects contribution to firm risk, which is the amount of risk that the project
contributes to the firm as a whole; this measure considers the fact that some of the
projects risk will be diversified away as the project is combined with the firms other
projects and assets, but ignores the effects of diversification of the firms shareholders.
Finally, there is systematic risk, which is the risk of the project from the viewpoint of a
well-diversified shareholder; this measure considers the fact that some of a projects
risk will be diversified away as the project is combined with the firms other projects,
and, in addition, some of the remaining risk will be diversified away by the
shareholders as they combine this stock with other stocks in their portfolio.

l.

According to the CAPM, systematic risk is the only relevant risk for capital-budgeting
purposes; however, reality complicates this somewhat. In many instances, a firm will
have undiversified shareholders; for them, the relevant measure of risk is the projects
contribution to firm risk. The possibility of bankruptcy also affects our view of what
measure of risk is relevant. Because the projects contribution to firm risk can affect
the possibility of bankruptcy, this may be an appropriate measure of risk since there are
costs associated with bankruptcy.

m.

The idea behind simulation is to imitate the performance of the project being evaluated.
This is done by randomly selecting observations from each of the distributions that
affect the outcome of the project, combining each of those observations and
determining the final outcome of the project, continuing with this process until a
representative record of the projects probable outcome is assembled. In effect, the
output from a simulation is a probability distribution of net present values or internal
rates of return for the project. The decision maker then bases his decision on the full
range of possible outcomes.

n.

Sensitivity analysis involves determining how the distribution of possible net present
values or internal rates of return for a particular project is affected by a change in one
particular input variable. This is done by changing the value of one input variable
while holding all other input variables constant.

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