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Unit III Torsion

This document discusses torsion and torsional stresses. It introduces torque and defines torsional shear strain and stress based on Hooke's law. It provides formulas for determining applied torque, angle of twist, polar moment of inertia, and power transmission. Specific topics covered include torsion of solid and hollow circular shafts, flanged bolt couplings, torsion of thin-walled tubes using shear flow concept, and stresses in helical springs. Worked examples are provided to illustrate the application of torsion formulas.

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187 views7 pages

Unit III Torsion

This document discusses torsion and torsional stresses. It introduces torque and defines torsional shear strain and stress based on Hooke's law. It provides formulas for determining applied torque, angle of twist, polar moment of inertia, and power transmission. Specific topics covered include torsion of solid and hollow circular shafts, flanged bolt couplings, torsion of thin-walled tubes using shear flow concept, and stresses in helical springs. Worked examples are provided to illustrate the application of torsion formulas.

Uploaded by

VirtusEstoesta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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19

Unit III
TORSION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Torque moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal
axis.
Shaft - simplest device for transmitting a torque from one plane to a
parallel plane; commonly used to connect an engine or a motor to a
pump, compressor, axle, or similar device.

Torsion problems concerned with the determination of stresses in shaft


and the deformation of the shaft.
3.2 TORSIONAL SHEAR STRAIN

Total shearing deformation,


Shear strain,

S = DE =

s
L

Maximum shear strain,


3.3

max =

r
L

TORSIONAL SHEAR STRESS


From Hookes Law: = G =
radial distance

G
L

( GL )

where: =variable

20

( GL )
max =

Then,
3.4

( GL )

= constant

max
r

More Torsional Formulas

dP

Applied torque, T = Tr , resisting torque = M =

( dA )

G
L

2 dA=J

Where:

2 dA
= polar moment of inertia

Thus,

T=

Solving for angle of twist, :

Since

G
L

T
J

G
L

TL
JG

then

max =

Tr
J

Polar Moment of Inertia (also called polar second moment of


area), J:
a) Solid circular shaft, J =
D = diameter

r4 =

32

D4 ;

r = radius

21

b) Hollow circular shaft, J =


Where: R =outer radius
r = inner radius
3.5

( R4 r 4 )

32

( D 4 d 4 )

D = outer diameter
d = inner diameter

Power Transmission
P = T
P = T 2f
revolutions /sec

where: P = power expressed in watts


= angular speed in radians
per sec
f
=
speed
in
T = torque in N-m

Thus,

T = P /2f

Ex. 3.1 A hollow circular steel shaft with an outside diameter of 1.50 in and a wall
thickness of 0.125 in. is subjected to a pure torque of 140 lb-ft. The shaft is 90 in.
long. The shear modulus of the steel is G = 12,000psi. Determine (a) the max shear
stress in the shaft (b) the magnitude of the angle of twist in the shaft.

Ex. 3.2 A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed to 60 MPa when twisted
through 40. Using G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter. What power can
be transmitted by the shaft at 20 r/s?

3.6

Flanged Bolt Couplings


Commonly used connection between two shafts; consists of flanges
rigidly attached to the ends of the shafts and bolted together.
Torque is transmitted by the shearing force P created in t he bolts.

22

Torque resistance of one bolt, PR. For any number of bolts:


T = PRn =

d
4

Rn

For couplings with two concentric rows of bolts:

T = P 1R1n1 + P2R2n2
Shearing strains are related by:

Using Hookes Law: G =

Then,

1
R1

2
R2

and A1 = A2 ; G1 = G2

P1
R1

P2
R2

Ex. 3.3 A flanged bolt coupling consists of six 10 mm diameter steel bolts on
a bolt circle 300 mm in diameter, and four 10mm diameter steel bolts on a
concentric bolt circle 200 mm in diameter as shown. What torque can be
applied without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?

23

3.7 Torsion of Thin-Walled Tubes: Shear Flow


Considers noncircular section with a wall of variable thickness.
shear flow, q:
- useful concept associated with analysis of thin-walled sections
- defined as internal shearing force per unit of length of the thin
section

Fig. (a)
Fig. (b)
Fig. (c)
Figure (a) shows a tube of arbitrary shape with a variable thickness t.
Consider an enlarged free body of an element of length L cut from this tube
(Figure (b)),
F1 = F 2
Also,
q1L = q2 L
Then,
q1 = q2 (constant shear flow around the c-s of
the tube)
To relate the shear flow q to the applied torque T, consider Figure(c).
The moment of the torsional couple T =
area of shaded triangle. Thus,

rq dL

where

r dL

= 2 times

24

T = 2Aq

where: A = area enclosed within

the boundary
of the tube wall
centerline
Solving for q and dividing by t,
=

q
t

T
2 At

where: = shearing

stress across any thickness t


Ex.3.4 A rectangular box section of aluminum alloy has outside dimensions of
100 mm by 50 mm. The plate thickness is 2 mm for the 50-mm sides and 3
mm for the 100-mm sides. If the maximum shear stress must be limited to 95
MPa, determine the maximum torque T that can be applied to the section.

3.8 Helical Springs


Consider a wire or round rod of diameter d wound into a helical spring
of mean radius R that is elongated by an axial load P. From the FBD of a
portion and the magnified view:

Max shearing stress, =

16 PR
d 3

m1 0.615
+
( 44m4
m )

25

Spring deflection,

64 PR 3
n
Gd4

where: P = applied

axial load
R = radius of helix
d = diameter of wire would into a
helix
n = number of coils
m = 2R/d
Ex. 3.5 What is the maximum elongation of a helical spring which is made of
phosphor bronze composed of 20 turns of 20 mm diameter wire on a mean
radius of 80 mm when the spring is stressed to 140 MN/m 2, for which G = 42
GN/m2.

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