Council of Europe and Youth

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8th Council of Europe

Conference of Ministers
responsible for Youth
Kyiv, Ukraine
10-11 October 2008
The future of the Council of Europe youth
policy: AGENDA 2020

Background document
Prepared by the secretariat - Directorate of Youth and Sport
Consultant: Dr. Gavan Titley

We, the

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Table of contents

1. Introductionpage 4
2. Council of Europe youth policy and its achievementspage 4
3. Implementation of the priorities set out in the Kyiv Declaration:
proposed elements for a strategy..page 7
4. Future questions for the approaches, methods and instruments
of the youth sector...page 14
5. Conclusion.page 15
Appendix I: Young people in Europe today..page 16
Appendix II: Identity card of the Council of Europe youth sector..page 20
Appendix III: List of main youth-related texts of the Council of Europepage 24

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1. Introduction
After nearly forty years of activity, the 8th Council of Europe conference of ministers responsible for
Youth, on: The future of the Council of Europe youth policy: Agenda 2020 (Kiev, Ukraine, 10-11
October 2008) offers an opportunity to assess the current strengths and outline the future
challenges faced by the Council of Europes youth sector. The Declaration devised for the
Conference outlines the key priorities for future policy and action of the Council of Europe in the
youth field:
-

Human rights and democracy

Living together in diverse societies
The social inclusion of young people.

The Declaration and this background document prepared by the secretariat of the Council of
Europes youth sector are central to the youth sectors contribution to the Action Plan adopted by
the Third Summit of the Council of Europe held in Warsaw in May 2005. The background
document aims to enhance the implementation of the Declarations goals and the work on the key
priorities over the next decade by providing context, points for discussion, key references and
pressing questions. It is also intended as a blueprint for future discussion and adaptation by the
actors of the youth sector, in particular the co-management bodies, as they implement the
Declaration through programmes of action. Furthermore, it is intended to provide a context to the
recommendations contained in the Declaration by outlining the issues faced by the youth sector
and by young people, the achievements and instruments at the disposal of the youth sector in
engaging these challenges, and the issues which still remain open for future debate.
This assessment and recalibration of work in the youth field coincides with a period where
demographic and politico-economic factors make a concerted investment in youth policy and
young people a political priority. This priority is far from limited to the youth field; the 2008
Conference of Ministers responsible for youth in Kiev provides an important opportunity for the
youth sector to articulate the relevance of its expertise and experience to the future work of a
changing Council of Europe.
While the Council of Europes youth sector is dealt with in a specific section of the Action Plan
adopted by the third Summit, the cross-sectoral nature of youth policy issues and the transversal
relevance of youth policy and youth work implies that this sector has a duty to consider how it can
contribute to the implementation of the Action Plan priorities. The emphasis in the Action Plan on
human rights protection and advocacy, social inclusion and cohesion, interculturalism in Europe as
well as citizenship and participation provides a fertile framework for consolidating and developing
the contribution of youth policy and youth activities to the institutional mission.

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2. Council of Europe youth policy and its achievements

While youth policy development did not belong to the explicit objectives of the youth field at its
inception, it has become a committed focus and speciality which has had Europe-wide influence.
Fundamentally, the approach of the Council of Europes youth sector to youth policy is one that
aims to support young peoples participation as a citizen and their - often complex transition to
autonomy. An expert report on youth policy indicators1 in 2003 defined the governing ideas of
youth policy as: (a) (lifelong) learning (b) inclusion/social cohesion (c) citizenship and participation
and (d) safety, health and well-being. It continues by contending that these ideas imply that youth
policy should approach young people and their issues not as problems to be solved a so-called
fire brigade approach - but holistically across policy domains and through clear objectives that can
be assessed. Youth policy-makers can also display a commitment to being for, by and with young
people by involving young people in their formulation, and by being made meaningful through
evidence-based development, research-based assessment and evaluation.
Youth policy, in the Council of Europes youth sectors approach, combines a multi-dimensional
concern with ensuring young peoples well-being, providing them with relevant learning
opportunities, increasing the probability of their successful integration into society and transition to
autonomy, and enabling them to participate in decision-making and civil society. This multi-faceted
focus on different aspects of young peoples lives is supported by a set of principles on which
sound policy-making should be based. As the synthesis report Supporting Young People in
Europe: Principles, Policy, Practice contends: Broad conceptions of youth policyinclude not
only those policies which are directed specifically towards young people but also those policy
initiatives within other policy arenas which affect young people, one way or another (Williamson
2002: 15). This core insight suggests principles for youth policy formulation:
1. Youth policies are cross-sectoral and cover domains such as access to education and the
labour market, welfare and social and economic rights, culture and cultural production,
lifelong learning and non-formal education, housing, citizenship, leisure time, criminal
justice, health, sexuality, lifestyle and reproduction, mobility, military service and
conscientious objection, and many more;
2. The vertical (age) and horizontal (socio-economic possibility and lifestyle) heterogeneity of
young people implies that youth policies should be evidence-based. In the youth sector
this has been expressed as a magic triangle linking the research networks with relevant
public authorities and civil society actors representing young people and youth policy users
and respondents;
3. Youth policy respects the agency of young people while recognising the specific challenges
and obstacles they face in according to their position and possibilities.
In recent years, the youth sector of the Council of Europe has developed significant youth policy
expertise in non-formal education and in such areas as citizenship education, human rights
education, and intercultural learning. This expertise, and a range of instruments and programmes
derived from it, provides panoply of achievements central to the future work of the youth sector.
The most important of these are summarized here:

Democratic partnership: A unique experience of engagement with young peoples

organisations and networks

The youth sector has engaged with young people in civil society as fundamental partners.
This is evident not only in the co-management system, but in the specific character of the
1

DJS/YR/YPI (2003) 1
March 2003

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European Youth Centres and the European Youth Foundation, where an enormous range of
activities which are conceived and implemented by young people are supported.

Lived commitment: the capacity to promote young peoples engagement with the core
values of the Council of Europe

The centrality of human rights, citizenship and intercultural learning to the youth sectors
work has consistently chimed with the political commitments and preoccupations of young
people in Europe. The 1995 and 2007 campaigns confronting racism and intolerance and
the range of educational materials and training developed in relation to them testify to both
the ability to mobilise activists and educational multipliers. The development of widelyrecognised expertise in human rights education is based on a strategy of disseminating
educational resources such as COMPASS, a wide-raging training course offer and the
development of a network of human rights education practitioners across Europe.

Youth policy: the development of a reference framework and common standards

This framework has been developed through the combination of different instruments and
processes. The results of the seven Conferences of European Ministers Responsible for
Youth have given shape both to a youth policy framework and to approaches to specific
issues such as young people as actors in violence prevention. The Declaration of the 6th
Conference (Thessalonica) is worthy of specific mention for setting common general
objectives for policy at the Council of Europe level. This European level approach is
complemented through a focus on national youth policy in the national review processes.

Inter-institutional engagement: the ongoing development of cooperation with the European

Union

The Council of Europe and the EU share the same values, key priorities and objectives in
the field of youth and in recent years have aimed at providing a joint and lasting framework
for the development of a coherent strategy in the sector. The partnership provides
enhanced value to the programmes and activities of the two partners while fostering
cooperation and synergies. The model of co-operation in the youth field uniquely covers a
whole policy sector without regional limitation. This scope represents good practice in
relation to the Memorandum of Understanding signed by the institutions, and the
recommendations of the Juncker report.

Evidence-base: A capacity to provide expertise in the field of youth research

The tradition of youth research in the youth sector - most recently developed in the
thematic work conducted in the framework of the partnership with the European
Commission provides an active contribution to the magic triangle of youth education,
policy-making and research, and aims to support and enhance evidence-based policy
making on a wide range of issues. The researcher network, the production of research
collections and reports and its provision through the European Knowledge Centre for Youth
Policy stand as key resources.

Advocating quality: A capacity to develop quality standards and instruments in education

and training/youth work

Non formal education evolves and develops through young peoples ongoing practice,
however its relevance to young people is sustained through activities of high quality. The
youth sectors training offer and enormous range of educational resources such as the TKits - supports a vast network of multipliers in delivering reflective, needs-based education
across Europe. The youth sector has also taken the lead in promoting the recognition of

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non-formal education and the importance of lifelong learning in the prevailing labour market
conditions.

Mainstreaming: a proactive role in the development of cross-sectoral co-operation within

the Council of Europe

The vital importance of establishing youth policy as a transversal policy imperative has led
the youth sector to take an active role in cooperating and instigating joint action with other
sectors of the institution. This involves areas where young people are significantly
implicated in the issues raised, such as in work with the Committee on Migration of the
Parliamentary Assembly or the areas of Education and Human Rights where the youth
sector also brings considerable expertise and insight.

3. Implementation of the priorities set out in the Kyiv Declaration: Proposed

elements for a strategy
A) Human rights and democracy
The experience accumulated in human rights education will be important in supporting young
peoples advocacy of human rights and human dignity in many societies where human rights are,
at best, imperfectly respected. The wealth of experience from the Youth Programme for Human
Rights Education - notably in relation to decentralised activities such as the national and regional
training activities, and the local pilot projects supported by the European Youth Foundation should be consolidated. Where relevant they should be extended to other work priorities. The
innovative development of new educational resources and methodologies, including Compass,
Compasito, The Living Library and Gender Matters provide a solid basis upon which to develop the
role of the youth sector in relation to human rights and human rights education across the member
states.
There is clearly a need not only to continue working on human rights and human rights education,
but also to address young peoples access to human rights. In contemporary Europe priorities
include equality of opportunities and freedom from discrimination, social rights, the right to
participation and expression, and equality in access to relevant information. Human rights and
democracy, the core mission of the Council of Europe, must inform our youth policy in two ways:
by implementing a human rights-based approach to youth interventions and by consolidating and
expanding the work on youth participation and democratic citizenship.
The unique co-management system in the sector - where governmental and youth representatives
have equal votes is evidence of meaningful experience in youth participation. Furthermore,
activities organised by the DYS, in cooperation with partner organisations and/or with support of
the European Youth Foundation; the promotion and use of the revised European Charter on the
Participation of Young People in Local and Regional Life; and partnerships with the European
Commission, the Congress of local and regional authorities of the Council of Europe and local and
regional actors provide a solid foundation for this work. Several educational materials have been
developed to increase the understanding of youth participation and democratic citizenship, and a
focus is put on fostering cooperation between local and regional authorities and youth
representatives.
The importance of social rights, and the need to facilitate young peoples meaningful participation
in often difficult democratic contexts, implies that the youth sector must regard the social inclusion
of young people as an imperative. Social inclusion and exclusion is a multi-dimensional
process and many key aspects lie beyond the scope of the youth sectors agency. Nevertheless, it
is crucial to start from a human rights based approach, since access to human rights is the pre-

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condition for substantive work in other domains. With this in mind, the Council of Europe should
consider focusing on certain countries and/or politico-geographical regions when the need arises.
In the area of human rights education and democracy, synergies between the DYS and the High
Commissioner on Human Rights should be sought.
The Council of Europes youth sector should build on its extensive experience by investing in
young people. In particular this should involve action in the areas of youth policy development and
cooperation, youth work, education and training, as well as research and knowledge about young
peoples lives and contexts.
It should especially focus on:
1) Ensuring young peoples full enjoyment of human rights and human dignity and
encouraging their commitment in this regard
This involves expanding involvement in human rights education, but also actively supporting
young peoples own initiatives to promote human rights and democracy.
In order to ensure human rights education and project implementation, it is important to reach
out to and link different partners, organisations and educational settings with this common goal.
Opportunities should be offered for young people and their organisations to learn from each
others experiences and initiatives. Partnerships between formal education, non-formal
education and youth policy - especially at the national level - should be developed. Local,
regional and national initiatives on human rights education should be supported and
encouraged. The capacity of youth partners and organisations to implement human rights
education projects should be enhanced through training and practical support. At this moment
in time effort must be invested in reaching a broader public and engaging with more diverse
target groups and networks. The further development and innovative dissemination of
accessible educational resources is central to this.
Quality in human rights youth work demands a proper evaluation of impact and sustainability,
and this requires ongoing, applied research. Quality is also supported by fostering recognition
of human rights education, and by linking human rights education to the European portfolio for
youth leaders and youth workers, developed by the Council of Europes Directorate for Youth
and Sport. Also, policy guidelines for human rights education, both in formal and non-formal
learning contexts should be not only further elaborated, but also followed up.
2) Promoting young peoples active participation in democratic processes and
structures
In order to enshrine the importance of human rights in contemporary societies, the active
participation of young people must be supported. Practically this involves focusing on the
sustainability of programmes and measures in the field of human rights education.
Mid- or long-term programmes should be prioritised over short term, one-off projects. This in turn
supports the sustainability of national and international youth organisations and the Council of
Europes investments in the sector. In line with this effort to think beyond immediate effects and
short-term measures, organisations should be encouraged to draw upon knowledge and
experiences made in previous activities, thus actively engaging themselves in the principle of a
learning organisation. Sustainability should also be ensured by fostering networking and
cooperation between different perspectives and areas of expertise including youth workers, civil
servants, policy makers and researchers. The concept of participatory research should be
practiced and promoted.
In order to ensure full and equal participation of all citizens, special priority should be given to
special needs groups. This may involve encouraging more spontaneous and non-traditional forms
of youth participation, and creative and innovative activities which are beyond the usual scope of
established programmes.

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Finally, the concept of European citizenship should be prioritised and developed, allowing for the
construction and development of the Europe of tomorrow.
3) Promoting equal opportunities for the participation of young people;
A society built upon commitment to human rights demands that all people be heard and are able to
actively contribute. This commitment also allows us to draw upon the full potential of the diversity
of our societies. Thus special attention must be paid to securing the access of all young people to
youth activities, regardless of any special needs. Existing barriers to participation of young people
with less opportunities should be examined and concrete proposals developed and implemented.
4) Implementing gender equality and preventing all forms of gender-based violence
Gender equality should be mainstreamed in youth activities. Work on anti-trafficking should be
especially highlighted and the results of the 7th Youth ministers conference in Budapest on genderbased violence requires sustained follow up. Gender equality and information on gender-based
violence must be related to a broader public, focusing also on yet uninformed groups of young
people. Existing educational resources should be disseminated to this effect. Research into gender
equality in youth work should be supported.
5) Promoting awareness education and action amongst young people on environment
and sustainable development
Environmental awareness is centrally regarded as a crucial imperative for institutions and
individuals. Given the challenges to human existence that now exist, education for sustainable
development must be integrated into human rights education. The production and dissemination of
training resources that emphasise this integrated approach should be intensified. As far as
possible, support should be provided to encourage the use of environmentally sound technologies
in countries in transition. Training programmes should be initiated to promote the participation of
young people in sound environmental practices.
Youth must be included in the decision making process on the environment, integrating their ideas
and developing their necessary expertise for the future. Therefore, procedures for the consultation
and participation of youth in decision-making in this domain should be established. This key issue
necessitates the cooperation of all stakeholders and organisations. Thus, cooperation and
exchange with other international organisations, especially for example the UNESCO, should be
intensified. In order to be able to set an example, the environmental sustainability of the Council of
Europe, the European Youth Centres and the Directorate for Youth and Sport should be examined.
6) Facilitating the access of all young people to information and counselling services.
The access to accurate, high quality information for all people should be recognised as a
fundamental resource in a democratic society.
Therefore, it must be ensured that all young people have access to information and counselling
services, irrespective of any special needs. Easy and equal access to information and the
possibilities of the information society should be provided for all young people. Minority groups
should have access to information and services in relevant languages.
Closer integration between youth information services and training should be encouraged and
closer interaction between the network of youth researchers, education and training provided for.
Ongoing research and the analysis of statistical data on youth at national level should be
encouraged and the results shared.
In order to secure the quality of the information provided, quality criteria for information and
counselling services should be developed. Also, young people should be supported in developing
a critical approach to information and media, particularly in relation to the internet.
All 49 states - having signed the cultural convention - should be associated to the European
Knowledge Centre on Youth Policy and nominate correspondents respectively.

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B) Living together in diverse societies

It is a well-known fact that most European societies have become increasingly complex and
diverse. Diversity as a term embraces the plurality of different ways of living with faith, culture,
language, sexuality, gender and physical capacities. In a context of globalisation and increased
interdependence, diversity must be harnessed as a resource rather than seen as a subject of fear,
exclusion, discrimination and racism. The global political context of the last years has politicized
migration and given rise to new forms of state and individual racism that target some of the most
vulnerable people in our societies. Furthermore, conflict and post-conflict societies in Europe place
specific pressures on young people. The commitment of young people to living in diverse societies
and combating and preventing all forms of racism, discrimination and extremism will continue to
need support for the foreseeable future.

The campaign All different- All equal (2006- 2007) is but one example of the efforts made by the
Council of Europe to address this subject and to promote an acceptance and a positive evaluation
of diversity. The Council of Europes recent White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue suggests
specific strategies and measures to promote dialogue and positive exchange over the coming
years.
Whereas the challenge of living together in a diverse society is an issue concerning all age groups,
a specific focus on working with young people strengthens the possibility a European future that
value equality and diversity.
All actions in the field of youth work, education and training should encourage the exchange of
experience between young people of different backgrounds. Systematic research should ensure
that youth work is founded on an informed vision of social realities. Furthermore, cooperation with
other structures which provide research, in and outside the Council of Europe is important given
the multi-dimensional nature of social diversity and its implications. Future youth policy
development requires more evidence concerning the impact of policies and practices which
encourage intercultural dialogue. In policy making young people with diverse and minority
backgrounds must be involved and integrated in the policy formulation and implementation.
Dialogue between policy makers and young people must be encouraged. The self-representation
of minority groups, particularly in decision-making bodies, should be reinforced. Intercultural
learning should also be put on the agenda of child policy.
The implementation of the priority Living together in diverse societies could therefore focus
specifically on the strategic elements highlighted below:

1) Empowering young people to promote cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and

cooperation
Recognising the expertise and experience of young people on their own issues is the
fundament of any action in this area. A sustained effort should therefore be made to encourage
young people, particularly from a minority background, to contribute to the work of youth
organizations and initiatives that counter discrimination and racism.
This inclusion should also apply to the training sector, where multipliers from diverse groups
should be encouraged to involve in education and training activities (study sessions, training
courses, EYF). In order to ensure the effectiveness of these efforts, it is important that the
issue of diversity be mainstreamed in youth-relevant policies, and that cooperation between
groups with diverse backgrounds be supported.

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2) Preventing and counteracting all forms of discrimination, racism, xenophobia and

extremism
Racism and discrimination should not be conveniently ignored, but actively addressed and
tackled. This includes disseminating the results of the All different- All equal campaign for
Diversity, Human Rights and Participation as well as contributing to the campaign against
discrimination in the follow-up of the White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue. Cooperation with
other relevant bodies of the Council of Europe, such as the European Commission against
Racism and Intolerance, should be reinforced.
Further research into the implications of diversity in society as well as into the sources and
consequences of discrimination should be undertaken in order to provide a better basis for
political and educational action.

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3) Supporting initiatives of young people and their organisations in conflict prevention

and management as well as post-conflict reconciliation
Young people are unfortunately well placed to provide insight into the realities of conflict. Their
experience should be better acknowledged and their transformative initiatives supported. Youth
organisations and initiatives should receive active assistance and youth work encouraged and
reinforced, especially in the domain of conflict transformation. Educational resources on working
with conflict should be developed and disseminated for youth workers and youth organizations.
Similarly, the active contribution of young people in conflict transformation should be subject to
research capable of informing youth policy and youth work.

4) Further encouraging the development of sub-regional youth co-operation in Europe

and beyond
Diversity policies and actions cannot be restricted to cooperation on a national or even European
level; sub-regional policy cooperation should be encouraged and instruments developed for this
kind of cooperation. Furthermore, the existing cooperation with specific regions such as the EuroMediterranean, South East and Eastern Europe and the Caucasus should be expanded. In
addition, existing partnerships with other institutions working on diversity such as the European
Commission against Racism and Intolerance, the Alliance of Civilisations, the Anna Lindh
Foundation, the League of Arab States and the Asia Europe Foundation should be further
developed.
Intergovernmental cooperation - specifically the advisory missions and policy reviews - should be
central to this field of work. .
5) Encouraging young people to promote global solidarity and co-operation
Diversity, Equality and Human Rights issues cannot be artificially restricted to Europe; they
demand constant attention to be accorded to global perspectives. This attention can be sustained
through further cooperation with the North/South Centre on the Summer University on Youth and
Development and an active contribution to the Euro-African youth cooperation process initiated
through the Euro-African youth summit 2008. Among other possibilities, future cooperation in
education and training on diversity and youth policy development with the Asia-Europe Foundation
should be explored.

C) Social inclusion of young people

Council of Europe youth sector policy and actions addressing the social inclusion of young people
are based on an analysis of key social developments observable in many European countries:

The proportion of young people in the population is declining while the proportion of elderly
people is increasing. In this context of ageing societies and weakening of the welfare state,
social policies may tend to underprivilege youth, especially as far as social welfare
contributions and benefits are concerned.

Young people in todays Europe experience longer and more complex transitions to adult
life. Highly flexible pathways replace formerly more standardised tracks towards
employment and family building. It takes longer for young people to establish independent
households and families on their own. Young peoples economic reliance on families and
social networks is growing.

With the exception of a few countries, youth unemployment rates are significantly higher
than general unemployment rates and regional inequalities in this respect are still

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important. Young people are often over-represented in marginal and precarious

employment.

Inequalities in educational opportunities and outcomes are not decreasing. Failure to

acquire formal certificates and qualifications is an ever surer route to economic and social
exclusion.

To tackle these key challenges, some overarching measures should be instigated such as:
The youth sector needs to enhance co-operation and partnership with institutions, organisations
and actors involved in social policy and social work with young people.
Internally, the youth sector has to develop real synergies with other relevant Council of Europe
sectors, in particular the Directorate General of Social Cohesion and its Social Policy division,
building on its work on indicators of social cohesion. Links to activities relating to children and
families - including the programme Building a Europe for and with Children - and to the Directorate
of Human Rights and Legal Affairs also require deepening. Knowledge on social cohesion
indicators, empirical social research and the implications of these inputs for youth work must be
integrated into youth sector practice through interdisciplinary activities involving researchers, policy
makers and practitioners.
The European Social Charter is an important reference framework for the youth sector, and youth
policy and educational activities can support the implementation of those elements of the Charter
which are relevant to young people. These include health, education, employment, housing, free
movement and mobility, and non-discrimination. One might also consider whether or not other
elements linked to the legal and social protection of children and young people could be addressed
in this context, for example the right to be protected against poverty and social exclusion, or the
situation of young offenders placed in specialised establishments.
As the European Steering Committee for Youth (CDEJ) is now represented in the Steering
Committee of Social Cohesion (CDCS) as an observer, a reciprocal representative in the CDEJ,
should be envisaged.
The CDEJ could explore ways of encouraging and supporting the development of youth-friendly
municipalities in the member states. Such municipalities aim to implement innovative programmes
and measures in respect of young peoples social inclusion, and intergenerational dialogue and
solidarity. Such programmes and measures could cover a wide range of domains relevant to young
people: leisure, sport and non-formal educational activities, public equipment and amenities,
children and young peoples participation in local public life, young people/young adults housing,
and so forth.
Furthermore, the implementation of this priority action on the social inclusion of young people
should be based on the following specific actions:
1) Facilitating young peoples access to education, training and working life,
particularly through the promotion and recognition of non-formal education
The work of the Council of Europes youth sector on non-formal education and learning and the
recognition of skills and competencies acquired by young people in this context must be
strengthened. The recent and current activities carried out within the Youth Partnership with the
European Commission on non-formal learning, laid down in the joint working paper Pathways
towards validation and recognition of education, training and learning in the youth field should be
taken into consideration and continued.
Special emphasis should be placed on further supporting non-formal learning as a means to
increasing young peoples possibilities to access employment. In this context, relationships to other
sectors, in particular in the field of employment, education and training, should be improved.

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14

Current actions working towards the formal and social recognition of youth work should be
reinforced. This includes the further dissemination of the European Portfolio for Youth Workers and
Youth Leaders and the European Youth Pass.
2) Supporting young peoples transition from education to the labour market
Acknowledging the structural barriers that limit many young peoples life chances, programmes
and measures supporting disadvantaged youth should build upon their perspectives, values and
skills. The work of the youth sector requires further research and exchange between practitioners,
researchers and policy makers in order to determine how and under which conditions non-formal
learning can contribute to the social inclusion of disadvantaged young people. It is crucial to
support educational philosophies and practices which bridge formal, informal and non-formal
education.
Through the involvement of social partners and employers good practices should be developed
and gathered which allow the reconciliation of private and working life, taking also a learning
dimension into account.
Well resourced and personalised information and counselling services for young people should be
provided in order to support the transition from education to the labour market, and to promote
possibilities to reconcile private, working and learning life. Such an approach involves supporting
young people in understanding and tackling transitional challenges and problems. Successful
social inclusion implies not only fulfilling institutional targets for placing individuals into training or
jobs, but also giving them the chance of meaningful lives, as they understand them.
3) Supporting the integration of young people who are socially and economically
disadvantaged
Co-ordinated policies working for disadvantaged youth require the organisational ability and
willingness to reflect upon activities and redesign them when necessary. Young people should
have a central role in informing this reflection and development by participating in all stages of
policy formulation and delivery of services. This includes direct feedback on the subjective
relevance of these measures.
The Youth sector of the Council of Europe should further enhance co-operation with the Congress
of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe, with a view to encouraging local
policies in favour of disadvantaged young peoples social inclusion. It must also be ensured that
socially disadvantaged young people are regularly represented in the Advisory Council on Youth.
The participation of young people from disadvantaged backgrounds in the activities of the
European Youth Centres must be increased. Partnerships with organisations involved in social
work with young people can be forged with a view to developing relevant training activities.
4) Supporting young peoples autonomy, well-being and access to decent living
conditions
Young peoples autonomy, their living conditions and well-being are increasingly becoming a
concern in most European countries. The Council of Europes youth sector should address these
issues from the perspective of social rights, promoting public youth policies which seek to provide
young people with the necessary conditions for autonomy in areas such as housing, health,
transport and other basic services.
Awareness regarding the contemporary vulnerability of young people and the importance of
integrating economic, social and youth policies must be raised among key institutions if these core
issues are to be engaged. Independent movements and organisations of young people
campaigning against social exclusion should contribute to policy development, and constructive
measures they initiate should be funded.

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5) Ensuring young peoples equal right of access to creative, artistic and sport
activities
Providing young people with the necessary conditions to access creative, artistic and sport
activities is a core task of youth policy. The key role of creative and artistic expression in
encouraging cohesion, well-being and the capacity to think beyond the trodden paths must not be
underestimated. In this respect, the Council of Europe should further enhance its support to youth
organisations as privileged spaces for young peoples involvement in these activities.
Synergies between the Youth and Sport Departments of the Council of Europe should be further
developed with a view to sharing experience on inclusion activities. Moreover, the Council of
Europes youth sector, through its youth policy development programmes, should consider to
address the issue of educational, leisure and sport equipments and facilities at local/municipal level
(in liaison with the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities). The promotion of such facilities
and equipment could contribute to the aforementioned youth-friendly municipalities.
6) Encourage intergenerational dialogue and solidarity.
The major demographic changes Europe faces in the coming years pose distinct challenges to
contemporary social models and democratic governance. In this context, the youth sectors
emphasis on intergenerational dialogue and solidarity should strive to ensure that the voice of
young people is still heard, and that young people are not underprivileged by changes in social
benefit schemes. Youth organisations, policy-makers and youth researchers should be encouraged
to develop innovative responses to these challenges, using the possibilities offered by the Youth
Partnership between the Council of Europe and the European Commission. In this overall context,
the question of lowering the voting age could be revisited.

4. Future questions for the approaches, methods and instruments of the youth
sector
Delineating the future work priorities of the youth sector also provides the opportunity for evaluating
the work of the sector and exploring new developments. This section highlights key foci for future
discussions and some of the questions raised through considerations to date.
(a) Educational activities: The sector has developed a range of different training and
educational formats in relation to the needs of different target groups and issues. Some
forms of activity, such as study sessions, have remained broadly similar over a longer
period of time. Is there a need to review and evaluate the range of educational activities
that currently comprise the programme, and what kinds of changes the work priorities may
require? For example, given the emphasis on social inclusion, is there a need to develop
stronger cooperation with a new range of organizations and networks that work closely with
marginalized young people at the local level, including young social workers? Should new
forms of regional and sub-regional training be developed? How can the move to bring
children and youth policies into closer alignment be reflected in educational activities? How
can the results of activities such as study sessions be meaningfully incorporated? In what
ways can the current evaluation of the youth programme be improved, and how can these
evaluations feed into a continuing emphasis on standard-setting in training?
(b) Intergovernmental cooperation has been central to the development of a youth policy
framework and there are plenty of possibilities for developing its contribution. The current
process of national youth policy reviews is under evaluation; how could it be enhanced in a
framework of intergovernmental cooperation? There is certainly great potential for more
systematic follow-up to reviews, including the possibility of soft monitoring comprising of
advice and support as well as overview.
(c) European Youth Foundation is a key instrument of the youth policy of the sector. In recent
years questions have been asked as to whether the existing work could be ameliorated by
widening access to youth actors beyond the current range of youth organizations, and as to

MJN-8(2008)5

16

whether the Foundation should be able to address hot issues in specific contexts as those
issues appear parallel to the current application process. Can a national focus co-exist with
the current emphasis on multilateral projects?
(d) Mainstreaming: The key policy tenet of youth as a transversal issue demanding
mainstreamed approaches places an onus on the youth sector to mainstream youth
perspectives within the Council of Europe. How can this mainstreaming be continued, and
in what ways can the other institutional sectors contribute to the work of the youth sector?
(e) Co-management: The co-management system is an important expression of the lived
values of the youth sector. However some questions have been raised concerning its
general functioning and decision-making processes. Is the co-management system also
responsible for political vision, not just managerial overview? What perspectives would
result from an evaluation of the working processes by the partners? Is there a further need
for the youth organisations to review the nature of their participation?
(f) Knowledge provision: The youth sector currently produces a competent body of research;
on the other hand, there has never been a greater need for a coherent interrelation of
research with policy-making and educational practice. Given the knowledge needs of
complex societies in Europe today, how can the role of the EKCYP be strengthened, and
the magic triangle of research, policy and education be enhanced?

5. Conclusion
The Kiev Declaration offers not only the chance to adopt a pressing set of work priorities and a
blueprint for pursuing them through youth policy, youth work and youth research, but it also offers a
chance to review, debate and improve the working assumptions, processes and instruments that
the youth sector has at its disposal. This background document acts as a stimulus to this process,
as well as giving context to the priorities and action points contained in the declaration. It is the
hope of the Secretariat of the youth sector that all partners and interested parties will contribute to
this process of review and re-focusing.

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APPENDIX I
Young people in Europe today

At first glance, the idea of discussing young people in Europe today appears to be hopelessly
broad. How can we even begin to discuss the social, structural, cultural and political differences
encompassed from Hammerfest, to Funchal, to Adana, to Novosibirsk? This diversity is a constant
challenge for the work of the youth sector; to maintain an overall vision of the political, economic
and socio-cultural processes which impact on young people without allowing these broader
patterns to obscure local, national and regional differences, not to mention the specific material
conditions, identities and life possibilities of young people in their environments.
It is an inherent risk in summarising headline issues for policy attention that an overly negative
picture can be presented. The work of the youth sector is based on the agency of young people in
their social and political realities, and its work has been supported by, for example, the new range
of opportunities and possibilities many young people have in what can loosely be termed our
knowledge societies. It is worth noting how The Final Declaration of the 6th Conference of
European Ministers responsible for Youth captured this interplay of positive developments with
new and entrenched problems:
Despite the differences from country to country, certain general trends in the situation of young
people can be identified:
-

Young people experience longer and more complex transitions to adult life. They stay
longer in full-time education and training and they stay longer in the parental home;
In many European countries, youth unemployment rates are higher than general
unemployment rates and regional inequalities in this respect are still important. Young
people are over-represented in marginal and precarious employment;
Throughout Europe, young peoples economic reliance on families and social networks is
growing. Inequalities of educational opportunity and outcome do not decrease;
Insecurity as regards the challenges in contemporary society, in particular globalisation, the
development of biotechnologies and the protection of environment is increasingly felt by
young Europeans;

In this context however,

-

A strong tendency towards freedom of cultural expression, creativity and individualism

paves the way for young people today, who identify themselves as cultural producers and
carriers of innovation and new forms of expression;
Young people are highly positive towards democracy, although they are often critical
towards the way institutions work;
Civic engagement is the form of participation that attracts the widest support and
participation of youth in Europe, although membership in associations varies widely from
country to country;
Although a minority of young Europeans display intolerant social and xenophobic attitudes,
the great majority have open and positive attitudes towards cultural ethnic and social
diversity in Europe.

The brief overview of key issues presented below draws significantly on recent youth sector
publications that have engaged with the sociology of youth socio-cultural diversity, political
participation and social exclusion.2
2

Chisholm, Lynne & Siyka Kovacheva (2002) Exploring the European Youth Mosaic, Williamson, Howard (2002)
Supporting Young People in Europe: Principles, Policy and Practice, Titley, Gavan (ed.) (2004) Resituating Culture ,
Forbrig, Joerg (2005) (ed.) Revisiting Youth Political Participation, Colley, Helen et al (ed.) (2007) Social Inclusion for

MJN-8(2008)5

18

The age of precariousness?

Young people in Europe today are faced with a paradox. The widely-noted decline in fertility rates
in most European countries has given rise to urgent discussions of an ageing Europe and the
increased social responsibilities this will place on younger generations. At the same time, young
people will become a less important focus for political parties, and potentially peripheral to public
policy. Furthermore, this political focus on the consequences of ageing populations must be related
to the wider set of contemporary political-economic and social changes that suggest continuing,
and perhaps increased, insecurity for many young people in their working lives, education, social
possibilities and transition to autonomy. Indeed if there is a core theme running through the
different issues youth policy and work will have to address in relation to the work priorities, it may
well be the idea of precariousness.
Precariousness is not intended here as a catch-all concept, but rather as an idea that illustrates
how core arenas of young peoples lives have become characterised by uncertainty. Youth
research has long emphasised the ways in which a linear sequence of transition steps between
education, labour market and personal autonomy has been replaced by more complex and
reversible pathways. This picture has been further complicated by the flexibilisation of globalised
labour markets, which has predominantly removed job security, increased patterns of periodic
employment/unemployment and had a predictable effect on young peoples acquisition of housing
and general autonomy. While knowledge-based economies tend to privilege young people in the
labour market, they may also tend to disproportionately provide increased opportunities for the
socially privileged while amplifying the vulnerability of the socially disadvantaged. Kovacheva and
Pohl provide a useful summary of this picture:
Individualisation and de-standardisation (of youth transitions) take different forms and affect
different numbers of young people in particular countries, but are present in all of them as
significant social trends. While these trends do not replace structural factors of exclusion
such like social inequality, gender or ethnicity an increasing number of young people
outside the classical target groups of inclusion policies have difficulties in finding stable
entry into the labour market. Their transitions often become yo-yo trajectories of oscillating
between autonomy and dependence, and between different forms of education, training
and employment (2007: 32)
What these general trends suggest is that many young people are vulnerable to risks generated by
economic conditions which are no longer meaningfully controlled by individual nation-states, and
where young people cannot find a system of adequate information, advice and guidance
provided by the state, employers or civil society (op. cit. 2007: 33). Clearly, this emerging picture
of labour market precariousness and its attendant impacts is intensified for young people living in
conflict and post-conflict societies, and for those living in poverty and experiencing structural
inequalities. The recent research focus on social exclusion in the youth sector has illustrated how
significant numbers of young people in Europe today find themselves in situations of absolute and
relative poverty, and vulnerable to early drop-out from learning, non-participation in vocational
learning, and subsequently marginalisation from the labour market, or engagement only with lowlevel, always low-paid and often casual and short-term employment (Williamson 2007:24).
It is with this in mind that the youth sector argues that youth policy approaches to human rights,
anti-discrimination and participatory citizenship must engage with the precariousness inherent in
current labour markets, and the difficulties young people face in substantiating their right to decent
living conditions. Disadvantage and social exclusion during youth transitions have many causes,
and it has been pointed out that across Europe different perspectives offer varying socio-structural
or cultural explanations for persistent forms of exclusion (Williamson 2007: 25). Nevertheless, as
Kovacheva and Pohl argue once more, socio-economic inequality, poverty rates, the labour
Young People: Breaking Down the Barriers Titley, Gavan & Alana Lentin (ed.) (2008) The Politics of Diversity in
Europe

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MJN-8(2008)5

market situation and economic development more generally, rates of unemployment and long-term
unemployment, gender and ethnic inequalities, and migration status are all structural factors that
affect the social integration of young people (2007: 33).
These structural questions clearly impact on the possibilities for young people to act as citizens in
democracies. There is also the pertinent question of how their acts of participation are recognised
and evaluated within the public sphere. The youth sectors youth policy is committed to fostering
participation, yet in very many European societies there is some evidence despite lingering
stereotypes of apathetic young people that meaningful political participation by young people is,
at best, weakly encouraged. This is a mistake; as a recent study of youth political participation
argues, future democratic legitimacy is, to some extent, determined by the political socialisation
young people undergo today (Forbrig 2005:14). Thus while contemporary debates witness much
discussion of atomised and disenfranchised young people, there is an onus on democratic
institutions to renew their legitimacy in relation to young people. This normative equation must take
account of the fact that - while research differs significantly across Europe - there is certainly a
trend among young people to new patterns of political and social participation. As Chisholm and
Kovacheva outline, young peoples political activity can be understood across at least three basic
areas: involvement in institutional politics, protest activities, and civic life and associative
engagement (2002). The expansion in transnational and virtual interconnection has led some to
argue over the degree to which postmodern forms of engagement can be approached as political
participation.
Recent research by the youth sector outlines how trends in youth political participation pose
challenges for a renewal of democratic legitimacy. While voting levels have declined in many
countries, it is clear that young people have voted in significant numbers when elections are seen
to be central to continued democratic functioning, and where single issues become closely
associated with particular governments. It is also not clear that such headline concepts as
consumerism and individualisation tell us anything definitive about young peoples political
participation. Recent years have seen a range of different authors argue that the stimulation of
consumerism in economies dedicated to perpetual growth privatises experience and diminishes
collective action. On the other hand, the global inequalities and environmental consequences of
consumerism have become powerful foci of local, national and global politics for many young
people. The decline in memberships in formal organisations is often related to notions of
individualisation in late capitalist societies, where people not just the young are compelled to
fall back on biographical resources and solutions in response to wider structural and social issues,
and where collective action does not seem possible in relation to opaque and distant agency in
questions of economy and social resources. This picture is far from coherent; as Kovacheva notes,
it is less individualisation and more residual centralisation in south-western and eastern Europe
that limits young peoples participation (2005: 25). Nevertheless, the networks and associations
that work with the youth sector display how different forms of membership and involvement can
sustain mobilisation under these conditions.
This is particularly the case in combating racism and intolerance in contemporary Europe. The
youth sector has a long history of supporting organisations and networks active in opposing
discrimination. Given the prevailing politics surrounding migration in Europe and the variety of
tensions associated with increased diversity in nation-states concerned, to varying degrees, with
regarding themselves as homogenous, this work priority is of central importance to the
contemporary politics of many European countries. In recent years, particularly since the 2004
expansion of the European Union, young people have migrated in significant numbers within
Europe, and these migration pathways have increasingly tended to be flexible and open-ended.
Thus many young people lead transnational lives, with economic, social, cultural and personal ties
cross-cutting many different places and networks. On the other hand, they often face intensified
labour and economic precariousness, and forms of discrimination and vulnerability in their host
state. Allied to this the wealthy countries of Europe are experiencing the increased movement of
impoverished people, including many young people, from the global south, and political reactions
are often conflicted by the need to on the one hand integrate more workers of all skill-levels into
labour-hungry economies with negotiating and all too frequently profiting from popular backlash

MJN-8(2008)5

20

against non-European migrants on the other hand. The political context of the war on terror has
subjected many non-European minorities, but particularly young people of Arabic background, to
intense public and state surveillance, and many young people of migrant background are subject to
suspicion. The youth sector will have to both continue working with established partners in
promoting intercultural dialogue and anti-discrimination work, while also engaging grassroots
youth networks active in opposing state and popular racism and intolerance in different contexts. In
post-conflict societies there is an ongoing need to support young people in working on delicate and
multi-dimensional processes of conflict transformation as they attempt to offer modes of
participation that can alter the conflictual political forms and identities that promote statis.

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APPENDIX II
Identity card of the Council of Europes youth sector
The Council of Europe and Young people
The Council of Europe wants to encourage more young people to get actively involved in
strengthening civil society in Europe and to defend the values of human rights, cultural diversity
and social cohesion. It also wants to promote and develop youth policies, putting special emphasis
on the participation of young people. The Directorate of Youth and Sport (DYS) already regularly
brings together young people, youth associations and networks, government agencies and experts
for discussions and feedback on current policies and future objectives. It also encourages the
development of youth associations, networks and initiatives, and promotes international cooperation.
The Council of Europe's commitment to fostering greater youth participation can be demonstrated
through its system of co-management. This involves representatives from youth non-governmental
organisations (NGOs) sitting down in committees with government officials who together then work
out the priorities for the youth sector and make recommendations for future budgets and
programmes. These proposals are then adopted by the Committee of Ministers, the Council of
Europe's decision-making body.
These priorities are pursued through activities ranging from training courses, study sessions,
intercultural language courses, seminars, expert meetings and research, publications and advice
on youth policy development. The European Youth Centres in Strasbourg and Budapest and the
European Youth Foundation all play a vital role in implementing these activities through seminars,
training courses and visits by experts to specific countries.
Intergovernmental co-operation
Within the Youth Directorate, the Steering Committee for Youth (CDEJ) comprising senior civil
servants from Council of Europe member states and Contracting Parties to the Cultural Convention
is responsible for:
o

promoting intergovernmental co-operation and serving as a framework for the examination

of national youth policies with a view to joint action on issues concerning the situation of
young people in society;

stimulating exchanges of information, documentation and experience;

preparing and taking follow-up action on the conferences of ministers responsible for youth;

advising the Committee of Ministers on the means of ensuring an appropriate follow-up to

suggestions of common interest arising from the EYCs' and EYF's programmes;

co-operating with the Governing Board and Advisory Committee of the EYCs and EYF in its
field of competence as well as with other steering or ad hoc committees in the
implementation of common projects.

An important aspect of the intergovernmental work programme is the implementation of

international reviews of national youth policies in the member States, on the request of the
governments. On the basis of an extensive national evaluation report, and study visits in the
countries, an expert team drafts an international evaluation report which is presented at a public
hearing in the countries and to the statutory bodies of the youth sector. Until now, fifteen
international reviews have been carried out.
The CDEJ is also responsible for the organisation of Council of Europe Conference of Ministers
responsible for Youth. The first Conference took place in Strasbourg in 1985. Together with the
European Youth Week, the Conference was a highlight of the Council of Europe's contribution to

MJN-8(2008)5

22

the International Youth Year one of the memorable events of this year in Europe. Since then,
Ministers have met periodically (Oslo 1987, Lisbon 1990, Vienna 1993, Bucharest 1998 and
Thessalonica 2002, Budapest 2005) to exchange views and co-ordinate national youth policies,
and recommend joint action at European level in youth policy-related issues.
The European Youth Centres
The European Youth Centres (EYCs) in Strasbourg and Budapest are permanent structures for the
implementation of the Council of Europes youth policy. They are international training and meeting
centres with residential facilities, hosting most of the youth sectors activities. They provide a
flexible and modern working environment for international activities, with meeting rooms equipped
for simultaneous interpretation, information centres, audio-visual and computer facilities.
The EYC Strasbourg was founded in 1972 with generous support of the Norwegian government. It
also hosts the European Youth Foundation and the Solidarity Fund for Youth Mobility. The
European Youth Centre Budapest was set up and inaugurated in 1995 as the first permanent
service of the Council of Europe in a country of Central and Eastern Europe. Its premises are
kindly offered by the Republic of Hungary.
The European Youth Centres run an annual programme of 40 to 50 activities in close co-operation
with non-governmental youth organisations (NGYOs). These organisations, some 40 of which cooperate regularly with the EYCS, represent a wide diversity of interests: party political, socioeducational and religious youth groups, rural youth movements, trade union and young workers'
organisations, children's organisations and environmental networks.
The European Youth Foundation
The European Youth Foundation (EYF) is a fund established in 1972 by the Council of Europe to
provide financial support for European youth activities. It has an annual budget of approximately 3
million Euros. Since 1972, more than 300 000 young people, aged between 15 and 30 and mostly
from member states, have benefited directly from EYF-supported activities. In 2007 the EYF
supported some 300 projects involving more than 15 000 young people.
Its purpose is to encourage co-operation among young people in Europe by providing financial
support to such European youth activities which serve the promotion of peace, understanding and
co-operation in a spirit of respect for the Council of Europe's fundamental values such as human
rights, democracy, tolerance and solidarity.
The EYF thus provides financial support to the following types of activity undertaken by nongovernmental youth organisations or networks or by other non-governmental structures involved in
areas of youth work relevant to the Council of Europe's youth policies and work:

educational, social, cultural and humanitarian activities of a European character;

activities aiming at strengthening peace and co-operation in Europe;
activities designed to promote closer co-operation and better understanding among young
people in Europe, particularly by developing the exchange of information;
activities intended to stimulate mutual aid in Europe and in the developing countries for
cultural, educational and social purposes;
studies, research and documentation on youth matters.

The Solidarity Fund for Youth Mobility was established in partnership between the Council of
Europe and the International Union of Railways (UIC) in 1994 with a view to encouraging and
facilitating the mobility of disadvantaged young people.
For every Inter Rail Card sold, one EURO will be donated by the International Union of Railways to
the funding of projects involving Europe's young and least well off, enabling them to attend
international activities, taking them on journeys of cross-cultural contact and discovery. The fund
caters solely for young people from underprivileged backgrounds or economically underdeveloped
areas and is intended to cover the rail travel of these young people participating in international
educational activities.

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Partners and co-operation

The Directorate of Youth and Sport co-operates with organisations and institutions involved in
youth work, such as

Non-governmental youth organisations, networks and initiatives

Youth services and youth structures

Trainers in the non-formal education and youth field

Researchers and research institutions

National youth authorities and governments

International organisations, such as the UN, UNESCO, and UNICEF

The European Union

Since youth issues and the concerns of young people are related to all areas of society, the
Directorate of Youth and Sport works closely with other Council of Europe sectors such as:

the Directorate General of Human Rights on training in human rights education, the fight
against racism and discrimination, gender-based violence and participation of young
women in political life;

the Directorate General of Social Cohesion on participation and citizenship of minority

youth leaders;

the Directorate General of Political Affairs on conflict resolution and mediation with young
people in crisis regions;

the Parliamentary Assembly and the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe
on the participation of young people at local level and in democratic institutions.

Special agreements and partnerships

The Council of Europe has established a number of special agreements and partnerships,
including:
The Partnership between the Council of Europe and the European Commission in the field
of youth
A Partnership Agreement with the European Youth Information and Counselling Agency
(ERYICA)
A Partial Agreement on the Youth Card
Partnership between the European Commission and the Council of Europe in the field of youth
policy, youth research and youth work.

In 1998, the Council of Europe and the European Commission decided to take common
action in the field of European youth worker training. Both institutions therefore initiated a
Partnership agreement, whose aim was to promote active European citizenship and civil
society by giving impetus to the training of youth leaders and youth workers working within
a European dimension.
This agreement has since been renewed several times and additional agreements were
initiated in the fields of youth research and Euro-med co-operation.
Since 2005, all Partnership activities have merged into one single framework Partnership

MJN-8(2008)5

24

agreement, which focuses on the following topics:

European Citizenship;
human rights education and intercultural dialogue;
quality and recognition of youth work and training;
better understanding and knowledge of youth;
youth policy development.
The Partnership between the Council of Europe and the European Commission in the field of
youth thus brings together the two institutions experience in non-formal education, youth policy,
youth research and youth work practice.
All Partnership activities and publications enhance the exchange of experience and good practice
between the actors involved, are embedded in a structured dialogue and contribute to the
implementation of the political objectives of both partners.
Since 1998, more than 1.200 young people participated directly in these activities and many more
were able to benefit from this experience through the Partnership publications
Publications of the Directorate of Youth and Sport
The Directorate of Youth and Sport regularly produces publications, be they ISBN or not. The
publications are the result of the youth activities, programmes and research led by the youth
sector of the Council of Europe.
ISBN publications can be ordered on line, on the Council of Europe publishing website or by
writing to Council of Europe Publishing, F- 67075 Strasbourg. Fax: +33 (0)388 41 39 10 ; Tel: +
33 (0) 388 41 25 81- http://book.coe.int / [email protected]
The other publications can be requested by writing to [email protected] or consulted on the youth
website [www.coe.int/youth].
Bibliographies drafted by topic can help to find publications according to your themes of interest.
Activities reports are also available for consultation on the youth website: seminars, study
sessions, training courses
The European Youth Centre Budapest runs its own website, that offers many online resources.
Information material on the Directorate of youth and its programmes and activities is available
upon simple request to [email protected].
The partnership programme between the Council of Europe and the European Commission in the
area of youth also offers a number of publications including:
T-kits The training kits are thematic publications written by experienced youth trainers. They are
easy-to-use handbooks for use in training and study sessions. The 10 manuals published so far
can be consulted, in several languages on the partnership website.
Coyote magazine A magazine on issues around "Youth-Training-Europe", published once or
twice a year. Its main target group is trainers and leaders of youth organisations. It contains
articles written by experienced youth workers and specialists on issues of European-level youth
worker training. also available on line

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APPENDIX III
List of main youth-related texts of the Council of Europe

Texts adopted by the Committee of Ministers

Recommendations
Recommendation N R(79) 3 concerning the integration of young people into the world of work;
Recommendation N R(82) 4 on the prevention of alcohol related problems especially among
young people;
Recommendation N R (88) 6 on social reactions to juvenile delinquency among young people
coming from migrant families;
Recommendation N R (90)7 concerning information and counselling for young people in Europe;
Recommendation N R (92) 7 concerning communication and co-operation in the field of youth
research in Europe;
Recommendation N R (92)11 on social and vocational integration of young people;
Recommendation N R (95)18 on youth mobility;
Recommendation N R (97) 3 on youth participation and the future of civil society;
Recommendation (2003) 8 on non-formal education/learning of young people;
Recommendation (2004) 13 on the participation of young people in local and regional life;
Recommendation (2006) 1 on the role of national youth councils in youth policy development;
Recommendation (2006) 14 on citizenship and participation of young people in public life;
Resolutions
Resolution (67) 13: The press and the protection of youth;
Resolution (69) 6: Cinema and the protection of youth;
Resolution (72) 17 on a European Youth Foundation;
Resolution (91) 20 instituting a Partial Agreement on the Youth Card for the purpose of promoting
and facilitating youth mobility in Europe;
Resolution (98) 6 on the youth policy of the Council of Europe;
Resolution (98) 31 on the statute of the European Youth Centre and the statute of the European
Youth Foundation;
Resolution ResAP (2003) 1 instituting a Partial Agreement on the Youth Card for the purpose of
promoting and facilitating youth mobility in Europe;
Resolution (2003) 7 on the youth policy of the Council of Europe;

MJN-8(2008)5

26

Other texts
CM/Del/Dec (98)648 regarding the Committee of Ministers decision to make the European Youth
centre Budapest a permanent body of the Council of Europe.
Texts adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly
Recommendations
Recommendation 592 (1970) on youth problems in Europe;
Recommendation 593 (1970) on the situation of young workers;
Recommendation 758 (1975) on group participation by young people;
Recommendation 776 (1976) on the situation of rural and agricultural youth in Europe;
Recommendation 902 (1980) on youth co-operation in Europe;
Recommendation 1019 (1985) on the participation of young people in political institutional life;
Recommendation 1023 (1986) on youth unemployment;
Recommendation 1191 (1992) on exchanges involving young workers after the revolutionary
changes of 1989;
Recommendation1293 (1996) on the European Youth centre in Budapest;
Recommendation1364 (1998) on European youth co-operation and recent proposals for structural
change;
Recommendation1437 (2000) on non-formal education;
Recommendation 1530 (2001) on the situation and prospects of young people in rural areas;
Recommendation 1585 (2002) on youth policies in the Council of Europe;
Recommendation 1596 (2003) on the situation of young migrants in Europe;
Recommendation 1632 (2003) on teenagers in distress: a social and health-based approach to
youth malaise;

Resolutions
Resolution 20 (1960) on the social problems of youth;
Resolution 303 (1965) on the work of the Assembly in the field of youth;
Resolution 464 (1970) on the creation of a European Youth Foundation;
Resolution 1152 (1998) on European youth co-operation and recent proposals for structural
change;
Texts adopted by the Congress of Local and regional Authorities of the Council of Europe
Recommendations

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Recommendation 53 (1999) on policies for deprived children/adolescents and families;

Recommendation 59 (1999) on Europe 2000 youth participation role of young people as citizens;
Recommendation 128 (2003) on the revised European Charter on the participation of young
people in local and regional life;
Recommendation 174 (2005) on youth education for sustainable development: the role of the
regions;
Recommendation 242 (2008) on the integration and participation of young people at local and
regional level.
Other texts
European Charter on the participation of young people in local and regional life (1992)
Revised European Charter on the participation of young people in local and regional life (2003)
Declaration of the Conference on young people, actors in their towns and regions (2002)