EDITORS NOTE

Sashi K. Kunnath
Editor

This issue opens with a two-part paper on Elasto-plastic large

deflection analysis of steel frames using one element per member. In the first part, Zhou and Chan present a formulation that
superimposes a triangular deflected shape resulting from the formation of a single plastic hinge on the member with a fifth order
curve to represent the elastic deflection. Denoted as a plastic
pointwise equilibrium polynomial PPEP element, the writers
demonstrate the suitability of the element for elastic-plastic analysis of steel frame members. In the second part, the writers extend
the formulation presented in the previous paper by incorporating
three hinge locations in the member, two at the element ends, and
a third within the member at a location where the combined stress
due to axial force and bending is a maximum. Tangent and secant
stiffness matrices for the element are derived to aid in computer
implementation. The element formulation is also shown to have
many practical applications in the design of steel members. In the
next paper, Biaxial bending of steel angle section beams is
investigated by Trahair. Current provisions for biaxial bending are
largely derived from research on doubly symmetric I-section
beams. This paper presents new interaction equations for biaxial
bending of compact equal angles and semicompact and slender
equal angles. Suggestions are provided for extending the expressions to unequal angles.
Fatigue performance of cracked tubular T-joints under combined loads is the subject of a two-part paper by Chiew et al.
The results of experimental fatigue tests on three tubular T-joints
subjected to in-plane bending; combined in-plane and out-ofplane bending; and combined in-plane, out-of-plane, and axial
loading are reported. Crack-growth curves and crack-growth rates
are presented. Results indicate that the U.K. Dn fatigue design
curves, which were derived from single-axis tests, are conservative even for combined loading. A technique to generate finiteelement models for general cracked tubular T- and Y-joints are
proposed by the writers in the second paper. The models can
incorporate a surface crack of arbitrary length and location along
the joint. Numerically computed stress intensity factors compare
favorably with experimental observations.
The next two papers deal with the seismic behavior of steel
structures. Chen and Tu present results from an Experimental
study of jumbo-size reduced-beam section connections using
high-strength steel. Generally stable hysteretic behavior of the
beam is reported with sustained plastic rotation angles in excess
of 3%. It was found that the weld tab of the complete jointpenetration weld between the beam and column flanges have an
important effect on the premature fraction of the connection.
Performance evaluation of damaged steel-frame buildings subjected to seismic loads by Lee and Foutch summarize a
reliability-based procedure that provides degree-of-confidence on
the safety of damaged buildings for different performance levels.
The study focuses on the safety of steel-moment frame buildings
that have experienced connection fractures in an earthquake. Tests
and analytical findings on the Seismic response of a full-scale

structure with added viscoelastic dampers are presented by

Chang and Lin. Ambient and free-vibration tests followed by
transient response to earthquake excitations are reported. Analytical studies show that the modal strain energy method overestimates the damping ratio of the full-scale structure when equipped
with diagonal damper brace assemblies while it is underestimated
when the structure is equipped with floor-damper-brace assemblies.
Saiidi et al. provide an Assessment of steel and FRP jackets
for seismic retrofit of RC columns with structural flares. Four
0.3 scale models of flared bridge columns were tested to failure
on the shaking table: one representing the as-built column and the
remaining three retrofitted with steel, glass fiber-reinforced plastic
FRP and carbon FRP jackets, respectively. All three retrofit
methods improved seismic performance and the effectiveness was
essentially similar for all three approaches. Displacement-based
design of slender RC structural wallsExperimental verification
by Thomasen IV and Wallace validates a procedure for designing
structural walls subjected to seismic loads. Experimental studies
of moderate-scale slender walls with rectangular and T-shaped
cross sections are reported. Good agreement between the predicted and measured strain distribution is observed thus validating
the displacement-based design method.
Experimental results and analytical models of Concrete-filled
steel tubes subjected to axial compression and lateral cyclic
loads are described by Fam et al. for bonded and unbonded
specimens under different end-loading conditions. The study
shows that neither bond nor end conditions influence the flexural
strength of the beam-column members though axial strength and
stiffness were affected. The next two papers deal with masonry
structures. Masia et al. evaluate the response of one- and twostory structures due to expansive soil movements in Modeling of
soil-structure interaction for masonry structures. The simulation
of swelling and shrinking to expansive soil movements is presented and an extension to other sources of foundation deformation such as subsidence and differential settlement are discussed.
Compressive behavior of unconfined and confined clay brick
masonry is investigated by Ewing and Kowalsky. Experimental
stress-strain response of unconfined and confined clay brick masonry is presented and five limit states are proposed. Thin galvanized steel plates placed in the mortar joints are shown to enhance
confinement and increase compressive strength and deformation
capacity of the clay brick masonry prisms. The modified KentPark model is found to reasonably reproduce observed stressstrain behavior.
Test results from a study on Size effect in axially loaded
reinforced-concrete columns are described by Sener et al. Pinended columns with varying slenderness were tested to failure
and it was found that the nominal stress at maximum load diminished with increasing size. The writers suggest that the results are
in general agreement with the size-effect law formerly proposed
by Bazant. Salem and Maekawa discuss findings from a 3D asymmetric finite-element analysis in Pre- and postyield FEM simulation of bond of ribbed reinforcing bars. Fracture energy-based
nonlinear constitutive models of concrete are adopted in the simulations. The analysis is shown to capture degradation in bond due
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to yielding of the reinforcing bar. Other bond characteristics are

also simulated with reasonable accuracy. The final technical paper
in this issue by Parsons and Bender investigates an Energybased design of dowel connections in wood-plastic composites
hollow sections. The proposed method is validated through laboratory testing of Mode Im , Mode IIIs , and Mode IV double-shear,
bolted connections in two wood-plastic composite formulations,
three wall thickneses, and three dowel diameters. The model predictions compared favorably with test data. Dowel bearing
strength increased significantly within a wood-plastic composite
formulation as the wall thickness increased.
The issue concludes with a discussion by Maison and Bonowitz on a paper by Lee and Foutch that appeared in the April 2002
issue of the Journal. The discussers point to the fact that the paper
offered conclusions though reliable data were sometimes lacking
and several findings could have been the result of subjective judgment used in the modeling and analysis of pre-Northridge steel
buildings. Issues related to damage states and drift capacity are
raised by the discussers. The writers provide clarification on the
assumptions and findings presented in the paper and bring closure
to this interesting topic. There is much on-going work on these
and related issues that will continue to offer new insights into
performance-based evaluation methods.

Reviewers
Several names of reviewers were inadvertently left out of the
Reviewer List that was published in the December 2003 issue
of the Journal. The editors deeply regret the omission. We realize
that the efforts of reviewers are critical to maintaining the quality
of the Journal and take this opportunity to reiterate our gratitude
for their contributions. The Technical Activities Division of SEI
and the editors of the Journal of Structural Engineering wish to
thank the following additional individuals who served as reviewers during the period August 1, 2002 to July 31, 2003.
Onder Akinci
Purdue University
Arzhang Alimoradi
University of Memphis
M. A. Aschheim
Santa Clara State University
Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl
University of California, Berkeley
Atorod Azizinamini
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Richard J. Balling
Brigham Young University
Karl Barth
West Virginia University
Asghar Bhatti
University of Iowa, Iowa City
Hugh Bowerman
The Steel Construction Institute, U.K.
Mark D. Bowman
Purdue University
Mark A. Bradford
The University of New South Wales, Australia
Ian Burgess
The University of Sheffield
Joseph Burns
Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers
D. Camotim

Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

B.M.E. Cooke
City University, London
S.C. Chakrabarti
Central Building Research Institute, India
Sing Ping Chiew
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Scott Civjan
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Brad Cross
Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
Yannis Dafalias
University of California, Davis
David Darwin
University of Kansas
Gwynne Davies
University of Nottingham, U.K.
Buick Davison
The University of Sheffield
Gregory G. Deierlein
Stanford University
John van de Lindt
Michigan Technological University
Eduardo DeSantiago
Illinois Institute of Technology
Robert Dexter
University of Minnesota
Bo Dowswell
SDS Steel Design Solution
A.J. Durrani
Rice University
Christopher Earls
University of Pittsburgh
Bruce R. Ellingwood
Georgia Institute of Technology
Alaa E. Elwi
University of Alberta, Canada
A. Esmaeily
Kansas State University
Amir Fam
Queens University, Canada
Andre Filiatrault
University at Buffalo
James M. Fisher
Computerized Structural Design
Robert B. Fleischman
University of Arizona
Dan Frangopol
University of Colorado
Robert J. Frosch
Purdue University
Chung C. Fu
University of Maryland, College Park
T. C. Fung
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Richard Furlong
University of Texas, Austin
Theodore V. Galambos
University of Minnesota
Leroy Gardner
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, U.K.
Perry S. Green
University of Florida, Gainesville

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Kent Gylltoft
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Jerome F. Hajjar
University of Minnesota
Mel Hosain
University of Saskatchewan, Canada
Huan-The Hu
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Earl Ingram
University of Tennessee
Jun Jin
Texas A&M University, Galveston
Vlasis Koumousis
National Technical University of Athens
Yahya C. Kurama
University of Notre Dame
Hiroshi Kuramoto
Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan
Roger LaBoube
University of Missouri, Rolla
James M. LaFave
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Roberto Leon
Georgia Institute of Technology
Bing Li
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Z.J. Li
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Richard Liew
National University of Singapore
Suchart Limkatanyu
Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
Judy Liu
Purdue University
Anatol Longinow
Wiss, Jenny, Elstner Associates
Gregory A. MacRae
University of Washington, Seattle
Mahen Mahendran
Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Iraj Mamaghani
University of North Dakota
A. Martirossyan
AC Martin Partners, Inc.
Duane K. Miller
Lincoln Electric Company
Jamshid Mohammadi
Illinois Institute of Technology
K. Mosalam
University of California, Berkeley
Stuart S.J. Moy
University of Southampton, U.K.
Thomas M. Murray
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Shun-ichi Nakamura
Tokai University, Japan
Richard Nielsen
University of Idaho
Makoto Obata
Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
Michael G. Oliva
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Tetsuro Ono

Nagoya Institute of Technology

Jeffrey Packer
University of Toronto
Maria Parisi
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Ian Parmee
CEMS, University of West England
Gustavo Parra
University of Michigan
Anne M. Raich
Texas A&M University
Subramaniam D. Rajan
Arizona State University
Ananth Ramaswamy
Indian Institute of Science
James Ricles
Lehigh University
W. M. Kim Roddis
University of Kansas
Charles Roeder
University of Washington
Colin A. Rogers
McGill University, Canada
David V. Rosowsky
Oregon State University
H. Saadatmanesh
University of Arizona, Tucson
Kenji Sakino
Kyushu University, Japan
Shahram Sarkani
George Washington University
Benjamin W. Schafer
The Johns Hopkins University
Scott D. Schiff
Clemson University
Stephen Schneider
Kramer-Gehlen & Assoc., Wash.
Walter Schultz
Nucor Research & Development, Norfolk, Neb.
Paul A. Seaburg
Southern Illinois University
Rajan Sen
University of South Florida
Khaled Sennah
Ryerson University, Canada
W. Sha
Queens University of Belfast
Harry W. Shenton
University of Delaware
Avinash C. Singhal
Arizona State University
K.S. Sivakumaran
McMaster University, Canada
H. Wojciech Skowronski
Technical University of Opole
Hoon Sohn
Los Alamos National Lab
Bruce Sparling
University of Saskatchewan, Canada
C. N. Srinivasan
C. R. Narayana Rao Architects and Engineers
Henryk K. Stolarski
University of Minnesota
JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ASCE / APRIL 2004 / 535

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Colby Swan
University of Iowa
Kurt Swensson
KSI/Structural Engineers, Atlanta
J.G. Teng
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
W.S. Toh
Nanyang Technological University
Nickolas S. Trahair
University of Sydney, Australia
D. Trejo
Texas A&M University
Robert Tremblay
E`cole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada
George Tsiatas
University of Rhode Island
Chia-Ming Uang
University of California, San Diego
A.S. Usmani
University of Edinburgh, U.K.
Amit Varma
Michigan State University
A. Wada
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
M. Ahmer Wadee
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, U.K.
Warren Walpole
University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Y. C. Wang
University of Manchester, U.K.
Y.K. Wen
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Timothy Whalen
Purdue University
Donald White
Georgia Institute of Technology
Tim Wilkinson
University of Sydney, Australia
J.P. Yang
Tsinghua University, China
James T.P. Yao
Texas A&M University
Ben Young
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Chung Bang Yun
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Xiao-Ling Zhao
Monash University, Australia
Ronald D. Ziemian
Bucknell University

Papers of Interest in Other ASCE Journals

Ahlawat, A.S., and Ramaswamy, A. 2004. Multiobjective optimal FLC driven active and hybrid control systems for seismically excited nonlinear buildings. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Ahlawat, A.S., and Ramaswamy, A. 2004. Multiobjective
optimal fuzzy logic control system for response control of
wind-excited tall buildings. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Al-Dawod, M., Samali, B., Kwok, K., and Naghdy, F. 2004.
Fuzzy controller for seismically excited nonlinear buildings.
J. Eng. Mech., 1304.

Al-Saidy, A.H., Klaiber, F.W., and Wipf, T.J. 2004. Repair of

steel composite beams with CFRP plates. J. Compos. Constr.,
82.
Casciati, F., Battaini, M., and Faravelli, L. 2004. Controlling
the wind response through a fuzzy controller. J. Eng. Mech.,
1304.
Chen, G., and Chen, C. 2004. Semiactive control of the 20story benchmark building with piezoelectric friction dampers.
J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Colotti, V., Spadea, G., and Swamy, R.N. 2004. Structural
model to predict the failure behavior of plated reinforcedconcrete beams. J. Compos. Constr., 82.
Fukukita, A., Saito, T., and Shiba, K. 2004. Control effect for
20-story benchmark building using passive- or semiactive device. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Heffernan, P.J., and Erki, M.A. 2004. Fatigue behavior of
reinforced-concrete beams strengthened by CFRP laminates.
J. Compos. Constr., 82.
Kim, D.-H., Seo, S.-N., and Lee, I.-W. 2004. Optimal neurocontroller for nonlinear benchmark structure. J. Eng. Mech.,
1304.
Kim, S.B., Yun, C.-B., and Spencer, B.F., Jr. 2004. Vibration
control of wind-excited tall buildings using sliding mode fuzzy
control. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Kitane, Y., Aref, A.J., and Lee, G.C. 2004. Static and fatigue
testing of hybrid FRP-concrete bridge superstructure. J. Compos. Constr., 82.
Mei, G., Kareem, A., and Kantor, J.C. 2004. Model predictive
control of wind-excited building: Benchmark study. J. Eng.
Mech., 1304.
Mukherjee, A., Boothby, T.E., Bakis, C.E., Joshi, M.V., and Maitra, S.R. 2004. Mechanical behavior of FRP wrapped concrete columnsComplicating effects. J. Compos. Constr.,
82.
Ohtori, Y., Christenson, R.E., Spencer, Jr., B.F., and Dyke, S.J.
2004. Benchmark control problems for seismically excited
nonlinear buildings. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Peng, F., Gu, M., and Niemann, H.-J. 2004. Study on SRSbased adaptive feedforward control applied to benchmark
wind-excited building. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Pham, K.D., Jin, G., Sain, M.K., Spencer, Jr., B.F., and Liberty,
S.R. 2004. Generalized LQG techniques for the wind
benchmark problem. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Salom, P.R., Gergely, J., and Young, D.T. 2004. Torsionalstrengthening of spandrel beams with FRP laminates. J. Compos. Constr., 82.
Samali, B., Al-Dawod, M., Kwok, K.C.S, and Naghdy, F. 2004.
Active control of cross-wind response of 76-story tall building using a fuzzy controller. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Samali, B., Kwok, K.C.S., Wood, G.S., and Yang, J.N. 2004.
Wind tunnel tests for wind-excited benchmark building. J.
Eng. Mech., 1304.
Samali, B., Mayol, E., Kwok, K.C.S., Mack, A., and Hitchcock, P.
2004. Vibration control of the wind-excited 76-story benchmark building by liquid column vibration absorbers. J. Eng.
Mech., 1304.
Tomsen, H., Spacone, E., Limkatanyu, S., and Camata, G. 2004.
Failure mode analyses of reinforced-concrete beams
strengthened in flexure with externally bonded fiber-reinforced
polymers. J. Compos. Constr., 82.
Varadarajan, N., and Nagarajaiah, S. 2004. Wind response

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control of building with variable stiffness TMD: EMD/HT. J.

Eng. Mech., 1304.
Wongprasert, N., and Symans, M.D. 2004. Application of a
genetic algorithm for optimal damper distribution within the
nonlinear seismic benchmark building. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Wu, J.-C., and Yang, J. 2004. Modified sliding mode control

for wind-excited benchmark problem. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.

Yang, J.N., Lin, S., and Jabbari, F. 2004. Linear multiobjective
strategies for wind-excited buildings. J. Eng. Mech., 1304.
Yoshida, O., and Dyke, S. J. 2004. Seismic control of a nonlinear benchmark building using smart dampers. J. Eng.
Mech., 1304.

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