Current Flow

By:
Athiraiyan Arulampalam
05/30/2016

Objective:

The objective of this experiment was to find the flow

of currents inside an electronic circuit.

Equipment:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
1 battery
One 100 ohm resistor
One 1000 ohm resistor
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
3 wires

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit

Observe the LED
Replace the 100 ohm resistor with a 1,000 ohm resistor
Observe the LED
Repeat (3) and (4) with several different resistors

Discussion
1. As I put the 100 ohm resistor in the bread board, the
brightness was very high. However, when I replaced the 100
ohm resistor with a 1,000 ohm resistor had no light at all.
2. My hypothesis to this experiment was that I thought if you
replace the 100 ohms with the 1000 ohm resistor it would
turn out to have more brightness.

Conclusion:
Resistors can affect the flow of electric current in a circuit because
when the resistor is high it indicates that there will be more flow
of current. However, in the other case if the resistor is low there
will be less flow of current.

Diodes

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

The purpose of this investigation was to investigate

the properties of diodes.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
1 battery
One 100 ohm resistor
1 diode
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
4 Wires (depends on wiring)

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard.

Observe the LED
Reverse the direction of the diode.
Observe the LED.

A Digital Monitor

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

To assemble and test a digital state monitor.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
1 battery
one 470 ohm resistor
1 diode
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
3 Wires

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard.

Touch the input wire to the 5 volt bus (high or logic 1) and
observe the LED.

Touch the input wire on the ground bus (low or logic 00 and
observe the LED.

A Digital Monitor B

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

To assemble and test a digital state monitor.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
1 battery
one 330 ohm resistor
one 47 k ohm resistor
one 2N3393 transistor
1 LED (Light emitting Diode)
3 wires

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard.

Touch the input wire to the 5 volt bus (high or logic 1) and
observe the LED.

Touch the input wire on the ground bus (low or logic 0 and
observe the LED.

7 Segment
Display

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

To investigate the operation of a 7 segment display.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
1 MAN 72A 7 segment LED display
1 battery
one 220 ohm resistor
3 wires

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard.( Be careful not to

bend the pins on the 7 segment display.)

Touch the ground wire to each pin on the 7 segment

display (except pins 3 and 14) and observe the 7 segment
display.

Observations:
Pin Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

LED Segment on
a
f
nothing
nothing
e
d

9
10
11

c
g

13
14

nothing
b

AND Gates

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

To investigate the operation of an AND gate.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
One 7408 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohm resistor
1 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
7 wires 9not all required)
1 battery.

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard.(Note: Pins 1 and 2

are at 5 volts when they are not connected!!)

Observe the LED (light Emitting Diode) for steps (3) and (6).
Connect inputs A and B to 5 volts (high).
Connect input A to 5 volts (high) and input B to ground (low).
Connect input A to ground (low) and input B to 5 volts (high).
Connect inputs A and B to ground (low).

OR Gates

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

To investigate the operation of an OR gate.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
One 7432 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohm resistor
1 LED
7 wires (not all required)
1 battery.

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard.(Note: Pins 1 and 2

are at 5 volts when they are not connected!!)

Observe the LED (light Emitting Diode) for steps (3) and (6).
Connect inputs A and B to 5 volts (high).
Connect input A to 5 volts (high) and input B to ground (low).
Connect input A to ground (low) and input B to 5 volts (high).
Connect inputs A and B to ground (low).

Inverters

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

To investigate the operation of a logic inverter.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
One 7404 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohm resistor
1 LED
6 wires (not all required)
1 battery.

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard.(Note: Pin 1 is at 5

volts when it is not connected.)

Observe the LED for steps (3) and (4).

Connect input A to 5 volts (high).
Connect input A to ground (low)

Observations:
Input A
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On Off)

Off
On

NAND Gates

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

To investigate the operation of a NAND Gate.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
One 7400 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohm resistor
1 LED
7 wires (not all required)
1 battery.

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard.(Note: Pins 1 and 2

are at 5 volts when they are not connected!!)

Observe the LED for steps (3) and (6).

Connect inputs A and B to 5 volts (high).
Connect input A to 5 volts (High) and input B to ground (low).
Connect input A to ground (low) and input B to 5 volts (high).
Connect inputs A and B to ground (low).

Observations:
Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)

Input B
High(1)
Low (0)
High (1)

Output (LED On
or Off)

Low (0)

Low (0)

On

NOR Gates

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

To investigate the operation of a NOR Gate.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
One 7402 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohm resistor
1 LED
7 wires (not all required)
1 battery.

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard.(Note: Pins 1 and 2

are at 5 volts when they are not connected!!)

Observe the LED for steps (3) and (6).

Connect inputs A and B to 5 volts (high).
Connect input A to 5 volts (High) and input B to ground (low).
Connect input A to ground (low) and input B to 5 volts (high).
Connect inputs A and B to ground (low).

Observations:
Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)

Input B
High(1)
Low (0)
High (1)

Output (LED On
or Off)

Low (0)

Low (0)

On

Exclusive Or Gates

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

To investigate the operation of an exclusive OR Gate.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
One 7486 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 470 ohm resistor
1 LED
7 wires (not all required)
1 battery.

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard.(Note: Pins 1 and 2

are at 5 volts when they are not connected!!)

Observe the LED for steps (3) and (6).

Connect inputs A and B to 5 volts (high).
Connect input A to 5 volts (High) and input B to ground (low).
Connect input A to ground (low) and input B to 5 volts (high).
Connect inputs A and B to ground (low).

Observations:
Input A
High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)

Input B
High(1)
Low (0)
High (1)

Output (LED On
or Off)

Low (0)

Low (0)

On

Binary Addition
full adder

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

06/12/2016

Purpose:

To investigate a circuit which simulates addition of 2

binary digits.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
One 7486 TTL integrated circuit (IC)
One 7408 TTL integrated circuit
Two 470 ohm resistors
2 LEDS
Several wires
1 battery

Procedure:

Plug all three integrated circuits into the breadboard into the
breadboard leaving some room at the right end for resistors
and LEDS

Insert the LEDS and Resistors.

Connect all ground and 5 volt wires.
Connect all other pins and then check all connections.
Use the observation table as a guide in setting the 3 input
voltages

Binary Subtraction
full subtraction

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

6/13/2016

Purpose: To investigate a circuit which simulates subtraction

of 2 binary digits and the borrow (digital A Digital B Borrow)

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
One 7486 TTL integrated circuit (Exclusive OR)
One 7400 TTL integrated circuit (NAND)
1 battery
Two 470 ohm resistors 2 LEDS
Several wires as needed

Procedure:

Plug the integrated circuits into the breadboard leaving room

at the night end for resistors and LEDS.

Insert the LEDS and resistors.

Connect all ground and 5 volt wires.
Connect all other pins and then check all connections.
Use the observation table as a guide in setting the 3 input
voltages. (remember unconnected inputs are high.)

Record your observation of LED 1 and LED 2 after each step.

If any problem arise, check all wiring connections on the
breadboard against the circuit diagram.

Digital Clock
Circuit

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

6/13/2016

Purpose: To investigate the operation of a digital timer circuit.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
One 555 integrated circuit
1 battery
One 100 ohm resistor
Several wires as needed
1 LED
One uf capacitor
One 1 k ohm resistor
Several resistors valued at 1 M, 680 K, 470 K, 100 K, 47 k

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard with R2 initially at 47

K ohms.

Use a watch with a second hand to record the number of

seconds required for each LED cycle.

Replace R2 with a variety of other resistors ( 1 M, 680 K, 470

K, 100 K, etc.) and record the number of seconds for each
LED cycle.

R- S Flip Flop

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

6/13/2016

Purpose: To investigate the different output states of an R-S

flip flop circuit.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
Two 470 ohm resistors
2 LEDS
Several wires as needed

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard. (Note: Input pins are

at 5 volts when they are not connected.)

Observe LED 1 and LED 2 for steps (3) and (9) and record
the results.

Connect input A to 5 volts (high) and connect input B to

ground (low).

Leave input A at 5 volts (high) and connect input B to 5 volts

(high)

Connect input A to ground (low) and input B to 5 volts (high)

Connect both inputs A and B to ground (low)
Change inputs A and B from ground (low) to 5 volts (high) at
the same time.

Repeat (8) several times.

A Binary to
Decimal Decoder

By: Athiraiyan Arulampalam

6/13/2016

Purpose: To investigate the operation of a binary to decimal

decoding chip.

Materials:

1 SK 50 breadboarding socket
One 7447 TTL integrated circuit
1 MAN 72A 7 segment display
One 100 ohm resistor
1 battery

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit on the breadboard. (Note: input pins are

at 5 volts when they are not connected.)

Use the observation table as a guide in connecting the

inputs A, B, C, and D. Fill the observations as each set of
inputs is connected. (0 ground, 1-5 volts)