Experiment 2 (Diodes)

Observation:

Diodes LED
1 Position Light is on
2nd Position Light is of
st

Diode Marking
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Discussion:
1. Describe the change in brightness of the LED when a Diode is
reversed.
Once the Diode is reversed then the change in light brightness was
very drastic because the LED stopped working.
2. Suggest possible observations if (a) the LED is reversed, and (b) the
resistor is reversed.
By looking at these facts the observation that I would suggest is that
the diode lets electricity in but does not let it out.
3. Suggest an hypothesis to account for the observation.
The Diode purpose is to let electricity in but not out.

Experiment 3 (Series and Parallel Resistors)

LED Brightness
Very bright
Bright
Very Bright/ a bit brighter than A

Discussion:
1. Describe the change in brightness of the LED for circuits (a), (b),
and (c).
The brightness in circuit a is very bright and then it changes and
becomes a bit more dim once you go to circuit b and then in circuit
c the brightness is a bit brighter than circuit as brightness.
2. Use the formula for resistors in series and parallel to explain the
observations.
Circuit A has a resistance of 470 ohms, and it is very bright. Circuit
B has a resistance of 940 ohms and it is dimmer than circuit A. Last,
Circuit C has a resistance of 0.002 ohms and is brighter than Circuit
As brightness.
3. Suggest how 3 resistors in series or parallel would afect the
observation in circuits (b) and (c).
If there are 3 resistors in the series circuit than the resistance would
increase to 1410 resistance meaning that the brightness will
decrease. If there are 3 resistor in a parallel circuit than the total

resistance will be 0.002 ohms meaning that the brightness will not
change.

Experiment 4a (A Digital Monitor)

LED
On
Of

Discussion:
1. Describe how the state input afects the LED.
If the Input wire is in the high than the LED will be on because the
circuit is complete, and if the input wire is in the Low then the LED will
be of because the circuit is incomplete.
2. Discuss how this circuit could be used to monitor the state of any point
in a digital circuit.
You choose a stage in the digital circuit. Then your figure out if in the
digital circuit that stage is high or low. Then input that into the circuit
that you have created. This will shine the light on or of. By following
these steps you can monitor any stage in the digital circuit.

Experiment 4b (A Digital Monitor)

LED
On
Of

Discussion:
1. Describe how the state of the input afects the LED.
If the input is the ground then the LED will be of. If the input is in the 5
volt then the LED will be on. If the input is not attached to anything
then the LED will be dim, the LED will only be guaranteed of when it is
attached to the ground bus.
2. Discuss how this circuit could be used to monitor the state of any point
in a digital.
You choose a stage in the digital circuit. Then your figure out if in the
digital circuit that stage is high or low. Then input that into the circuit
that you have created. This will shine the light on or of. By following
these steps you can monitor any stage in the digital circuit.

Experiment 5 (7-Segment Display)

LED SEGMENT ON
a
A and F
Do Not Connect
A and Bottom Left Dot
A and E
A and D
A and Bottom Right Dot
A and C
A and G
A and B
Do Not Connect

Experiment 6 (AND Gates)

Input B

High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On or
Off)
On
Of
Of
Of

Experiment 7 (Or Gates)

Input B

High (1)
High (1)
Low (0)
Low (0)

High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Output (LED On or
Off)
On
On
On
Of

Discussion:
1. Describe the input states (voltages) required to obtain an output at 5
volts (LED ON).
To obtain an output of 5 volts you need to have input A as High and
input B at High or Input A at High and Input B Low or Input A at Low
and Input B at High.
2. Describe the input states (voltages) required to obtain an output at 0
volts (LED OFF).

To obtain an input of 0 volts you need to have Input A at Low and Input
B at Low.

Experiment 8 (Inverters)
Observations:
INPUT A
HIGH (1)
LOW (0)

OUTPUT (LED ON OFF)

Discussion:
1. Suggest why a 7404 integrated circuit has been designed.
Maybe there is a situation in which you have to have the wire connect
in a certain way that is why 7404 integrated circuit has been designed.
2. What output would occur if 2 inverters are used in series?
The output would be a high (1).

Experiment 9 (NAND Gates)

INPUT B
High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

OUTPUT
Of
On
On
On

Discussion:
1. Describe the input states (voltages) required to obtain an output at 5
volts (LED On).
Input A has to be on High (1) and Input B has to be at Low(0), or the
input A has to be at Low (0) and Input B has to be at High (1).
2. Describe the input states (voltages) required to obtain an output at 0
volts (LED-Of).
Input A has to be at High (1) and Input B has to be at High (1) or Input
A has to be at Low (0) and Input B has to be at Low (0)
3. What does the N stand for in the word NAND?
The N stands for Not in the NAND Gate.
4. What is the relationship between AND and NAND gates?

Experiment 10 (NOR Gates)

INPUT B

HIGH (1)

High (1)

OUTPUT (LED ON OR
OFF)
Of

HIGH (1)
LOW (0)
LOW (0)

Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

Of
Of
On

Discussion:
1. Describe the input states (voltages) required to obtain an output at 5
volts (LED On).
2. Describe the input states (voltages) required to obtain an output at 0
volts (LED Of).
3. What does the N stand for in the word NOR?
4. What is the relationship between OR and NOR gates?

Experiment 11 (Exclusive OR Gates)

INPUT B

HIGH (1)
HIGH (1)
LOW (0)
LOW (0)

High (1)
Low (0)
High (1)
Low (0)

OUTPUT (LED ON OR
OFF)
Of
On
On
Of

Discussion:
1. Describe the input states (voltages) required to obtain an output at 5
volts (LED On).
2. Describe the input states (voltages) required to obtain an output at 0
volts (LED Of).

Experiment 16 (Digital Clock Circuit)

TIME SEC/LED CYCLE

Discussion:
1. Draw a graph of time (horizontal) and resistance (vertical) and plot
points on the graph for your observations?
2. Describe the type of curve obtained through the points?
3. What common applications for this circuit can you think of?
4. What change in the result would occur if a diferent value is used for
the capacitor?

Experiment 18 (A Binary to Decimal Decoder)

DECIMAL
EQUIVALENT
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

1101
1110
1111

13
14
15

LED DISPLAY
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
E
Backwards C
Lowercase U on top half
of display
A,d,g,d
F,e,g,d
Nothing