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ESAA Power System Protection-Book

material for power system protection

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815 views324 pages

ESAA Power System Protection-Book

material for power system protection

Uploaded by

anon_541139199
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA. Continuing Education Power Field of Electrical Engineering ESAA POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION VICTORIA ° UNIVERSITY A. Kalam = A. Spicer R. Coulter A. Klebanowski C. Biasizzo H. McDonald AoOTONHOE Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Victoria University of Technology PO Box 14428 MCMC Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 8001 ELECTRICITY SU pply Associati LY ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA Continuing Education & Blectronic Engineering of Technology Power Field of Electrical Engineering Engineering POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION ECHNOLOGY ISBN 1 86272 Printed by ERICA PRESS, MELBOURNE CONTENTS RECOMMENDED PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE RELAYING POWER SYSTEM PLANT AND LAYOUTS ‘THE FUNCTION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING ‘PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING GONMON TERMINOLOGIES CHAPTER 2 NETWORK ANALYSIS AND FAULT CALCULATIONS. FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEM FAULIS TYPE FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS LIMITING SHORT CIRCUIT LEVELS TRANSIENTS DURING BALANCED FAULT. SEQUENCE NETWORKS FOR CALCULATION OF UNBALANCED FAULTS |OF VOLTAGES IN THE NETWORK FAULT CALCULATIONS CHAPTER 3 EARTH FAULT AND INTERFERENCES EARTH POTENTIAL RISES SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS APPLICATION OF SAFETY CRITERIA DEMANDS ON PROTECTION ARISING FROM SAFETY, RELIABILITY AND INTERFERENCE ‘CONSIDERATIONS INTERFERENCE OTHER SUPPLIED AND OTHER SYSTEMS CHAPTER 4 RELAYING TRANSDUCERS GUIDANCE IN APPLICATION OF CT's owen SveTan PROTECTION ~ Contes EARTH FAULT PROTECTION CHAPTERS FUSES INTRODUCTION (CATEGORIES OF FUSES DISCRIMINATION TESTING OF FUSES FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS CHAPTER 7. DISTANCE/MPEDANCE PROTECTION DIGITAL COMPUTATION BY A MICROPROCESSOR CHAPTER 8 PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS CHAPTER 9 1 1 1 4 6 6 CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 14 PROTECTION OF GENERATORS CONFIGURATION OF THE PROTECTION SYSTEM INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 1 STATOR FAULTS GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 2 ROTOR FAULTS TOCAL BACKUP SYSTEMS i ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS OF GENERATOR 5 MECHANICAL FAULTS a TRIPPING & PRESENT TREND 5 CHAPTER 15 RECOMMENDED PROTECTION FOR TYPICAL PLANT PROTECTION OF DISTRIBUTION FEEDER 1 CONFIGURATIONS i INTRODUCTION. 1 OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FUNCTION CHAPTER 11 AND CONSTRUCTION 1 PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS i EQUIPMENT USED TO PROTECT DISTRIBUTION INTRODUCTION 1 FEEDERS 3 POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND PURPOSE OF DISTRIBUTION FEEDER PROTECTION APPLICATION PROTECTION 1 CONSIDERATIONS AND CRITERIA 10 METHOD OF PROTECTION 3 ‘TYPICAL OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION FEEDER FUSE PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS 8 PROTECTION SCHEMES 6 PROTECTION OF NEW TYPES OF OVERHEAD CHAPTER 12 DISTRIBUTION FEEDER CONSTRUCTION 1 ‘MOTOR PROTECTION INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 16 UNDERGROUND AND CBD DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION, ‘CBD AND URBAN PROTECTION RADIAL LV SYSTEM (OR OPERATED NORMAL MOTOR CURRENT DURING START AND STALL MOTOR PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS OF FAULT CURRENT CONTRIBUTION FROM RADIAL) a INDUCTION MOTORS INTERCONNECTED LV SYSTEMS 2 CO ORDINATION OF PROTECTION SURVEY OF AUSTRALIAN CBD PROTECTION ‘THERMAL PROTECTION PRACTICES (SUMMARY) “4 SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION ZONE SUBSTATION PROTECTION 15 [BEARING FAILURE PROTECTION STATOR FAULT PROTECTION CHAPTER 17 ‘THREE PHASE STALLING PROTECTION PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS 1 AUTOMATIC CHANGEOVER SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION 1 MANAGEMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL ELECTRIC UNIT PROTECTION 2 MOTOR 19 TELECOMMUNICATION AIDED DISTANCE PROTECTION. 6 CHAPTER 13 ‘TWO ZONE MHO DISTANCE RELAYS PIT AND PROTECTION OF BUSBARS 1 BLOCKING 1 INTRODUCTION 1 EXAMPLE OF SETTINGS FOR PIT SCHEME 0 DIFFERENTIAL BUSBAR PROTECTION 1 HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME 2 FRAME LEAKAGE BUSBAR PRO} 6 CHAPTER 18 'BUSBAR OVERCURRER ‘SUB-TRANSMISSION LINES AND ZONE SUBSTATION BUSBAR PROTECTION IN EHV TRAY PROTECTION SYSTEMS PART 1 - SUB-TRANSMISSION LINES STATIONS ZONE SUBSTATION BUSBARS ‘NUMERICAL BUSBAR PROTECTION PILOT WIRE PROTECTION 2 DISTANCE PROTECTION 5 Contes owen Sveraw PaoTEcTiON Canrents-4 ‘TESTING AND MAINTENANCE BIBLIOGRAPRY Power SvsemProvecrion —————S~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*S*S NNT SUMMARY PART 2 - ZONE SUBSTATIONS PREFACE CAPACITOR BANK AND SHUNT REACTOR PROTECTIONS EXAMPLE COVERING THE PROTECTIONS AND THEIR SETTINGS AT A TYPICAL ZONE SUBSTATION SUMMARY complex area of pow 's work to the subject. GENERATOR PROTECTION - SUMMARY. SUPPLY NETWORK PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS ‘TO ALLOW FOR PRIVATE GENERATION CONTROL SCHEMES SUMMARY PART 1 - TESTING GENERAL FACTORY TESTS PRE-COMMISSIONING ON-SITE TESTS COMMISSIONING TESTS METHODS OF TESTING PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PART 2 - MAINTENANCE GENERAL MAINTENANCE PRINCIPLES ‘TIMING OF MAINTENANCE of Eletrieal and Electronic Eng of Technology RECOMMENDED PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY RECOMMENDED PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY ESAA COMMITTEE NO. 2.14 - PROTECTION + ivrropucTion PoweR SysTEM PROTECTION “TeRMINOL0O aoe Power Syste PROTECTION Power SYSreM PROTECTION ‘Teammotooy I -3 Power System Prorecrion Power SsTeM PROTECTION TenamnoLooyT-5 cso POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION Termmovoay-6 Power Sysren Prorecrio Teroaiou cxrecieg Power Sysvem Prorecrion ‘Texsemovocy I-10 Power System PROTECTION “Teasmovooy I-11 Power Syste ProrEcnon Tenamousay POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION ‘Tenwinovooy I~ tem Remarks tem Definition PoweR SYSTEM PROTECTION ‘TeRmmNoLoay 1 16 Powen SysTeM ProvacTioN Tenwano.ocy| DEVICE NUMBERS selected list of device numbers commonly used on protection Switch - normaly closed ‘Voltage and cuent balance relay Buchholz gas device Earth fait protection relay POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION ‘Temnanovooy I-16 CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES CHAPTER 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES Protective Relaying or Protection i the term that defines the branch of electric power eae ng tha i concerned with the detection and disconnection of ‘short crits “and other abnormal conditions onthe power system. ‘There are three aspects of the design and {Important in considering the role of protec: © Normal operation Prevention of elect assumes 0 failures of equipment, 0 mistakes of ince oP God’. Ieimvolves the minimum requirements for suppying the hod and a certain amount of anticipated future load. Design of the Sg ic for normal operation involves major expense fr equipment an includes ‘onsideration of: Choice between hydro, steam, or other soures of power "Transmission of power tothe Toad ‘Stady ofthe load characterises and planning for its forre grow. Metering Voltage and frequency regulation ‘System operation ‘Maintenance requirements . ‘The cons 1s of equipme Protection systems must not interfere with but must cont imit the normal operation of the system iy monitor the system to detect clerical failure or abnormal ‘Further important aspects in the design of the power system are => imoorporation of features ai ng files, and ‘provisions for mitigating the effec je when i oocus. ‘Modem poner system design employs both recourse's, as dictated by the economics of vege foul bination. Notable advances continue to be made toward geste: Power SverauPRorEcriON uapren 1-1 The typeof cecrical failure that causes greatest the sh * ‘concern is the short circuit, or fault" 2 18 usualy called, but thee are oer abnormal operating conditions peer to Gecain element of the sytem tat also require atention. Some of the fers of gn and operation aimed at preventing electrical failure are: © Provision of adequate insulation Co-ordination of insolation strength with the capabilites of lightning arresters 2 Design to withstand mechanical stresses and heating owing to. short-circuit corrents, 3 Timerdelay undervoltge devices on cic breakers to prevent opin during momentary voltage dips. re —_ 4 Ground eal Feats or prompt scanning he fay element 1 Protective relaying: rete fay 2 Chea beet cen naming mses Features that mitigate the loss of the faulty element Frequent surveys Joregoing feaares “Ths, protetive relaying is one of several fearures of system design concerned with Thinirlsing Gamage to equipment and interruptions to service when electrical failures ooaur, WHEN WE SAY THAT RELAYS "PROTECT”, WE MEAN THAT, TOGETHER WITH OTHER EQUIPMENT, THE RELAYS HELP TO MINIMISE DAMAGE AND IMPROVE SERVICE. I will be evident that all the mitigation ‘Ratures are dependent on one another for successfully minimising the effects of fasture. “The following notes give an overview of plant andthe electrical characteristic that are Televant to design of the protection system. They also outine some of the various ‘Titching arrangements that are Likely to be encountered on the power system, “The aim isto identify, forthe student, some of the underlying issues that need to be considered in the design of protection “The system for generation, transmission and distribution of electric ‘enstators, lines transformers, reactive plant (capacitors and static compensator) ec Connected in a network to provide reliable transport of elect gy from the fencration source to the costomer. The parameters of the plan its associated ausiiary equipment, together over ayaem. Consequently, the protection engineer must have a sound knowledge oF Biv design ofboth the elecuical plant andthe power sysiem in order to influence the esign “The following paragraphs briefly outline some of the plant and system design considerations Generators Generators appeat in a number of sizes ranging from less than L MW Cypically in @ ‘cogeneration plamt) to 600 MW or more in Yossi! fueled station. Generated oltages are gencrally consirained in the ‘GGkV to 33KV due to design Timitations in the generator insolation means that step-up transformers are generally ncaded to connect thes ‘transmission system. Important system and the generator are the Darameters in the design of protector {generator impedances, {A distination is made fortwo conditions, namely the direct over the positions when the axis of the rotor poles are poles, or 60 electrical degrees out of phase. Fankt cure ure axis which ‘he machine fing from a short owen SYSTEM PRoTBCriON Gaumia owen STi Pronecrion cuueroe 1-3 + Subtransient impedance (K.") - determines the level for short circuit current ‘ycles after short circuit inception, ‘+ Synchronous impedance (X.) - determines the steady state value of short circuit cartent after the eansient period, ‘transformers reduce the voltages atthe bulk load centres to distribution through a ‘subiransmission network’ Which Gistrbation system, The distributions system is typically 33, 22 or 11kV and supplies

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