Chemistry

Department
University
Garmian

Lecture 2 & 3

Solutions and their concentrations

Azad H. Mohammed
[email protected]

of

This lecture
Solutions and their concentrations
Common units for expressing concentration
1. Mass per volume
2. Parts per million
3. Parts per billion
4. Percent concentration
5. molarity

Solution and their Concentration

Concentration

is a general measurement unit stating the

amount of solute (solu.) present in a known amount of
solution (soln.)

Common units for expressing concentration

1. Mass per volume

In this unit we use the gram and its derivatives to express the
mass of solute (wt. of solu.):
1 gram (g) = 103 milligram (mg) = 106 microgram (g) = 109
nanogram (ng) = 1012 picogram (pg),
and we use the liter and its derivatives to express the volume
of solution (vol. of soln.):

One
liter (L) = 103 milliliter (mL) = 106 microliter (L) =
109 nanoliter (nL) = 1012 picoliter (pL)
We can use several expressions such as

and so on.

Example2.1

How many grams are needed to prepare 500 mL solution

of 5 (g/L) of substance A?
Solution


Example
2.2
10 g of substance B have been dissolved in water and the
volume is completed with distilled water to 200 mL. Calculate
the concentration of B in the following terms: g/L, mg/mL,
g/mL, ng/mL, mg/dL and pg/L?
Solution

Example

2.3
You have a solution of solute B its concentration is 10
g/mL. Calculate the mass of B in 5 mL of this solution?
Solution

 Parts per million (ppm)

2.
This expression means parts of solute in a million parts of the
solution. If we say 500 ppm of solute B that means 500 parts
(g, mg, or g etc.) in a million parts (g, mg, or g etc.) of
the solution, that means also every million parts of solution
contains 500 parts of solute B. it can be expressed according
to the type of solutions as follows:
a). solid solute in a solid solution: such as an element in an
alloy

Where

the weights of both the solute and the solution are

expressed with the same unit (g, mg or g . etc.) and
multiply by 106.
Instead of multiplying by 106, we can use a weighing unit for
the solution that is equal to million units used for the solute:

Where one kg = 106 mg, and one gram = 106 g

b).
liquid-liquid solution: such as dissolving an alcohol in water. The
same way as before, but here we use volume units instead of mass
units, and either we use the same units for both the solute and the
solution (L, or mL, etc.) and multiply by 10 6 thus:
or we use a volume unit for the solution equals million of the unit
used for the solute thus:

Where one liter = 106 L, and one mL = 106 nL

c).
solid-liquid solution: such as dissolving a salt in water.
Water is a common solvent and its density is 1 g/mL at room
temperature. Therefore, one liter of water solution weigh
1000 g which is one kilogram (kg) assuming its density will
not be affected by dissolving trace amount of solute in it.
Consequently, we can deal with the solid-liquid solution in
the same manner as we did with solid-solid or liquid-liquid
solutions:

 Parts per billion (ppb):

3.
The same as mentioned in the above ppm term, but instead of
using 106 we use 109 or we use a unit for the solution is equal
to one billion unit used for the solute as can be seen in the
following formulas:
a). solid-solid solution:
or
Where one kg = 109 g and one g = 109 ng.

b).
liquid-liquid solution:

or

Where one L = 109 nL, and one mL = 109 pL.

c).
solid-liquid solution:

or

Where one L of aqueous solution = one kg = 109 nL.

4. Percent concentration
It is one of the methods for expressing the concentration
of the following percentages expression:
a) Weight per weight percentage % (w/w): the weight of
solute is divided by the weight of solution (both have
the same weighing unit) and multiplying by 100.

b) Weight per volume percentage % (w/v): the weight of

solute usually in grams is divided by volume of solution
which is usually in milliliters and multiplying by 100.

c) Volume per volume percentage % (v/v): the volume of

solute usually in mL is divided by volume of solution that
is usually in mL then multiplying by 100.

Example

2.4
How many milligrams are required to prepare 500 mL
solution of substance B of each of the following
concentration units? a) 2000 ppb, b) 500 ppm, c) 5 g/L,
and d) 10% (w/v)
Solution


= 5 x 500 x 10-3 = 2.5 g = 2500 mg

Example

2.5
5 g of an alloy containing 10 mg of copper. Calculate the
concentration of copper using ppm and ppb units in this
alloy?
Solution
This is an example of solid-solid solution:

Example

2.6
How many grams there is in 50 mL of 500 ppm solution
of a substance?
Solution

Example

2.7
2 g of a substance have been dissolved in water and the
volume was completed to 100 mL. Calculate the
concentration of this substance in this solution using the
following units: a) g/L, b) mg/mL, c) %(w/v), d) ppm, and
ppb.
Solution

5. Molarity (M) or molar concentration:

The molar concentration cx of a solution of a solute species X
is the number of moles of that species which is contained in 1
liter of the solution (not 1 liter of solvent).

The unit of molar concentration is molar, symbolized by M,

which has the dimensional of mol/L. molarity is also the
number of millimoles of solute per milliliter of solution

Example2.8

Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in an aqueous

solution that contains 2.3 g of C2H5OH (46.07 g/mol) in 3.5 L
of solution.
Solution
To calculate molar concentration, we must find both the mole
of ethanol and the volume of the solution. The volume was
given as 3.5 L, so all we need to do is convert the mass of
ethanol to the corresponding amount of ethanol in moles.
To obtain the molar concentration, we divide the mole by the
volume. Thus,

There

are two ways of expressing molar concentration:

molar analytical concentration and molar equilibrium
concentration.
1. Molar analytical concentration is the total number
of moles of a solute, regardless of its chemical state, in 1
L of solution. The molar analytical concentration
describes how a solution of a given concentration can be
prepared. Note that in the above example, the molar
concentration that we calculated is also the molar
analytical concentration
because the solute ethanol
molecules are intact following the solution process. In
another example, a sulfuric acid solution that has an
analytical concentration of can be prepared by dissolving

2.

Molar

equilibrium

concentration

is

the

initial

(analytical) concentration minus the amount reacted. The

analytical concentration is given by the notation Cx, while
equilibrium concentration is given by [x]. a solution of 1 M
CaCl2 (analytical molarity) gives at equilibrium, 0 M CaCl2, 1 M
Ca2+, and 2 M
solution is 1 M.

(equilibrium molarities). Hence, we say the

2.9
Example

Calculate the analytical and equilibrium molar concentrations of

the solute species in an aqueous solution that contains 285 mg
of trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH (163.4 g/mol), in 10.0 mL (the
acid is 73% ionized in water).
Solution
We calculate the number of moles of Cl3CCOOH, which we
designate as HA, and divide by the volume of the solution, 10.0
mL, or 0.0100 L. Therefore,
The molar analytical concentration, cHA, is then

In this solution, 73% of the HA dissociates, giving H+ and A-:

The equilibrium concentration of HA is then 27% of cHA. Thus,
The equilibrium concentration of A is equal to 73% of the
analytical concentration of HA, that is,
Because 1 mole of is formed for each mole of, we can also
write

Example

2.10
Describe the preparation of 2.0 L of 0.108 M BaCl2 from
BaCl2.2H2O (244.3 g/mol)
Solution
The mass of BaCl2.2H2O is then
Dissolve 52.8 g of BaCl2.2H2O in water and dilute to 2.0 L

Example

2.11
Describe the preparation of 500 mL 0f 0.0740 M solution from
solid BaCl2.2H2O (244.3 g/mol).
Solution

Dissolve 4.52 g of BaCl2.2H2O in water and dilute to 500 mL or

0.5 L.

Lecture 3
6. Molality (m) molal concentration:
It is one of the concentration units which is one molal
solution contains one mole per 1000 g of solvent
(mol/kg). It does not change with temperature.

Example

3.2

How many mL should be taken from 0.1 M solution of

Na2SO4 (M.M. = 142 g/mol) to obtain 5 g of Na2SO4?
Solution
Example 3.3
Determine the molality of a solution prepared by
dissolving 75.0g Ba(NO3)2(s) (261.32 g/mol) into 374.00g
of water at 25oC.
Solution

Example

3.4
Calculate the weight of Na2SO4 (M.M. = 106 g/mol)
required to prepare 250 mL solution of 0.1 M Na+ using a
Na2SO4 reagent that has a purity of 90% w/w?
Solution
Note that each mmole of Na2SO4 contains 2 mmoles of Na+.
Therefore, the following equation can be used:

Example

3.5
Find the molarity of 21.4 m HF (20.01 g/mol). This aqueous
solution has a density of 1.101 g/mL.
Solution
21.4 m means 21.4 mol in 1 kg of solvent,

Example

3.6
Calculate the molar concentration of 2000 ppm of Pb2+
(A.M. = 207 g/mol)?
Solution

8. Normality or normal concentration (N):

The normal concentration refers either: the number of
equivalent (eq.) of solute per liter of a solution, or can
also be obtained by dividing the number of
milliequivalent on milliliter of a solution.
Relationship between molarity and normality for the
same solute in the same solution:

So

Thus:

n 1 therefore N M

Equivalent mass (Eq. M.): equivalent mass of a substance

can be calculated by dividing its molar mass per the number
of active units in one molecule of this substance (n) thus:

The active unit in the acid-base reactions are the number

of hydrogen ions liberated by a single molecule of an acid
or reacted with a single molecule of a base.
Acid: one definition of acid is any substance that ionizes
in water to form H+, includes monoprotic and polyprotic.
Monoprotic acid like hydrochloric acid (HCl) which include
only one proton (hydrogen ion), and polyprotic acid like
sulfuric acid (H2SO4) that contains two protons (hydrogen
ion).
The active unit in the oxidation-reduction (redox)
reactions is the number of electrons (e) transferred from
one reactant to another during the reaction.

Example

3.7:
Calculate the normality of 0.53 g/100 mL solution of Na2CO3
(M.M. = 106 g/mol) as the following reaction:

Solution

Example 3.8
Calculate the normality of 5.267 g/L solution of K2Cr2O7
(M.Wt. = 294.2 g/mol) when K2Cr2O7 is reduced to Cr3+
Solution
To find the number of active unit in oxidation reduction
reaction. Firstly, you have to find the number of electrons
has been transferred. So
K2Cr2O7 Cr3+,

K 1+

O2+1 x 2 = 2
-2 x 7 = -14

K1+

Cr6+

O2+1 x 2 = +2

+6 x 2 = +12

-2 x 7 = -14
2+12-14 = 0
So the number of active unit (n) in this reaction is equal
to 6, because in each Cr, 3 electrons were transferred
(Cr2 = 2 x 3 = 6 e-). It means six electrons were
transferred during the reaction.

Example

3.9:
From the above example if the concentration of K2Cr2O7
solution is 0.5 M, calculate its normality?
Solution:

Density calculations
Density is the mass per unit volume at a specific temperature,
usually g/mL or g/cm3 at 20oC (remember 1 mL = 1 cm3)
Preparing Solutions
Preparing a solution of known concentration is perhaps the most
common activity in any analytical lab. The method for measuring out
the solute and solvent depend on the desired concentration unit and
how exact the solutions concentration needs to be known. Pipets
and volumetric flasks are used when a solutions concentration must
be exact; graduated cylinders, beakers and reagent bottles sufficient
when concentrations need only be approximate. Two methods for
preparing solutions are described in below:

1.Preparing Stock Solutions

A stock solution is prepared by weighing out an

appropriate portion of a pure solid or by measuring out an
appropriate volume of a pure liquid and diluting to a known
volume. Exactly how this is done depends on the required
concentration unit. For example, to prepare a solution with
a desired molarity you weigh out an appropriate mass of
the reagent, dissolve it in a portion of solvent, and bring to
the desired volume. To prepare a solution where the
solutes concentration is a volume percent, you measure
out an appropriate volume of solute and add sufficient
solvent to obtain the desired total volume.

3.10
Example

Describe how to prepare the following three solutions: (a) 500

mL of approximately 0.20 M NaOH using solid NaOH; (b) 1 L of
150.0 ppm Cu using Cu metal; and (c) 2 L of 4% v/v acetic acid
using concentrated glacial acetic acid (99.8% w/w acetic acid).
Solution
a) Since the mass of NaOH and the volume of solution do not
need to be measured exactly. The desired mass of NaOH is
To prepare the solution, place 4.0 grams of NaOH in a bottle
or beaker and add approximately 500 mL of distilled water.

b) Since the concentration of Cu has four significant figures, the

mass of Cu and the final solution volume must be measured
exactly. The desired mass of Cu metal is
To prepare the solution we measure out exactly 0.1500 g of Cu
into a small beaker and dissolve using small portion of
concentrated HNO3. The resulting solution is transferred into a 1L volumetric flask. Rinse the beaker several times with small
portions of water, adding each rinse to the volumetric flask. This
process, which is called a quantitative transfer, ensures that the
complete transfer of Cu2+ to the volumetric flask. Finally,
additional water is added to the volumetric flasks calibration
mark.

c) The concentration of this solution is only approximate so

it is not necessary to measure the volumes exactly, nor is it
necessary to account for the fact that glacial acetic acid is
slightly less than 100% w/w acetic acid (it is approximately
99.8% w/w). The necessary volume of glacial acetic acid is

To prepare the solution, use a graduated cylinder to

transfer 80 mL of glacial acetic acid to a container that
holds approximately 2 L and add sufficient water to bring
the solution to the desired volume.