2

Motion in One Dimension

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

CHAPTER OUTLINE
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7

Position, Velocity, and Speed

Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Acceleration
Motion Diagrams
One-Dimensional Motion with
Constant Acceleration
Freely Falling Objects
Kinematic Equations Derived
from Calculus

* An asterisk indicates an item new to this edition.

*Q2.1

Count spaces (intervals), not dots. Count 5, not 6. The rst

drop falls at time zero and the last drop at 5 5 s = 25 s.
The average speed is 600 m
25 s = 24 m
s, answer (b).

Q2.2

The net displacement must be zero. The object could

have moved away from its starting point and back again,
but it is at its initial position again at the end of the time
interval.

Q2.3

Yes. Yes. If the speed of the object varies at all over

the interval, the instantaneous velocity will sometimes
be greater than the average velocity and will sometimes
be less.

*Q2.4

(a) It speeds up and its acceleration is positive. (b) It slows down overall, since nal speed 1 m
s
is slower than 3 m
s. Its acceleration is positive, meaning to the right. (c) It slows down and its
acceleration is negative. (d) It speeds up to nal speed 7 m
s. Its acceleration is negative, meaning toward the left or towards increasing-magnitude negative numbers on the track.

Q2.5

No: Car A might have greater acceleration than B, but they might both have zero acceleration, or
otherwise equal accelerations; or the driver of B might have tramped hard on the gas pedal in the
recent past to give car B greater acceleration just then.

*Q2.6

(c) A graph of velocity versus time slopes down steadily from an original positive (northward)
value. The graph cuts through zero and goes through increasing-magnitude negative values, all
with the same constant acceleration.

*Q2.7

(i) none. All of the disks are moving. (ii) (b) shows equal spacing, meaning constant nonzero
velocity and constant zero acceleration. (iii) (b) This question has the same physical meaning as
question (ii). (iv) (c) shows positive acceleration throughout. (v) (a) shows negative (leftward)
acceleration in the last three images.

*Q2.8

Tramping hard on the brake at zero speed on a level road, you do not feel pushed around inside
the car. The forces of rolling resistance and air resistance have dropped to zero as the car coasted
to a stop, so the cars acceleration is zero at this moment and afterward.
Tramping hard on the brake at zero speed on an uphill slope, you feel thrown backward
against your seat. Before, during, and after the zero-speed moment, the car is moving with a
downhill acceleration if you do not tramp on the brake.
Brian Popp suggested the idea for this question.

15

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16

Chapter 2

*Q2.9

With original velocity zero, displacement is proportional to the square of time in (1
2)at 2. Making
the time one-third as large makes the displacement one-ninth as large, answer (c).

Q2.10

No. Constant acceleration only. Yes. Zero is a constant.

Q2.11

They are the same. After the rst ball reaches its apex and falls back downward past the student,
it will have a downward velocity of magnitude vi. This velocity is the same as the velocity of the
second ball, so after they fall through equal heights their impact speeds will also be the same.

*Q2.12

For the release from rest we have (4 m
s)2 = 02 + 2 gh. For case (i), we have vf = (3 m
s)2 + 2 gh =
(3 m
s)2 + (4 m
s)2. Thus answer (d) is true.
For case (ii) the same steps give the same answer (d).
2

*Q2.13 (i) Its speed is zero at b and e. Its speed is equal at a and c, and somewhat larger at d. On the
bounce it is moving somewhat slower at f than at d, and slower at g than at c. The assembled
answer is d > f > a = c > g > b = e.
(ii) The velocity is positive at a, f, and g, zero at b and e, and negative at c and d, with magnitudes
as described in part (i). The assembled answer is f > a > g > b = e > c > d.
(iii) The acceleration has a very large positive value at e. At all the other points it is 9.8 m
s 2.
The answer is e > a = b = c = d = f = g.
Q2.14

(b) Above. Your ball has zero initial speed and smaller average speed during the time of ight
to the passing point. So your ball must travel a smaller distance to the passing point that the ball
your friend throws.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 2.1
P2.1

P2.2

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 16

Position, Velocity, and Speed

(a)

vavg =

x 10 m
=
= 5 ms
t
2s

(b)

vavg =

5m
= 1.2 m s
4s

(c)

vavg =

x2 x1 5 m 10 m
=
= 2.5 m s
t 2 t1
4 s2 s

(d)

vavg =

x2 x1 5 m 5 m
=
= 3.3 m s
t 2 t1
7 s4 s

(e)

vavg =

x2 x1 0 0
=
= 0 ms
t 2 t1 8 0

(a)

vavg = 2.30 m s

(b)

v=

(c)

vavg

x
57.5 m 9.20 m
=
= 16.1 m s
t
3.00 s
x 57.5 m 0 m
=
=
= 11.5 m s
t
5.00 s

10/27/06 2:45:20 PM

Motion in One Dimension

P2.3

(a)

Let d represent the distance between A and B. Let t 1 be the time for which the walker has
d
the higher speed in 5.00 m s = . Let t 2 represent the longer time for the return trip in
t1
d
d
d
and t 2 =
. The average
3.00 m s = . Then the times are t1 =
5
.
00
m
s
(
)
3
.
00
m s)
(
t2
speed is:
vavg =
vavg =

(b)

17

Total distance
d+d
2d
=
=
Total time
d / ( 5 . 00 m s ) + d / ( 3 . 00 m s ) (8 . 00 m s ) d / (15 . 0 m 2 s 2 )

2 (15 . 0 m 2 s 2 )

= 3 . 75 m s
8 . 00 m s
She starts and nishes at the same point A. With total displacement = 0, average
velocity = 0 .

P2.4

x = 10t 2 : By substitution, for

P2.5

x 50 m
=
= 50.0 m s
t 1.0 s
x 4.1 m
=
=
= 41.0 m s
t
0.1 s

(a)

vavg =

(b)

vavg

Section 2.2
(a)

t ( s ) = 2.0 2.1 3.0

x ( m ) = 40 44.1 90

Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

at ti = 1.5 s, xi = 8.0 m (Point A)
at t f = 4.0 s, x f = 2.0 m (Point B)
vavg =

(b)

x f xi
t f ti

6.0 m
( 2.0 8.0 ) m
= 2.4 m s
=
2.5 s
( 4 1.5) s

The slope of the tangent line can be found from points C

and D. ( tC = 1.0 s, xC = 9.5 m ) and ( t D = 3.5 s, x D = 0 ),
v 3.8 m s .

P2.6

(c)

The velocity is zero when x is a minimum. This is at t 4 s .

(a)

At any time, t, the position is given by x = ( 3.00 m s ) t .

2

FIG. P2.5

Thus, at ti = 3.00 s: xi = ( 3.00 m s 2 ) ( 3.00 s ) = 27.0 m .

2

(b)

2
At t f = 3.00 s + t : x f = ( 3.00 m s 2 ) ( 3.00 s + t ) , or
2
x f = 27.0 m + (18.0 m s ) t + ( 3.00 m s 2 ) ( t ) .

(c)

The instantaneous velocity at t = 3.00 s is:

x f xi
v = lim
= lim 18.0 m s + ( 3.00 m s 2 ) t = 18.0 m s .
t 0
t t 0

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 17

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18

P2.7

Chapter 2

(a)

(b)

P2.8

58 m
= 23 m s .
2.5 s

At t = 4.0 s, the slope is v

54 m
= 18 m s .
3s

At t = 3.0 s, the slope is v

49 m
= 14 m s .
3.4 s

At t = 2.0 s, the slope is v

36 m
= 9.0 m s .
4.0 s

v 23 m s

= 4.6 m s 2
t
5.0 s

(c)

aavg =

(d)

Initial velocity of the car was zero .

(a)

v=

(b)
(c)
(d)
P2.9

At t = 5.0 s, the slope is v

(5 0 ) m = 5 m s
(1 0 ) s
(5 10 ) m = 2.5 m s
v=
( 4 2) s
(5 m 5 m ) = 0
v=
(5 s 4 s)
0 ( 5 m )
v=
= +5 m s
(8 s 7 s )

Once it resumes the race, the hare will run for a time of
t=

x f xi
vx

FIG. P2.8

1 000 m 800 m
=
= 25 s.
8 ms

In this time, the tortoise can crawl a distance

x f xi = ( 0.2 m s ) ( 25 s ) = 5.00 m .

Section 2.3
P2.10

Acceleration

Choose the positive direction to be the outward direction, perpendicular to the wall.
v f = vi + at : a =

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 18

v 22.0 m s ( 25.0 m s )
=
= 1.34 10 4 m s 2
3.50 10 3 s
t

10/27/06 2:45:22 PM

Motion in One Dimension

P2.11

(a)

19

Acceleration is constant over the rst ten seconds, so at the end of this interval
v f = vi + at = 0 + ( 2.00 m s 2 ) (10.0 s ) = 20.0 m s .
Then a = 0 so v is constant from t =10.0 s to t =15.0 s. And over the last ve seconds the
velocity changes to
v f = vi + at = 20.0 m s + ( 3.00 m s 2 ) ( 5.00 s ) = 5.00 m s .

(b)

In the rst ten seconds,

1
1
2
x f = xi + vi t + at 2 = 0 + 0 + ( 2.00 m s 2 ) (10.0 s ) = 100 m .
2
2
Over the next ve seconds the position changes to
1
x f = xi + vi t + at 2 = 100 m + ( 20.0 m s ) ( 5.00 s ) + 0 = 200 m.
2
And at t = 20.0 s,
1
1
2
x f = xi + vi t + at 2 = 200 m + ( 20.0 m s ) ( 5.00 s ) + ( 3.00 m s 2 ) ( 5.00 s ) = 262 m .
2
2

P2.12

(a)

Acceleration is the slope of the graph of v versus t.

For 0 < t < 5.00 s, a = 0.

2.0
1.6

For 15.0 s < t < 20.0 s, a = 0.

For 5.0 s < t < 15.0 s, a =
a=

v f vi
t f ti

1.0

8.00 ( 8.00 )
= 1.60 m s 2
15.0 5.00

a=

0.0

t (s)
0

10

15

20

FIG. P2.12

We can plot a ( t ) as shown.

(b)

a (m/s2)

v f vi
t f ti

(i)

For 5.00 s < t < 15.0 s, ti = 5.00 s, vi = 8.00 m s,

t f = 15.0 s
v f = 8.00 m s
a=

(ii)

t f ti

8.00 ( 8.00 )
= 1.60 m s 2 .
15.0 5.00

ti = 0, vi = 8.00 m s, t f = 20.0 s, v f = 8.00 m s

a=

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 19

v f vi

v f vi
t f ti

8.00 ( 8.00 )
= 0.800 m s 2
20.0 0

10/27/06 2:45:23 PM

20

P2.13

Chapter 2

x = 2.00 + 3.00t t 2, so v =

dx
dv
= 3.00 2.00t , and a =
= 2.00
dt
dt

At t = 3.00 s:

*P2.14

(a)

x = ( 2.00 + 9.00 9.00 ) m = 2.00 m

(b)

v = 3.00 6.00 m s = 3.00 m s

(c)

a = 2.00 m s 2

The acceleration is zero whenever the marble is on a horizontal section. The acceleration has a
constant positive value when the marble is rolling on the 20-to-40-cm section and has a constant
negative value when it is rolling on the second sloping section. The position graph is a straight
sloping line whenever the speed is constant and a section of a parabola when the speed changes.

Position along track, cm

Position as a function of time

100
80
60
40
20
0
time

x component of velocity,
arbitrary units

Velocity as a function of time

time

continued on next page

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 20

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Motion in One Dimension

21

acceleration, arbitrary units

Acceleration as a function of time

time

P2.15

(a)

At t = 2.00 s, x = 3.00 ( 2.00 ) 2.00 ( 2.00 ) + 3.00 m = 11.0 m.

2

At t = 3.00 s, x = 3.00 ( 9.00 ) 2.00 ( 3.00 ) + 3.00 m = 24.0 m

2

so
x 24.0 m 11.0 m
=
= 13.0 m s .
t
3.00 s 2.00 s
At all times the instantaneous velocity is
vavg =

(b)

v=

d
(3.00t 2 2.00t + 3.00 ) = (6.00t 2.00 ) m s
dt

At t = 2.00 s, v = 6.00 2.00 2.00 m s = 10.0 m s .

At t = 3.00 s, v = 6.00 3.00 2.00 m s = 16.0 m s .

P2.16

v 16.0 m s 10.0 m s
=
= 6.00 m s 2
t
3.00 s 2.00 s

(c)

aavg =

(d)

d
At all times a = ( 6.00t 2.00 ) = 6.00 m s 2 . This includes both t = 2.00 s and
dt
t = 3.00 s.

(a)

a=

(b)

Maximum positive acceleration is at t = 3 s, and is the slope of the graph, approximately

v 8.00 m s
=
= 1.3 m s 2
t
6.00 s

(6 2)
(4 2) = 2 m s 2 .

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 21

(c)

a = 0 at t = 6 s , and also for t > 10 s .

(d)

Maximum negative acceleration is at t = 8 s, and is the slope of the graph, approximately

1.5 m s 2 .

10/27/06 2:45:25 PM

22

Chapter 2

Section 2.4
*P2.17

(a)

(b)

Motion Diagrams
The motion is slow at first, then fast, and then slow again.
a
0

x
0

The motion is constant in speed.

a
0

x
0
(c)

The motion is speeding up, and we suppose the acceleration is constant.

a
0

x
0

P2.18

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f )

One way of phrasing the answer: The spacing of the successive positions would change
with less regularity.
Another way: The object would move with some combination of the kinds of motion shown
in (a) through (e). Within one drawing, the accelerations vectors would vary in magnitude and
direction.

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 22

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Motion in One Dimension

Section 2.5
*P2.19

P2.20

23

One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

(a)

vf = vi + at = 13 m
s 4 m
s2 (1 s) = 9.00 m
s

(b)

vf = vi + at = 13 m
s 4 m
s2 (2 s) = 5.00 m
s

(c)

vf = vi + at = 13 m
s 4 m
s2 (2.5 s) = 3.00 m
s

(d)

vf = vi + at = 13 m
s 4 m
s2 (4 s) = 3.00 m
s

(e)

vf = vi + at = 13 m
s 4 m
s2 (1 s) = 17.0 m
s

(f )

The graph of velocity versus time is a slanting straight line, having the value 13 m
s at
10:05:00 a.m. on the certain date, and sloping down by 4 m
s for every second thereafter.

(g)

If we also know the velocity at any one instant, then knowing the value of the constant
acceleration tells us the velocity at all other instants.

(a)

x f xi =

1
1
vi + v f t becomes 40 m = ( vi + 2.80 m s ) (8.50 s ) which yields
2
2

vi = 6.61 m s .
(b)
P2.21

a=

v f vi

2.80 m s 6.61 m s
= 0.448 m s 2
8.50 s

Given vi = 12.0 cm s when xi = 3.00 cm ( t = 0 ) , and at t = 2.00 s, x f = 5.00 cm,

1
1
2
x f xi = vi t + at 2 : 5.00 3.00 = 12.0 ( 2.00 ) + a ( 2.00 )
2
2
8.00 = 24.0 + 2a

P2.22

(a)

a=

32.0
= 16.0 cm s 2 .
2

Total displacement = area under the ( v, t ) curve from

t = 0 to 50 s.
1
( 50 m s ) (15 s ) + ( 50 m s ) ( 40 15) s
2
1
+ ( 50 m s ) (10 s )
2

x =

x = 1875 m = 1.88 km
(b)

From t = 10 s to t = 40 s , displacement is
x =

(c)

1
( 50 m s + 33 m s ) ( 5 s ) + ( 50 m s ) ( 25 s ) = 1.46 km
2

0 t 15 s: a1 =

FIG. P2.22

v ( 50 0 ) m s
=
= 3.3 m s 2
t
15 s 0

15 s < t < 40 s:
40 s t 50 s: a3 =

a2 = 0
v ( 0 50 ) m s
=
= 5.0 m s 2
t
50 s 40 s
continued on next page

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 23

10/27/06 2:45:28 PM

24

Chapter 2

(d)

(i)

1
1
2
2
x1 = 0 + a1t 2 = ( 3.3 m s 2 ) t 2 or x1 = (1.67 m s ) t
2
2

(ii)

1
x2 = (15 s )[ 50 m s 0 ] + ( 50 m s ) ( t 15 s ) or x2 = ( 50 m s ) t 375 m
2

(iii)

For 40 s t 50 s ,
area under v vs t 1
2
x3 =
+ a ( t 40 s ) + ( 50 m s ) ( t 40 s )
from t = 0 to 40 s 2 3
or
x3 = 375 m + 1 250 m +

1
( 5.0 m s2 ) (t 40 s )2 + (50 m s ) (t 40 s )
2

which reduces to
x3 = ( 250 m s ) t ( 2.5 m s 2 ) t 2 4 375 m .

P2.23

total displacement 1 875 m

=
= 37.5 m s
total elapsed time
50 s

(e)

v=

(a)

vi = 100 m s, a = 5.00 m s 2, v f = vi + at so 0 = 100 5t, v 2f = vi2 + 2a x f xi so

2
0 = (100 ) 2 ( 5.00 ) x f 0 . Thus x f = 1 000 m and t = 20.0 s .

(b)

1 000 m is greater than 800 m. With this acceleration

the plane would overshoot the runway: it cannot land .

*P2.24

(a)

For the rst car the speed as a function of time is v = vi + at = 3.5 cm s + 2.4 cm s2 t .
For the second car, the speed is + 5.5 cms + 0. Setting the two expressions equal gives
3.5 cms + 2.4 cm s2 t = 5.5 cms

so

t = (9 cms) (2.4 cm s2) = 3.75 s .

(b)

The rst car then has speed 3.5 cms + (2.4 cms2)(3.75 s) = 5.50 cm s , and this is the
constant speed of the second car also.

(c)

For the rst car the position as a function of time is xi + vit + (12)at2 = 15 cm
(3.5 cms)t + (0.5)(2.4 cms2) t2.
For the second car, the position is 10 cm + (5.5 cm s)t + 0.
At passing, the positions are equal: 15 cm (3.5 cm s)t + (1.2 cm s2) t 2 = 10 cm +
(5.5 cm s)t (1.2 cm s2) t2 (9 cm s) t + 5 cm = 0.
We solve with the quadratic formula:
t=

(d)

9 92 4(1.2)(5) 9 + 57
9 57
=
= 6.90 s and 0.604 s
and
2(1.2)
2.4
2.4

At 0.604 s, the second and also the rst cars position is 10 cm + (5.5 cm s)0.604 s = 13.3 cm .
At 6.90 s, both are at position 10 cm + (5.5 cm s)6.90 s = 47.9 cm .

continued on next page

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 24

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Motion in One Dimension

(e)

P2.25

25

The cars are initially moving toward each other, so they soon share the same position x
when their speeds are quite different, giving one answer to (c) that is not an answer to
(a). The rst car slows down in its motion to the left, turns around, and starts to move
toward the right, slowly at rst and gaining speed steadily. At a particular moment its
speed will be equal to the constant rightward speed of the second car. The distance
between them will at that moment be staying constant at its maximum value. The distance between the cars will be far from zero, as the accelerating car will be far to the left
of the steadily moving car. Thus the answer to (a) is not an answer to (c). Eventually the
accelerating car will catch up to the steadily-coasting car, whizzing past at higher speed
than it has ever had before, and giving another answer to (c) that is not an answer to (a).
A graph of x versus t for the two cars shows a parabola originally sloping down and then
curving upward, intersecting twice with an upward-sloping straight line. The parabola
and straight line are running parallel, with equal slopes, at just one point in between
their intersections.

In the simultaneous equations:

v xf = v xi + ax t

we have

1
x f xi = 2 v xi + v xf t

So substituting for v xi gives 62.4 m =

v xf = v xi ( 5.60 m s 2 ) ( 4.20 s )

1
62.4 m = v xi + v xf ( 4.20 s )

1
v xf + ( 5.60 m s 2 ) ( 4.20 s ) + v xf ( 4.20 s )
2

14.9 m s = v xf +

1
(5.60 m s2 ) ( 4.20 s ).
2

Thus
v xf = 3.10 m s .
P2.26

v xf = v xi + ax t

Take any two of the standard four equations, such as

.
1
x f xi = 2 v xi + v xf t

Solve one for v xi , and substitute into the other: v xi = v xf ax t

x f xi =

1
v xf ax t + v xf t .
2

Thus
1
x f xi = v xf t ax t 2 .
2
We note that the equation is dimensionally correct. The units are units of length in each term.
1
Like the standard equation x f xi = v xi t + ax t 2 , this equation represents that displacement
2
is a quadratic function of time.
Our newly derived equation gives us for the situation back in problem 25,
62.4 m = v xf ( 4.20 s )
v xf =

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 25

1
( 5.60 m s2 ) ( 4.20 s )2
2

62.4 m 49.4 m
= 3.10 m s .
4.20 s

10/27/06 2:45:30 PM

26

P2.27

P2.28

Chapter 2

v f vi

a=

(b)

5 280
1
1
x f = vi t + at 2 = ( 632 )
(1.40 ) ( 662 ) (1.40 )2 = 649 ft = 198 m
3 600
2
2

(a)

Compare the position equation x = 2.00 + 3.00t 4.00t 2 to the general form

632 ( 5280 / 3600 )

= 662 ft s 2 = 202 m s 2
1.40

(a)

1
x f = xi + vi t + at 2
2
to recognize that xi = 2.00 m, vi = 3.00 m s, and a = 8.00 m s 2. The velocity equation,
v f = vi + at , is then
v f = 3.00 m s (8.00 m s 2 ) t .
The particle changes direction when v f = 0, which occurs at t =

3
s. The position at this time is
8

3
3
x = 2.00 m + ( 3.00 m s ) s ( 4.00 m s 2 ) s = 2.56 m .
8
8
(b)

2v
1
From x f = xi + vi t + at 2, observe that when x f = xi , the time is given by t = i . Thus,
a
2
when the particle returns to its initial position, the time is
t=

2 ( 3.00 m s ) 3
= s
8.00 m s 2
4

3
and the velocity is v f = 3.00 m s (8.00 m s 2 ) s = 3.00 m s .
4
P2.29

We have vi = 2.00 10 4 m s, v f = 6.00 10 6 m s, x f xi = 1.50 10 2 m.

P2.30

x f xi =

(b)

v 2f = vi2 + 2ax x f xi :

(a)

ax =

2 x f xi
2 (1.50 10 2 m )
1
vi + v f t : t =
=
= 4.98 10 9 s
2
vi + v f
2.00 10 4 m s + 6.00 10 6 m s

(a)

v 2f vi2
2( x f xi )

(6.00 10
=

m s ) ( 2.00 10 4 m s )
2

2(1.50 10 2 m)

= 1.20 1015 m s 2

Along the time axis of the graph shown, let i = 0 and f = t m . Then v xf = v xi + ax t gives
v c = 0 + am t m
am =

(b)

vc
.
tm

The displacement between 0 and t m is

1 vc 2 1
1
x f xi = v xi t + ax t 2 = 0 +
t m = vc t m .
2 tm
2
2
The displacement between t m and t 0 is
1
x f xi = v xi t + ax t 2 = vc ( t 0 t m ) + 0 .
2
The total displacement is
x =

1
1
vc t m + vc t 0 vc t m = vc t 0 t m .

2
2

continued on next page

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 26

10/27/06 2:45:31 PM

Motion in One Dimension

(c)

27

For constant vc and t 0 , x is minimized by maximizing t m to t m = t 0 . Then

vt
1
xmin = vc t 0 t 0 = c 0 .

2
2

P2.31

(e)

This is realized by having the servo motor on all the time.

(d)

We maximize x by letting t m approach zero. In the limit x = vc ( t 0 0 ) = vc t 0 .

(e)

This cannot be attained because the acceleration must be nite.

Let the glider enter the photogate with velocity vi and move with constant acceleration a. For its
motion from entry to exit,
1
x f = xi + v xi t + ax t 2
2
1
= 0 + vi t d + at d2 = vd t d
2
1
vd = vi + at d
2
(a)

The speed halfway through the photogate in space is given by

vhs2 = vi2 + 2a = vi2 + avd t d .

2
vhs = vi2 + avd t d and this is not equal to vd unless a = 0 .

(b)

P2.32

t
The speed halfway through the photogate in time is given by vht = vi + a d and this is
2
equal to vd as determined above.

Take the original point to be when Sue notices the van. Choose the origin of the x-axis at Sues
car. For her we have xis = 0, vis = 30.0 m s, as = 2.00 m s 2 so her position is given by
1
1
xs ( t ) = xis + vis t + as t 2 = ( 30.0 m s ) t + ( 2.00 m s 2 ) t 2 .
2
2
For the van, xiv = 155 m, viv = 5.00 m s, av = 0 and
1
xv ( t ) = xiv + viv t + av t 2 = 155 + ( 5.00 m s ) t + 0 .
2
To test for a collision, we look for an instant t c when both are at the same place:
30.0t c t c2 = 155 + 5.00t c
0 = t c2 25.0t c + 155 .
From the quadratic formula
25.0 ( 25.0 ) 4 (155)
= 13.6 s or 11.4 s .
2
2

tc =

The roots are real, not imaginary, so there is a collision . The smaller value is the collision time.
(The larger value tells when the van would pull ahead again if the vehicles could move through
each other). The wreck happens at position
155 m + ( 5.00 m s ) (11.4 s ) = 212 m .

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 27

10/27/06 2:45:33 PM

28

*P2.33

Chapter 2

(a)

Starting from rest and accelerating at ab = 13.0 mi h s, the bicycle reaches its maximum
speed of vb,max = 20.0 mi h in a time
tb ,1 =

vb ,max 0
20.0 mi h
=
= 1.54 s .
ab
13.0 mi h s

Since the acceleration ac of the car is less than that of the bicycle, the car cannot catch the
bicycle until some time t > tb ,1 (that is, until the bicycle is at its maximum speed and coasting). The total displacement of the bicycle at time t is
xb =

1 2
ab tb ,1 + vb ,max ( t tb ,1 )
2

1.47 ft s 1
mi h
=
13.0
(1.54 s )2 + ( 20.0 mi h ) ( t 1.54 s )

1 mi h 2
s

= ( 29.4 ft s ) t 22.6 ft
The total displacement of the car at this time is
xc =

mi h 2
1 2 1.47 ft s 1
ac t =
9.00
t = ( 6.62 ft s ) t 2

1 mi h 2
s
2

At the time the car catches the bicycle xc = xb. This gives

(6.62 ft s ) t = ( 29.4 ft s ) t 22.6 ft

2

or

t 2 ( 4.44 s ) t + 3.42 s 2 = 0

that has only one physically meaningful solution t > tb ,1. This solution gives the total time
the bicycle leads the car and is t = 3.45 s .
(b)

The lead the bicycle has over the car continues to increase as long as the bicycle is moving
faster than the car. This means until the car attains a speed of vc = vb ,max = 20.0 mi h. Thus,
the elapsed time when the bicycles lead ceases to increase is
t=

vb ,max
20.0 mi h
=
= 2.22 s
ac
9.00 mi h s

At this time, the lead is

( xb xc )max = ( xb xc ) t =2.22 s = ( 29.4

or
P2.34

( xb xc )max =

2
ft s ) ( 2.22 s ) 22.6 ft ( 6.62 ft s 2 ) ( 2.22 s )

10.0 ft .

As in the algebraic solution to Example 2.9, we let t represent the time the trooper has been moving.
We graph
x (km)
xcar = 45 + 45t
1.5
and
car
xtrooper = 1.5t 2.
1
police
They intersect at
officer
0.5
t = 31 s .

t (s)
10

20

30

40

FIG. P2.34

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 28

10/27/06 4:54:11 PM

Motion in One Dimension

*P2.35

(a)

Let a stopwatch start from t = 0 as the front end of the glider passes point A. The average
speed of the glider over the interval between t = 0 and t = 0.628 s is 12.4 cm
(0.628 s) =
19.7 cm
s , and this is the instantaneous speed halfway through the time interval, at
t = 0.314 s.

(b)

The average speed of the glider over the time interval between 0.628 + 1.39 = 2.02 s and
0.628 + 1.39 + 0.431 = 2.45 s is 12.4 cm
(0.431 s) = 28.8 cm
s and this is the instantaneous
speed at the instant t = (2.02 + 2.45)
2 = 2.23 s.
Now we know the velocities at two instants, so the acceleration is found from
[(28.8 19.7) cm
s]
[(2.23 0.314) s] = 9.03
1.92 cm
s2 = 4.70 cm
s2 .

(c)

The time required to pass between A and B is sufcient to nd the acceleration, more
directly than we could nd it from the distance between the points.

Section 2.6
*P2.36

29

Freely Falling Objects

Choose the origin ( y = 0, t = 0 ) at the starting point of the cat and take upward as positive.
Then yi = 0, vi = 0, and a = g = 9.80 m s 2 . The position and the velocity at time t become:
1
y f yi = vi t + at 2 :
2

1
1
y f = gt 2 = ( 9.80 m s 2 ) t 2
2
2

and
v f = vi + at :
(a)

(b)

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 29

v f = gt = ( 9.80 m s 2 ) t .

at t = 0.1 s:

yf =

1
(9.80 m s2 )( 0.1 s )2 = 0.049 0 m
2

at t = 0.2 s:

yf =

1
(9.80 m s2 )( 0.2 s )2 = 0.196 m
2

at t = 0.3 s:

yf =

1
(9.80 m s2 )( 0.3 s )2 = 0.441 m
2

at t = 0.1 s:

v f = ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 0.1 s ) = 0.980 m s

at t = 0.2 s:

v f = ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 0.2 s ) = 1.96 m s

at t = 0.3 s:

v f = ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 0.3 s ) = 2.94 m s

10/27/06 2:45:36 PM

30

P2.37

Chapter 2

Assume that air resistance may be neglected. Then, the acceleration at all times during the ight
is that due to gravity, a = g = 9.80 m s 2 . During the ight, Goff went 1 mile (1 609 m) up and
then 1 mile back down. Determine his speed just after launch by considering his upward ight:

v 2f = vi2 + 2a y f yi :

0 = vi2 2 ( 9.80 m s 2 ) (1 609 m )

vi = 178 m s.

His time in the air may be found by considering his motion from just after launch to just before impact:
1
1
y f yi = vi t + at 2: 0 = (178 m s ) t ( 9.80 m s 2 ) t 2.
2
2
The root t = 0 describes launch; the other root, t = 36.2 s, describes his ight time. His rate of
pay is then
pay rate =

$1.00
= ( 0.027 6 $ s ) ( 3 600 s h ) = $99.3 h .
36.2 s

We have assumed that the workmans ight time, a mile, and a dollar, were measured to
three-digit precision. We have interpreted up in the sky as referring to the free fall time, not to
the launch and landing times.
Both the takeoff and landing times must be several seconds away from the job, in order for Goff
to survive to resume work.
P2.38

1
We have y f = gt 2 + vi t + yi
2
0 = ( 4.90 m s 2 ) t 2 (8.00 m s ) t + 30.0 m.
Solving for t,
t=

8.00 64.0 + 588

.
9.80

Using only the positive value for t, we nd that t = 1.79 s .

P2.39

(a)

1
y f yi = vi t + at 2 : 4.00 = (1.50 ) vi ( 4.90 ) (1.50 )2 and vi = 10.0 m s upward .
2

(b)

v f = vi + at = 10.0 ( 9.80 ) (1.50 ) = 4.68 m s

v f = 4.68 m s downward

P2.40

The bill starts from rest vi = 0 and falls with a downward acceleration of 9.80 m s 2 (due to
gravity). Thus, in 0.20 s it will fall a distance of
1
2
y = vi t gt 2 = 0 ( 4.90 m s 2 ) ( 0.20 s ) = 0.20 m.
2
This distance is about twice the distance between the center of the bill and its top edge ( 8 cm ).
Thus, David will be unsuccessful.

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 30

10/28/06 2:35:43 AM

Motion in One Dimension

P2.41

(a)

31

v f = vi gt : v f = 0 when t = 3.00 s, and g = 9.80 m s 2 . Therefore,

vi = gt = ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 3.00 s ) = 29.4 m s .

(b)

y f yi =

1
v f + vi t
2
y f yi =

*P2.42

1
( 29.4 m s )( 3.00 s ) = 44.1 m
2

We can solve (a) and (b) at the same time by assuming the rock passes the top of the wall and
nding its speed there. If the speed comes out imaginary, the rock will not reach this elevation.
vf 2 = vi2 + 2a(xf xi) = (7.4 m
s)2 2(9.8 m
s2)(3.65 m 1.55 m) = 13.6 m2
s2
so the rock does reach the top of the wall with vf = 3.69 m
s .
(c)

We nd the nal speed, just before impact, of the rock thrown down:
vf 2 = vi2 + 2a(xf xi) = (7.4 m
s)2 2(9.8 m
s2)(1.55 m 3.65 m) = 95.9 m2
s2
vf = 9.79 m
s. The change in speed of the rock thrown down is  9.79 7.4  = 2.39 m
s

(d)

The magnitude of the speed change of the rock thrown up is  7.4 3.69  = 3.71 m
s.
This does not agree with 2.39 m
s.
The upward-moving rock spends more time in ight, so the planet has more time to
change its speed.

P2.43

Time to fall 3.00 m is found from the equation describing position as a function of time, with
vi = 0, thus: 3.00 m =

P2.44

1
9.80 m s 2 t 2, giving t = 0.782 s .
2

(a)

With the horse galloping at 10.0 m s, the horizontal distance is vt = 7.82 m .

(b)

from above t = 0.782 s

y = 3.00t 3: At t = 2.00 s, y = 3.00 ( 2.00 )3 = 24.0 m and

vy =

dy
= 9.00t 2 = 36.0 m s .
dt

If the helicopter releases a small mailbag at this time, the mailbag starts its free fall with velocity
36 m
s upward. The equation of motion of the mailbag is
1
1
yb = ybi + vi t gt 2 = 24.0 + 36.0t ( 9.80 ) t 2 .
2
2
Setting yb = 0,
0 = 24.0 + 36.0t 4.90t 2.
Solving for t, (only positive values of t count), t = 7.96 s .

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 31

10/28/06 2:35:45 AM

32

P2.45

Chapter 2

We assume the object starts from rest. Consider the last 30 m of its fall. We nd its speed 30 m
above the ground:
1
y f = yi + v yi t + ay t 2
2
1
2
0 = 30 m + v yi (1.5 s ) + ( 9.8 m s 2 ) (1.5 s )
2
30 m + 11.0 m
v yi =
= 12.6 m s .
1.5 s
Now consider the portion of its fall above the 30 m point:

v yf2 = v yi2 + 2ay y f yi

( 12.6

m s ) = 0 + 2 ( 9.8 m s 2 ) y
2

y =

160 m 2 s 2
= 8.16 m .
19.6 m s 2

Its original height was then 30 m + 8.16 m = 38.2 m .

Section 2.7
P2.46

(a)

Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus

See the graphs at the right.
Choose x = 0 at t = 0.
At t = 3 s, x =

1
( 8 m s )( 3 s ) = 12 m.
2

At t = 5 s, x = 12 m + ( 8 m s ) ( 2 s ) = 28 m.
At t = 7 s, x = 28 m +
(b)

For 0 < t < 3 s, a =

1
( 8 m s )( 2 s ) = 36 m.
2

8 ms
= 2.67 m s 2 .
3s

For 3 < t < 5 s, a = 0 .

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 32

16 m s
= 4 m s 2 .
4s

(c)

For 5 s < t < 9 s, a =

(d)

At t = 6 s, x = 28 m + ( 6 m s ) (1 s ) = 34 m .

(e)

At t = 9 s, x = 36 m +

1
( 8 m s )( 2 s ) = 28 m .
2

FIG. P2.46

10/27/06 2:45:39 PM

Motion in One Dimension

P2.47

(a)

J=

33

da
= constant
dt
da = Jdt
a = J dt = Jt + c1

but a = ai when t = 0 so c1 = ai . Therefore, a = Jt + ai

dv
dt
d v = adt
a=

v = adt = ( Jt + ai ) dt =
but v = vi when t = 0, so c2 = vi and v =

1 2
Jt + ai t + c2
2

1 2
Jt + ai t + vi
2

dx
dt
dx = vdt
v=

1
x = vdt = Jt 2 + ai t + vi dt
2

1 3 1 2
Jt + ai t + vi t + c3
2
6
x = xi
x=

when t = 0, so c3 = xi . Therefore, x =

(b)

1 3 1 2
Jt + ai t + vi t + xi .
6
2

a 2 = ( Jt + ai ) = J 2 t 2 + ai2 + 2 Jai t
2

a 2 = ai2 + J 2 t 2 + 2 Jai t

a 2 = ai2 + 2 J Jt 2 + ai t
2

Recall the expression for v: v =

1
1 2
Jt + ai t + vi . So ( v vi ) = Jt 2 + ai t . Therefore,
2
2
a 2 = ai2 + 2 J ( v vi ) .

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 33

10/27/06 2:45:40 PM

34

P2.48

Chapter 2

(a)

a=

dv d
= 5.00 10 7 t 2 + 3.00 10 5 t
dt dt

a = 10.0 10 7 m s 3 t + 3.00 10 5 m s 2
dx
dt

Take xi = 0 at t = 0. Then v =
t

x 0 = vdt = ( 5.00 10 7 t 2 + 3.00 10 5 t ) dt

x = 5.00 10 7

t3
t2
+ 3.00 10 5
3
2

x = (1.67 10 7 m s3 ) t 3 + (1.50 10 5 m s 2 ) t 2 .
(b)

t=
(c)

The bullet escapes when a = 0, at 10.0 10 7 m s 3 t + 3.00 10 5 m s 2 = 0

3.00 10 5 s
= 3.00 10 3 s .
10.0 10 7

New v = ( 5.00 10 7 ) ( 3.00 10 3 ) + ( 3.00 10 5 ) ( 3.00 10 3 )

2

v = 450 m s + 900 m s = 450 m s .

(d)

)(

x = 1.67 10 7 3.00 10 3

) + (1.50 10 )( 3.00 10 )
3

3 2

x = 0.450 m + 1.35 m = 0.900 m

Additional Problems
*P2.49

(a)

The velocity is constant between ti = 0 and t = 4 s. Its acceleration is 0 .

(b)

a = (v9 v4)
(9 s 4 s) = (18 [12]) (m
s)
5 s = 6.0 m
s2 .

(c)

a = (v18 v13)
(18 s 13 s) = (0 18) (m
s)
5 s = 3.6 m
s2 .

(d)

We read from the graph that the speed is zero at t = 6 s and at 18 s .

(e) and (f ) The object moves away from x = 0 into negative coordinates from t = 0 to t = 6 s, but
then comes back again, crosses the origin and moves farther into positive coordinates until t = 18 s ,
then attaining its maximum distance, which is the cumulative distance under the graph line:
(12 m
s)(4 s) + (6 m
s)(2 s) + (9 m
s)(3 s) + (18 m
s)(4 s) + (9 m
s)(5 s) = 60 m + 144 m = 84 m .
(g )

To gauge the wear on the tires, we consider the total distance rather than the resultant displacement, by counting the contributions computed in part (f ) as all positive:
+ 60 m + 144 m = 204 m .

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 34

10/27/06 2:45:41 PM

Motion in One Dimension

P2.50

(a)

As we see from the graph, from about 50 s

to 50 s Acela is cruising at a constant positive
velocity in the +x direction. From 50 s to 200 s,
Acela accelerates in the +x direction reaching
a top speed of about 170 mi
h. Around 200 s,
the engineer applies the brakes, and the train,
still traveling in the +x direction, slows down
and then stops at 350 s. Just after 350 s, Acela
reverses direction (v becomes negative) and
steadily gains speed in the x direction.

35

200
v

100

t
100 200 300 400

0
50 0

t (s)

100
FIG. P2.50(a)

(b)

The peak acceleration between 45 and 170 mi
h is given by the slope of the steepest tangent
to the v versus t curve in this interval. From the tangent line shown, we nd
a = slope =

(c)

v (155 45) mi h
=
= 2.2 ( mi h ) s = 0.98 m s 2.
t
(100 50 ) s

Let us use the fact that the area under the v versus t curve equals the displacement. The
trains displacement between 0 and 200 s is equal to the area of the gray shaded region,
which we have approximated with a series of triangles and rectangles.
x0200 s = area 1 + area 2 + area 3 + area 4 + area 5
( 50 mi h ) ( 50 s ) + ( 50 mi h ) ( 50 s )
+ (160 mi h ) (100 s )
1
+ ( 50 s ) (100 mi h )
2
1
+ (100 s ) (170 mi h 160 mii h )
2
= 24 000 ( mi h ) ( s )

200

100

4
1 2

0
0

3
t (s)

100 200 300 400

FIG. P2.50(c)

Now, at the end of our calculation, we can nd the displacement in miles by converting
hours to seconds. As 1 h = 3 600 s,
24 000 mi
x0200 s
(s ) = 6.7 mi .
3 600 s

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 35

10/27/06 2:45:42 PM

36

P2.51

Chapter 2

Let point 0 be at ground level and point 1 be at the end of the engine
burn. Let point 2 be the highest point the rocket reaches and point 3 be
just before impact. The data in the table are found for each phase of the
rockets motion.
v 2f (80.0 ) = 2 ( 4.00 ) (1 000 )

so

v f = 120 m s

120 = 80.0 + ( 4.00 ) t

giving

t = 10.0 s

giving

x f xi = 735 m

(0 to 1)

0 (120 ) = 2 ( 9.80 ) x f xi
2

(1 to 2)

FIG. P2.51

giving
0 120 = 9.80t
t = 12.2 s
This is the time of maximum height of the rocket.
v 2f 0 = 2 ( 9.80 ) ( 1 735)

(2 to 3)

v f = 184 = ( 9.80 ) t
(a)

t total = 10 + 12.2 + 18.8 = 41.0 s

(b)

(x

(c)

vfinal = 184 m s

0
#1
#2
#3
P2.52

xi

total

t = 18.8 s

giving

= 1.73 km

t
0.0
10.0
22.2
41.0

Launch
End Thrust
Rise Upwards
Fall to Earth

x
0
1 000
1 735
0

Area A1 is a rectangle. Thus, A1 = hw = v xi t .

1
1
Area A2 is triangular. Therefore A2 = bh = t ( v x v xi ) .
2
2

v
80
120
0
184

a
+4.00
+4.00
9.80
9.80
vx
vx
A2

v xi

The total area under the curve is

A = A1 + A2 = v xi t +

( vx vxi ) t
2

and since v x v xi = ax t

A1
0

FIG. P2.52

A = v xi t + ax t
1
2

1
The displacement given by the equation is: x = v xi t + ax t 2, the same result as above for the
2
total area.

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 36

10/27/06 2:45:43 PM

Motion in One Dimension

P2.53

(a)

37

Let x be the distance traveled at acceleration a until maximum speed v is reached. If this is
achieved in time t1 we can use the following three equations:
x=

1
( v + vi ) t1, 100 x = v (10.2 t1 ), and v = vi + at1.
2

The rst two give

1
1
100 = 10.2 t1 v = 10.2 t1 at1

2
2
a=

200
.
( 20.4 t1 ) t1

For Maggie: a =
For Judy: a =

(b)

200

(18.4 )( 2.00 )

= 5.43 m s 2

200
= 3.83 m s 2
(17.4 )( 3.00 )

v = at1
Maggie: v = ( 5.43) ( 2.00 ) = 10.9 m s
Judy: v = ( 3.83) ( 3.00 ) = 11.5 m s

(c)

At the six-second mark

x=

1 2
at1 + v ( 6.00 t1 )
2

1
2
Maggie: x = ( 5.43) ( 2.00 ) + (10.9 ) ( 4.00 ) = 54.3 m
2
1
2
Judy: x = ( 3.83) ( 3.00 ) + (11.5) ( 3.00 ) = 51.77 m
2
Maggie is ahead by 54.3 m 51.7 m = 2.62 m . Note that your students may need a
reminder that to get the answer in the back of the book they must use calculator memory or
a piece of paper to save intermediate results without rounding off until the very end.
*P2.54

(a)

We rst nd the distance sstop over which you can stop. The car travels this
distance during your reaction time: x1 = v0(0.6 s). As you brake to a stop, the
average speed of the car is v0
2, the interval of time is (vf vi)
a = v0
(2.40 m
s2) =
v0 s2
2.40 m, and the braking distance is x2 = vavg t = (v0 s2
2.40 m)(v0
2) =
v02 s2
4.80 m. The total stopping distance is then sstop = x1 + x2 = v0(0.6 s) + v02 s2
4.80 m.
If the car is at this distance from the intersection, it can barely brake to a stop, so it
should also be able to get through the intersection at constant speed while the light is
yellow, moving a total distance sstop + 22 m = v0(0.6 s) + v02 s2
4.80 m + 22 m. This constantspeed motion requires time ty = (sstop + 22 m)
v0 = (v0(0.6 s) + v02 s2
4.80 m + 22 m)
v0 =
0.6 s + v0 s2
4.80 m + 22 m
v0 .

continued on next page

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 37

10/27/06 4:55:57 PM

38

Chapter 2

(b)

Substituting, ty = 0.6 s + (8 m
s) s2
4.80 m + 22 m
(8 m
s) = 0.6 s + 1.67 s + 2.75 s =

5.02 s .

(c)

We are asked about higher and higher speeds. For 11 m
s instead of 8 m
s, the time is
0.6 s + (11 m
s) s2
4.80 m + 22 m
(11 m
s) = 4.89 s less than we had at the lower speed.

(d)

Now the time 0.6 s + (18 m
s) s2
4.80 m + 22 m
(18 m
s) = 5.57 s begins to increase

(e)

0.6 s + (25 m
s) s2
4.80 m + 22 m
(25 m
s) = 6.69 s

(f )

As v0 goes to zero, the 22 m
v0 term in the expression for

ty becomes large, approaching innity .

(g)

As v0 grows without limit, the v0 s2
4.80 m term in the expression for

ty becomes large, approaching innity .

(h)

ty decreases steeply from an innite value at v0 = 0, goes through a rather at minimum, and then diverges to innity as v0 increases without bound. For a very slowly
moving car entering the intersection and not allowed to speed up, a very long time is
required to get across the intersection. A very fast-moving car requires a very long time
to slow down at the constant acceleration we have assumed.

(i)

To nd the minimum, we set the derivative of ty with respect to v0 equal to zero:

d
v0 s 2
s2
1
v
0
.
6
s
+
+
22
0
22 m v02 = 0
m
=
+
0

4.8 m
dv0
4.8 m
22 m
v02 = s2
4.8 m

( j)

v0 = (22m [4.8 m
s2])1
2 = 10.3 m
s

Evaluating again, ty = 0.6 s + (10.3 m
s) s2
4.80 m + 22 m
(10.3 m
s) = 4.88 s , just a little
less than the answer to part (c).
For some students an interesting project might be to measure the yellow-times of trafc
lights on local roadways with various speed limits and compare with the minimum
treaction + (width
2  abraking )1
2
implied by the analysis here. But do not let the students string a tape measure across the intersection.

P2.55

a1 = 0.100 m s 2
x = 1 000 m =

a2 = 0.500 m s 2

1 2
1
a1t1 + v1t 2 + a2t 22
2
2

t = t1 + t 2 and v1 = a1t1 = a2t 2

at 1 at
1
1 000 = a1t12 + a1t1 1 1 + a2 1 1
2
a2 2 a2
1 000 = 0.5(0.1)[1 (0.1
0.5)]t12
t2 =

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 38

12.9
a1t1
=
26 s
a2 0.500

20 000 = 1.20 t12

1 000 =
t1 =

1
a
a1 1 1 t12
2 a2

20 000
= 129 s
1.20

Total time = t = 155 s

10/27/06 4:58:47 PM

Motion in One Dimension

*P2.56

(a)

39

From the information in the problem, we model the Ferrari as a particle under constant
acceleration. The important particle for this part of the problem is the nose of the car. We
use the position equation from the particle under constant acceleration model to nd the
velocity v0 of the particle as it enters the intersection:

x = x0 + v0 t + 12 at 2 28.0 m = 0 + v0 3.10 s +

1
2

( 2.10 m/s )(3.10 s)

2

v0 = 12.3 m/s

Now we use the velocity-position equation in the particle under constant acceleration
model to nd the displacement of the particle from the rst edge of the intersection when
the Ferrari stops:
v 2 = v02 + 2a ( x x0 )

(b)

v 2 v02 0 (12.3 m /s )
=
= 35.9 m
2a
2 ( 2.10 m /s 2 )
2

x x0 = x =

The time interval during which any part of the Ferrari is in the intersection is that time
interval between the instant at which the nose enters the intersection and the instant when the
tail leaves the intersection. Thus, the change in position of the nose of the Ferrari is 4.52 m +
28.0 m = 32.52 m. We nd the time at which the car is at position x = 32.52 m if it is at x = 0
and moving at 12.3 ms at t = 0:
x = x0 + v0 t + 12 at 2

32.52 m = 0 + (12.3 m/s ) t +

1
2

( 2.10 m/s ) t
2

1.05t 2 + 12.3t 32.52 = 0

The solutions to this quadratic equation are t = 4.04 s and 7.66 s. Our desired solution is the
lower of these, so t = 4.04 s . (The later time corresponds to the Ferrari stopping and reversing, which it must do if the acceleration truly remains constant, and arriving again at the position x = 32.52 m.)
(c)

We again dene t = 0 as the time at which the nose of the Ferrari enters the intersection.
Then at time t = 4.04 s, the tail of the Ferrari leaves the intersection. Therefore, to nd the
minimum distance from the intersection for the Corvette, its nose must enter the intersection at t = 4.04 s. We calculate this distance from the position equation:
x = x0 + v0 t +

(d)

1
1 2
2
at = 0 + 0 + ( 5.60 m /s 2 ) ( 4.04 s ) = 45.8 m
2
2

We use the velocity equation:

v = v0 + at = 0 + ( 5.60 m /s 2 ) ( 4.04 s ) = 22.6 m/s

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 39

10/28/06 2:36:24 AM

40

P2.57

Chapter 2

(a)

2
1
1
y f = vi1t + at 2 = 50.0 = 2.00t + ( 9.80 ) t 2, 4.90t + 2.00t 50.0 = 0
2
2

t=

2.00 + 2.00 2 4 ( 4.90 ) ( 50.0 )

2 ( 4.90 )

Only the positive root is physically meaningful:

t = 3.00 s after the rst stone is thrown.
(b)

1
y f = vi 2t + at 2 and t = 3.00 1.00 = 2.00 s
2
1
2
substitute 50.0 = vi 2 ( 2.00 ) + ( 9.80 ) ( 2.00 ) :
2
vi 2 = 15.3 m s downward

(c)

v1 f = vi1 + at = 2.00 + ( 9.80 ) ( 3.00 ) = 31.4 m s downward

v2 f = vi 2 + at = 15.3 + ( 9.80 ) ( 2.00 ) = 34.8 m s downward

P2.58

Let the ball fall freely for 1.50 m after starting from rest. It strikes at speed given by

v xf2 = v xi2 + 2a x f xi :
v xf2 = 0 + 2 ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 1.50 m )
v xf = 5.42 m s
If its acceleration were constant its stopping would be described by

v xf2 = v xi2 + 2ax x f xi

0 = ( 5.42 m s ) + 2ax ( 10 2 m )
2

ax =

29.4 m 2 s 2
= +1.47 10 3 m s 2 .
2.00 10 2 m

Upward acceleration of this same order of magnitude will continue for some additional time after
the dent is at its maximum depth, to give the ball the speed with which it rebounds from the pavement. The balls maximum acceleration will be larger than the average acceleration we estimate
by imagining constant acceleration, but will still be of order of magnitude ~ 10 3 m s 2 .
P2.59

(a)

We require xs = xk when t s = t k + 1.00

1
1
2
2
3.50 m s 2 ( t k + 1.00 ) = 4.90 m s 2 ( t k ) = xk
2
2
t k + 1.00 = 1.183t k
xs =

t k = 5.46 s .

1
2
4.90 m s 2 ( 5.46 s ) = 73.0 m
2

(b)

xk =

(c)

vk = ( 4.90 m s 2 ) ( 5.46 s ) = 26.7 m s

vs = ( 3.50 m s 2 ) ( 6.46 s ) = 22.6 m s

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 40

10/28/06 2:36:25 AM

Motion in One Dimension

P2.60

(a)

d=

*P2.61

d = 336t 2

t1 + t 2 = 2.40

336t 2 = 4.90 ( 2.40 t 2 )

4.90t 22 359.5t 2 + 28.22 = 0

t2 =

t2 =
(b)

1
( 9.80 ) t12
2

41

359.5 358.75
= 0.076 5 s
9.80

Ignoring the sound travel time, d =

359.5 359.5 2 4 ( 4.90 )( 28.22 )

9.80

d = 336t 2 = 26.4 m

so

1
( 9.80 )( 2.40 )2 = 28.2 m , an error of 6.82% .
2

(a) and (b) We divide each given thinking distance by the corresponding speed to test for the
constancy of a proportionality constant. First, 27 ft25(5280 ft3600 s) = 0.736 s. Similarly,
constant speed, mi h
constant speed, ft s
thinking distance, ft
thinking time, s

25
36.7
27
0.736

35
51.3
38
0.740

45
66
49
0.742

55
80.7
60
0.744

65
95.3
71
0.745

The times can be summarized as 0.742 s 0.7%. Their near constancy means that
the car can be modeled as traveling at constant speed, and that the reaction time is 0.742 s .
The proportionality could also be displayed on a graph of thinking distance versus speed, to
which a straight line through the origin could be fitted, passing very close to all the points. The
line slope is the reaction time.
(c) and (d) According to vf2 = vi2 + 2a(xf xi)

0 = vi2 2| a | (braking distance)

| a | = vi2 2 (braking distance), we test f or proportionality of speed squared to distance by dividing

each squared speed by the given braking distance. The first is (36.7 ft s)234 ft = 39.5 ft s2 = 2a.
Similarly,
initial speed, fts
braking distance, ft
proportionality constant, fts2

36.7
34
39.5

51.3
67
39.3

66
110
39.6

80.7
165
39.4

95.3
231
39.3

The constancy within experimental uncertainty of the last line indicates that the square of initial
speed is indeed proportional to the braking distance, so that the braking acceleration is constant .
This could be displayed also by graphing initial speed squared versus braking distance. A straight
line fits the points convincingly and its slope is 2a = 39.5 ft s2, indicating that the braking
acceleration is 19.7 ft s2 = 6.01 m s2 .

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 41

11/2/06 11:16:34 AM

42

P2.62

Chapter 2

Time
t (s)

Height
h (m)

0.00

5.00

0.25

5.75

0.50

6.40

0.75

6.94

1.00

7.38

1.25

7.72

1.50

7.96

1.75

8.10

2.00

8.13

2.25

8.07

2.50

7.90

2.75

7.62

3.00

7.25

3.25

6.77

3.50

6.20

3.75

5.52

4.00

4.73

4.25

3.85

4.50

2.86

4.75

1.77

5.00

0.58

h
(m)

t
(s)

v
(m
s)

midpt time
t (s)

0.75

0.25

3.00

0.13

0.65

0.25

2.60

0.38

0.54

0.25

2.16

0.63

0.44

0.25

1.76

0.88

0.34

0.25

1.36

1.13

0.24

0.25

0.96

1.38

0.14

0.25

0.56

1.63

0.03

0.25

0.12

1.88

0.06

0.25

0.24

2.13

0.17

0.25

0.68

2.38

0.28

0.25

1.12

2.63

0.37

0.25

1.48

2.88

0.48

0.25

1.92

3.13

0.57

0.25

2.28

3.38

0.68

0.25

2.72

3.63

0.79

0.25

3.16

3.88

0.88

0.25

3.52

4.13

0.99

0.25

3.96

4.38

1.09

0.25

4.36

4.63

1.19

0.25

4.76

4.88

FIG. P2.62

TABLE P2.62

The very convincing t of a single straight line to the points in the graph of velocity versus time
indicates that the rock does fall with constant acceleration. The acceleration is the slope of line:
aavg = 1.63 m s 2 = 1.63 m s 2 downward
P2.63

2x
Now

dx
dy
+ 2y = 0
dt
dt

dy
x dx
x
= = ( v ).

dt
y dt
y
But

B
x
L

dy
dx
is v B , the unknown velocity of B; and
= v .
dt
dt

From the equation resulting from differentiation, we have

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 42

The distance x and y are always related by x 2 + y 2 = L2 .

Differentiating through this equation with respect to time,
we have

v
A

x
FIG. P2.63

v
v 3
1
y
= tan so v B =
=
= 0.577v .
v. When = 60.0, v B =
tan
x
tan 60.0
3

10/27/06 2:45:49 PM

Motion in One Dimension

43

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P2.2

(a) 2.30 m
s

(b) 16.1 m
s

P2.4

(a) 50.0 m s

P2.6

(a) 27.0 m

(b) 27.0 m + (18.0 m s ) t + 3.00 m s 2 ( t )

P2.8

(a) 5.0 m
s

(b) 2.5 m
s

P2.10

1.34 10 4 m
s2

P2.12

(a) see the solution

P2.14

see the solution

P2.16

(a) 1.3 m
s2 (b) 2.0 m
s2 at 3 s (c) at t = 6 s and for t > 10 s

P2.18

see the solution

P2.20

(a) 6.61 m s

(b) 0.448 m s 2

P2.22

(a) 1.88 km;

(b) 1.46 km

(b) 41.0 m s

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 43

(c) 0

(c) 18.0 m s

(d) 5.0 m
s

(b) 1.60 m s 2 ; 0.800 m s 2

(ii) x2 = ( 50 m s ) t 375 m
P2.24

(c) 11.5 m
s

(
= ( 250 m s ) t ( 2.5 m s ) t

(c) see the solution

(iii) x3

(d) 1.5 m
s2 at 8 s

(d) (i) x1 = 1.67 m s 2 t 2

2

4 375 m

(e) 37.5 m s

(a) 3.75 s after release (b) 5.50 cm
s (c) 0.604 s and 6.90 s (d) 13.3 cm and 47.9 cm
(e) The cars are initially moving toward each other, so they soon share the same position
x when their speeds are quite different, giving one answer to (c) that is not an answer to (a).
The rst car slows down in its motion to the left, turns around, and starts to move toward
the right, slowly at rst and gaining speed steadily. At a particular moment its speed will be
equal to the constant rightward speed of the second car. The distance between them will at
that moment be at its maximum value. The distance between the cars will be far from zero,
as the accelerating car will be far to the left of the steadily moving car. Thus the answer to
(a) is not an answer to (c). Eventually the accelerating car will catch up to the steadilycoasting car, whizzing past at higher speed than it has ever had before, and giving another
answer to (c) that is not an answer to (a). A graph of x versus t for the two cars shows a
parabola originally sloping down and then curving upward, intersecting twice with an
upward-sloping straight line. The parabola and straight line are running parallel, with equal
slopes, at just one point in between their intersections.

P2.26

1
x f xi = v xf t ax t 2; 3.10 m s
2

P2.28

(a) 2.56 m

P2.30

(a) vc
tm (c) vcto
2 (d) vcto (e) The minimum displacement can be attained by having the
servo motor on all the time. The maximum displacement cannot be attained because the
acceleration must be nite.

P2.32

Yes; 212 m; 11.4 s

P2.34

31.0 s

(b) 3.00 m
s

10/27/06 2:45:51 PM

44

P2.36

(a) 0.049 0 m, 0.196 m, 0.441 m, with the negative signs all indicating downward
(b) 0.980 m
s, 1.96 m /s, 2.94 m
s

P2.38

1.79 s

P2.40

No; see the solution

P2.42

(a) Yes (b) 3.69 m
s (c) 2.39 m
s (d) +2.39 m
s does not agree with the magnitude of
3.71 m
s. The upward-moving rock spends more time in ight, so its speed change is larger.

P2.44

7.96 s

P2.46

(a) and (b) see the solution

P2.48

(a) a = (10.0 107 m
s3) t + 3.00 105 m
s2; x = (1.67 107 m /s3) t3 + (1.50 105 m
s2)t2
(b) 3.00 10 3 s (c) 450 m
s (d) 0.900 m

P2.50

(a) Acela steadily cruises out of the city center at 45 mi /h. In less than a minute it smoothly
speeds up to 150 mi
h; then its speed is nudged up to 170 mi
h. Next it smoothly slows to a very
low speed, which it maintains as it rolls into a railroad yard. When it stops, it immediately begins
backing up and smoothly speeds up to 50 mi
h in reverse, all in less than seven minutes after it
started. (b) 2.2 mi
h
s = 0.98 m
s2 (c) 6.7 mi.

P2.52

ISMV1_5103_02.indd 44

Chapter 2

(c) 4 m s 2

(d) 34 m

(e) 28 m

1
v xi t + ax t 2 ; displacements agree
2

P2.54

(a) ty = 0.6 s + v0 s2
4.8 m + 22 m
v0 (b) 5.02 s (c) 4.89 s (d) 5.57 s (e) 6.69 s (f ) ty
(g) ty (h) ty decreases steeply from an innite value at v0 = 0, goes through a rather at
minimum, and then diverges to innity as v0 increases without bound. For a very slowly moving car
entering the intersection and not allowed to speed up, a very long time is required to get across the
intersection. A very fast-moving car requires a very long time to slow down at the constant acceleration we have assumed. (i) at v0 = 10.3 m
s, ( j) ty = 4.88 s.

P2.56

(a) 35.9 m

P2.58

~103 m
s2

P2.60

(a) 26.4 m

P2.62

see the solution; ax = 1.63 m s 2

(b) 4.04 s

(c) 45.8 m

(d) 22.6 m
s

(b) 6.82%

10/27/06 2:45:52 PM