Diversion Head Works: Prepared by Bibhabasu Mohanty Dept. of Civil Engineering
Diversion Head Works: Prepared by Bibhabasu Mohanty Dept. of Civil Engineering
Diversion Head Works: Prepared by Bibhabasu Mohanty Dept. of Civil Engineering
Prepared by
Bibhabasu Mohanty
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Content
Types- selection of the suitable site for the
diversion headwork components of diversion
headwork- Causes of failure of structure on
pervious foundation- Khoslas theory- Design of
concrete sloping glacis weir.
Introduction
Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to
the off-taking canal is called a headwork.
Headwork may be divided into two
1. Storage headwork.
2. Diversion headwork.
Weir
Normally the water level of any perennial river is such
that it cannot be diverted to the irrigation canal.
The bed level of the canal may be higher than the
existing water level of the river.
In such cases weir is constructed across the river to
raise the water level.
Surplus water pass over the crest of weir.
Adjustable shutters are provided on the crest to raise
the water level to some required height.
Barrage
When the water level on the up stream side of
the weir is required to be raised to different
levels at different time, barrage is constructed.
Barrage
Weir
Costly structure
Under sluices
Also known as scouring sluices.
The under sluices are the openings provided
at the base of the weir or barrage.
These openings are provided with adjustable
gates. Normally, the gates are kept closed.
The suspended silt goes on depositing in front
of the canal head regulator.
Divide wall
The divide wall is a long wall constructed at
right angles in the weir or barrage, it may be
constructed with stone masonry or cement
concrete.
On the upstream side, the wall is extended just
to cover the canal head regulator and on the
downstream side, it is extended up to the
launching apron.
Fish ladder
The fish ladder is provided just by the side of the
divide wall for the free movement of fishes.
Rivers are important source of fishes.
The tendency of fish is to move from upstream to
downstream in winters and from downstream to
upstream in monsoons.
This movement is essential for their survival.
Due to construction of weir or barrage, this
movement gets obstructed, and is detrimental to
the fishes.
Silt Excluders
Silt excluders are those works which are
constructed on the bed of the river, upstream of
the head regulator.
The clearer water enters the head regulator
and silted water enters the silt excluder.
In this type of works, the silt is, therefore,,
removed from the water before in enters the
canal.
Silt Ejectors
Silt ejectors, also called silt extractors, are those
devices which extract the silt from the canal
water after the silted water has travelled a
certain distance in the off-take canal.
These works are, therefore, constructed on the
bed of the canal, and little distance downstream
from the head regulator.
are:
(a) Guide banks
(b) Marginal bunds
(c) Spurs or groynes
Guide Bank
When a barrage is constructed across a river which
flows through the alluvial soil, the guide banks must
be constructed on both the approaches to protect the
structure from erosion.
Marginal Bunds
The marginal bunds are earthen embankments
which are constructed parallel to the river bank
on one or
both the banks according to the condition. The
top width is generally 3 m to 4 m. The side
slope on the
river side is generally 1.5: 1 and that on the
country side is 2:1.
purposes:
It prevents the flood water or storage water
from entering the surrounding area which may
be submerged or may be water logged.
It retains the flood water or storage water within
a specified section.
It protects the towns and villages from
devastation during the heavy flood.
It protects valuable agricultural lands.
(b) By scouring
During floods, the gates of the barrage are kept
open and the water flows with high velocity.
The water may also flow with very high velocity
over the crest of the weir.
Both the cases can result in scouring effect on
the downstream and on the upstream side of
the structure.
Due to scouring of the soil on both sides of the
structure, its stability gets endangered by
shearing.
Design aspects
(a)Subsurface flow
1. The structure should be designed such that the
piping failure does not occur due to subsurface
flow.
2. The downstream pile must be provided to
reduce the exit gradient and to prevent piping.
3. An impervious floor of adequate length is
provided to increase the path of percolation
and to reduce the hydraulic gradient and the
seepage force.
Khoslas theory
Many of the important hydraulic structures,
such as weirs and barrage, were designed on the
basis of
Blighs theory between the periods 1910 to
1925.
In 1926 27, the upper Chenab canal siphons,
designed on Blighs theory, started posing
undermining troubles.
Investigations started, which ultimately lead to
Khoslas theory.
Intermediate point
The mathematical solution of the flow-nets of the
above profiles have been given in the form of curves.
From the curves, percentage pressures at various key
points E, C be determined. The important points to
note are:
Junctions of pile with the floor on either side{E, C
(bottom), E1, C1 (top) }
Bottom point of the pile (D), and
Junction of the bottom corners (D, D) in case of
depressed floor