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Lecture 1-Additional Notes

A solid solution is a homogeneous solid mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent. The crystal structure of the solvent remains unchanged by the addition of solutes. When an impurity is added to a host material, it can either form a solid solution where the impurity atoms are randomly distributed as point defects, or it can form a solid solution plus particles of a new phase for larger amounts of the impurity. Plastic deformation in single crystals results in slip bands on the surface from slip or shear deformation along crystallographic planes caused by the movement of dislocations.

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Lecture 1-Additional Notes

A solid solution is a homogeneous solid mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent. The crystal structure of the solvent remains unchanged by the addition of solutes. When an impurity is added to a host material, it can either form a solid solution where the impurity atoms are randomly distributed as point defects, or it can form a solid solution plus particles of a new phase for larger amounts of the impurity. Plastic deformation in single crystals results in slip bands on the surface from slip or shear deformation along crystallographic planes caused by the movement of dislocations.

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Rama Krishna
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solid Solution

A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one or more solutes in a


solvent. Such a mixture is considered a solution rather than a compound
when the crystal structure of the solvent remains unchanged by addition of
the solutes, and when the mixture remains in a single homogeneous
phase.

FIGURE: Forming a liquid solution of water and alcohol. Mixing occurs on the molecular scale.

Point Defects in Alloys


Two outcomes if impurity (B) added to host (A):
Solid solution of B in A (i.e., random dist. of point defects)

OR

Substitutional solid soln.


(e.g., Cu in Ni)

Interstitial solid soln.


(e.g., C in Fe)

Solid solution of B in A plus particles of a new phase (usually for a


larger amount of B)

Second phase particle


--different composition
--often different structure.

Plastic Deformation in Single Crystal


Plastic deformation of single crystal results in step markings on
surface
slip bands.
Slip or shear deformation of metal atoms on specific crystallographic
planes (slip planes) causes slip bands.

Slip bands

Plastically deformed zinc single crystal showing slip bands: (a) front view of real
crystal; (b) side view of real crystal

Slip Mechanism
During shear, atoms do not slide over each other.

The slip occurs due to movement of dislocations.


Wall of high dislocation density

Dislocation cell structure in lightly


deformed Aluminum

Polycrystalline NT 330 Stainless Steel Films


(Arrows indicate the location of twin boundaries)

Sources: Growth twins and deformation twins in metals


Dr. Xinghang Zhang, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University
http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news/newsid=36154.php

Grains

Typical optical micrograph of a grain structure, 100.


The material is a low-carbon steel. The grain
boundaries have been lightly etched with a chemical
solution so that they reflect light differently from the
polished grains, thereby giving a distinctive contrast.
(From Metals Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 7: Atlas of
Microstructures of Industrial Alloys, American
Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1972.)

Application: Imperfection in Solids


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