Comments:: Agreement 1 (Time Derivatives) : A Time Derivative of A Quantity Will Be Denoted

1. Time derivatives will be denoted with a dot over the symbol. 2. The document discusses Newtonian mechanics and assumes space, time, and measurements of distance and time differences are possible. It also assumes differentiability of quantities like velocity and acceleration. 3. The main topics are describing particle trajectories under forces (kinematics) and the time dependence of particle motion along trajectories (dynamics).

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Comments:: Agreement 1 (Time Derivatives) : A Time Derivative of A Quantity Will Be Denoted

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Adil Mahmud

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Agreement 1 (time derivatives): A time derivative of a quantity will be denoted

by a dot over the symbol.

Comments:
These laws presume that space and time exists, that one can thus measure
distances |r| and time differences t, and that the length and time scales
are constant in space and time. The time is homogeneous, and the space
is homogeneous and isotropic. Newton assumed an absolute space and an
absolute time which is not quite correct, as one knows since Einsteins formulation
of the Special Relativity theory at the beginning of the twentieth
century.5
Starting from these laws, the motion of particles under the influence of
forces shall be described in this chapter. (In the following we will investigate
primarily point masses.) Thus the main object is to describe the form
of the trajectories of all particles, for example the Kepler ellipses in the
case of the planetary motion. This is the topic of the kinematics. Or, and
this is the more frequent case, one is rather interested in how, i.e., with
which time dependence, the ith particle moves along the trajectory. Then
one is interested in the time dependence of the coordinate ri(t). This is
the topic of the dynamics. From the latter the form of the trajectory is
given in one of many other possible forms of parametric representations,
namely that with the time t as parameter.
Furthermore, the differentiability etc. is assumed, from which we will always
start in the following, if not stated otherwise, such that the following
quantities (of a particle) are defined:
velocity v(t) = r(t) dr
dt = limt0
r(t+t)r(t)
t

acceleration a = v = r.
In classical mechanics one also uses, e.g., the mass density dm/dV , which
presents difficulties in the microscopic regime because of the corpuscular
nature of matter.
The systems postulated in the first Newtonian law are the so-called inertial
systems. In contrast, an isolated particle in all accelerated systems is thus
subject to forces, even if there are no external forces acting. 6 Since the
forces decrease at large distances between the particles7 and since forces
originate only from other particles, one can define an inertial system equivalently
by the requirement that such a system is sufficiently far away from