Disaster Management

General Studies (Mains) 2013
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1.
Mains 29: Disaster Management
Questions
Define the term 'hazard' and differentiate it from disaster.
2. Differentiate between an emergency and disaster.

3. Discuss the impact of human activities on hazards.
4. Define vulnerability and discuss various factors responsible for it.
5. Discuss the evolution of Total Disaster Risk Management (TDRM) Approach.
6. Write Short notes on Yakohama Strategy and Hyogo Framework of action.
7.
Discuss the Key Stages of Disaster Management Cycle.
8. How the TDRM approach is pertinent to Disaster Management Cycle. Explain.

9. What do you mean by Mitigation? What are various tools of mitigation?
10. What is Disaster Preparedness? How it is related to mitigation?
11. Discuss various activities taken up during a disaster response.
12. What are the Key vulnerabilities of India.
13. Discuss the salient provisions of Disaster Management Act 2005.
14. Describe the Disaster Management Structure in India.
15. Discuss the key issues in Disaster Prevention, Mitigation & Preparedness (PMP) in India.
16. Discuss the roles of various players in disaster management.
17. Discuss the role of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) in Disaster Prevention.
18. Write a short note on: Earth System Science Organization
19. Write a short note on: Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre
20. Write a short note on: Coastal Vulnerability Index
21. What are the various problems in disaster management in mountainous regions of India?
22. Uttarakhand Floods 2013: Manmade or Natural Disaster? Discuss.
23. What lessons can be learnt from the Uttarakhand floods of 2013 in disaster Prevention, Mitigation
and Preparedness? Discuss.
24. "Disasters create development opportunities." Discuss.
25. Why some people advocate for Community Based Approach to Disaster Management. Who are its
various stakeholders?
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Hazard versus Disaster

Meaning of a hazard
x

x
potential harm

A hazard turning to a disaster
x

once they threaten

x

Emergency versus Disaster

An emergency is a situation in which the community is
capable of coping. It is a situation generated by the real
or imminent occurrence of an event that requires
immediate attention and that requires immediate
attention of emergency resources. A disaster is a
situation in which the community is incapable of coping.
It is a natural or human-caused event which causes
intense negative impacts on people, goods, services
and/or the environment, exceeding the affected
communitys capability to respond; therefore the
community seeks the assistance of government and
international agencies.

Types of Hazards

Impact of Human Activities on Hazards

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Immutable Events

immutable events

Primary and Secondary Hazards

Chronic hazards

Vulnerability & Risk

the extent to which a community, structure, services or geographic area is likely to be damaged

Types of Vulnerability
Characteristics

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Political-institutional factors

x

x
Economic factors

x

x
Sociocultural factors
x
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Risk from Hazards
expected losses

disaster risk management

Evolution of Total Disaster Risk Management (TDRM) Approach

Traditional Approach

x

Yakohama Strategy

9
9
9
9
9

9
Hyogo Framework of action

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Recent Trends in Disaster Management and TDRM

Total Disaster Risk Management Approach

Key Stages: Disaster Management Cycle

up before, during and after a disaster

Pre-disaster
x
mitigation and preparedness

x

o

o

Disaster occurrence
x

After a disaster (post-disaster)
x
response and recovery
activities
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The Six Phases of Disaster Management Cycle
prevention and mitigation

Disaster preparedness

response, recovery and

reconstructionresponse phase
recovery phase
reconstruction

prevention and preparedness
TDRM and Disaster Management Cycle

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Mitigation
Definition and Types

Structural mitigation
Non-structural activities

What does mitigation include?

x

x

Tools of mitigation

x

Disaster Preparedness

Four levels of Disaster Preparedness
9

Relationship between preparedness and mitigation
9

Gender Issues in Disaster Preparedness
9

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Crop diversification and Disaster Preparedness

Disaster Response, Recovery & Reconstruction

9
9
9
9
9

Disaster Response Activities

Warning:
Evacuation and migration:

Search and rescue (SAR):

Post-disaster assessment:

Response and relief:

Logistics and supply:

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Survivor response and coping:

Security:

10 Emergency operations management:

11 Rehabilitation:

12 Reconstruction:

India's Key Vulnerabilities

USD 1 billion
during last two decades
eroded 2% of the country's GDP 12% of the Government revenue 6% of the
population of India is impacted annually

9
Disaster vulnerability is function of poverty

Poverty is inextricably linked to disaster
vulnerability. Poverty compels the people to
compromise in maters of shelters and dwellings
and more and more people live at unsafe places.
Further, the low cost material used in making the
dwellings make them more unsafe to live.
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9
9
9
9

Various Disasters in India

Hydrological and Climate related Disasters
Floods
x

x

Causes of floodss
x Heavy rainfall,
x Inadequate capacity of rivers to carry the
high flood discharge
x Inadequate drainage to carry away the
rainwater quickly to streams/ rivers
x Ice jams or landslides blocking streams
x typhoons and cyclones
x Flash floods occur because of high rate of
water flow particularly in areas with less
permeability of soil.

Cyclones
x
Indian Ocean is one of the six major cyclone-prone regions in the world.
x

Heat Waves, Cold waves and Fog
x

x

Thunderstorm, Hailstorm, Dust Storm etc
x

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Droughts
x

x

Geological Disasters
Earthquakes
x

x

Arakan YomaChaman fault

Tsunami
x

x

Landslides
x

x

Technologic Disasters
Industrial, Chemical & Nuclear Disasters

x

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The Evolution of NDMA

International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction

disaster management does not find place in any of the lists of the 7th
schedule

National Centre for Disaster Management

Pant committee
Indian Ocean Tsunami

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Disaster Management Act 2005: Salient Provisions

x

NDMA
National Executive Committee (NEC)

a three tiered Disaster Management structure
National Disaster Response Force
National Institute of Disaster Management
National Disaster Mitigation Fund and National Disaster Response Fund
National Disaster Management Authority

x

Powers and Functions of NDMA
x Responsibilities of the Central Government

x

Take all measures necessary and expedient for the

purpose of disaster management.
Coordinate with Ministries or Departments of the
Government of India, State Governments, National
Authority, State Authorities, governmental and nongovernmental organisations in relation to disaster
management
Ensure integration of measures
Proper allocation of funds.
Deployment of naval, military and air forces, other
armed forces of the Union or any other civilian
personnel as may be required
Coordinate with international organizations, United
Nations agencies, foreign governments.
Extend support to other countries in need.
guidelines for the minimum standards of

relief

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empowered to recommend relief in repayment

of loans
National Executive Committee

Powers and Functions of NEC
9
9
9

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
National Plan

State Disaster Management Authority

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x

Powers and Functions:
x
x

State Executive Committee

o

State Disaster Management Plan

District Disaster Management Authority

Powers and Functions
x

National Institute of Disaster Management

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National Disaster Response Force

National Disaster Response Fund

National Disaster Mitigation Fund

The Disaster Management Structure in India

Pant Committee

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Key Issues in Disaster Prevention, Mitigation & Preparedness (PMP) in India

x

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x

Key Roles of Various Players in Disaster Management

x
Communities

o

Local governments.

o

National governments

o

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Regional institutions and organizations

International bodies

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

The private sector

The media plays

The scientific community

Role of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) in Disaster Prevention

disaster
warning systems and evacuation procedures

o

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Channels for Disaster warning

x

GIS
x

Spatial datadescriptive attributes

Remote Sensing
x

x
Remote Sensing is not used in isolation but in synergy with the GIS in disaster management.

Roles of Earth System Science Organization

virtual organisation

x

Monsoon, Disasters (cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, sea level rise), Living and
non-living resources (fishery advisory, poly-metallic nodules, gas hydrates, freshwater etc), Coastal and
Marine Ecosystems and Climate Change, Underwater Technology.
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Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre

Indian Nation Centre For Ocean Information Services
data warehouse

9
9
9
9
9

9

9
9
9
9
9
9

9
9

How it works?

So far this system has worked well

Places in news: Rangachang

In order to forecast Tsunami early, the National
Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) has
installed the Early Tsunami Warning System
(ETWS) at Rangachang in Andaman and Nicobar
Islands. The system can forecast a tsunami
within 3 minutes after the initial tremors are
felt and can send alerts.
Following the alerts sent from the Tsunami
Warning System, the tsunami alerts can be
issued to the risk zones via Centre in
consultation with Indian National Centre for
Ocean
Information
Services,
INCOIS
at
Hyderabad. (May 2013)

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Coastal Vulnerability Index

In 2012, a comprehensive Coastal Vulnerability Index' (CVI)

Atlas was brought out by the Indian National Centre for
Ocean Information Services (INCOIS). Using data from
satellites, simulated models, tide gauges and Shuttle Radar
Topography Mission (SRTM) of the United States, INCOIS
prepared this Atlas, which determines the relative risk to
coastline due to future sea-level rise. This was for the first
time, such an Atlas has been done at the national level.
Based on seven physical and geological parameters, the Atlas
has classified the areas along the coastline in terms of very
high risk, high risk, medium and low risk to future sea-level
rise. The seven parameters used are: tidal range, wave
height, coastal slope, coastal elevation, shoreline change,
geomorphology and historical rate of sea-level change.

Various problems / Issues in disaster management in mountainous regions of India

9

9

9

9

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Uttarakhand Floods 2013: Manmade or Natural Disaster

Unusual high rainfall in June

but never in June

early warning system
Location of Kedarnath

How the Disaster Happened?

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF)

Was there any failure of dam?

downstream

Was it a manmade Disaster?
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
global
warming-induced climate change phenomenon.

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The Chaotic Development

poor soil stability on the steep slopes in this fragile region

9

9

9

9

PMP in Himalayas: Lessons from Kedarnath

Scientific disconnect
x

x

Identification of vulnerabilities
x

x

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Flood Forecasting and Early Warning System

Disaster and Development Link

x

9
9
9
9

Community Based Approach to Disaster Management

Why Community based approach?
Hyogo Declaration
strengthening community level capacities to reduce disaster risk at the local level is especially needed,
considering that appropriate disaster reduction measures at that level enable the communities and individuals to
reduce significantly their vulnerability to hazards

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x

Advantages of Community-based Disaster Risk Management:
9
9

9

9

9

9

9
Bottom up Participatory Approach
9

9

Stakeholders in Community Based Disasters Management

9

9

9
9
9
9
9
9
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9
9

9

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General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

2. Differentiate between an emergency and disaster.

Discuss the Key Stages of Disaster Management Cycle.

8. How the TDRM approach is pertinent to Disaster Management Cycle. Explain.

www.gktoday.in | E-mail: [email protected]

General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

Hazard versus Disaster

Emergency versus Disaster

Impact of Human Activities on Hazards

www.gktoday.in | E-mail: [email protected]

General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

Vulnerability & Risk

www.gktoday.in | E-mail: [email protected]

General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

Evolution of Total Disaster Risk Management (TDRM) Approach

www.gktoday.in | E-mail: [email protected]

General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

Key Stages: Disaster Management Cycle

www.gktoday.in | E-mail: [email protected]

General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

The Six Phases of Disaster Management Cycle

prevention and mitigation

 response, recovery and

TDRM and Disaster Management Cycle

www.gktoday.in | E-mail: [email protected]

General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

www.gktoday.in | E-mail: [email protected]

General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

Crop diversification and Disaster Preparedness

Disaster Response, Recovery & Reconstruction

Evacuation and migration: 

Search and rescue (SAR):  

Response and relief: 

Logistics and supply: 

www.gktoday.in | E-mail: [email protected]

General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

Survivor response and coping:

Security: 

10 Emergency operations management: 

India's Key Vulnerabilities

Disaster vulnerability is function of poverty

www.gktoday.in | E-mail: [email protected]

General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

Various Disasters in India

www.gktoday.in | E-mail: [email protected]

General Studies (Mains) 2013

Mains 29: Disaster Management

 Arakan YomaChaman fault

Industrial, Chemical & Nuclear Disasters

prevention and mitigation

response, recovery and

Evacuation and migration:

Search and rescue (SAR):

Response and relief:

Logistics and supply:

Security:

10 Emergency operations management:

Arakan YomaChaman fault

National Executive Committee (NEC)

a three tiered Disaster Management structure

National Disaster Response Force

National Institute of Disaster Management

National Disaster Mitigation Fund and National Disaster Response Fund

empowered to recommend relief in repayment

Regional institutions and organizations