Iec 61869 2 2012 09
Iec 61869 2 2012 09
Iec 61869 2 2012 09
IEC 61869-2
Edition 1.0 2012-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
IEC 61869-2:2012
Transformateurs de mesure
Partie 2: Exigences supplmentaires concernant les transformateurs de courant
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Instrument transformers
Part 2: Additional requirements for current transformers
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IEC 61869-2
Edition 1.0 2012-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Transformateurs de mesure
Partie 2: Exigences supplmentaires concernant les transformateurs de courant
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
PRICE CODE
CODE PRIX
ICS 17.220.20
XB
ISBN 978-2-83220-293-7
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Instrument transformers
Part 2: Additional requirements for current transformers
61869-2 IEC:2012
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 5
1
Scope ............................................................................................................................... 8
6.4
7.3
General .............................................................................................................. 30
7.1.2
Lists of tests ..................................................................................... 30
Type tests ........................................................................................................... 31
7.2.2
Temperature-rise test ....................................................................... 31
7.2.3
Impulse voltage withstand test on primary terminals ......................... 33
7.2.6
Tests for accuracy ............................................................................ 33
7.2.201
Short-time current tests .................................................................... 35
Routine tests ...................................................................................................... 36
7.3.1
Power-frequency voltage withstand tests on primary terminals ......... 36
7.3.5
Tests for accuracy ............................................................................ 36
7.3.201
Determination of the secondary winding resistance (R ct ) ................... 38
7.3.202
Determination of the secondary loop time constant (T s ) .................... 38
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61869-2 IEC:2012
7.3.203
Test for rated knee point e.m.f. (E k ) and exciting current at E k .......... 39
7.3.204
Inter-turn overvoltage test ................................................................ 39
7.4
Special tests ....................................................................................................... 40
7.4.3
Measurement of capacitance and dielectric dissipation factor ........... 40
7.4.6
Internal arc fault test ........................................................................ 40
7.5
Sample tests ....................................................................................................... 41
7.5.1
Determination of the remanence factor ............................................. 41
7.5.2
Determination of the instrument security factor (FS) of
measuring current transformers ........................................................ 41
Annex 2A (normative) Protective current transformers classes P, PR ................................... 42
Annex 2B (normative) Protective current transformer classes for transient
performance ......................................................................................................................... 47
Annex 2C (normative) Proof of low-leakage reactance type ................................................. 63
Annex 2D (informative) Technique used in temperature rise test of oil-immersed
transformers to determine the thermal constant by an experimental estimation ..................... 64
Annex 2E (informative) Alternative measurement of the ratio error () .................................. 66
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61869-2 IEC:2012
Table 201 Limits of ratio error and phase displacement for measuring current
transformers (classes 0,1 to 1).............................................................................................. 21
Table 202 Limits of ratio error and phase displacement for measuring current
transformers (classes 0,2S and 0,5S) ................................................................................... 22
Table 203 Limits of ratio error for measuring current transformers (classes 3 and 5) .......... 22
Table 204 Characterisation of protective classes ............................................................... 23
Table 205 Error limits for protective current transformers class P and PR .......................... 23
Table 206 Error limits for TPX, TPY and TPZ current transformers..................................... 25
Table 207 Specification Methods for TPX, TPY and TPZ current transformers ................... 26
Table 208 Marking of terminals .......................................................................................... 28
Table 10 List of tests ......................................................................................................... 31
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61869-2 IEC:2012
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This International Standard IEC 61869-2 Ed.1.0 has been prepared by committee 38:
Instrument transformers.
This first edition of IEC 61869-2 cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC 60044-1,
published in 1996, and its Amendment 1 (2000) and Amendment 2 (2002), and the first edition
of IEC 60044-6, published in 1992. Additionally it introduces technical innovations in the
standardization and adaptation of the requirements for current transformers for transient
performance.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS
Report on voting
38/435/FDIS
38/437/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
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2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as closely as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested IEC National Committees.
61869-2 IEC:2012
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all the parts in the IEC 61869 series, published under the general title Instrument
transformers, can be found on the IEC website.
This Part 2 is to be used in conjunction with, and is based on, IEC 61869-1:2007, General
Requirements however the reader is encouraged to use its most recent edition.
This Part 2 follows the structure of IEC 61869-1:2007 and supplements or modifies its
corresponding clauses.
When a particular clause/subclause of Part 1 is not mentioned in this Part 2, that
clause/subclause applies as far as is reasonable. When this standard states addition,
modification or replacement, the relevant text in Part 1 is to be adapted accordingly.
For additional clauses, subclauses, figures, tables, annexes or notes, the following numbering
system is used:
clauses, subclauses, tables, figures and notes that are numbered starting from 201 are
additional to those in Part 1;
An overview of the planned set of standards at the date of publication of this document is
given below. The updated list of standards issued by IEC TC38 is available at the website:
www.iec.ch.
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61869-2 IEC:2012
PRODUCT FAMILY STANDARDS
61869-6
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS
ADDITIONAL
GENERAL
REQUIREMENT
FOR
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS
AND LOW
POWER STAND
ALONE
SENSORS
PRODUCT
STANDARD
PRODUCTS
OLD
STANDARD
61869-2
60044-1
60044-6
61869-3
60044-2
61869-4
60044-3
61869-5
60044-5
61869-7
60044-7
61869-8
60044-8
61869-9
61869-10
61869-11
61869-12
61869-13
60044-7
Since the publication of IEC 60044-6 (Requirements for protective current transformers for
transient performance) in 1992, the area of application of this kind of current transformers has
been extended. As a consequence, the theoretical background for the dimensioning according
to the electrical requirements has become much more complex. In order to keep this standard
as user-friendly as possible, the explanation of the background information will be transferred
to the Technical Report IEC 61869-100 TR, which is now in preparation.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
reconfirmed,
withdrawn,
replaced by a revised edition, or
amended.
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61869-1:2007
61869-2 IEC:2012
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
Part 2: Additional requirements for Current Transformers
Scope
This part of IEC 61869 is applicable to newly manufactured inductive current transformers for
use with electrical measuring instruments and/or electrical protective devices having rated
frequencies from 15 Hz to 100 Hz.
Normative references
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions in IEC 61869-1:2007 apply with
the following additions:
3.1
General definitions
3.1.201
current transformer
instrument transformer in which the secondary current, under normal conditions of use, is
substantially proportional to the primary current and differs in phase from it by an angle which
is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-02-01]
3.1.202
measuring current transformer
current transformer intended to transmit an information signal to measuring instruments and
meters
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-02-18]
3.1.203
protective current transformer
a current transformer intended to transmit an information signal to protective and control
devices
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321: 1986, 321-02-19)
3.1.204
class P protective current transformer
protective current transformer without remanent flux limit, for which the saturation behaviour
in the case of a symmetrical short-circuit is specified
3.1.205
class PR protective current transformer
protective current transformer with remanent flux limit, for which the saturation behaviour in
the case of a symmetrical short-circuit is specified
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61869-2 IEC:2012
3.1.206
class PX protective current transformer
protective current transformer of low-leakage reactance without remanent flux limit for which
knowledge of the excitation characteristic and of the secondary winding resistance, secondary
burden resistance and turns ratio, is sufficient to assess its performance in relation to the
protective relay system with which it is to be used
3.1.207
class PXR protective current transformer
protective current transformer with remanent flux limit for which knowledge of the excitation
characteristic and of the secondary winding resistance, secondary burden resistance and
turns ratio, is sufficient to assess its performance in relation to the protective relay system
with which it is to be used
Note 1 to entry: An increasingly number of situations occur where low DC currents are continuously flowing through
current transformers. Therefore, in order to stop the current transformer from saturating, current transformers with
air gaps, but with the same performance as Class PX, are used.
Note 2 to entry: The air gaps for remanence reduction do not necessarily lead to a high-leakage reactance current
transformer (see Annex 2C).
3.1.209
class TPY protective current transformer for transient performance
protective current transformer with remanent flux limit, for which the saturation behaviour in
case of a transient short-circuit current is specified by the peak value of the instantaneous
error
3.1.210
class TPZ protective current transformer for transient performance
protective current transformer with a specified secondary time-constant, for which the
saturation behaviour in case of a transient short-circuit current is specified by the peak value
of the alternating error component
3.1.211
selectable-ratio current transformer
current transformer on which several transformation ratios are obtained by reconnecting the
primary winding sections and / or by means of taps on the secondary winding
3.3
3.3.201
rated primary current
I pr
value of the primary current on which the performance of the transformer is based
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-01-11, modified title, synonym and definition]
3.3.202
rated secondary current
I sr
value of the secondary current on which the performance of the transformer is based
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-01-15, modified title, synonym and definition]
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3.1.208
class TPX protective current transformer for transient performance
protective current transformer without remanent flux limit, for which the saturation behaviour
in case of a transient short-circuit current is specified by the peak value of the instantaneous
error
10
61869-2 IEC:2012
3.3.203
rated short-time thermal current
I th
maximum value of the primary current which a transformer will withstand for a specified short
time without suffering harmful effects, the secondary winding being short-circuited
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-02-22]
3.3.204
rated dynamic current
I dyn
maximum peak value of the primary current which a transformer will withstand, without being
damaged electrically or mechanically by the resulting electromagnetic forces, the secondary
winding being short-circuited
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-02-24]
3.3.207
exciting current
Ie
r.m.s. value of the current taken by the secondary winding of a current transformer, when a
sinusoidal voltage of rated frequency is applied to the secondary terminals, the primary and
any other windings being open-circuited
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-02-32]
3.4
3.4.3
ratio error
Definition 3.4.3 of IEC 61869-1:2007 is applicable with the addition of the following note:
Note 201 to entry: The current ratio error, expressed in per cent, is given by the formula:
k r I s I p
Ip
100 %
where
kr
is the rated transformation ratio;
Ip
is the actual primary current;
Is
is the actual secondary current when I p is flowing, under the conditions of measurement.
An explicative vector diagram is given in 2A.1.
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3.3.205
rated continuous thermal current
I cth
value of the current which can be permitted to flow continuously in the primary winding, the
secondary winding being connected to the rated burden, without the temperature rise
exceeding the values specified
61869-2 IEC:2012
11
3.4.4
phase displacement
The definition 3.4.4 of IEC 61869-1:2007 is applicable with the addition of the following note:
Note 1 to entry: An explicative vector diagram is given in 2A.1.
3.4.201
rated resistive burden
Rb
rated value of the secondary connected resistive burden in ohms
3.4.202
secondary winding resistance
R ct
actual secondary winding d.c. resistance in ohms corrected to 75 C or such other
temperature as may be specified
Note 1 to entry: R ct is an actual value. It shall not be confused with the upper limit for R ct , which can be specified
otherwise.
c =
1
( k r i s i p ) 2 dt
T 0
Ip
100 %
where
kr
Ip
ip
is
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3.4.203
composite error
c
under steady-state conditions, the r.m.s. value of the difference between
12
61869-2 IEC:2012
3.4.205
instrument security factor
FS
ratio of rated instrument limit primary current to the rated primary current
Note 1 to entry: Attention should be paid to the fact that the actual instrument security factor is affected by the
burden. When the burden value is significantly lower than rated one, larger current values will be produced on the
secondary side in the case of short-circuit current.
Note 2 to entry: In the event of system fault currents flowing through the primary winding of a current transformer,
the safety of the apparatus supplied by the transformer is at its highest when the value of the rated instrument
security factor (FS) is at its lowest.
E FS = FS I sr ( Rct + Rb ) 2 + X b2
where:
Rb
Xb
This method will give a higher value than the actual one. It was chosen in order to apply the same test method as
used for protective current transformers. Refer to 7.2.6.202 and 7.2.6.203.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-02-31, modified title, synonym and note to entry]
3.4.207
rated accuracy limit primary current
value of primary current up to which the current transformer will comply with the requirements
for composite error
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-02-29]
3.4.208
accuracy limit factor
ALF
ratio of the rated accuracy limit primary current to the rated primary current
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-02-30]
3.4.209
secondary limiting e.m.f. for protective current transformers
E ALF
product of the accuracy limit factor, the rated secondary current and the vectorial sum of the
rated burden and the impedance of the secondary winding
Note 1 to entry: The secondary limiting e.m.f for class P and PR protective current transformers E ALF is calculated
as
Rb
is
Xb
is
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Note 1 to entry: The secondary limiting e.m.f. for measuring current transformers E FS is calculated as
61869-2 IEC:2012
13
3.4.210
saturation flux
sat
maximum value of secondary linked flux in a current transformer, which corresponds to the
magnetic saturation of the core material
Note 1 to entry: The most suitable procedure for the determination of the saturation flux sat is given with the d.c.
saturation method described in 2B.2.3.
Note 2 to entry: In the former standard IEC 60044-6, s was defined as a knee point value, which characterized the
transition from the non-saturated to the fully saturated state of a core. This definition could not gain acceptance
because the saturation value was too low, and led to misunderstandings and contradictions. Therefore, it was
replaced by sat , which defines the condition of complete saturation.
3.4.211
remanent flux
r
value of secondary linked flux which would remain in the core 3 min after the interruption of a
magnetizing current of sufficient magnitude to induce saturation flux ( sat )
3.4.213
secondary loop time constant
Ts
value of the time constant of the secondary loop of the current transformer obtained from the
sum of the magnetizing and the leakage inductances (L s ) and the secondary loop resistance
(R s )
Ts = Ls / Rs
3.4.214
excitation characteristic
graphical or tabular presentation of the relationship between the r.m.s. value of the exciting
current and a sinusoidal voltage applied to the secondary terminals of a current transformer,
the primary and other windings being open-circuited, over a range of values sufficient to
define the characteristics from low levels of excitation up to 1.1 times the knee point e.m.f.
3.4.215
knee point voltage
r.m.s. value of the sinusoidal voltage at rated frequency applied to the secondary terminals of
the transformer, all other terminals being open-circuited, which, when increased by 10 %,
causes the r.m.s. value of the exciting current to increase by 50 %
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-321:1986, 321-02-34]
3.4.216
knee point e.m.f.
e.m.f. of a current transformer at rated frequency, which, when increased by 10 %, causes the
r.m.s. value of the exciting current to increase by 50 %
Note 1 to entry: While the knee point voltage can be applied to the secondary terminals of a current transformer,
the knee point e.m.f. is not directly accessible. The values of the knee point voltage and of the knee point e.m.f.
are deemed as equal, due to the minor influence of the voltage drop across the secondary winding resistance.
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3.4.212
remanence factor
KR
ratio of the remanent flux to the saturation flux, expressed as a percentage
14
61869-2 IEC:2012
3.4.217
rated knee point e.m.f.
Ek
lower limit of the knee point e.m.f.
Note 1 to entry: The rated knee point e.m.f. appears in the specifications of class PX and PXR protective current
transformers. It may be calculated as
E k = K x (Rct + Rb ) I sr
3.4.218
rated turns ratio
specified ratio of the number of primary turns to the number of secondary turns
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
Note 1 to entry: The rated turns ratio appears in the specifications of class PX and PXR protective current
transformers.
3.4.219
turns ratio error
difference between the actual turns ratio and the rated turns ratio, expressed as a percentage
of the rated turns ratio
3.4.220
dimensioning factor
Kx
factor to indicate the multiple of rated secondary current (I sr ) occurring under power system
fault conditions, inclusive of safety margins, up to which the transformer is required to meet
performance requirements
Note 1 to entry: See formula under 3.4.217.
3.4.221
instantaneous error current
i
difference between the instantaneous values of the secondary current (i s ) multiplied by the
rated transformation ratio (k r ) and the primary current (i p ):
i = k r is - ip
Note 1 to entry: When both alternating current components (i sac , i pac ) and direct current components (i sdc , i pdc )
are present, the constituent components (i ac , i dc ) are separately identified as follows:
peak value ( ) of instantaneous error current (see 3.4.221) for the specified duty cycle,
expressed as a percentage of the peak value of the rated primary short-circuit current:
i
2 I psc
100 %
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Note 2 to entry: Rated turns ratio and rated transformation ratio are both defined as primary to secondary entities.
If they shall be compared, the value of the rated turns ratio has to be inverted.
61869-2 IEC:2012
15
3.4.223
peak alternating error component
ac
peak value
ac =
iac
2 I psc
100 %
3.4.224
specified duty cycle (C-O and / or C-O-C-O)
duty cycle in which, during each specified energization, the primary short circuit current is
assumed to have the worst-case inception angle (see Figure 201)
ip
ip
t
tal
tfr
C-O
tal
t
C-O-C-O
IEC 1547/12
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t
tal
16
61869-2 IEC:2012
ip
Ipsc 2
Ipsc 2
e
0
t
Tp
3.4.227
duration of the second fault
t
duration of the second fault in a C-O-C-O duty cycle
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 201.
3.4.228
specified time to accuracy limit in the first fault
t al
time in a C-O duty cycle, or in the first energization of a C-O-C-O duty cycle, during which the
specified accuracy has to be maintained
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 201. This time interval is usually defined by the critical measuring time of the
associated protection scheme.
3.4.229
specified time to accuracy limit in the second fault
t al
time in the second energization of a C-O-C-O duty cycle during which the specified accuracy
has to be maintained
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 201. This time interval is usually defined by the critical measuring time of the
associated protection scheme.
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IEC 1548/12
61869-2 IEC:2012
17
3.4.230
fault repetition time
t fr
time interval between interruption and re-application of the primary short-circuit current during
a circuit breaker auto-reclosing duty cycle in case of a non-successful fault clearance
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 201.
3.4.231
secondary loop resistance
Rs
total resistance of the secondary circuit
Rs = Rb + Rct
3.4.232
rated symmetrical short-circuit current factor
K ssc
ratio of the rated primary short circuit current to the rated primary current
I psc
I pr
3.4.233
transient factor
K tf
ratio of the secondary linked flux at a specified point of time in a duty cycle to the peak value
of its a.c. component
Note 1 to entry: K tf is calculated analytically with different formulae depending on T P , T S , on the duty cycle and on
the fault inception angle. A determination of K tf is given in Annex 2B.1.
Note 2 to entry: Figure 203 shows possible courses of the secondary linked flux for different fault inception
angles .
10
= 90
=90
=135
= 135
4
=180
= 180
-2
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
tt0.1
IEC 1549/12
Figure 203 Secondary linked flux for different fault inception angles
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K ssc =
18
61869-2 IEC:2012
3.4.234
transient dimensioning factor
K td
dimensioning factor to consider the increase of the secondary linked flux due to a d.c.
component of the primary short circuit current
Note 1 to entry: While K tf is defined as a function of time, K td is the definitive dimensioning parameter. K td is derived
from current transformer requirements given by the relay manufacturer (gained from relay stability type tests) or from worst-case
considerations based on the Ktf curves (see 2B.1).
3.4.235
Low-leakage reactance current transformer
current transformer for which measurements made at the secondary terminals (while primary
open-circuited) are sufficient for an assessment of its protection performance up to the
required accuracy limit
3.4.237
rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f.
Eal
that r.m.s. value of the equivalent secondary circuit e.m.f. at rated frequency necessary to
meet the requirements of the specified duty cycle:
3.7
Index of abbreviations
Air-Insulated Switchgear
ALF
CT
Current Transformer
CVT
E al
E ALF
E FS
Ek
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3.4.236
high-leakage reactance current transformer
current transformer which does not satisfy the requirements of 3.4.235, and for which an
additional allowance is made by the manufacturer to take account of influencing effects which
result in additional leakage flux
61869-2 IEC:2012
19
mechanical load
Fc
factor of construction
fR
rated frequency
F rel
FS
GIS
Gas-Insulated Switchgear
al
I cth
I dyn
Ie
exciting current
I PL
I pr
I psc
I sr
IT
Instrument Transformer
I th
kr
KR
remanence factor
K ssc
K td
K tf
transient factor
Kx
dimensioning factor
Lm
magnetizing inductance
Rb
R ct
Rs
Sr
rated output
t al
t al
t fr
Tp
Ts
Um
U sys
VT
Voltage Transformer
phase displacement
ratio error
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20
c
composite error
ac
remanent flux
sat
saturation flux
61869-2 IEC:2012
Ratings
5.3
5.3.2
Clause 5.3.2 of IEC 61869-1:2007 is applicable with the addition of the following:
For a current transformer without primary winding and without primary insulation of its own,
the value U m = 0,72 kV is assumed.
Insulation requirements for secondary terminals
Clause 5.3.5 of IEC 61869-1:2007 is applicable with the addition of the following:
The secondary winding insulation of class PX and class PXR current transformers having a
rated knee point e.m.f. E k 2 kV shall be capable of withstanding a rated power frequency
withstand voltage of 5 kV r.m.s. for 60 s.
5.3.201
The rated withstand voltage for inter-turn insulation shall be 4,5 kV peak.
For class PX and class PXR current transformers having a rated knee point e.m.f. of greater
than 450 V, the rated withstand voltage for the inter-turn insulation shall be a peak voltage of
10 times the r.m.s. value of the specified knee point e.m.f., or 10 kV peak, whichever is the
lower.
NOTE 1
Due to the test procedure, the wave shape can be highly distorted.
NOTE 2
In accordance with the test procedure 7.3.204, lower voltage values may result.
5.5
Rated output
5.5.201
The standard values of rated output for measuring classes, class P and class PR are:
2,5 5,0 10 15 and 30 VA.
Values above 30 VA may be selected to suit the application.
NOTE For a given transformer, provided one of the values of rated output is standard and associated with a
standard accuracy class, the declaration of other rated outputs, which may be non-standard values, but associated
with other standard accuracy classes, is not precluded.
5.5.202
Standard values for rated resistive burden in for class TPX, TPY and TPZ current
transformers are:
0,5 1 2 5
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5.3.5
61869-2 IEC:2012
21
The preferred values are underlined. The values are based on a rated secondary current of
1 A. For current transformers having a rated secondary current other than 1 A, the above
values shall be adjusted in inverse ratio to the square of the current.
NOTE For a given transformer, provided one of the values of rated resistive burden is standard and associated
with a standard accuracy class, the declaration of other rated resistive burdens, which may be non-standard
values, but associated with other standard accuracy classes, is not precluded.
5.6
5.6.201
5.6.201.1
For measuring current transformers, the accuracy class is designated by the highest
permissible percentage of the ratio error () at rated primary current and rated output.
5.6.201.2
5.6.201.3
For classes 0,1 0,2 0,5 and 1, the ratio error and phase displacement at rated frequency
shall not exceed the values given in Table 201 where the burden can assume any value from
25 % to 100 % of the rated output.
For classes 0,2S and 0,5S the ratio error and phase displacement at the rated frequency shall
not exceed the values given in Table 202 where the burden can assume any value from 25 %
and 100 % of the rated output.
For class 3 and class 5, the ratio error at rated frequency shall not exceed the values given in
Table 203 where the burden can assume any value from 50 % to 100 % of the rated output.
There are no specified limits of phase displacement for class 3 and class 5.
For all classes, the burden shall have a power-factor of 0,8 lagging except that, when the
burden is less than 5 VA, a power-factor of 1,0 shall be used, with a minimum value of 1 VA.
NOTE In general the prescribed limits of ratio error and phase displacement are valid for any given position of an
external conductor spaced at a distance in air not less than that required for insulation in air at the highest voltage
for equipment (U m ).
Ratio error
Phase displacement
Minutes
at current (% of rated)
5
Centiradians
at current (% of rated)
20
100
120
20
100
at current (% of rated)
120
20
100
120
0,1
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,1
15
0,45
0,24
0,15
0,15
0,2
0,75
0,35
0,2
0,2
30
15
10
10
0,9
0,45
0,3
0,3
0,5
1,5
0,75
0,5
0,5
90
45
30
30
2,7
1,35
0,9
0,9
3,0
1,5
1,0
1,0
180
90
60
60
5,4
2,7
1,8
1,8
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22
61869-2 IEC:2012
Accuracy
class
Phase displacement
Minutes
at current (% of rated)
Centiradians
at current (% of rated)
5
20
100 120
at current (% of rated)
20
100
120
20
100
120
0,2 S
0,75
0,35
0,2
0,2
0,2
30
15
10
10
10
0,9
0,45
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,5 S
1,5
0,75
0,5
0,5
0,5
90
45
30
30
30
2,7
1,35
0,9
0,9
0,9
Ratio error
%
at current (% of rated)
120
For all measuring classes, an extended burden range can be specified. The ratio error and
phase displacement shall not exceed the limits of the appropriate class given in Table 201,
Table 202 and Table 203 for the range of secondary burden from 1 VA up to rated output. The
power factor shall be 1,0 over the full burden range. The maximum rated output is limited to
15 VA.
5.6.201.5
FS 5 and FS 10
Three different approaches are designated to define protective current transformers (see
Table 204). In practice, each of the three definitions may result in the same physical
realization.
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5.6.201.4
50
3
61869-2 IEC:2012
23
Limit for
remanent flux
Explanation
a)
no
PR
yes
PX
no
a), b)
PXR
yes
TPX
no
TPY
yes
TPZ
yes
b)
a)
a)
Although there is no limit of remanent flux, air gaps are allowed, e.g. in split core current transformers.
b)
5.6.202.2
The accuracy class is designated using the highest permissible percentage of the composite
error, followed by the letter P (standing for protection) and the ALF value.
5.6.202.2.3
At rated frequency and with rated burden connected, the ratio error, phase displacement and
composite error shall not exceed the limits given in Table 205.
The rated burden shall have a power-factor of 0,8 inductive except that, when the rated output
is less than 5 VA a power-factor of 1,0 shall be used.
Table 205 Error limits for protective current transformers class P and PR
Accuracy class
Phase displacement at
rated primary current
Minutes
Centiradians
5P and 5PR
60
1,8
10
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5.6.202.2.1
24
5.6.202.3
5.6.202.3.1
61869-2 IEC:2012
The accuracy class is designated by the highest permissible percentage of the composite
error, followed by the letters "PR" (indicating protection low remanence) and the ALF value.
5.6.202.3.3
The standard accuracy classes for low remanence protective current transformers are:
5PR and 10PR
Error limits for class PR protective current transformers
At rated frequency and with rated burden connected, the ratio error, phase displacement and
composite error shall not exceed the limits given in Table 205.
The rated burden shall have a power-factor of 0,8 inductive except that, when the rated output
is less than 5 VA a power-factor of 1,0 shall be used.
5.6.202.3.5
Remanence factor (K R )
The insertion of one or more air gaps in the core is a method for limiting the remanence factor.
5.6.202.3.6
The performance of class PX protective current transformers shall be specified in terms of the
following:
rated primary current (I pr );
rated secondary current (I sr );
rated turns ratio;
rated knee point e.m.f. (E k );
upper limit of exciting current (I e ) at the rated knee point e.m.f. and/or at a stated
percentage thereof;
upper limit of secondary winding resistance (R ct ).
Instead of specifying the rated knee point e.m.f. (E k ) explicitly, E k may be calculated as
follows:
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5.6.202.3.4
61869-2 IEC:2012
25
Ek = K x (Rct + Rb ) I sr
In this case, the rated resistive burden (R b ) and the dimensioning factor (K x ) shall be
specified, and the choice of R ct is left to the manufacturer.
For class PX, the turns ratio error shall not exceed 0,25 %.
For class PXR, the turns ratio error shall not exceed 1 %.
For class PXR, the remanence factor shall not exceed 10 %.
NOTE 201
To ensure a remanence factor <= 10 %, class PXR current transformers may comprise air gaps.
NOTE 202 For large class PXR cores with low ampere-turns, it may be difficult to meet the remanence factor
requirement. In such cases, a remanence factor higher than 10 % may be agreed.
5.6.202.5
5.6.202.5.1
When the specified duty cycle (or a duty cycle corresponding to the specified transient
dimensioning factor K td ) is applied to the current transformer connected to the rated resistive
burden, the transient errors (for TPX and TPY) or ac (for TPZ) shall not exceed the limits
given in Table 206.
All error limits are based on a secondary winding temperature of 75C.
Table 206 Error limits for TPX, TPY and TPZ current transformers
Class
Phase displacement
Minutes
Centiradians
TPX
0,5
30
0,9
=10 %
TPY
1,0
60
1,8
=10 %
TPZ
1,0
18018
5,30,6
ac =10 %
NOTE 1 In some cases, the absolute value of the phase displacement may be of less importance than achieving
minimal deviation from the average value of a given production series.
NOTE 2 For TPY cores, the following formula can be used under the condition that the appropriate E al value
does not exceed the linear part of the magnetizing curve:
5.6.202.5.2
K td
100 %
2fR Ts
TPX:
no limit
TPY:
K R 10 %
TPZ:
K R 10 %
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With rated resistive burden connected to the current transformer, the ratio error and the phase
displacement at rated frequency shall not exceed the error limits given in Table 206.
26
61869-2 IEC:2012
NOTE For TPZ cores, a remanence factor << 10 % is given by the design. Therefore, the remanent flux can be
neglected.
5.6.202.5.3
Specification Methods
Rated symmetrical
short-circuit current factor K ssc
Rated symmetrical
short-circuit current factor K ssc
t al
t al , t, t fr , t al
NOTE 1 For current transformers with tapped secondary windings, the given accuracy requirements can be
fulfilled for one ratio only.
Note 2 For current transformers with primary reconnection, the accuracy requirements may be fulfilled for
different ratios. In this case, attention should be paid to the factor of construction F c which may be influenced by
the configuration of the primary conductors.
NOTE 3 In the alternative specification, K td is usually given by the supplier of the protection devices. T S has also
to be specified, because it is the only parameter of the current transformer which is used in the calculation of K td .
5.6.203
5.6.203.1
For all accuracy classes, the accuracy requirements refer to all specified reconnections.
5.6.203.2
For all accuracy classes, the accuracy requirements refer to the highest transformation ratio,
unless specified otherwise.
When required by the purchaser, the manufacturer shall give information about the accuracy
performance at lower ratios.
5.201
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Standard specification
61869-2 IEC:2012
27
10 12,5 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 75 A,
The standard value for rated continuous thermal current is the rated primary current.
When a rated continuous thermal current greater than the rated primary current is specified,
the preferred values are 120 %, 150 % and 200 % of rated primary current.
Short-time current ratings
5.204.1
The standard value of the rated dynamic current (I dyn ) is 2,5 times the rated short-time
thermal current (I th ).
6
6.4
6.4.1
General
This clause of IEC 61869-1:2007 is applicable with the addition of the following:
The temperature rise in a current transformer when carrying a primary current equal to the
rated continuous thermal current, with a unity power-factor burden corresponding to the rated
output, shall not exceed the appropriate value given in Table 5 of IEC 61869-1:2007. These
values are based on the service conditions given in Clause 4.
6.13
Markings
6.13.201
6.13.201.1
Terminal markings
General rules
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5.204
28
61869-2 IEC:2012
Method of marking
The marking shall consist of letters followed, or preceded where necessary, by numbers. The
letters shall be in block capitals.
6.13.201.3
Markings to be used
Primary terminals
P1
P2
P1
P2
Secondary terminals
S2
S1
Single-ratio transformer
C1
Secondary terminals
P1
P2
P2
S1
S2
6.13.201.4
S3
C2
P1
Primary terminals
S2
1S1
1S2
2S1
2S2
1
S1
1
S2
2
S1
S2
All the terminals marked P1, S1 and C1 shall have the same polarity at the same instant.
6.13.202
6.13.202.1
In addition to those markings defined in IEC 61869-1:2007, Clause 6.13, all current
transformers shall carry the general rating plate markings as defined in this clause. The
markings related to the particular accuracy classes are given in Subclauses 6.13.202.2 to
6.13.202.6.
a) the rated primary and secondary current (e.g. 100/1 A);
b) the rated short-time thermal current (I th ), (e.g. Ith = 40 kA);
c) the rated dynamic current (I dyn ) if it differs from 2,5 I th (e.g. I dyn = 85 kA);
d) on current transformers with two or more secondary windings, the use of each winding and
its corresponding terminals;
e) the rated continuous thermal current if different from the rated primary current.
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S1
61869-2 IEC:2012
29
EXAMPLE 1
For single core current transformer with secondary taps: I cth = 150 %
(meaning 150 % of the rated primary current for each tap)
EXAMPLE 2
For current transformers with several cores of different ratios
(e.g. 300/5 A and 4000/1 A): I cth = 450 A
(meaning 450 A as the maximum continuous thermal current through all cores of the current transformer)
EXAMPLE 3
For current transformers with primary reconnection (4x300/1 A): I cth = 4450 A
(meaning continuous thermal current of 450, 900 or 1800 A, depending on the primary reconnection)
6.13.202.2
5 VA cl. 0,5;
10 VA cl. 5P20
15 VA cl. 1;
7 VA cl. 0,5
EXAMPLE 1
15 VA cl. 0,5
EXAMPLE 2
15 VA cl. 0,5 FS 10
Current transformers having an extended current rating (see 5.6.201.5) shall have this rating
indicated immediately following the class designation.
EXAMPLE 3
For current transformers having an extended burden range (see 5.6.201.4), this rating shall
directly precede the class indication.
EXAMPLE 4
NOTE The rating plate may contain information concerning several combinations of ratios, burdens and accuracy
classes that the transformer can satisfy at the same ratio. In this case, non-standard values of burden may be
used.
EXAMPLE
6.13.202.3
The rated accuracy limit factor shall be indicated following the corresponding rated output and
accuracy class.
EXAMPLE
6.13.202.4
30 VA class 5P10
The rated accuracy limit factor shall be indicated following the corresponding rated output and
accuracy class.
EXAMPLE 1
10 VA class 5PR10
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The accuracy class and instrument security factor (if any) shall be indicated following the
indication of the corresponding rated output.
30
EXAMPLE 2
10 VA class 5PR10,
6.13.202.5
Ts = 200 ms,
61869-2 IEC:2012
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
Rb = 3,0
Rb = 5,
Rb = 5,
NOTE
Ts = 900 ms
7
7.1
7.1.2
T p = 75 ms
meaning t al =40 ms, t=100 ms, t fr =300 ms, t al =40 ms, T p =100 ms
meaning t = t al =100 ms, t fr =300 ms, t al =40 ms, T p = 75 ms
Tests
General
Lists of tests
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6.13.202.6
61869-2 IEC:2012
31
Table 10 List of tests
Tests
Subclause
Type tests
7.2
Temperature-rise test
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.2.7
7.2.8
7.2.9
7.2.201
Routine tests
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
Verification of markings
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.3.8
7.3.201
7.3.202
Test for rated knee point e.m.f. and exciting current at rated knee point e.m.f.
7.3.203
7.3.204
Special tests
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
Mechanical tests
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.4.7
7.4.8
Corrosion test
7.4.9
7.4.10
Sample Tests
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
Table 11 of IEC 61869-1:2007 is applicable with the addition of the following text:
For GIS current transformers, the accuracy tests may be performed without insulating gas.
7.2
7.2.2
Type tests
Temperature-rise test
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32
7.2.2.201
61869-2 IEC:2012
Test set up
The sensors to measure the ambient temperature shall be distributed around the current
transformer, at an appropriate distance according to the current transformer ratings and at
about half-height of the transformer, protected from direct heat radiation.
To minimise the effects of variation of cooling-air temperature, particularly during the last test
period, appropriate means should be used for the temperature sensors such as heat sinks
with a time-constant approximately equal to that of the transformer.
7.2.2.203
Duration of test
The test can be stopped when both of the following conditions are met:
the test duration is at least equal to three times the current transformer thermal time
constant;
the rate of temperature rise of the windings (and of the top oil of oil-immersed current
transformers) does not exceed 1 K per hour during three consecutive temperature rise
readings.
The manufacturer shall estimate the thermal time constant by one of the following methods:
before the test, based on the results of previous tests on a similar design. The thermal time
constant shall be confirmed during the temperature rise test.
during the test, from the temperature rise curve(s) or temperature decrease curve(s)
recorded during the course of the test and calculated according to Annex 2D.
during the test, as the point of intersection between the tangent to the temperature rise
curve originating at 0 and the maximum estimated temperature rise.
during the test, as the time elapsed until 63 % of maximum estimated temperature rise.
7.2.2.204
The purpose of the test is to determine the average temperature rise of the windings and, for
oil-immersed transformers, the temperature rise of the top oil, in steady state when the losses
resulting from the specified service conditions are generated in the current transformer.
The average temperature of the windings shall, when practicable, be determined by the
resistance variation method, but for windings of very low resistance, thermometers,
thermocouples or other appropriate temperature sensors may be employed.
Thermometers or thermocouples shall measure the temperature rise of parts other than
windings. The top-oil temperature shall be measured by sensors applied to the top of metallic
head directly in contact with the oil.
The temperature rises shall be determined by the difference with respect to the ambient
temperature measured as indicated in 7.2.2.202.
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The average readings of two sensors shall be used for the test.
61869-2 IEC:2012
7.2.2.205
33
The test shall be performed by applying the rated continuous thermal current to the primary
winding.
NOTE Subject to an agreement between manufacturer and purchaser the test current may also be applied by
energizing one or more secondary windings, if the voltages at the secondary terminals of the energizing cores are
at least as high as if connected to rated burden, with the primary winding short-circuited and the non-supplied
secondary winding(s) connected to the rated burden(s).
7.2.2.206
The test shall be performed by simultaneously applying the following to the current
transformer:
7.2.3
7.2.3.1
To prove compliance with 5.6.201.3, 5.6.201.4 and 5.6.201.5, accuracy measurements shall
be made at each value of current given in Table 201, Table 202 and Table 203 respectively,
at the highest and at the lowest value of the specified burden range.
Transformers having an extended current rating shall be tested at the rated extended primary
current instead of 120 % of rated current.
7.2.6.202
This test may be performed using the following indirect test method:
With the primary winding open-circuited, the secondary winding is energized at rated
frequency by a substantially sinusoidal voltage. The voltage shall be increased until the
exciting current I e reaches I sr FS 10 % .
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34
61869-2 IEC:2012
The r.m.s. value of the obtained terminal voltage shall be less than the secondary limiting
e.m.f. E FS (see 3.4.206).
The exciting voltage shall be measured with an instrument which has a response proportional
to the average of the rectified signal, but calibrated in r.m.s.. The exciting current shall be
measured using an r.m.s measuring instrument having a minimum crest factor of 3.
If the measurement result should be put to question, a further measurement shall be
performed with the direct test (see 2A.5, 2A.6). Then the result of the direct test is the
reference.
NOTE The great advantage of the indirect test is that high currents are not necessary (for instance 30 000 A at a
primary rated current 3 000 A and an instrument security factor 10) and also that no burdens have to be made
available for 50 A. The effect of the return primary conductors is not physically effective during the indirect test.
Under service conditions the effect can only increase the composite error, which is desirable for the safety of the
apparatus supplied by the measuring current transformer.
7.2.6.203
a) Compliance with the limits of composite error given in Table 205 shall be demonstrated by
a direct test in which a substantially sinusoidal current equal to the rated accuracy limit
primary current is passed through the primary winding with the secondary winding
connected to a burden of magnitude equal to the rated burden but having, at the
discretion of the manufacturer, a power factor between 0,8 inductive and unity (see 2A.4,
2A.5, 2A.6, 2A.7.
The test may be carried out on a transformer similar to the one being supplied, except that
reduced insulation may be used, provided that the same geometrical arrangement is
retained.
As far as very high primary currents and single-bar primary winding current transformers
are concerned, the distance between the return primary conductor and the current
transformer should be taken into account from the point of view of reproducing service
conditions.
b) For low-leakage reactance current transformers according to Annex 2C, the direct test
may be replaced by the following indirect test.
With the primary winding open-circuited, the secondary winding is energized at rated
frequency by a substantially sinusoidal voltage having an r.m.s. value equal to the
secondary limiting e.m.f. E ALF .
The resulting exciting current, expressed as a percentage of
the composite error limit given in Table 205.
The exciting voltage shall be measured with an instrument which has a response
proportional to the average of the rectified signal, but calibrated in r.m.s.. The exciting
current shall be measured using an r.m.s measuring instrument having a minimum crest
factor of 3.
In determining the composite error by the indirect method, a possible correction of the
turns ratio need not be taken into account.
7.2.6.204
Test for error at limiting conditions for class TPX, TPY and TPZ protective
current transformers
The purpose of the type test is to prove the compliance with the requirements at limiting
conditions. For test methods refer to Annex 2B.
If the current transformer is a low-leakage reactance type according to Annex 2C, an indirect
type test may be performed according to 2B.2, otherwise a direct test shall be performed
according to 2B.3.
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61869-2 IEC:2012
35
The test can be performed on a full-scale model of the active part of the current transformer
assembly inclusive of all metal housings but without insulation.
7.2.6.205
Determination of the remanence factor class PR, TPY, and PXR protective
current transformers
7.2.201
To verify the requirements of rated short-time thermal current and of rated dynamic current
given in 5.204, the two following tests are specified.
The thermal test shall be made with the secondary winding(s) short-circuited, and at a
current I for a time t, so that
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the remanence factor ( K R ) shall be determined. For test methods, refer to 2B.2.
36
61869-2 IEC:2012
180 A/mm where the winding is of copper of conductivity not less than 97 % of the value
given in IEC 60028;
2
120 A/mm where the winding is of aluminium of conductivity not less than 97 % of the
value given in IEC 60121.
NOTE Experience has shown that in service the requirements for thermal rating are generally fulfilled in the case
of class A insulation, provided that the current density in the primary winding, corresponding to the rated short-time
thermal current, does not exceed the above-mentioned values.
7.3
Routine tests
7.3.1
This clause of IEC 61689-1 is applicable with the addition of the following:
The test voltage shall be applied between the short-circuited primary winding and earth. The
short-circuited secondary winding(s), the frame, case (if any) and core (if there is a special
earth terminal) shall be connected to earth.
7.3.5
The routine test for accuracy is in principle the same as the type test in 7.2.6.201, but routine
tests at a reduced number of currents and/or burdens are permissible provided it has been
shown by type tests on a similar transformer that such a reduced number of tests are
sufficient to prove compliance with 5.6.201.3.
7.3.5.202
Tests for ratio error and phase displacement of class P and PR protective
current transformers
Tests shall be made at rated primary current and rated burden to prove compliance with
5.6.202.2 and 5.6.202.3 respectively, with respect of ratio error and phase displacement.
7.3.5.203
For low-leakage reactance current transformers (see Annex 2C), the routine test is the same
as the indirect type test described in item b) of 7.2.6.203.
For other transformers, the indirect test described in item b) of 7.2.6.203 may be used, but a
correction factor for the exciting current shall be applied to the results. This factor is obtained
from a comparison between the results of direct and indirect tests applied to a transformer of
the same type as the one under consideration, the accuracy limit factor and the conditions of
loading being the same. In such cases, the manufacturer should hold test reports available.
NOTE 1 The correction factor is equal to the ratio of the composite error obtained by the direct method, and the
exciting current expressed as a percentage of I sr x ALF, as determined by the indirect method.
NOTE 2 The expression transformer of the same type implies that the ampere turns are similar irrespective of
ratio, and that the materials and the geometrical arrangements of the iron core and the secondary windings are
identical.
7.3.5.204
Test for ratio error and phase displacement for class TPX, TPY and TPZ
protective current transformers
The ratio error and the phase displacement shall be measured at rated current to prove
compliance with 5.6.202.5.1.
The results shall correspond to a secondary winding temperature of 75 C.
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7.3.5.201
61869-2 IEC:2012
37
Therefore, the actual value of the secondary winding temperature shall be measured and the
difference to its value corrected to 75 C shall be determined. The error measurement shall be
made with the burden R b increased by the above mentioned difference of winding resistance.
Alternatively, for TPY and TPZ cores the phase displacement at 75 C ( 75 ) may be
determined by measuring at ambient temperature ( amb ) and calculating as follows:
75 = amb
where
Rct + Rb
Rct amb + Rb
Rct amb is the winding resistance at the ambient temperature. The influence of this
7.3.5.205
Test for error at limiting conditions for class TPX, TPY and TPZ protective
current transformers
The purpose of the routine test is to prove compliance with the requirements at limiting
conditions.
If the current transformer is a low-leakage reactance type according to Annex 2C, an indirect
test shall be performed according to 2B.2.
If compliance with the requirements of low-leakage reactance design cannot be established,
but a type test report of a current transformer of the same type is available, an indirect test
shall be performed according to 2B.2. In this case, a possibly available factor of construction
F c shall be considered if the factor is greater than 1,1. If such a type test is not available, one
unit of the batch shall be type-tested and used as reference for the indirect testing of the
remaining units.
NOTE 1 When determining the factor of construction F C , laboratories have to cope with a high measuring
uncertainty due to the necessity of integrating the e.m.f. and due to nonlinear parameters at accuracy limiting
conditions. Furthermore, only few laboratories are in the position to provide the required duty cycles, and these
with limited precision only. As a consequence, the results of direct and indirect tests usually do not match nicely,
and unreliable F C values may result. Therefore, little experience exists in this field.
NOTE 2 The expression transformer of the same type implies that the ampere turns are similar irrespective of
ratio, and that the materials and the geometrical arrangements of the iron core and the secondary windings are
identical.
7.3.5.206
Test for turns ratio error for class PX and PXR protective current
transformers
For class PX and class PXR, the turns ratio error shall be determined in accordance with
Annex 2F.
The test may be substituted by performing the measurement of the ratio error with a zero-
burden connected, subject to an agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.
The turns ratio error shall not exceed the limits given in 5.6.202.4.
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For type and routine testing, a direct test method (using a primary current source and a
reference current transformer) has to be applied. For low-leakage reactance current
transformers, an indirect test method is given in Annex 2E. It may be applied for on-site
measurements and for monitoring purposes.
38
7.3.201
61869-2 IEC:2012
The secondary winding resistance (R ct ) shall be measured for current transformers of the
following classes, to prove compliance with the appropriate clauses:
class PR:
clause 6.13.202.6
An appropriate correction shall be made to meet 75C or other such temperature as may have
been specified.
For classes PR, PX and PXR, the value obtained when corrected to 75 C shall not exceed
the specified upper limit (if any).
7.3.202
class PR:
class TPY
clause 5.6.202.5.3
The measured value shall not differ from any specified value by more than 30 %.
For the determination of T s , the following formula shall be used (For the determination of L m :
see 2B.2):
TS =
Lm
( Rct + Rb )
In cases where the burden is defined as rated output, given in VA, R b is taken as being equal
to the resistive part of the burden.
Alternatively, T s may be determined according to the following equation:
TS =
If the phase displacement
may be applied:
1
2f R tan( )
TS [s] =
3438
2f R [min]
NOTE 1 The method using may cause difficulties for current transformers with high transformation ratio and
small phase displacement due to uncertainty of the measurement of low phase displacement.
NOTE 2 For class TPZ cores, T s has not to be stated explicitly. The accuracy requirement of = (180 18) min
is verified as routine test. T s is then provided by the above mentioned formula.
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The secondary loop time constant (T s ) shall be determined at current transformers with the
following classes, to prove compliance with the appropriate clauses:
61869-2 IEC:2012
7.3.203
39
The rated knee point e.m.f. shall be verified and the exciting current I e at rated knee point
e.m.f. E k shall be measured for current transformers with the following classes, to prove
compliance with the appropriate clause:
class PX, PXR:
clause 5.6.202.4
A suitable sinusoidal exciting voltage with rated frequency shall be applied to the secondary
terminals of the full winding of the transformer, all other terminals being open-circuited, and
the exciting current shall be measured.
The exciting voltage shall be measured with an instrument which has a response proportional
to the average of the rectified signal, but calibrated in r.m.s.. The exciting current shall be
measured using an r.m.s measuring instrument having a minimum crest factor of 3.
The excitation characteristic shall be plotted at least up to a voltage equal to 1.1 x E k .
At a voltage equal to E k , the knee point condition according to 3.4.215 shall be fulfilled.
NOTE 1 For selectable-ratio current transformers with tapped secondary windings, the excitation characteristic for
other than the maximum ratio may be calculated. For every measuring point, the following equations can be
applied:
E 2 = E1
k r2
k r1
I e2 = I e1
where
k r1
k r2
k r1 , k r2
E1, E2
I e1 , I e2
NOTE 2
The number of measurement points may be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
NOTE 3
Ek.
Usually, the actual knee point e.m.f. is determined, which must be higher than the rated knee point e.m.f
7.3.204
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The exciting current I e at a voltage equal to E k (or at any stated percentage), shall not exceed
the specified limit.
40
61869-2 IEC:2012
If the test voltage given in 5.3.201 is not reached at maximum primary current, the obtained
voltage shall be regarded as the test voltage.
Procedure B: with the primary winding open-circuited, the test voltage given in 5.3.201 (at
some suitable test frequency) shall be applied for 60 s to the terminals of each secondary
winding.
The r.m.s. value of the secondary current shall not exceed the rated secondary current (or the
appropriate extended value if specified).
The test frequency shall be chosen in order to reach the test voltage, but it shall not exceed
400 Hz.
If the test voltage given in 5.3.201 is not reached at maximum secondary current and
maximum test frequency, the obtained voltage shall be regarded as the test voltage.
When the test frequency exceeds twice the rated frequency, the duration of the test t shall be
reduced as below:
f
= 120 s R
f
T
where
fR
fT
with a minimum t of 15 s.
NOTE The inter-turn overvoltage test is not a test carried out to verify the suitability of a current transformer to
operate with the secondary winding open-circuited. Current transformers should not be operated with the
secondary winding open-circuited because of the potentially dangerous overvoltage and overheating which can
occur.
7.4
Special tests
7.4.3
This clause of IEC 61869-1:2007 is applicable with the addition of the following:
The test voltage shall be applied between the short-circuited primary winding terminals and
earth. Generally, the short-circuited secondary winding(s), any screen, and the insulated
metal casing shall be connected to the measuring device. If the current transformer has a
special terminal suitable for this measurement, the other low-voltage terminals shall be shortcircuited and connected together with the metal casing to the earth or the screen of the
measuring device.
The test shall be performed with the current transformer at ambient temperature, the value of
which shall be recorded.
7.4.6
This clause of IEC 61869-1:2007 is applicable with the addition of the following note:
NOTE For top-core oil-immersed current transformers, the area in which in-service failure occurs, the incept is, in
many cases, located in the upper part of the main insulation. For hair-pin oil-immersed current transformers this
area is generally located in the bottom part of the main insulation.
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61869-2 IEC:2012
7.5
7.5.1
41
Sample tests
Determination of the remanence factor
Usually, as sample test for each production series, the type test given in 7.2.6.206 is
repeated.
7.5.2
Usually, as sample test for each production series, the type test given in 7.2.6.202 is repeated
using the indirect method.
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42
61869-2 IEC:2012
Annex 2A
(normative)
Protective current transformers classes P, PR
Ip
Ie
0
IEC 1550/12
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Es
Ie
61869-2 IEC:2012
43
It will also be apparent that the influence of turns correction on composite error is less than its
influence on ratio error ().
Ia
Is
Ip
IEC 1551/12
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Iq
44
61869-2 IEC:2012
Ip
Is
Ie
IEC 1552/12
P1
S1
P2
S2
ZB
A
IEC 1553/12
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Thus, in the general case, the composite error also represents the deviations from the ideal
current transformer that are caused by the presence in the secondary winding of higher
harmonics which do not exist in the primary. (The primary current is always considered
sinusoidal for the purposes of this standard.)
61869-2 IEC:2012
45
Figure 2A.5 represents the basic circuit for the direct measurement of composite error for
current transformers having rated transformation ratios differing from unity. It shows two
current transformers of the same rated transformation ratio. The current transformer marked N
is assumed to have negligible composite error under the prevailing conditions (minimum
burden), while the current transformer under test and marked X is connected to its rated
burden.
P1
S1
P2
P1
S2
S1
P2
S2
ZB
A1
A2
IEC 1554/12
They are both fed from the same source of primary sinusoidal current, and an ammeter is
connected to measure the difference between the two secondary currents. Under these
conditions, the r.m.s. value of the current in the ammeter A 2 related to the r.m.s. value of the
current in ammeter A 1 is the composite error of transformer X, the relation being expressed as
a percentage.
With this method, it is necessary that the composite error of transformer N is truly negligible
under the conditions of use. It is not sufficient that transformer N has a known composite error
since, because of the highly complicated nature of composite error (distorted waveform), any
composite error of the reference transformer N cannot be used to correct the test results.
P2
P1
S2
P2
S2
S1
ZB
P1
S1
A1
A2
S2
ZB
N
P2
IEC 1555/12
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Figure 2A.5 Basic circuit for current transformer with any ratio
46
61869-2 IEC:2012
the accuracy limit primary current, the method shown in Figure 2A.6, enables standard
reference current transformers N and N to be used at or around their rated primary currents.
It is still essential, however, for these reference transformers to have negligible composite
errors but the requirement is easier to satisfy.
In Figure 2A.6, X is the transformer under test. N is a standard reference transformer with a
rated primary current of the same order of magnitude as the rated accuracy limit primary
current of transformer X (the current at which the test is to be made). N is a standard
reference transformer having a rated primary current of the order of magnitude of the
secondary current corresponding to the rated accuracy limit primary current of transformer X.
It should be noted that the transformer N constitutes a part of the burden Z B of transformer X
and must therefore be taken into account in determining the value of the burden Z B . A 1 and
A 2 are two ammeters and care must be taken that A 2 measures the difference between the
secondary currents of transformers N and N.
If the rated transformation ratio of transformer N is k r , of transformer X is k rx and of
transformer N is k r, the ratio k r must equal the product of k r and k rx :
k r = k r k rx
NOTE When using the methods shown in Figure 2A.5 and Figure 2A.6, care should be taken to use a low
impedance instrument for A 2 since the voltage across this ammeter (divided by the ratio of transformer N in the
case of Figure 2A.6) constitutes part of the burden voltage of transformer X and tends to reduce the burden on this
transformer. Similarly, this ammeter voltage increases the burden on transformer N.
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Under these conditions, the r.m.s. value of the current in ammeter A 2 , related to the current in
ammeter A 1 , is the composite error of transformer X, the relation being expressed as a
percentage.
61869-2 IEC:2012
47
Annex 2B
(normative)
Protective current transformer classes
for transient performance
Short-circuit
The following equations refer to a C-O duty cycle. C-O-C-O duty cycles are treated in 2B.1.3.
The general expression for the instantaneous value of a short-circuit current may be defined:
t/Tp
cos( ) cos( t + )
i (t ) =
k
2 I psc e
(2B.1)
I psc
Tp =
Lp
Rp
= arctan
Xp
Rp
= arctan Tp
u (t ) = U max cos( t + )
(2B.2)
For simplification purposes the fault inception angle and system impedance angle can be
summed up to one single angle which makes the calculation easier to understand from the
mathematical point of view.
=
i (t ) =
k
t/Tp
cos( ) cos( t + )
2 I psc e
(2B.3)
(2B.4)
The angles and both describe the possibility of varying the fault inception angle and
therefore can be applied alternatively as suitable but according to their definition.
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where
48
61869-2 IEC:2012
Figure 2B.1 shows two typical primary short-circuit currents. The first one occurs with a fault
inception angle of = 90 which leads to the highest peak current and the highest peak of
secondary linked flux for long t al (Figure 2B.2) whereas the second one occurs with = 140,
which leads to a lower asymmetry. Cases like the latter one are important for short t al ,
because, during the first half cycle, the current and flux are temporarily higher than in the
case of = 90.
ik(t)
ik( = 140)
ik,dc( = 90)
ik( = 90)
ik,dc( = 140)
t
IEC 1556/12
== 90
90
==100
100
==110
110
==120
120
max
m ax
==130
130
==140
140
==150
150
==160
160
==170
170
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
-2
0.025
0.03
0.035
180
0.04 ==180
0.045
tt
IEC 1557/12
Figure 2B.2 max (t) as the curve of the highest flux values, considering
all relevant fault inception angles
A possibly reduced range of fault inception angle can be used to define a reduced asymmetry
which may lead to a reduced factor K td in some special cases.
NOTE The possibility of restricting the current inception angle is not covered in this standard, but will be
discussed in the Technical Report IEC 61869-100.
2B.1.2
The transient dimensioning factor K td is the final parameter for the core dimensioning and is
given on the rating plate. It can be calculated from different functions of the transient factor
K tf as given in the equations below and as shown in Figure 2B.3.
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Figure 2B.1 Short-circuit current for two different fault inception angles
61869-2 IEC:2012
49
In some cases, the protection system may require a t al value which is not constant and
depends on various parameters of the short-circuit current. Therefore the transient
dimensioning factor K td can also be obtained from relay stability type tests and given by the
manufacturer of the protection system.
The transient factor K tf given in this section is derived from the differential equation of the
equivalent circuit with a constant inductivity of the current transformer core, with an ohmic
burden and without consideration of remanence. In this annex, the solutions of the differential
equation are given either as curve diagrams or as simplified formulas.
NOTE
The differential equation and the exact solution is given in the Technical Report IEC 61869-100 TR.
K tf and the secondary linked flux depend likewise on time and, in the end, on the time to
accuracy limit t al required by the protection system. By calculating with the linear inductivity,
the solution is only valid up to the first saturation of the current transformer.
K
Ktfp,max
tfp,max
K
Ktftf
K
Ktf,max
tf,max
KKtf,max
tf,max
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
tttf,max
tf,max
t tfp,max
tfp,max
tt
IEC 1558/12
0 t al < t tf,max :
In the first time range, the K tf curve follows the K tf,max curve. The time range begins at zero
time and ends when the curve of K tf,max touches its envelope curve of peaks K tfp at the time
tf,max
(2B.5)
Eqn (2B.5) is simplified with = 90 from a more general formula, but it is suitable for practical
application.
Within this time range, K tf,max considers the worst-case switching angle (t al ) which leads to
the highest flux at the time to accuracy limit t al . Figure 2B.4 to Figure 2B.6 show the K tf
curves versus the primary time constant T p for different values of t al . A high secondary time
constant T s was chosen in the calculation. Lower T s values lead to slightly lower K tf values.
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K
Ktfp
tfp
50
NOTE
61869-2 IEC:2012
A larger variety of curves is given in the Technical Report IEC 61869-100 TR.
Ktf,
tf,max
max
ttalal
14 ms
13 ms
12 ms
Figure 2B.4
Determination of K tf
in time range 1
at 50 Hz
for T s = 1,8 s
11 ms
10 ms
9 ms
8 ms
7 ms
6 ms
5 ms
4 ms
3 ms
2 ms
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
(ms)
Tpp [ms]
Ktf,max
tf,max
IEC 1559/12
tal
tal
11 ms
10 ms
9 ms
Figure 2B.5
Determination of K tf
in time range 1
at 60 Hz
for T s = 1,5 s
8 ms
3
7 ms
6 ms
5 ms
4 ms
3 ms
2 ms
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Tp (ms)
IEC 1560/12
Tp [ms]
K
Ktf,max
tf, max
ttalal
42 ms
39 ms
36 ms
Figure 2B.6
Determination of K tf
in time range 1
at 16,7 Hz
for T s = 5,5 s
33 ms
30 ms
27 ms
24 ms
2
21 ms
15 ms
18 ms
12 ms
9 ms
6 ms
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
TTpp[ms]
(ms)
IEC 1561/12
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61869-2 IEC:2012
51
tfp
TsTp
Tp Ts
t / T
tal / Tp tal / TS
+ sin( )e al S + 1
e
cos( ) e
(2B.6)
The time range ends at the maximum of the K tfp curve at the time
Tp
Range 3:
tfp,max
Tp Ts
Tp Ts
ln
Ts
(2B.7)
t tfp,max t al
In the third time range, K tf assumes the constant value K tfp,max , given in eqn. (2B.8). It is
defined as the maximum value of the K tfp curve.
Tp
Ts Tp
Ts Tp
Tp
sin( )
cos( ) +
2
Tp + Ts
Ts
Ts
T cos( ) +
K
sin( )
tfp,max = p
Ts
cos( )
2B.1.3
+1
(2B.8)
The transient dimensioning for auto-reclosure duty cycles has to be done separately for each
cycle according to the equations given above.
For cores having a high secondary time constant (typically TPX cores), there is no significant
flux declination after t.
(2B.9)
For cores having a low secondary time constant (typically TPY and TPZ cores), the secondary
linked flux declines exponentially with the secondary time constant T S during the fault
repetition time t fr . In this case, no analytical formula exists for the time argument t in the term
for the first cycle, and several case differentiations may be necessary.
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Ts Tp
sin( )
2
Ts
cos( )
cos( ) +
52
61869-2 IEC:2012
1(t)
sat
2(t)
tsat
0
tal
t
tfr
IEC 1562/12
It is therefore recommended to draw a graph similar to the one in Fig. 2B.7, in order to make
oneself familiar with the actual situation. The following equation provides an upper limit for
Ktd :
(2B.10)
NOTE 2 In Technical Report IEC 61869-100 TR calculation methods are given which may be used to determine
the K td value.
General
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tal
61869-2 IEC:2012
53
All of these are based on the following relationship. If an arbitrary voltage u(t) is applied to the
secondary terminals (see Figure 2B.8), the flux (t) linked through the secondary winding at
time t is related to this voltage through the equation:
t
(t ) = (u (t ) Rct im (t ))dt
(2B.11)
The methods described in the following clauses take advantage of this relationship.
The effect of the voltage drop across the secondary winding resistance shall be estimated. If
it exceeds 2 %, this drop shall be deduced from the voltage measured.
Rct
u(t)
IEC 1563/12
A.C. method
Determination of the magnetizing inductance L m
A substantially sinusoidal a.c. voltage is applied to the secondary terminals and the
corresponding value of the exciting current is measured. The test may be performed at
reduced frequency f to avoid unacceptable voltage stressing of the winding and secondary
terminals. Effects of undue eddy current losses in the core and capacitive currents between
the winding layers will be less likely to cause false readings at lower frequencies. The result
shall be shown as a saturation curve.
The exciting voltage shall be measured with an instrument whose response is proportional to
the average of the rectified signal, but calibrated in r.m.s. The exciting current shall be
measured using a peak reading instrument.
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im
54
61869-2 IEC:2012
The peak value of the secondary linked flux may be derived from the measured r.m.s. value
of the applied voltage U at the frequency f as follows:
2U
2f '
Accordingly, the saturation voltage U sat corresponds with the saturation flux sat as follows:
sat =
2 U sat
2f '
NOTE 201 U sat shall be estimated as the voltage value where the curve is practically horizontal. The influence of
the uncertainty in the determination of U sat on L m is practically negligible.
Lm =
0,5 U sat 2
(i70 i20 ) 2f '
where
20
70
NOTE 202 This formula differs slightly from the formula given in the preceding standard IEC 60044-6 (B4) due to
the improved definition of saturation.
2B.2.2.2
Ial 2 I sr K ssc
K td 1
+ ac
Ial 2 I sr K ssc
2f R TS
NOTE For TPZ current transformers, the accuracy is specified only for the a.c. component while, in the
determination of the permissible value of I al during indirect tests, it is also necessary to take the d.c. component of
the exciting current into account. In the above equation, the d.c. component is represented by (K td 1).
2B.2.2.3
Other than in 2B.2.2.1 and 2B.2.2.2, the waveforms of the a.c. signals have to be detected.
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Considering this equation, the curve gives the required relationship between the peak value of
the exciting current and the peak value of the secondary linked flux . The magnetizing
inductance L m is defined as the mean slope of this curve between 20 % and 70 % of the
saturation flux sat . It is calculated as
61869-2 IEC:2012
55
In determining the remanence factor K R by the a.c. test method, it is necessary to integrate
the exciting voltage according to equation (1) given in 2B.2.1. The integrated voltage with the
corresponding current i e will display a hysteresis loop, showing the saturation flux sat . The
secondary linked flux value at zero crossing of current is deemed to represent the remanent
flux r . See Figure 2B.9. The remanence factor K R is then calculated as
KR =
r
sat
(2B.12)
At lower frequencies, effects of undue eddy current losses in the core and capacitive currents
between the winding layers will be less likely to cause false readings.
NOTE
sat shall be estimated as the secondary linked flux value where the curve is practically horizontal.
sat
ie
IEC 1564/12
D.C. method
General
The d.c. saturation method applies a d.c. voltage u(t) of such duration that saturation flux is
reached. The flux measurement is derived according to equation (2B.11) given in 2B.2.1,
where u(t) is the voltage across the terminals. See Figure 2B.10.
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56
61869-2 IEC:2012
im
Rct
u(t)
um(t)
Rd
(t)
im(t)
IEC 1565/12
2B.2.3.2
im
im
im
IEC 1566/12
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The discharge resistor R d shall be connected; otherwise the magnetizing inductance of the
core may cause very high overvoltage when switch S is opened and the inductive current
interrupted.
61869-2 IEC:2012
57
When a suitable magnetizing current i m has been chosen to achieve the saturation flux sat ,
the remaining flux value at the zero current shall be deemed to be the remanent flux r .
For a current transformer whose core has not been demagnetized before, the saturation flux
and the remanent flux may be determined by an additional test in which the secondary
terminals have been interchanged. The curve of secondary linked flux obtained hereby
contains an offset of half of the apparently measured remanent flux value. Therefore, the zero
line has to be shifted correspondingly, leading to corrected values of saturation flux and
remanent flux. See figure 2B.12.
IImm
IImm
t
IEC 1567/12
KR =
2B.2.3.3
r
sat
Lm =
0,5 sat
i70 i20
where
i 20
i 70
NOTE This formula differs slightly from the definition given in the preceding standard IEC 60044-6 (B4) due to the
improved definition of saturation.
2B.2.3.4
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0
0
58
61869-2 IEC:2012
For determination of the error at limiting conditions, the magnetizing current im at the
secondary linked flux al shall be measured while increasing the flux.
al is given as
al =
2 Eal
=
2f R
2 K td K ssc I sr ( Rb + Rct )
2f R
im 2 I sr K ssc
K td 1
+ ac
im 2 I sr K ssc
2f R TS
2B.2.4
The capacitor discharge method uses the charge of a capacitor for energizing the current
transformer core from the secondary. The flux measurement is derived according to equation
(1) given in 2B.2.1, where u(t) is the voltage across the terminals. See Figure 2B.13.
The capacitor is charged with a voltage sufficiently high to produce a secondary linked flux
equal to or greater than the flux al corresponding to E al . See Figure 2B.13 and Figure 2B.14.
al =
u(t)
2 Eal
2f R
udt
CT
i(t)
IEC 1568/12
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NOTE For TPZ current transformers, the accuracy is specified only for the a.c. component while, in the
determination of the permissible value of im during indirect tests, it is also necessary to take the d.c. component of
the exciting current into account. In the above equation, the d.c. component is represented by (K td 1).
61869-2 IEC:2012
59
Ts =
NOTE
2 0,9 Eal
2f R ( Rct + Rb ) i 'm
This definition of T s does not conform with the definition in the above mentioned d.c. and a.c. methods.
In determining the remanence factor K R , the integrated voltage with the corresponding current
will determine a hysteresis loop. If the exciting current has been such that the saturation flux
is reached, the flux value at zero crossing of the current is deemed to represent the remanent
flux r .
The remanence factor K R is determined:
KR =
r
sat
im
im
r
t
td
im
IEC 1569/12
General
The instantaneous error current can be measured in different ways. In all cases, the errors of
the measuring system shall not exceed 10 % of the error limit corresponding to the class of
the tested current transformer during the whole of the duty cycle.
2B.3.2
Direct test
Class TPX current transformers shall be demagnetized before the direct test because of the
high remanence factor. It may be necessary to demagnetize class TPY current transformers if
the remanence factor K R is not negligible.
Two direct tests shall be performed at rated frequency and with rated secondary burden:
a)
The rated primary short-circuit current at rated frequency is applied without any offset.
The a.c. component of the instantaneous error is measured and shall be in accordance
with the theoretical value 1/T s .
b)
To verify that the current transformer meets the accuracy requirements of the specified
duty cycle, the following test shall be performed:
The rated primary short-circuit current at rated frequency is applied with the required
offset. For specified values of primary time constant up to 80 ms, the test is performed in
the specified accuracy limiting condition (specified duty cycle). The primary time constant
shall not deviate by more than 10 % from the specified value.
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sat
60
61869-2 IEC:2012
For specified values of primary time constant above 80 ms, the tests can be performed in
equivalent accuracy limiting conditions (by modifying duty cycle and/or burden),
subjected to agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.
During the energization period, the first peak of the primary current shall be not less than
the value corresponding to the specified conditions.
In laboratory practice, it may be difficult to reproduce the exact duty cycle specification.
In this case, the calculated K td value of the applied duty cycle shall not be less than the
calculated K td value of the specified duty cycle. To meet this requirement, the duration of
the energization(s) and/or the secondary burden may be adjusted.
NOTE As the calculation of K td is based on worst-case formulas (formula 6 in 2B.1.2 may deliver K td values
which are 30 % higher than necessary), the current transformer may satisfy the duty cycle without reaching
the flux corresponding to the calculated K td value.
For class TPX and TPY current transformers, the instantaneous error current i is
measured as i = is k r ip . The error value according to 3.4.222 shall be
determined. Its value shall not exceed the limit given in Table 206.
to 3.4.223 shall be determined. Its value shall not exceed the limit given in Table 206.
NOTE It is possible that the class definition does not contain a duty cycle. In this case, for test purposes, a
duty cycle leading to the given K td value shall be agreed between manufacturer and purchaser.
i
bb
cc
aa
tt
IEC 1570/12
Where:
a= idc
b=
2iac
c= iac
+ idc
for TPY: i
=c
for TPZ: i
= iac =
b
2
Figure 2B.15 Measurement of error currents
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For class TPZ current transformers, the a.c. component of the error current is measured
as one half of the peak-to-peak value (see Figure 2B.15). The error value ac according
61869-2 IEC:2012
61
If the real K td value of the current transformer has to be determined, the duration of the
energization and/or secondary burden shall be increased so that the measured instantaneous
error current reaches the limiting value for the accuracy class concerned (Table 206). For
class TPZ, linear interpolation is used to determine the instant at which the limiting value of
the a.c. component of the error current is reached.
The secondary linked flux dir shall be determined as
(t ) =
Rct + Rb t
Rb is (t )dt
Rb
0
2B.3.3
methods:
a.c. method:
The test arrangement according to 2B.2.2.1 shall be applied.
The voltage shall be increased until the appropriate limit of the exciting current al given
in 2B.2.2.2 is reached. The voltage U obtained hereby shall be noted. The secondary
linked flux ind is given by
ind =
where f is the applied frequency.
d.c. or capacitor discharge method:
2 U
2f
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62
61869-2 IEC:2012
The test circuit according to 2B.2.3.1 (d.c. method) or 2B.2.4 (capacitor discharge
method) shall be used.
The flux
ind
Fc =
ind
dir
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61869-2 IEC:2012
63
Annex 2C
(normative)
Proof of low-leakage reactance type
It shall be demonstrated that:
the current transformer has a substantially continuous ring core, with air gaps
uniformly distributed, if any;
the current transformer has a primary conductor symmetrical with respect to rotation;
the influences of conductors of the adjacent phase outside of the current transformer
housing and of the neighbouring phases are negligible.
For all other protection classes, the composite errors of the full winding obtained with a direct
test method and with the indirect test method shall be compared.
For the direct test, either of the methods given in 2A.5 and 2A.6 may be applied. The primary
test current shall be:
ALF x I pr
K x x I pr
For the indirect test, the method given in 7.2.6.203 b) shall be applied. The voltage applied to
the secondary terminals shall be equal to:
E ALF
Ek
Proof of low-leakage reactance design shall be considered to have been established if the
value of composite error from the direct method is less than 1,1 times that deduced from the
indirect method.
NOTE According to its definition (3.4.235), the term low-leakage reactance current transformer is not universal,
but related to its protection performance, e.g. protection class.
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For class TPX, TPY and TPZ current transformers, the factor of construction F c shall be
determined according to 2B.3.3. If F c is less than 1,1, the current transformer shall be
regarded as low-leakage reactance current transformer.
64
61869-2 IEC:2012
Annex 2D
(informative)
Technique used in temperature rise test of oil-immersed transformers
to determine the thermal constant by an experimental estimation
List of symbols:
Temperature in C
(t)
Oil temperature, varying with time (this may be the temperature of the oil at the
top, or average oil temperature)
To
1 , 2 , 3
In principle, the test should continue until the steady-state temperature rise (of the oil) is
ascertained.
u = a + u
(2D.1)
(t) = a + u (1 e t/To )
(2D.2)
(2D.3)
It is considered that:
the oil temperature (t) will approach an ultimate value u along an exponential
function with a time constant of T o ;
the equation (2D.2) is a good approximation of the temperature curve (see Figure
2D.1).
2 1
= e h/To
3 2
To =
h
1
ln 2
3 2
(2D.4)
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u , u
(t)
61869-2 IEC:2012
65
u =
( 2 )2 1 3
(2D.5)
2 2 1 3
Successive estimates are to be made and they should converge. In order to avoid large
random numerical errors the time interval h should be approximately T o and 3 / u should be
not less than 0,95.
A more accurate value of steady-rate temperature rise is obtained by a least square method
of extrapolation of all measured points above approximately 60 % of u ( u estimated by the
three point method).
A different numerical formulation is:
u = 2 +
ln
(2D.6)
2 1
3 2
3
2
2
1
(t)
h
IEC 1571/12
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( 2 1 ) ( 3 2 )
66
61869-2 IEC:2012
Annex 2E
(informative)
Alternative measurement of the ratio error ()
For low-leakage reactance current transformers, the following indirect test will lead to results
which are very close to the results obtained in the direct test.
Nevertheless, routine tests for ratio error determination shall always be performed as a direct
test, as this method gives the highest evidence of the low-leakage reactance property of a
core, including magnetic homogeneity of the iron core. On the other hand, the alternative
method is suitable for on-site measurements, and for monitoring purposes.
In this case, it shall be noted that this method never considers the influence of current flow in
the neighborhood of the current transformer.
Ip x Np / N s = Is + I e
IsRCT
Re
P1
Ip
RCT
Np : Ns
Ixm
Xm
S1
Us
IRm
Rm
e.m.f
Is
e.m.f
Is
Rb
Ip(Isr/Ipr)
Us
E0
Xb
P2
Im
S2
Ixm
IRm
IEC 1572/12
Is Ip
I sr
I pr
I
I p sr
I pr
I s I pr
I p I sr
(2E.1)
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For the determination of the ratio error, the simplified equivalent circuit diagram shown in
Figure 2E.1 is used:
61869-2 IEC:2012
67
with:
I p Np
Ns
= Ie + I
Ip =
(I e + I s )N s
Np
(2E.2)
I s N p I pr
(I e + I s ) N s I sr
(2E.3)
To determine the ratio error for a certain secondary current I s the following test procedure is
proposed:
U s = I s (Rb + jX b )
Injection of
U s Test = E 0 + I s Test R
( with I s Test = I s )
Np
Ns
U p Test
E0
IP =
( I s + I s Test ) N s
Np
(I
I s N p I pr
s Test
+ I s ) I sr
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68
61869-2 IEC:2012
Annex 2F
(normative)
Determination of the turns ratio error
The actual transformation ratio is affected by errors from three sources:
a) the difference between the inverse of the turns ratio and the rated transformation ratio;
b) the core exciting current (I e );
c) the currents which flow in the stray capacitances associated with the windings.
given by
t =
___________
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In most cases, it is reasonable to assume that for a given secondary winding induced e.m.f.
(E s ), the error currents due to stray capacitances and core magnetization will maintain a
constant value irrespective of the value of the primary energizing current. E s can theoretically
be maintained at a constant value for a range of energizing currents, provided that the
secondary loop impedance can be appropriately adjusted. For current transformers designed
to be of the low-leakage reactance type, the secondary leakage reactance can be ignored and
only the secondary winding resistance has to be considered. Thus, for any two currents l' s
and I" s the basic equation defining the test requirement is
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70
61869-2 CEI:2012
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS .................................................................................................................. 73
1
6.4
7.3
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61869-2 CEI:2012
71
Annexe 2E (informative) Mthode alternative pour la mesure de lerreur de rapport () ...... 138
Annexe 2F (normative) Dtermination du rapport des nombres de spires ........................... 140
Figure 201 Cycles de fonctionnement ................................................................................ 85
Figure 202 Constante de temps du primaire T p .................................................................. 85
Figure 203 Flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire pour des diffrents angles
dapparition du courant de court-circuit ............................................................................... 87
Figure 2A.1 Diagramme vectoriel ..................................................................................... 113
Figure 2A.2 Triangle derreur ........................................................................................... 114
Figure 2A.3 Forme donde typique ................................................................................... 115
Figure 2A.4 Circuit de base pour transformateur de courant 1: 1 ...................................... 115
Figure 2A.5 Circuit de base pour transformateur de rapport quelconque .......................... 116
Figure 2A.6 Variante de circuit dessai ............................................................................. 116
Figure 2B.1 Courants de court-circuit prsentant la crte la plus leve ( = 90) et
prsentant une asymtrie infrieure ( = 140) .................................................................... 119
Figure 2B.2 La courbe max (t), compose des valeurs de flux les plus leves,
considrant tous les angles d'enclenchement apprciables .............................................. 119
Figure 2B.3 Plages de temps appropries pour le calcul du facteur transitoire ................. 120
Figure 2B.4 Dtermination de K tf pour la plage 1 50 Hz et T s = 1,8 s .......................... 121
Figure 2B.5 Dtermination de K tf pour la plage 1 60 Hz et T s = 1,5 s ......................... 121
Figure 2B.6 Dtermination de K tf pour la plage 1 16,7 Hz et T s = 5.5 s ....................... 122
Figure 2B.7 Limitation du flux magntique considrant la saturation du noyau ................. 123
Figure 2B.8 Circuit de base .............................................................................................. 124
Figure 2B.9 Dtermination du facteur de rmanence par cycle dhystrsis ..................... 127
Figure 2B.10 Circuit pour la mthode en courant continu ................................................. 127
Figure 2B.11 Diagrammes temps-amplitude et flux-courrant ............................................ 128
Figure 2B.12 Diagramme avec la ligne de zro dplace ................................................. 129
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72
61869-2 CEI:2012
Figure 2B.13 Circuit utilis dans la mthode par dcharge dun condensateur ................. 130
Figure 2B.14 Enregistrements types de la mthode par dcharge dun condensateur ...... 131
Figure 2B.15 Mesure des courants derreur ..................................................................... 133
Figure 2D.1 Extrapolation graphique de lchauffement final ............................................ 137
Figure 2E.1 Circuit quivalent simplifi du transformateur de courant .............................. 138
Tableau 201 Limites de lerreur de rapport et du dphasage des transformateurs de
courant pour mesure (classes de 0,1 1) ............................................................................. 91
Tableau 202 Limites de lerreur de rapport () et du dphasage des transformateurs
de courant pour mesure pour applications particulires......................................................... 92
Tableau 203 Limites de lerreur de rapport des transformateurs de courant pour
mesure (classes 3 et 5)......................................................................................................... 92
Tableau 204 Caractristiques des classes de protection .................................................... 93
Tableau 205 Limites derreur des transformateurs de courant pour protection
des classes P et PR .............................................................................................................. 94
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Tableau 206 Limites derreur pour les transformateurs de courant de classes TPX,
TPY et TPZ ........................................................................................................................... 96
61869-2 CEI:2012
73
2) Les dcisions ou accords officiels de la CEI concernant les questions techniques reprsentent, dans la mesure
du possible, un accord international sur les sujets tudis, tant donn que les Comits nationaux de la CEI
intresss sont reprsents dans chaque comit dtudes.
3) Les Publications de la CEI se prsentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales et sont agres
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sassure de lexactitude du contenu technique de ses publications; la CEI ne peut pas tre tenue responsable
de lventuelle mauvaise utilisation ou interprtation qui en est faite par un quelconque utilisateur final.
4) Dans le but dencourager luniformit internationale, les Comits nationaux de la CEI sengagent, dans toute la
mesure possible, appliquer de faon transparente les Publications de la CEI dans leurs publications
nationales et rgionales. Toutes divergences entre toutes Publications de la CEI et toutes publications
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5) La CEI elle-mme naccorde aucune attestation de conformit. Des organismes de certification indpendants
proposent des services dvaluation de conformit et, dans certains domaines, un accs aux marques de
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6) Il convient que tous les utilisateurs sassurent quils sont en possession de la dernire dition de cette
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7) Aucune responsabilit ne doit tre impute la CEI, ses administrateurs, employs, auxiliaires ou
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8) Lattention est attire sur les rfrences normatives cites dans cette publication. Lutilisation des publications
rfrences est obligatoire pour une application correcte de la prsente publication.
9) Lattention est attire sur le fait que certains des lments de la prsente Publication de la CEI peuvent faire
lobjet de droits de brevet. La CEI ne doit pas tre tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifi de tels
droits de brevets et de ne pas avoir signal leur existence.
Cette Norme Internationale CEI 61869-2 Ed. 1.0 a t tablie par le comit 38:
Transformateurs de mesure.
La prsente premire dition de la CEI 61869-2 annule et remplace la premire dition de la
CEI 60044-1, publie en 1996, et son Amendement 1 (2000) et Amendement 2 (2002), et la
premire dition de la CEI 60044-6 (1992). De plus, elle introduit des innovations techniques
dans la normalisation et ladaptation des exigences des transformateurs de courant pour
rponse en rgime transitoire.
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74
61869-2 CEI:2012
Rapport de vote
38/435/FDIS
38/437/RVD
Le rapport de vote indiqu dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant
abouti lapprobation de cette norme.
La prsente publication a t rdige selon les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 2.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la srie CEI 61869, publies sous le titre gnral
Transformateurs de mesure, peut tre consulte sur le site web de la CEI.
La prsente Partie 2 doit tre utilise conjointement avec la CEI 61869-1:2007, Exigences
gnrales, sur laquelle elle est base. Le lecteur est toutefois encourag utiliser ldition la
plus rcente de la norme.
les articles, paragraphes, tableaux, figures et notes numrots partir de 201 sajoutent
ceux de la Partie 1;
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Cette Partie 2 suit la structure de la CEI 61869-1:2007 et complte ou modifie ses articles
correspondants.
61869-2 CEI:2012
NORMES DE FAMILLES DE PRODUITS
61869-1:2007
61869-6
EXIGENCES
GNRALES
ADDITIONNELLE
S POUR LES
TRANSFORMATEURS DE
MESURE
LECTRONIQUE
S ET POUR LES
CAPTEURS BAS
NIVEAUX
NORME DE
PRODUITS
PRODUITS
ANCIENNE
NORME
61869-2
EXIGENCES SUPPLEMENTAIRES
CONCERNANT LES
TRANSFORMATEURS DE COURANT
60044-1
60044-6
61869-3
EXIGENCES SUPPLEMENTAIRES
CONCERNANT LES
TRANSFORMATEURS INDUCTIFS DE
TENSION
60044-2
61869-4
EXIGENCES SUPPLEMENTAIRES
CONCERNANT LES
TRANSFORMATEURS COMBINES
60044-3
61869-5
EXIGENCES SUPPLEMENTAIRES
CONCERNANT LES
TRANSFORMATEURS CONDENSATEURS
DE TENSION
60044-5
61869-7
EXIGENCES SUPPLEMENTAIRES
CONCERNANT LES
TRANSFORMATEURS DE TENSION
ELECTRONIQUES
60044-7
61869-8
EXIGENCES SUPPLEMENTAIRES
CONCERNANT LES
TRANSFORMATEURS DE COURANT
ELECTRONIQUES
60044-8
61869-9
61869-10
EXIGENCES SUPPLEMENTAIRES
CONCERNANT LES CAPTEURS DE
COURANT AUTONOMES DE FAIBLE
PUISSANCE
61869-11
EXIGENCES SUPPLEMENTAIRES
CONCERNANT LES CAPTEURS DE
TENSION AUTONOMES DE FAIBLE
PUISSANCE
61869-12
EXIGENCES SUPPLEMENTAIRES
CONCERNANT LES
TRANSFORMATEURS DE MESURE
LECTRONIQUES COMBINS OU LES
CAPTEURS AUTONOMES COMBINS
61869-13
60044-7
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EXIGENCES
GENERALES
CONCERNANT
LES
TRANSFORMATEURS DE
MESURE
75
76
61869-2 CEI:2012
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61869-2 CEI:2012
77
TRANSFORMATEURS DE MESURE
Partie 2: Exigences supplmentaires concernant
les transformateurs de courant
Domaine dapplication
Rfrences normatives
Termes et dfinitions
Pour les besoins du prsent document, les termes et dfinitions fournis dans la
CEI 61869-1:2007 sappliquent conjointement avec les ajouts suivants:
3.1
Dfinitions gnrales
3.1.201
transformateur de courant
transformateur de mesure dans lequel le courant secondaire est, dans les conditions
normales demploi, pratiquement proportionnel au courant primaire et dphas par rapport
celui-ci dun angle voisin de zro, pour un sens appropri des connexions
[SOURCE: CEI 60050-321:1986, 321-02-01]
3.1.202
transformateur de courant pour mesure
transformateur de courant destin transmettre un signal dinformation des appareils
de mesure ou des compteurs
[SOURCE: CEI 60050-321:1986, 321-02-18]
3.1.203
transformateur de courant pour protection
transformateur de courant destin transmettre un signal dinformation des dispositifs
de protection ou de commande
[SOURCE: CEI 60050-321:1986, 321-02-19)
3.1.204
transformateur de courant pour protection de classe P
transformateur de courant pour protection sans limite de flux rmanent, pour lequel est
spcifi un comportement de saturation en cas de court-circuit symtrique
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78
61869-2 CEI:2012
3.1.205
transformateur de courant pour protection de classe PR
transformateur de courant pour protection avec limite de flux rmanent, pour lequel est
spcifi un comportement de saturation en cas de court-circuit symtrique
3.1.206
transformateur de courant pour protection de classe PX
transformateur de courant pour protection faible ractance de fuite sans limite de flux
rmanent, pour lequel la connaissance de la caractristique dexcitation, et de la rsistance
de lenroulement secondaire, de la rsistance de charge secondaire et du rapport des
nombres de spires est suffisante pour valuer ses performances dans le systme de relais de
protection auquel il est connect
3.1.207
transformateur de courant pour protection de classe PXR
transformateur de courant pour protection avec limite de flux rmanent, pour lequel la
connaissance de la caractristique dexcitation, et de la rsistance de lenroulement
secondaire, de la rsistance de charge secondaire et du rapport des nombres de spires est
suffisante pour valuer ses performances dans le systme de relais de protection auquel il est
connect
Note 2 larticle: Les entrefers pour la rduction de la rmanence ne conduisent pas forcment crer un
transformateur de courant forte ractance de fuite (voir Annexe 2C)
3.1.208
transformateur de courant pour protection de classe TPX pour rponse en rgime
transitoire
transformateur de courant pour protection sans limite de flux rmanent, pour lequel le
comportement en cas de saturation au cours dun court-circuit transitoire est spcifi par la
valeur de crte de lerreur instantane
3.1.209
transformateur de courant pour protection de classe TPY pour rponse en rgime
transitoire
transformateur de courant pour protection avec limite de flux rmanent, pour lequel le
comportement en cas de saturation au cours dun court-circuit transitoire est spcifi par la
valeur de crte de lerreur instantane
3.1.210
transformateur de courant pour protection de classe TPZ pour rponse en rgime
transitoire
transformateur de courant pour protection avec une constante de temps secondaire spcife,
pour lequel le comportement en cas de saturation au cours dun court-circuit transitoire est
spcifi par la valeur de crte de la composante alternative de lerreur
3.1.211
transformateur de courant rapport de transformation slectionnable
transformateur de courant qui permet dobtenir plusieurs rapports de transformation en
reconnectant des sections de lenroulement primaire ou au moyen de prises sur lenroulement
secondaire
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Note 1 larticle: On relve de plus en plus de cas o de faibles courants continus traversent constamment les
transformateurs de courant. Pour viter toute saturation, il est recommand dutiliser des transformateurs de
courant entrefers, qui offrent les mmes performances que les transformateurs de courant de classe PX.
61869-2 CEI:2012
3.3
79
3.3.201
courant primaire assign
I pr
valeur du courant primaire daprs laquelle sont dtermines les caractristiques de
fonctionnement dun transformateur
[SOURCE: CEI 60050-321:1986, 321-01-11, titre, synonyme et dfinition modifis]
3.3.202
courant secondaire assign
I sr
valeur du courant secondaire daprs laquelle sont dtermines les caractristiques de
fonctionnement dun transformateur
[SOURCE: CEI 60050-321:1986, 321-01-15, titre, synonyme et dfinition modifis]
3.3.207
courant dexcitation
Ie
valeur efficace du courant qui traverse lenroulement secondaire dun transformateur de
courant lorsquon applique entre les bornes secondaires une tension sinusodale de
frquence assigne, lenroulement primaire et tous les autres enroulements tant en circuit
ouvert
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3.3.203
courant de court-circuit thermique assign
I th
valeur maximale du courant primaire quun transformateur supporte sans subir de dommages
pendant une courte dure spcifie, le secondaire tant mis en court-circuit
80
61869-2 CEI:2012
3.4.3
erreur de rapport
k r I s I p
Ip
100 %
o
kr
Ip
Is
3.4.4
dphasage
3.4.201
charge rsistive assigne
Rb
valeur assigne de la charge rsistive connecte au secondaire, exprime en ohms
3.4.202
rsistance de lenroulement secondaire
R ct
rsistance relle en courant continu de lenroulement secondaire, exprime en ohms,
ramene 75 C ou toute autre temprature qui peut tre spcifie
Note 1 l'article: R ct est une valeur relle. Elle ne doit pas tre confondue avec la limite suprieure de R ct , quil
est possible de spcifier.
3.4.203
erreur compose
c
en rgime permanent, la valeur efficace de la diffrence entre:
a) les valeurs instantanes du courant primaire, et
b) le produit du rapport de transformation assign par les valeurs instantanes du
courant secondaire,
les sens positifs des courants primaire et secondaire correspondant aux conventions admises
pour le marquage des bornes
Note 1 l'article: L'erreur compose c est exprime en gnral en pourcent de la valeur efficace du courant
selon la formule suivante:
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61869-2 CEI:2012
81
T
c =
1
( k r i s i p ) 2 dt
T 0
Ip
100 %
o
kr
Ip
ip
is
T
est
est
est
est
est
le
la
la
la
la
E FS = FS I sr ( Rct + Rb ) 2 + X b2
o:
Rb
Xb
La mthode de calcul de la force lectromotrice limite secondaire donne une valeur suprieure la valeur relle.
Elle a t choisie en vue dappliquer la mme mthode dessai que pour les transformateurs de courant pour
protection. Se rfrer aux paragraphes 7.2.6.202 et 7.2.6.203.
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3.4.204
courant limite primaire assign
I PL
valeur du courant primaire minimum pour lequel l'erreur compose du transformateur de
courant pour mesures est gale ou suprieure 10%, la charge secondaire tant gale la
charge de prcision
82
61869-2 CEI:2012
3.4.207
courant limite de prcision assign
valeur la plus leve du courant primaire pour laquelle le transformateur de courant doit
satisfaire aux prescriptions concernant l'erreur compose
[SOURCE: CEI 60050-321:1986, 321-02-29]
3.4.208
facteur limite de prcision
ALF
rapport entre le courant limite de prcision assign et le courant primaire assign
[SOURCE: CEI 60050-321:1986, 321-02-30]
3.4.209
force lectromotrice limite secondaire pour les transformateurs de courant pour
protection
E ALF
produit du facteur limite de prcision par le courant secondaire assign et par la somme
vectorielle de la charge assigne et de limpdance de lenroulement secondaire
Rb
Xb
3.4.210
flux de saturation
sat
valeur maximale du flux embrass par l'enroulement secondaire dun transformateur de
courant qui correspond la saturation magntique du matriau du noyau
Note 1 l'article: La procdure la plus approprie pour dterminer le flux de saturation sat est donne par la
mthode de saturation en courant continu dcrite lAnnexe 2B.2.3 .
Note 2 l'article: Dans lancienne norme CEI 60044-6, s tait dfini comme valeur du coude de saturation, qui
caractrisait la transition de ltat non-satur ltat satur du noyau. Cette dfinition na pas t bien accepte
car la valeur de saturation tait trop basse, ce qui entranait des confusions. En consquence, la dfinition est
remplace par sat , qui dfinit la condition de saturation complte.
3.4.211
flux rmanent
r
valeur du flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire qui subsisterait dans le circuit
magntique, 3 min aprs linterruption dun courant dexcitation de grandeur suffisante pour
produire le flux de saturation ( sat )
3.4.212
facteur de rmanence
KR
Rapport du flux rmanent sur le flux de saturation, exprim en pourcentage
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Note 1 l'article: La force lectromotrice limite secondaire E ALF pour les transformateurs de courant pour
protection de classe P et PR se calcule comme suit:
61869-2 CEI:2012
83
3.4.213
constante de temps assigne de la boucle secondaire
Ts
valeur de la constante de temps de la boucle secondaire du transformateur de courant,
dtermine par le rapport de la somme (L s ) des inductances de magntisation et de fuite la
rsistance totale (R s ) de la boucle secondaire
Ts = Ls / Rs
3.4.214
caractristique dexcitation
prsentation, sous forme de graphique ou de tableau, de la relation entre la valeur efficace du
courant dexcitation et la tension sinusodale applique aux bornes secondaires dun
transformateur de courant, le primaire et les autres enroulements tant en circuit ouvert, sur
une plage de valeurs permettant de dfinir la caractristique depuis les bas niveaux
dexcitation jusqu 1,1 fois la force lectromotrice de coude
3.4.217
force lectromotrice de coude assigne
Ek
limite infrieure de la force lectromotrice de coude
Note 1 l'article: La force lectromotrice de coude figure sur la spcification des classes de protection PX et
PXR. Elle peut tre calcule comme suit:
E k = K x (Rct + Rb ) I sr
3.4.218
rapport des nombres de spires assign
rapport spcifi entre le nombre de spires de lenroulement primaire et le nombre de spires de
lenroulement secondaire
EXEMPLE 1
EXEMPLE 2
Note 1 l'article: Le rapport des nombres de spires assign est donn pour un transformateur de courant pour
protection de classe PX ou PXR.
Note 2 l'article: Le rapport des nombres de spires assign et le rapport de transformation assign sont dfinis
comme des entits du primaire au secondaire. Pour les comparer, la valeur du rapport des nombres de spires
assign doit tre inverse.
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3.4.215
tension du point de coude
valeur efficace de la tension sinusodale la frquence assigne qui, applique aux bornes
secondaires du transformateur, tous les autres enroulements tant circuit ouvert, provoque
une augmentation du courant d'excitation de 50% lorsqu'elle augmente de 10%
84
61869-2 CEI:2012
3.4.219
erreur sur le rapport des nombres de spires
diffrence entre les valeurs relle et assigne du rapport des nombres de spires exprime en
pourcentage du rapport des nombres de spires assign
3.4.220
facteur de dimensionnement
Kx
facteur indiquant le multiple du courant secondaire assign (I sr ) apparaissant lors de
conditions de dfaut au primaire, compte tenu des marges de scurit, et jusquauquel le
transformateur doit satisfaire aux performances exiges
Note 1 l'article:
3.4.221
courant derreur instantan
i
diffrence entre les valeurs instantanes du courant secondaire (i s ) multipli par le rapport de
transformation assign (k r ) et du courant primaire (i p ):
Note 1 l'article: Lorsque le courant comporte deux composantes, lune alternative (i sac , i pac ) et lautre
continue (i sdc , i pdc ), ces composantes (i ac , i dc ) sont identifies sparment comme suit:
i
2 I psc
100 %
3.4.223
valeur de crte de la composante alternative de lerreur
ac
valeur
maximale iac
de
la
composante
alternative
du
courant
derreur
instantan
(voir 3.4.221) exprime en pourcentage de la valeur de crte du courant primaire de courtcircuit assign:
ac =
iac
2 I psc
100 %
3.4.224
cycle de fonctionnement spcifi (C-O et/ou C-O-C-O)
cycle de fonctionnement pendant lequel, pour chaque excitation spcifie, on considre que
le courant de court-circuit primaire rsulte de l'angle dapparition le plus dfavorable (voir
Figure 201)
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i = k r is - ip
61869-2 CEI:2012
85
ip
ip
t
tal
t
tal
tfr
tal
t
C-O-C-O
C-O
IEC 1547/12
3.4.225
constante de temps du primaire spcifie
TP
valeur spcifie de la constante de temps de la composante continue du courant primaire de
court-circuit sur laquelle est base la rponse du transformateur de courant en rgime
transitoire (voir Figure 202)
ip
Ipsc 2
Ipsc 2
e
0
Tp
IEC 1548/12
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86
61869-2 CEI:2012
3.4.226
dure de premier dfaut
t
dure du dfaut dans un cycle de fonctionnement C-O, ou dure du premier dfaut dans un
cycle de fonctionnement C-O-C-O
Note 1 l'article:
3.4.227
dure de deuxime dfaut
t
dure du deuxime dfaut dans un cycle de fonctionnement C-O-C-O
Note 1 l'article:
Note 1 l'article: Voir Figure 201. Cette dure est habituellement dfinie par le temps critique de mesure du
systme de protection associ.
3.4.229
dure spcifie jusqu la limite de prcision dans le deuxime dfaut
t al
dure de la deuxime excitation dun cycle de fonctionnement C-O-C-O pendant laquelle la
prcision spcifie doit tre maintenue
Note 1 l'article: Voir Figure 201. Cette dure est habituellement dfinie par le temps critique de mesure du
systme de protection associ.
3.4.230
temps de rptition de dfaut
t fr
intervalle de temps coul, au cours dun cycle de renclenchement automatique de
disjoncteur, entre la coupure du courant primaire de court-circuit et sa seconde application en
cas dchec de la suppression de dfaut
Note 1 l'article:
3.4.231
rsistance de la boucle secondaire
Rs
rsistance totale du circuit secondaire
Rs = Rb + Rct
3.4.232
facteur de courant de court-circuit symtrique assign
K ssc
rapport entre le courant primaire de court-circuit assign et le courant primaire assign
K ssc =
I psc
I pr
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3.4.228
dure spcifie jusqu la limite de prcision dans le premier dfaut
t al
dure dun cycle de fonctionnement C-O, ou de la premire excitation dun cycle de
fonctionnement C-O-C-O, pendant laquelle la prcision spcifie doit tre maintenue
61869-2 CEI:2012
87
3.4.233
facteur de rgime transitoire
K tf
rapport du flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire un temps spcifi dun cycle de
fonctionnement et de la valeur de crte de sa composante alternative
Note 1 l'article: K tf est calcul analytiquement selon diffrentes formules en fonction de T P , de T S , du cycle de
fonctionnement et de l'angle dapparition du courant de court-circuit. Une dtermination de K tf est donne
lAnnexe 2B.1
Note 2 l'article: Figure 203 montre des volutions possibles du flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire pour
des diffrents angles dapparition du courant de court-circuit.
10
= 90
=90
=180
= 180
-2
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
tt0.1
IEC 1549/12
Figure 203 Flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire pour des diffrents angles
dapparition du courant de court-circuit
3.4.234
facteur de dimensionnement pour le rgime transitoire
K td
facteur de dimensionnement permettant de prendre en compte laugmentation du flux
embrass par lenroulement secondaire sous leffet dune composante continue du courant
primaire de court-circuit
Note 1 l'article: Alors que K tf est dfini comme fonction du temps, K td est le paramtre de dimensionnement
final. K td est driv des exigences du transformateur de courant indiques par le constructeur du relais (et bases sur les
essais de type de stabilit du relais) ou des considrations les plus pessimistes, bases sur les courbes de Ktf (voir
Annexe 2B.1).
3.4.235
transformateur de courant faible ractance de fuite
transformateur de courant pour lequel la mesure aux bornes secondaires (le primaire tant en
circuit ouvert) suffit pour dterminer sa conformit aux limites de prcision requises pour la
classe protection
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=135
= 135
88
61869-2 CEI:2012
3.4.236
transformateur de courant forte ractance de fuite
transformateur de courant qui ne rpond pas aux exigences du paragraphe 3.4.235 et pour
lequel le constructeur prvoit une marge supplmentaire afin de tenir compte des effets
dinfluence qui produisent un flux de fuite supplmentaire
3.4.237
force lectromotrice secondaire limite quivalente assigne
E al
valeur efficace de la force lectromotrice quivalente du circuit secondaire la frquence
assigne ncessaire pour satisfaire les exigences du cycle de fonctionnement spcifi:
Note 1 l'article:
3.7
Le paragraphe 3.7 de la norme CEI 61869-1:2007 est remplac par ce qui suit:
AIS
ALF
CT
transformateur de courant
CVT
E al
E ALF
E FS
Ek
charge mcanique
Fc
facteur de construction
fR
frquence assigne
F rel
FS
GIS
al
I cth
I dyn
Ie
courant dexcitation
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3.4.239
facteur de construction
Fc
facteur reprsentant les diffrences de rsultats de mesure entre la mthode dessai direct et
la mthode dessai indirect, susceptibles dapparatre dans les conditions limites
61869-2 CEI:2012
89
I pr
I psc
I sr
IT
transformateur de mesure
I th
kr
KR
facteur de rmanence
K ssc
K td
K tf
facteur transitoire
Kx
facteur de dimensionnement
Lm
inductance de magntisation
Rb
R ct
Rs
Sr
t al
t al
t fr
Tp
Ts
Um
Usys
VT
transformateur de tension
dphasage
erreur de rapport
erreur compose
ac
flux rmanent
sat
flux de saturation
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I PL
90
61869-2 CEI:2012
Caractristiques assignes
5.3
5.3.2
La tension de tenue assigne de lisolation entre spires doit tre de 4,5 kV en valeur de crte.
Pour les transformateurs de classe PX ou PXR prsentant une force lectromotrice de coude
assigne suprieure 450 V, la tension de tenue assigne de lisolation entre spires doit tre
une tension de crte gale 10 fois la valeur efficace de la force lectromotrice de coude
spcifie limite 10 kV (valeur crte).
NOTE 1
Il est possible que la forme donde soit fortement dforme par suite de la procdure dessai.
NOTE 2
En accord avec la mthode d'essai 7.3.204, des valeurs de tension plus faibles peuvent apparatre.
5.5
5.5.201
Les valeurs normales de la puissance de sortie assigne pour les classes de mesure
(P et PR) sont les suivantes:
2,5 5,0 10 15 et 30 VA
Des valeurs suprieures 30 VA peuvent tre choisies afin de rpondre aux besoins.
NOTE Pour un transformateur donn, pourvu qu'une des valeurs de puissance de sortie assigne soit normale et
associe une classe de prcision normale, lindication dautres valeurs de puissance de sortie assigne qui
peuvent ne pas tre normales, mais associes dautres classes de prcision normales, nest pas exclue.
5.5.202
des
0,5 1 2 5 Ohm
Les valeurs prfrentielles sont soulignes. Les valeurs sont bases sur un courant
secondaire assign de 1 A. Pour les transformateurs de courant ayant un courant secondaire
assign diffrent de 1 A, les valeurs indiques ci-dessus doivent tre adaptes en raison
inverse du carr du courant.
NOTE Pour un transformateur donn, pourvu quune des valeurs de charge rsistive assigne soit normalise et
associe une classe de prcision normale, lindication dautres valeurs de charge rsistive assigne qui peuvent
ne pas tre normales, mais associes dautres classes de prcision normales, nest pas exclue.
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5.3.201
61869-2 CEI:2012
5.6
91
5.6.201
5.6.201.1
La classe de prcision des transformateurs de courant pour mesure est dsigne par le plus
haut pourcentage admissible derreur de rapport () au courant primaire assign et la
puissance de sortie assigne.
5.6.201.2
Les classes de prcision normales des transformateurs de courant pour mesure sont les
suivantes:
0,1 0,2 0,2S 0,5 0,5S 1 3 5
5.6.201.3
Pour les classes 0,2S et 0,5S, lerreur de rapport et le dphasage, la frquence assigne,
ne doivent pas dpasser les valeurs donnes dans le Tableau 202, pour toute valeur de
charge comprise entre 25 % et 100 % de la puissance de sortie assigne.
Pour les classes 3 et 5, lerreur de rapport, la frquence assigne, ne doit pas dpasser les
valeurs donnes dans le Tableau 203, pour toute valeur de charge comprise entre 50 % et
100 % de la puissance de sortie assigne. Il nest spcifi aucune limite de dphasage pour
les classes 3 et 5.
Pour toutes les classes, la charge doit tre inductive avec un facteur de puissance de 0,8
sauf si elle absorbe une puissance infrieure 5 VA; dans ce cas, son facteur de puissance
sera 1,0.
NOTE En gnral, les limites prescrites de lerreur de rapport et du dphasage sont valables pour toute position
donne dun conducteur externe plac une distance dans lair non infrieure la distance requise pour
lisolement dans lair la tension la plus leve pour le matriel (U m ).
Erreur de rapport
Dphasage
Minutes ()
Centiradians ()
au courant (% de la valeur
assigne)
au courant (% de la valeur
assigne)
au courant (% de la valeur
assigne)
20
100
120
20
100
120
20
100
120
0,1
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,1
15
0,45
0,24
0,15
0,15
0,2
0,75
0,35
0,2
0,2
30
15
10
10
0,9
0,45
0,3
0,3
0,5
1,5
0,75
0,5
0,5
90
45
30
30
2,7
1,35
0,9
0,9
3,0
1,5
1,0
1,0
180
90
60
60
5,4
2,7
1,8
1,8
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Pour les classes 0,1 0,2 0,5 et 1, lerreur de rapport et le dphasage, la frquence
assigne, ne doivent pas dpasser les valeurs donnes dans le Tableau 201, pour toute
valeur de charge comprise entre 25 % et 100 % de la puissance de sortie assigne.
92
61869-2 CEI:2012
Classe de
prcision
Dphasage
Minutes ()
au courant (% de la valeur
assigne)
Centiradians ()
20
100
120
au courant (% de la valeur
assigne)
1
5
20
100 120
0,2S
0,75
0,35
0,2
0,2
0,2
30
15
10
10
0,5S
1,5
0,75
0,5
0,5
0,5
90
45
30
30
au courant (% de la valeur
assigne)
1
20
100
120
10
0,9
0,45
0,3
0,3
0,3
30
2,7
1,35
0,9
0,9
0,9
Erreur de rapport
%
au courant (% de la valeur assigne)
120
Pour toutes les classes de mesure, il est possible de spcifier une gamme de charge
tendue. Lerreur de rapport et le dphasage ne doivent pas dpasser les limites de la classe
correspondante, dfinies dans le Tableau 201, le Tableau 202 et le Tableau 203 pour la
gamme de charge secondaire comprise entre 1 VA et la charge assigne. Le facteur de
puissance doit tre de 1,0 dans toute la gamme de charge. La charge assigne maximale est
limite 15 VA.
5.6.201.5
Facteur de scurit
FS 5 et FS 10
Trois mthodes diffrentes sont prvues pour dfinir les transformateurs de courant pour
protection (voir Tableau 204). Chacune des trois dfinitions peut conduire en pratique la
mme ralisation physique.
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5.6.201.4
50
3
61869-2 CEI:2012
93
Limite de flux
rmanent
non a
PR
oui
PX
non a,b
PXR
oui
TPX
non a
TPY
oui
TPZ
oui
Explication
Dfinition dun transformateur de courant satisfaisant aux exigences derreur
compose dans des conditions de courant de court-circuit symtrique en
rgime tabli
Dfinition dun transformateur de courant par spcification de ses
caractristiques de magntisation
Bien quil nexiste aucune limite de flux rmanent, des entrefers sont autoriss, par exemple dans les
transformateurs de courant circuit magntique ouvrant.
Pour distinguer les classes PX et PXR, le critre de flux de rmanence doit tre utilis.
5.6.202.2.1
Les valeurs normales des facteurs limites ALF sont les suivantes:
5 10 15 20 30
5.6.202.2.2
La classe de prcision est dsigne par la limite suprieure de lerreur compose, exprime
en pourcentage, suivie de la lettre P (pour protection) et de la valeur ALF.
5.6.202.2.3
Les classes de prcision normales des transformateurs de courant pour protection sont les
suivantes:
5P et 10P
5.6.202.2.4
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5.6.202.2
94
61869-2 CEI:2012
Erreur de rapport au
courant primaire
assign
Dphasage
au courant primaire assign
Minutes ()
Centiradians ()
5P et 5PR
60
1,8
10P et 10PR
10
5.6.202.3
5.6.202.3.1
Les valeurs normales des facteurs limites ALF sont les suivantes:
5 10 15 20 30
5.6.202.3.2
5.6.202.3.3
Les classes de prcision normales des transformateurs de courant de classe PR sont les
suivantes:
5PR et 10PR
5.6.202.3.4
Facteur de rmanence (K R )
5.6.202.3.6
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La classe de prcision est dsigne par la limite suprieure de lerreur compose, exprime
en pourcentage, suivie des lettres "PR" (pour protection et faible rmanence) et de la valeur
ALF.
61869-2 CEI:2012
5.6.202.4
95
Les caractristiques des transformateurs de courant des classes PX et PXR doivent tre
spcifies dans les termes suivants:
E k = K x (Rct + Rb ) I sr
Pour la classe PX, lerreur sur le rapport des nombres de spires ne doit pas dpasser la limite
de 0,25 %.
Pour la classe PXR, lerreur sur le rapport des nombres de spires ne doit pas dpasser la
limite de 1 %.
Pour la classe PXR, le facteur de rmanence ne doit pas tre suprieur 10 %.
NOTE 201 Pour garantir un facteur de rmanence <= 10 %, les transformateurs de courant de classe PXR
peuvent comporter des entrefers.
NOTE 202 Pour les circuits magntiques de grande dimension et faible ampre-tour de classe PXR, il peut tre
difficile de satisfaire lexigence du facteur de rmanence. Dans de tels cas, un facteur de rmanence suprieur
10 % peut tre accept.
5.6.202.5
5.6.202.5.1
ac
(pour classe TPZ) ne doivent pas dpasser les limites donnes dans le
Tableau 206.
Toutes les limites derreur sont donnes pour une temprature de lenroulement secondaire
de 75C.
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96
61869-2 CEI:2012
Erreur de rapport
Minutes
Centiradians
TPX
0,5
30
0,9
=10 %
TPY
1,0
60
1,8
=10 % b
TPZ
1,0
18018
5,30,6
ac =10 %
NOTE 1 Dans certains cas, la valeur absolue du dphasage peut prsenter moins dimportance que le fait de
minimiser son cart-type dans une srie de fabrication donne
NOTE 2 Pour les circuits magntiques de classe TPY, il est possible demployer la formule suivante la
condition que la valeur correspondante de E al ne dpasse pas la zone linaire de la courbe de magntisation:
K td
100 %
2f R Ts
TPY:
K R 10 %
TPZ:
K R 10 %
NOTE Pour la classe TPZ, un facteur de rmanence << 10 %, est donn par la construction. Par consquent, le
flux rmanent peut tre nglig.
5.6.202.5.3
Mthodes de spcification
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TPX:
5.6.202.5.2
61869-2 CEI:2012
97
Spcification normale
Spcification alternative
Dsignation de la classe du
transformateur de courant
(TPX, TPY ou TPZ)
Facteur de courant
de court-circuit symtrique assign K ssc
Facteur de courant
de court-circuit symtrique assign K ssc
Cycle de fonctionnement,
dfini par
t al
t al , t, t fr , t al
Constante de temps du
primaire assigne T p
Charge rsistive assigne R b
NOTE 1 Pour les transformateurs de courant avec prises au secondaire, les exigences de prcision donnes
peuvent tre satisfaites pour un rapport seulement.
NOTE 2 Pour les transformateurs de courant avec couplage primaire, les exigences de prcision peuvent tre
satisfaites pour plusieurs rapports. Dans ce cas, il convient de prter attention au facteur de construction F c , qui
peut tre influenc par la configuration des conducteurs primaires.
NOTE 3 Si la spcification alternative est utilise, K td est normalement donn par le fournisseur du dispositif de
protection. Dans ce cas, T S doit aussi tre spcifie, car cest le seul paramtre du transformateur de courant qui
est utilis pour le calcul de K td .
5.6.203
5.6.203.1
Pour toutes les classes de prcision, la performance de prcision doit tre respecte pour
tous les couplages spcifis.
5.6.203.2
Pour toutes les classes de prcision, la performance de prcision doit tre respecte au
rapport le plus lev, sauf indication contraire.
Lorsque lacheteur en fait la demande, le constructeur doit donner des informations sur la
performance de prcision aux rapports infrieurs.
5.201
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98
61869-2 CEI:2012
10 12,5 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 75 A
et leurs multiples ou sous-multiples dcimaux.
Les valeurs prfrentielles sont soulignes.
5.202
La valeur normale du courant thermique permanent assign est le courant primaire assign.
5.204
5.204.1
5.204.2
La valeur normale du courant dynamique assign (I dyn ) est de 2,5 fois le courant de courtcircuit thermique assign (I th ).
Conception et construction
6.4
6.4.1
Gnralits
Marquage
6.13.201
6.13.201.1
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Lorsquun courant thermique permanent assign suprieur au courant primaire assign est
spcifi, les valeurs prfrentielles sont de 120 %, 150 % et 200 % du courant primaire
assign.
61869-2 CEI:2012
99
Mode de marquage
Le marquage doit tre constitu de lettres suivies ou prcdes si ncessaire de chiffres. Les
lettres doivent tre en majuscules dimprimerie.
6.13.201.3
Marquage employer
Le marquage des bornes dun transformateur de courant doit tre tel quindiqu dans le
Tableau 208:
Tableau 208 Marquage des bornes
P2
P1
P1
P2
Bornes secondaires
S1
S2
S1
C1
Bornes primaires
C2
P1
S3
P1
P2
P2
Bornes secondaires
S1
S2
6.13.201.4
S2
1S1
1S2
2S1
2S2
1
S1
1
S2
2
S1
S2
Transformateurs 2 enroulements
secondaires; chacun ayant son circuit
magntique propre (deux variantes pour
le marquage des bornes secondaires)
Les bornes marques P1, S1 et C1 doivent avoir, tout instant, la mme polarit.
6.13.202
6.13.202.1
En plus des marquages dfinis dans lArticle 6.13 de la CEI 61869-1:2007, tous les
transformateurs de courant doivent porter le marquage de plaques signaltiques gnral
dfini dans le prsent article. Le marquage relatif aux classes de prcisions particulires est
donn dans les Paragraphes 6.13.202.2 6.13.202.6.
a) Le courant primaire et secondaire assigns (par exemple: 100/1 A);
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Bornes primaires
100
61869-2 CEI:2012
10 VA cl. 5P20
EXEMPLE 5
15 VA cl. 1;
7 VA cl. 0,5
EXEMPLE 6
6.13.202.2
La classe de prcision et le facteur de scurit (le cas chant) doivent tre mentionns
aprs lindication de la puissance de sortie assigne correspondante.
EXEMPLE 1
15 VA cl. 0,5
EXEMPLE 2
15 VA cl. 0,5 FS 10
Pour les transformateurs de courant gamme tendue (voir 5.6.201.5), cette indication doit
figurer immdiatement aprs la classe de prcision.
EXEMPLE 3
Pour les transformateurs de courant gamme de charge tendue (voir 5.6.201.4), cette
indication doit figurer immdiatement avant lindication de la classe.
EXEMPLE 4
NOTE La plaque signaltique peut contenir des indications concernant diverses combinaisons de rapport de
transformation, de puissance de sortie et de classe de prcision auxquelles le transformateur peut satisfaire pour
le mme rapport de transformation. Dans ce cas, des valeurs de puissance de sortie non normales peuvent tre
utilises.
EXEMPLE
6.13.202.3
5 VA classe 1;
7 VA classe 0,5
Le facteur limite de prcision assign doit tre indiqu aprs la puissance de sortie assigne
et la classe de prcision correspondantes.
EXEMPLE
30 VA classe 5P10
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EXEMPLE 4
61869-2 CEI:2012
6.13.202.4
101
Le facteur limite de prcision assign doit tre indiqu aprs la puissance de sortie assigne
et la classe de prcision correspondantes.
EXEMPLE 1
10 VA classe 5PR10
EXEMPLE 2
6.13.202.5
EXEMPLE 1
le facteur de dimensionnement (K x );
la charge rsistive assigne (R b ).
EXEMPLE 2
6.13.202.6
Rb = 3,0
Rb = 5,
Rb = 5,
Rb = 5,
NOTE
Ts = 900 ms
Tp = 100 ms
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102
Cycle (100-100)-300-40 ms,
Tp = 75 ms
61869-2 CEI:2012
Essais
7.1
Gnralits
7.1.2
Paragraphe
7.2
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.2.7
7.2.8
7.2.9
7.2.201
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.3.8
7.3.201
7.3.202
7.3.203
7.3.204
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.4.7
7.4.8
7.4.9
7.4.10
7.5
7.5
7.5.2
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61869-2 CEI:2012
7.2
103
Essais de type
7.2.2
Essai dchauffement
Montage dessai
Dure de lessai
Il est possible de mettre fin lessai lorsque les deux conditions suivantes sont satisfaites:
la dure de lessai est au moins gale trois fois la constante de temps thermique du
transformateur de courant;
Le constructeur doit estimer la constante de temps thermique par lune des mthodes
suivantes:
avant lessai, en se basant sur les rsultats dessais prcdents, raliss sur un dispositif
similaire. La constante de temps thermique doit tre confirms pendant lessai
dchauffement;
pendant lessai, daprs la ou les courbes dchauffement ou la ou les courbes de
diminution de temprature enregistres au cours de lessai et calcules selon lAnnexe 2D;
pendant lessai, en tant que point dintersection entre la tangente la courbe
dchauffement partant de 0 et lchauffement maximal estim;
pendant lessai, 63 % de lchauffement maximal estim.
7.2.2.204
Tempratures et chauffements
Lobjectif de lessai est de dterminer lchauffement moyen des enroulements et, pour les
transformateurs immergs dans lhuile, lchauffement de lhuile en tte, en rgime tabli,
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Les capteurs destins mesurer la temprature ambiante doivent tre rpartis autour du
transformateur de courant, une distance approprie eu gard aux caractristiques
assignes du transformateur et environ mi-hauteur de ce dernier. Ils doivent tre protgs
du rayonnement thermique direct.
104
61869-2 CEI:2012
lorsque les pertes rsultant des conditions de service spcifies sont gnres dans le
transformateur de courant.
La temprature moyenne des enroulements doit tre dtermine si possible par la mthode
de variation de rsistance; pour les enroulements de trs faible rsistance, il est toutefois
permis dutiliser un thermomtre, un thermocouple ou dautres capteurs de temprature.
Des thermomtres ou thermocouples doivent mesurer lchauffement des parties autres que
les enroulements. La temprature de lhuile en tte doit tre mesure au moyen de capteurs
placs sur le haut de la tte mtallique, qui est en contact direct avec lhuile.
Lchauffement doit tre dtermin en tant que diffrence par rapport la temprature
ambiante, mesure comme indiqu au paragraphe 7.2.2.202.
7.2.2.205
7.2.2.206
7.2.3
7.2.3.1
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NOTE Sous rserve daccord entre le constructeur et lacheteur, le courant dessai peut galement tre appliqu
en alimentant un ou plusieurs enroulements secondaires, si les tensions aux bornes secondaires des noyaux
aliments sont aussi grandes que les tensions apparaissant lorsqu'ils sont branchs sur la charge assigne,
lenroulement primaire tant mis en court-circuit et le ou les enroulements secondaires non aliments tant
connects leurs charges assignes.
61869-2 CEI:2012
7.2.6
7.2.6.201
105
Pour prouver la conformit avec les paragraphes 5.6.201.3, 5.6.201.4 et 5.6.201.5, des
mesures de la prcision doivent tre effectues chaque valeur de courant donne
respectivement dans le Tableau 201, le Tableau 202 et le Tableau 203, la valeur la plus
leve et la valeur la plus basse de la gamme de charge spcifie.
Les transformateurs de courant gamme de courant tendue doivent tre soumis lessai
avec le courant primaire tendu assign au lieu de 120 % du courant assign.
7.2.6.202
La valeur efficace de la tension obtenue aux bornes doit tre infrieure la force
lectromotrice limite secondaire E FS (voir 3.4.206).
La tension dexcitation doit tre mesure avec un appareil qui donne une rponse
proportionnelle la valeur moyenne du signal redress, mais est gradu en valeur efficace.
Le courant dexcitation doit tre mesur laide dun appareil de mesure de valeur efficace
ayant un facteur de crte de 3.
Sil convient de mettre en doute le rsultat de la mesure, une mesure plus approfondie doit
tre effectue par le biais dun essai direct (voir Annexes 2A.5 et 2A.6) pour vrifier le
rsultat. Le rsultat de lessai direct devient alors la rfrence.
NOTE Lessai indirect prsente le grand avantage de ne ncessiter ni courants levs (par exemple, 30 000 A
pour un courant primaire assign de 3 000 A et un facteur de scurit pour les appareils de 10), ni charges
conues pour supporter un courant de 50 A. Lors de lessai indirect, leffet d aux conducteurs primaires de retour
nintervient pas physiquement. En service, cet effet peut seulement majorer lerreur compose, ce qui est
souhaitable pour la scurit de lappareil aliment par le transformateur de courant pour mesure.
7.2.6.203
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106
61869-2 CEI:2012
La tension dexcitation doit tre mesure avec un appareil qui donne une rponse
proportionnelle la valeur moyenne du signal redress, mais est gradu en valeur
efficace. Le courant dexcitation doit tre mesur laide dun appareil de mesure de
valeur efficace ayant un facteur de crte de 3.
Lors de la dtermination de lerreur compose par la mthode indirecte, il nest pas
ncessaire de tenir compte dune ventuelle correction du rapport des nombres de spires.
7.2.6.204
Lobjectif de cet essai de type est de prouver la conformit avec les exigences aux conditions
limites. Pour les mthodes dessai, se rfrer lAnnexe 2B.
Lessai peut tre effectu sur un modle en grandeur relle de la partie active du
transformateur de courant, avec toutes les enveloppes mtalliques, mais sans isolation.
7.2.6.205
La preuve qu'il s'agit d'un transformateur de courant faible ractance de fuite doit tre
tablie selon l'Annexe 2C.
7.2.6.206
Le facteur de rmanence ( K R ) doit tre dtermin pour les transformateurs de courant des
classes suivantes, afin de prouver leur conformit avec les articles correspondants:
Classe PR:
Article 5.6.202.3.5,
Article 5.6.202.4.
Pour vrifier la conformit avec les exigences de courant de court-circuit thermique assign et
de courant dynamique assign donnes au paragraphe 5.204, les deux essais suivants sont
spcifis.
Lessai thermique doit tre ralis avec le ou les enroulements secondaires mis en
court-circuit, un courant I et pendant un temps t tels que
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Si le transformateur de courant est du type faible ractance de fuite selon lAnnexe 2C, un
essai indirect peut tre effectu selon 2B.2, sinon un essai direct doit tre effectu selon
2B.3.
61869-2 CEI:2012
107
7.3
7.3.1
Lessai individuel de srie visant dterminer la prcision est en principe le mme que lessai
de type dcrit au paragraphe 7.2.6.201; cependant, des essais individuels de srie avec un
nombre rduit de courants et/ou de charges sont autoriss, sous rserve que des essais de
type sur un transformateur analogue aient montr que ce nombre dessais rduit suffit pour
prouver la conformit avec le paragraphe 5.6.201.3.
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108
7.3.5.202
61869-2 CEI:2012
Des essais doivent tre effectus au courant primaire assign, la charge secondaire tant
gale la charge assigne, afin de prouver la conformit avec les paragraphes 5.6.202.2
et 5.6.202.3, respectivement, en ce qui concerne lerreur de rapport et le dphasage.
7.3.5.203
Pour les transformateur de courant faible ractance de fuite (voir lAnnexe 2C), lessai
individuel de srie est le mme que lessai indirect de type spcifi au point b) du
paragraphe 7.2.6.203.
Pour les autres transformateurs, lessai indirect spcifi au point b) du paragraphe 7.2.6.203
peut tre utilis, mais on doit appliquer au courant dexcitation un facteur de correction. Ce
facteur est obtenu par comparaison entre les rsultats des essais direct et indirect raliss
sur un transformateur de mme type que le transformateur lessai, avec le mme facteur
limite de prcision et les mmes conditions de charge. Dans ces cas, il convient que le
constructeur tienne disposition un certificat dessai.
NOTE 2 Lexpression transformateur du mme type implique que la force magntomotrice (ampres-tours) soit
la mme, indpendamment du rapport de transformation, et que les enroulements secondaires ainsi que les
agencements gomtriques et les matriaux du circuit magntique soient identiques.
7.3.5.204
Lerreur de rapport et le dphasage doivent tre mesurs au courant assign pour prouver la
conformit avec le paragraphe 5.6.202.5.1.
Les rsultats doivent correspondre une temprature de lenroulement secondaire de 75 C.
La valeur relle de la temprature de lenroulement secondaire doit donc tre mesure et la
diffrence par rapport sa valeur ramene 75 C doit tre dtermine. La mesure de
lerreur doit tre effectue avec la charge R b majore de la diffrence de rsistance
denroulement mentionne ci-dessus.
En variante, pour les circuits magntiques TPY et TPZ, il est permis de dterminer le
dphasage 75 C ( 75 ) par une mesure temprature ambiante ( amb ) et le calcul
suivant:
75 = amb
o
Rct + Rb
Rct amb + Rb
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NOTE 1 Le facteur de correction est gal au rapport entre lerreur compose obtenue par la mthode directe et le
courant dexcitation, exprim en pourcentage de I sr x ALF dtermin par la mthode indirecte.
61869-2 CEI:2012
7.3.5.205
109
Lobjectif de cet essai individuel de srie est de prouver la conformit avec les exigences aux
conditions limites.
Si le transformateur de courant est du type faible ractance de fuite selon lAnnexe 2C, un
essai indirect doit tre effectu selon 2B.2.
Si la conformit avec les exigences de limites de type faible ractance de fuite ne peut tre
tablie, mais si un essai de type du mme type est disposition, un essai indirect doit tre
effectu selon 2B.2. Dans ce cas, on doit prendre en compte le facteur de construction
ventuellement disponible F c sil est suprieur 1,1. Si un tel essai de type nest pas
disponible, un essai de type doit tre effectu avec une pice du lot de fabrication. Le rsultat
de cet essai devient alors la rfrence pour lessai indirect des autres pices.
NOTE 2 Lexpression transformateur du mme type implique que la force magntomotrice (ampres-tours) soit
similaire, indpendamment du rapport de transformation, et que les matriaux et larrangement du noyau et de
lenroulement secondaire sont identiques.
7.3.5.206
Pour les classes PX et PXR, le rapport du nombre de spires doit tre dtermin
conformment lAnnexe 2F.
Il est permis de remplacer cet essai par une mesure de lerreur de rapport avec une charge
nulle, sous rserve daccord entre le constructeur et lacheteur.
Le rapport du nombre de spires ne doit pas dpasser la limite selon 5.6.202.4.
7.3.201
Article 6.13.202.6
La valeur mesure doit tre corrige une temprature de 75C ou la temprature qui est
spcifie.
Pour les classes PR, PX et PXR, la valeur rsultante aprs la correction 75C ne doit pas
dpasser la limite maximale spcifie (si dfinie).
7.3.202
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NOTE 1 Pour dterminer le facteur F C , les laboratoires doivent prendre en compte une grande incertitude de
mesure cause de la ncessit dintgrer la force lectromotrice, et cause des paramtres non-linaires aux
conditions limites. De plus, seulement quelques laboratoires peuvent raliser les cycles de fonctionnement
demands. En consquence, les rsultats des essais directs et indirects ne correspondent pas bien, et peut
rsulter en des valeurs de F c non fiables. Cependant, une petite exprience existe dans ce domaine.
110
61869-2 CEI:2012
Classes PR:
Classes TPY:
Article 5.6.202.5.3
TS =
Lm
( Rct + Rb )
Dans les cas o la charge correspond la puissance de sortie assigne, exprime en VA, R b
est considre comme tant gal la partie rsistive de la charge.
Il est galement permis de dterminer T s selon lquation suivante:
TS =
TS [s] =
3438
2f R [min]
NOTE 1 La mthode utilisant peut provoquer des difficults pour les transformateurs rapport lev et faible
dphasage en raison de lincertitude de la mesure dun faible dphasage.
NOTE 2 Pour les noyaux de la classe TPZ, il nest pas ncessaire dindiquer T s . Lexigence de prcision
= (180 18) min est vrifie comme essai individuel de srie. La formule susmentionne fournit la valeur de T s .
7.3.203
Article 5.6.202.4
Une tension dexcitation sinusodale adquate, la frquence assigne, doit tre applique
aux bornes secondaires de lenroulement secondaire complet du transformateur, toutes les
autres bornes tant en circuit ouvert, et le courant dexcitation doit tre mesur.
La tension dexcitation doit tre mesure avec un appareil qui donne une rponse
proportionnelle la valeur moyenne du signal redress, mais est gradu en valeur efficace.
Le courant dexcitation doit tre mesur laide dun appareil de mesure de valeur efficace
ayant un facteur de crte de 3.
La caractristique dexcitation doit tre trace au moins jusqu 1.1 x E k .
La condition du point de coude dfinie en 3.4.215 doit tre satisfaite une tension gale la
force lectromotrice de coude E k .
Le courant dexcitation I e une tension gale E k (ou tout pourcentage donn), ne doit pas
dpasser la valeur spcifie.
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1
2f R tan( )
61869-2 CEI:2012
111
NOTE 1 Pour les transformateurs de courant rapport de transformation slectionnable par des prises sur
lenroulement secondaire, il est permis de calculer la caractristique dexcitation pour les rapports diffrents du
rapport maximal. Pour chaque point de mesure, les quations suivantes peuvent tre appliques:
E 2 = E1
k r2
k r1
I e2 = I e1
o
NOTE 2
k r1
k r2
k r1 , k r2
E1, E2
I e1 , I e2
NOTE 3 Normalement, la force lectromotrice du point de coude rel est dtermine et doit tre suprieure la
force lectromotrice de coude assigne.
Des essais doivent tre effectus afin de prouver la conformit avec le paragraphe 5.3.201.
Lessai de surtension entre spires doit tre effectu sur lenroulement secondaire complet
selon lune des procdures suivantes. Sauf convention contraire, le choix de la procdure est
laiss au constructeur.
Procdure A: les enroulements secondaires tant en circuit ouvert (ou connects un
dispositif haute impdance qui mesure la tension de crte), un courant pratiquement
sinusodal, de frquence comprise entre 40 Hz et 60 Hz et de valeur efficace gale au
courant primaire assign (ou au courant primaire tendu assign, si spcifi), doit tre
appliqu pendant 60 s lenroulement primaire.
Le courant appliqu doit tre limit si lon obtient la tension dessai donne au paragraphe
5.3.201 avant datteindre le courant primaire assign (ou le courant primaire tendu assign).
Si la tension dessai donne au paragraphe 5.3.201 nest pas atteinte au courant primaire
maximum, la tension obtenue doit tre considre comme la tension dessai.
Procdure B: lenroulement primaire tant en circuit ouvert, la tension dessai donne au
paragraphe 5.3.201 ( une frquence dessai adquate) doit tre applique pendant 60 s aux
bornes de chaque enroulement secondaire.
La valeur efficace du courant secondaire ne doit pas dpasser le courant secondaire assign
(ou la valeur tendue correspondante, si spcifi).
La frquence dessai choisie doit permettre datteindre la tension dessai, mais ne doit pas
dpasser 400 Hz.
Si la tension dessai donne au paragraphe 5.3.201 nest pas atteinte au courant secondaire
maximum et la frquence dessai maximum, la tension obtenue doit tre considre comme
la tension dessai.
Lorsque la frquence dessai dpasse deux fois la frquence assigne, la dure de lessai t
doit tre rduite comme suit:
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7.3.204
112
61869-2 CEI:2012
f
= 120 s R
f
T
o
fR
fT
avec un t minimum de 15 s.
NOTE Lessai de surtension entre spires nest pas destin vrifier ladquation dun transformateur de courant
au fonctionnement avec lenroulement secondaire en circuit ouvert. Il convient de ne pas faire fonctionner les
transformateurs de courant avec lenroulement secondaire en circuit ouvert en raison des surtensions et des
chauffements potentiellement dangereux qui peuvent apparatre.
7.4
7.4.3
Essais spciaux
Mesure de la capacit et du facteur de dissipation dilectrique
La tension dessai doit tre applique entre les bornes de lenroulement primaire mis en
court-circuit et la terre. En gnral, les bornes de lenroulement ou des enroulements
secondaires mis en court-circuit, tout cran et la carcasse mtallique isole doivent tre relis
lappareil de mesure. Si le transformateur de courant comporte une borne spciale adapte
cette mesure, les autres bornes basse tension doivent tre mises en court-circuit et
relies, de mme que la carcasse mtallique, la terre ou lcran de lappareil de mesure.
Lessai doit tre effectu avec le transformateur de courant temprature ambiante, et la
valeur de cette temprature doit tre enregistre.
7.4.6
7.5
7.5.1
Normalement, un essai sur prlvement est rpt pour chaque srie de production, selon
lessai de type 7.2.6.206.
7.5.2
Normalement, un essai sur prlvement est rpt pour chaque srie de production, selon
lessai de type 7.2.6.202.
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61869-2 CEI:2012
113
Annexe 2A
(normative)
Transformateurs de courant pour protection de classes P et PR
Ip
Ie
0
IEC 1550/12
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Es
Ie
114
61869-2 CEI:2012
Ia
Iq
Is
Ip
IEC 1551/12
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Ie
61869-2 CEI:2012
115
Ip
Is
Ie
IEC 1552/12
P1
S1
P2
S2
ZB
A
IEC 1553/12
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116
61869-2 CEI:2012
La Figure 2A.4 reprsente donc le schma de principe pour la mesure directe de lerreur
compose.
La Figure 2A.5, reprsente le schma de principe de la mthode de mesure directe tendu au
cas dun transformateur de rapport de transformation diffrent de lunit. Dans ce schma, N
est un transformateur de mme rapport de transformation assign que le transformateur X
essay. Ce transformateur N doit avoir une erreur compose ngligeable dans les conditions
de lessai (sa charge se rduit pratiquement lampremtre A 1 ). Le transformateur X est
raccord sa charge assigne Z B et les enroulements secondaires de N et de X sont
branchs de telle sorte que lampremtre A 2 mesure la diffrence de leurs courants.
P1
S1
P2
P1
S2
S1
P2
S2
ZB
A2
IEC 1554/12
P1
P2
S2
S1
P1
S1
P2
S2
ZB
P1
S1
A1
A2
S2
ZB
N
P2
IEC 1555/12
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A1
61869-2 CEI:2012
117
La mthode schmatiquement reprsente par la Figure 2A.6 , prsente sur celle illustre par
la Figure 2A.5 lavantage de ne pas exiger lemploi dun transformateur de prcision spcial.
Dans cette mthode en effet, le transformateur N, de mme rapport que X, doit prsenter une
erreur compose ngligeable sous le courant limite de prcision assign du transformateur X
tandis que la mthode reprsente par la Figure 2A.6 ne soumet les transformateurs de
prcision N et N qu des courants de lordre de leurs courants assigns. Il reste bien
entendu essentiel que leurs erreurs composes soient ngligeables dans les conditions de
lessai mais lexigence devient plus facile satisfaire.
Dans la Figure 2A.6, X est le transformateur sous essai. N est un transformateur de prcision
dont le courant primaire assign est choisi voisin du courant limite de prcision assign du
transformateur X (cest--dire de la valeur du courant primaire sous lequel lessai doit tre
entrepris). Lappareil N est un transformateur de prcision dont le courant primaire assign
doit tre de lordre de grandeur du courant secondaire de X correspondant au courant
(primaire) limite de prcision assign. Il ne faut pas perdre de vue que ce transformateur N
fait partie intgrante de la charge Z B du transformateur X et quil faut donc en tenir compte
lors de la dtermination de limpdance Z B . A 1 et A 2 sont deux ampremtres et il y a lieu de
sassurer que A 2 mesure bien la diffrence des courants secondaires des transformateurs N
et N.
k r = k r k rx
Dans ces conditions, le rapport (exprim en pour-cent) des valeurs efficaces des courants
mesurs par les ampremtres A 1 et A 2 fournit lerreur compose du transformateur X.
NOTE Lors de lutilisation des circuits de mesure illustrs par les Figure 2A.5 et Figure 2A.6, il y a lieu de veiller
ce que la puissance absorbe par lampremtre A 2 reste suffisamment faible. La chute de tension sur cet
ampremtre (divise par le rapport de transformation du transformateur N dans le cas de la Figure 2A.6) vient en
effet se composer avec la tension sur la charge Z B et modifie en consquence la charge effective du
transformateur X (elle tend en fait la rduire). Par ailleurs, cette mme chute de tension sur A 2 reprsente un
accroissement de la charge effective du transformateur N.
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118
61869-2 CEI:2012
Annexe 2B
(normative)
Classes de transformateurs de courant pour protection
pour rponse en rgime transitoire
Court-circuit
Les quations suivantes correspondent au cycle de fonctionnement C-O. Pour les cycles de
fonctionnement C-O-C-O voir 2B.1.3
Lexpression gnrale de la valeur instantane dun courant de court-circuit peut s'crire:
2 I psc e
(2B.1)
o
est le courant alternatif de court-circuit initial la
limite
de
prcision
du
transformateur
de
courant I psc = K ssc I pr ;
I psc
Tp =
Lp
Rp
= arctan
Xp
Rp
= arctan Tp
est la pulsation 2f R ;
u (t ) = U max cos( t + )
(2B.2)
Pour simplifier, langle dapparition du dfaut et langle dimpdance du systme peuvent tre
additionns en un seul angle, ce qui rend le calcul plus facile comprendre du point de vue
mathmatique.
=
i (t ) =
k
t/Tp
cos( ) cos( t + )
2 I psc e
(2B.3)
(2B.4)
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t/Tp
cos( ) cos( t + )
i (t ) =
k
61869-2 CEI:2012
119
ik,dc( = 90)
ik( = 90)
IEC 1556/12
== 90
90
==100
100
==110
110
==120
120
max
m ax
==130
130
==140
140
==150
150
==160
160
==170
170
0
-2
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
180
0.04 ==180
0.045
tt
IEC 1557/12
Figure 2B.2 La courbe max (t), compose des valeurs de flux les plus leves,
considrant tous les angles d'enclenchement apprciables
Il est possible dutiliser une plage dangle dapparition de dfaut ventuellement rduite pour
dfinir une asymtrie rduite, ce qui peut aboutir un facteur K td rduit dans certains cas
particuliers.
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ik,dc( = 140)
120
61869-2 CEI:2012
NOTE La possibilit de limiter l'angle dapparition du courant n'est pas traite dans cette norme, mais sera
discute dans le Rapport Technique IEC 61869-100
2B.1.2
K tf et le flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire dpendent tous deux du temps et, au
final, du temps limite de prcision t al requis par le systme de protection. Si lon effectue un
calcul avec linductance linaire, la solution nest valide que jusqu la premire saturation du
transformateur de courant.
K
Ktfp,max
tfp,max
K
Ktftf
K
Ktfp
tfp
K
Ktf,max
tf,max
KKtf,max
tf,max
(1)
(1)
tttf,max
tf,max
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
t tfp,max
tfp,max
tt
IEC 1558/12
0 t al < t tf,max :
Dans la premire plage, la courbe K tf suit la courbe K tf, max . La plage commence au temps
zro et se termine lorsque la courbe K t f, max touche sa courbe enveloppe de crte K tfp au
temps
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NOTE
61869-2 CEI:2012
121
t tf,max =
(2B.5)
Lquation (2B,5) est la simplification dune quation plus gnrale avec = 90, mais elle est
convenable pour lapplication pratique.
Dans cette plage de temps, K tf, max considre langle de commutation dans le cas le plus
dfavorable
(t ' al ) ,
t ' al .
Les Figures numrotes Figure 2B.4 Figure 2B.6 reprsentent les courbes pour diffrents
temps tal en fonction de la constante de temps du primaire Tp . Une constante de temps
secondaire Ts a t choisie assez grande pour le calcul. Des valeurs infrieures de Ts
donnent des valeurs K tf lgrement infrieures.
NOTE
Une plus grande diversit de courbes est donne dans le Rapport Technique CEI 61869-100 TR.
Ktf,
tf,max
max
ttalal
14 ms
13 ms
12 ms
Figure 2B.4
Dtermination de K tf
pour la plage 1
50 Hz
et T s = 1,8 s
11 ms
10 ms
9 ms
8 ms
7 ms
6 ms
5 ms
4 ms
3 ms
2 ms
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
(ms)
Tpp [ms]
Ktf,max
tf,max
IEC 1559/12
tal
tal
11 ms
10 ms
9 ms
Figure 2B.5
Dtermination de K tf
pour la plage 1
60 Hz
et T s = 1,5 s
8 ms
3
7 ms
6 ms
5 ms
4 ms
3 ms
2 ms
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Tp (ms)
IEC 1560/12
Tp [ms]
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122
61869-2 CEI:2012
K
Ktf,max
tf, max
ttalal
42 ms
39 ms
36 ms
Figure 2B.6
Dtermination de K tf
pour la plage 1
16,7 Hz
et T s = 5,5 s
33 ms
27 ms
30 ms
24 ms
2
21 ms
15 ms
18 ms
12 ms
9 ms
6 ms
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
TTpp[ms]
(ms)
La deuxime plage de temps se poursuit avec la courbe enveloppe K tfp pour = 90 qui
conduit au flux de crte le plus lev, soit = 90 .
tfp
TsTp
Tp Ts
t / T
tal / Tp tal / TS
+ sin( )e al S + 1
e
cos( ) e
(2B.6)
Tp
t
Plage 3:
tfp,max
TpTs
Tp Ts
ln
Ts
Ts Tp
sin( )
2
Ts
cos( )
cos( ) +
(2B.7)
t tfp,max t al
Tp
T
s Tp
Ts Tp
Tp
sin( )
cos( ) +
2
Tp + Ts
Ts
Ts
T cos( ) +
sin( )
K
tfp,max = p
cos(
)
T
+1
(2B.8)
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Plage 2:
IEC 1561/12
61869-2 CEI:2012
2B.1.3
123
(2B.9)
Pour les circuits ayant une petite constante de temps assigne de la boucle secondaire
(typiquement classes TPY et TPZ), le flux diminue de manire exponentielle avec la
constante de temps du secondaire Ts pendant le temps de rptition de dfaut t fr . Dans ce
cas, il nexiste pas de formule analytique pour le temps t pendant le premier dfaut, et il faut
considrer de diffrentes situations:
sat
2(t)
tsat
0
tal
tal
t
tfr
IEC 1562/12
Pour cette raison, il convient de tracer un graphe par analogie avec Figure 2B.7, afin de se
rendre compte de la situation relle. Lquation suivante donne une limite suprieure pour
K td :
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1(t)
124
61869-2 CEI:2012
(2B.10)
NOTE 2 Dans le Rapport Technique CEI 61869-100 TR, des mthodes de calcul sont donnes pour la
dtermination de K td ,
Gnralits
(t ) = (u (t ) Rct im (t ))dt
(2B.11)
Les mthodes dcrites dans les articles suivants sont bases sur cette relation.
Linfluence de la chute de tension dans la rsistance de lenroulement secondaire doit tre
estime. Si elle dpasse 2 %, cette chute doit tre dduite de la tension mesure.
im
Rct
u(t)
IEC 1563/12
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Toutes ces dterminations sont fondes sur lquation suivante. Si une tension arbitraire u(t)
est applique aux bornes secondaires (voir Figure 2B.8), le flux du circuit magntique (t)
embrass par lenroulement secondaire au temps t est fonction de cette tension, selon
lquation:
61869-2 CEI:2012
125
dhystrsis dont lamplitude dcrot lentement. Une source de courant continu est
normalement prvue lorsque la mthode dessai en courant continu doit tre utilise.
On peut appliquer la mthode en courant alternatif, la mthode en courant continu ou la
mthode par dcharge dun condensateur.
2B.2.2
2B.2.2.1
Une tension alternative pratiquement sinusodale u(t) est applique aux bornes secondaires,
et la valeur correspondante du courant dexcitation est mesure. Lessai peut tre effectu
une frquence rduite f pour viter une contrainte de tension inacceptable sur lenroulement
et sur les bornes secondaires. Aux frquences basses, les effets des pertes parasites par
courants de Foucault dans le circuit magntique et des courants capacitifs entre les couches
de lenroulement sont moins susceptibles de perturber les mesures. Le rsultat doit tre
visualis comme courbe de saturation.
2U
2f '
sat =
2 U sat
2f '
NOTE 201 U sat doit tre estime gale la tension o la courbe est pratiquement horizontale. Linfluence de
lincertitude dans la dtermination de U sat est pratiquement ngligeable pour la dtermination de L m .
Considrant cette quation, la courbe donne la relation entre la valeur crte du courant
dexcitation et la valeur crte du flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire. Linductance
de magntisation L m est dfinie par la pente moyenne de la courbe entre 20 % et 70 % du
flux de saturation sat . Elle est calcule suivant:
Lm =
0,5 U sat 2
(i70 i20 ) 2f '
2B.2.2.2
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La tension dexcitation doit tre mesure avec un appareil qui donne une rponse
proportionnelle la valeur moyenne du signal redress, mais est gradu en valeur efficace.
Le courant dexcitation doit tre mesur laide dun appareil de mesure de valeur crte.
126
61869-2 CEI:2012
Ial 2 I sr K ssc
K td 1
+ ac
Ial 2 I sr K ssc
2f R TS
NOTE Pour les transformateurs de courant de classe TPZ, la prcision nest spcifie que pour la composante
alternative; toutefois, lors de la dtermination de la valeur admissible de I al pendant les essais indirects, il est
galement ncessaire de tenir compte de la composante continue du courant dexcitation. Dans lquation cidessus, la composante continue est reprsente par (K td 1).
A la diffrence de ce qui est dcrit dans 2B.2.2.1 et 2B.2.2.2, les formes donde doivent tre
enregistres.
Lorsque lon dtermine le facteur de rmanence K R par la mthode dessai en courant
alternatif, il est ncessaire dintgrer la tension dexcitation selon lquation (1) donne en
2B.2.1. La tension intgre associe au courant correspondant i m affiche une courbe
dhystrsis, reprsentant le flux de saturation sat . On considre que la valeur du flux au
passage par zro du courant reprsente le flux rmanent r . Voir la Figure 2B.9. Le facteur
de rmanence K R est alors calcul comme suit:
KR =
r
sat
(2B.12)
Aux frquences basses, les effets des pertes parasites par courants de Foucault dans le
circuit magntique et des courants capacitifs entre les couches de lenroulement sont moins
susceptibles de perturber les mesures.
NOTE sat doit tre estim comme flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire au niveau o la courbe est
pratiquement horizontale.
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2B.2.2.3
61869-2 CEI:2012
127
sat
ie
IEC 1564/12
2B.2.3
2B.2.3.1
La mthode de la saturation en courant continu consiste appliquer une tension continue u(t)
pendant une dure telle que la valeur de flux de saturation soit atteinte. La mesure du flux est
dtermine selon lquation (2B.11) donne en 2B.2.1, o u(t) est la tension entre les bornes.
Voir la Figure 2B.10.
im
Rct
u(t)
um(t)
Rd
(t)
im(t)
IEC 1565/12
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128
2B.2.3.2
61869-2 CEI:2012
im
im
IEC 1566/12
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im
61869-2 CEI:2012
129
IImm
IImm
0
0
t
IEC 1567/12
KR =
2B.2.3.3
r
sat
(2B.13)
Lm =
0,5 sat
i70 i20
(2B.14)
o
i 20
i 70
NOTE Cette formule diffre lgrement de la formule donne dans lancienne norme IEC 60044-6 cause de la
dfinition amliore de la saturation.
2B.2.3.4
al
embrass par
al =
2 Eal
=
2f R
im
2 K td K ssc I sr ( Rb + Rct )
2f R
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130
61869-2 CEI:2012
im 2 I sr K ssc
K td 1
+ ac
im 2 I sr K ssc
2f R TS
NOTE Pour les transformateurs de courant de classe TPZ, la prcision nest spcifie que pour la composante
alternative; toutefois, lors de la dtermination de la valeur admissible de I al pendant les essais indirects, il est
galement ncessaire de tenir compte de la composante continue du courant dexcitation. Dans lquation cidessus, la composante continue est reprsente par (K td 1).
2B.2.4
La mthode par dcharge dun condensateur utilise la charge dun condensateur pour exciter
le circuit magntique du transformateur de courant depuis le secondaire. La mesure du flux
est obtenue partir de lquation 1 donne en 2B.2.1 o u(t) est la tension sur les bornes.
Voir Figure 2B.13.
al =
u(t)
2 Eal
2f R
udt
CT
i(t)
IEC 1568/12
Figure 2B.13 Circuit utilis dans la mthode par dcharge dun condensateur
Au moment o al est atteint, la valeur de crte du courant de magntisation secondaire i m
doit tre mesure, et ne doit pas dpasser la valeur de crte du courant dexcitation
secondaire al .
La constante de temps assigne de la boucle secondaire T s doit tre dtermine en
appliquant aux bornes secondaires du transformateur de courant, une tension afin que
l'intgrale tension-temps atteigne une valeur gale celle qui correspond 90% de al . Le
courant de magntisation i m est mesur et la constante de temps est calcule comme suit:
Ts =
2 0,9 Eal
2f R ( Rct + Rb ) i 'm
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Le condensateur est charg avec une tension suffisamment leve pour produire un flux de
saturation embrass par lenroulement secondaire al correspondant E al . Voir les
Figures 2B.13 et 2B.14.
61869-2 CEI:2012
131
NOTE Cette dfinition nest pas conforme aux dfinitions prcdentes des mthodes en courant continu et en
courant alternatif.
KR =
im
r
sat
im
sat
td
im
IEC 1569/12
Gnralits
Le courant derreur instantan peut tre mesur de diffrentes manires. Dans tous les cas,
les erreurs du systme de mesure ne doivent pas dpasser 10 % de la limite derreur
correspondant la classe du transformateur de courant soumis lessai pendant la totalit du
cycle de fonctionnement.
2B.3.2
Essai direct
Il est ncessaire de dmagntiser les transformateurs de courant de classe TPX avant lessai
direct en raison de la valeur leve du facteur de rmanence. Il peut tre ncessaire de
dmagntiser les transformateurs de courant de classe TPY si le facteur de rmanence K R
nest pas ngligeable.
Deux essais directs doivent tre effectus la frquence assigne, avec la charge
secondaire assigne:
a) Le courant primaire de court-circuit assign, la frquence assigne, est appliqu sans
dcalage. On mesure la composante alternative de lerreur instantane. Elle doit tre
conforme la valeur thorique de 1/T s .
b) Pour vrifier les exigences derreur du cycle de fonctionnement, lessai suivant sera
ralis:
Le courant primaire de court-circuit assign, la frquence assigne, est appliqu avec le
dcalage requis. Pour les valeurs spcifies de la constante de temps du primaire allant
jusqu 80 ms, lessai est effectu la condition limite de prcision spcifie (cycle de
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132
61869-2 CEI:2012
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selon le paragraphe 3.4.222. Sa valeur ne doit pas dpasser la limite indique dans
le Tableau 206.
61869-2 CEI:2012
133
bb
cc
aa
tt
IEC 1570/12
a= idc
b=
2iac
c= iac
+ idc
pour TPY: i
=c
pour TPZ: i
= iac =
b
2
Figure 2B.15 Mesure des courants derreur
Rct + Rb t
(t ) =
Rb is (t )dt
Rb
0
o
t
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o:
134
2B.3.3
61869-2 CEI:2012
Si la conformit avec les exigences dune conception faible ractance de fuite ne peut pas
tre tablie la satisfaction mutuelle du constructeur et de lacheteur par le biais des dessins,
le facteur de construction F c doit tre dtermin comme suit:
Les valeurs de flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire doivent tre dtermines en
essais direct et indirect, la condition de la limite de prcision dans les deux cas. Si une
classe pour rponse en rgime transitoire est spcifie avec la dfinition alternative, un cycle
de fonctionnement et une charge doivent tre choisis afin d'atteindre la valeur spcifie de
K SSC K td.
Le flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire dir , qui est obtenu dans lessai direct selon
2B.3.2 doit tre dtermin.
Dans lessai indirect, le flux embrass par lenroulement secondaire
ind
ind =
2 U
2f
ind
Fc =
ind
dir
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61869-2 CEI:2012
135
Annexe 2C
(normative)
Preuve de type faible ractance de fuite
On doit montrer que:
Pour les transformateurs de courant des classes TPX, TPY et TPZ le facteur de construction
F c doit tre dtermin selon 2B.3.3. Si F c est infrieure 1,1, le transformateur de courant
est considr comme type faible ractance de fuite.
Pour toutes les autres classes de protection, lerreur compose de lenroulement compte
doit tre dtermin par un essai direct et un essai indirect, et les deux rsultats sont
compars.
Pour lessai direct, lun ou lautre mthode selon 2A.5 ou 2A.6 peuvent tre appliques. Le
courant dessai est donn comme suit:
ALF x I pr
K x x I pr
Pour lessai indirect, la mthode selon 7.2.6.203 b) doit tre applique. La tension applique
aux bornes secondaires est donne comme suit:
E ALF
Ek
Si lerreur compose de lessai direct est infrieure 1,1 fois lerreur compose de lessai
indirect, le transformateur de courant est considr comme type faible ractance de fuite.
NOTE Selon la dfinition (3.4.235), le terme "type faible ractance de fuite nest pas universelle, mais
apparente sa perfomance (classe de protection).
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Si la conformit avec les exigences dune conception faible ractance de fuite ne peut pas
tre tablie la satisfaction mutuelle du constructeur et de lacheteur par le biais des dessins,
les rsultats dun essai direct et dun essai indirect doivent tre compars comme suit:
136
61869-2 CEI:2012
Annexe 2D
(informative)
Technique utilise dans lessai dchauffement des transformateurs
immergs dans lhuile pour dterminer la constante thermique
par estimation exprimentale
Liste des symboles:
Temprature en C
(t)
u , u
(t)
To
1 , 2 , 3
(2D.1)
(t) = a + u (1 e t/To )
(2D.2)
(2D.3)
On considre que:
la temprature de lhuile (t) sapproche dune valeur finale u selon une fonction
exponentielle avec une constante de temps T o;
2 1
= e h/To
3 2
To =
h
1
ln 2
3 2
(2D.4)
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61869-2 CEI:2012
137
u =
( 2 )2 1 3
(2D.5)
2 2 1 3
Des estimations successives doivent tre effectues. Il convient que celles-ci convergent.
Afin dviter des erreurs numriques alatoires importantes, il convient que lintervalle de
temps h soit approximativement de T o et il convient que 3 / u soit suprieur ou gal 0,95.
Une valeur plus prcise de lchauffement en rgime tabli est obtenue par une mthode
dextrapolation des moindres carrs de tous les points mesurs approximativement au-dessus
de 60 % de u ( u estim par la mthode des trois points).
Une formulation numrique diffrente est:
u = 2 +
ln
(2D.6)
2 1
3 2
3
2
2
1
(t)
h
IEC 1571/12
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( 2 1 ) ( 3 2 )
138
61869-2 CEI:2012
Annexe 2E
(informative)
Mthode alternative pour la mesure de lerreur de rapport ()
Pour les transformateurs de courant faible ractance de fuite, lessai indirect suivant conduit
des rsultats trs proches de ceux obtenus dans lessai direct.
Nanmoins, pour les essais individuels de srie visant la dtermination de lerreur de
rapport en rgime tabli, lessai direct doit toujours tre ralis, car cette mthode fournit la
meilleure preuve de la proprit de faible ractance de fuite dun circuit magntique,
incluant lhomognit magntique du circuit magntique. En revanche, la mthode
alternative est approprie aux mesures sur site et la surveillance.
Dans ce cas, on doit noter que cette mthode ne tient jamais compte de linfluence du flux de
courant au voisinage du transformateur de courant.
Ip x Np / N s = Is + I e
IsRCT
Re
P1
Ip
RCT
Np : Ns
Ixm
Xm
P2
S1
Us
IRm
Rm
e.m.f
Is
e.m.f
E0
Is
Rb
Ip(Isr/Ipr)
Us
Xb
S2
Im
Ixm
IRm
IEC 1572/12
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61869-2 CEI:2012
139
Is Ip
I sr
I pr
I
I p sr
I pr
I s I pr
I p I sr
(2E.1)
Avec:
I p Np
= Ie + I s Ip =
Ns
(I e + I s )N s
Np
(2E.2)
I s N p I pr
(I e + I s ) N s I sr
(2E.3)
U s = I s (Rb + jX b )
Injection de
U s Test = E 0 + I s Test R
Np
Ns
U p Test
E0
IP =
( I s + I s Test ) N s
Np
(I
I s N p I pr
s Test
+ I s ) I sr
(avec I s test = I s )
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140
61869-2 CEI:2012
Annexe 2F
(normative)
Dtermination du rapport des nombres de spires
Le rapport de transformation rel est affect par des erreurs rsultant de trois causes:
a) la diffrence entre linverse du rapport des nombres de spires et le rapport de
transformation assign;
b) le courant dexcitation du circuit magntique (I e );
c) les courants qui traversent les capacits parasites associes aux enroulements.
t =
___________
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Dans la plupart des cas, il est raisonnable de supposer que pour une valeur donne (E s ) de la
force lectromotrice induite dans lenroulement secondaire, les courants derreur rsultant
des capacits parasites et de la magntisation du circuit conservent une valeur constante
indpendante de la valeur du courant primaire dexcitation. E s peut thoriquement tre
maintenu une valeur constante pour toute une gamme de courants dexcitation, pourvu que
limpdance de la boucle secondaire puisse tre rgle de faon approprie. Pour les
transformateurs de courant conus pour tre du type faible ractance de fuite, la ractance
de fuite du secondaire peut tre ignore. On ne doit donc considrer que la rsistance de
lenroulement secondaire. Ainsi, pour lun ou lautre des deux courants I s et I" s , lquation de
base dfinissant lexigence de lessai est donne par:
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ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
3, rue de Varemb
PO Box 131
CH-1211 Geneva 20
Switzerland
Tel: + 41 22 919 02 11
Fax: + 41 22 919 03 00
[email protected]
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