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Vector Analysis: 7e Applied EM by Ulaby and Ravaioli

This document provides an overview of vector analysis concepts including vector algebra laws, position and distance vectors, scalar and vector products, coordinate systems, and vector operators such as gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian. It also includes two technology briefs on how GPS receivers determine location using satellite geometry and equations, and how computed tomography generates a 3D image through vector calculus analysis of x-ray measurements from multiple angles.

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Munie Rosnan
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209 views40 pages

Vector Analysis: 7e Applied EM by Ulaby and Ravaioli

This document provides an overview of vector analysis concepts including vector algebra laws, position and distance vectors, scalar and vector products, coordinate systems, and vector operators such as gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian. It also includes two technology briefs on how GPS receivers determine location using satellite geometry and equations, and how computed tomography generates a 3D image through vector calculus analysis of x-ray measurements from multiple angles.

Uploaded by

Munie Rosnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

VECTOR ANALYSIS
7e Applied EM by Ulaby and Ravaioli

Chapter 3 Overview

Laws of Vector Algebra

Properties of Vector
Operations
Equality of Two Vectors
Commutative property

Position & Distance Vectors

Position Vector: From origin to point P

Distance Vector: Between two points

Vector Multiplication: Scalar Product or Dot Product

Hence:

Vector Multiplication: Vector Product or Cross Product

Triple Products
Scalar Triple Product

Vector Triple Product

Hence:

Cartesian Coordinate
System

Differential length vector

Differential area vectors

Cylindrical Coordinate
System

Cylindrical Coordinate
System

Spherical Coordinate
System

Technology Brief 5: GPS

How does a GPS receiver determine its location?

GPS: Minimum of 4 Satellites Needed

Unknown: location of receiver


Also unknown: time offset of
receiver clock
Quantities known with high
precision: locations of satellites
and their atomic clocks (satellites
use expensive high precision
clocks, whereas receivers do not)
Solving for 4 unknowns requires
at least 4 equations ( four
satellites)

Coordinate Transformations: Coordinates

To solve a problem, we select the coordinate


system that best fits its geometry
Sometimes we need to transform between
coordinate systems

Coordinate Transformations: Unit Vectors

Using the relations:

leads to:

Distance Between 2 Points

Gradient of A Scalar
Field

Gradient ( cont.)

Divergence of a Vector Field

Divergence Theorem

Useful tool for converting integration over a


volume to one over the surface enclosing that
volume, and vice versa

Curl of a Vector
Field

Stokess Theorem

Laplacian Operator
Laplacian of a Scalar Field

Laplacian of a Vector
Field

Useful Relation

Tech Brief 6: X-Ray Computed


Tomography
How does a CT scanner generate a 3D image?

Tech Brief 6: X-Ray Computed Tomography

For each anatomical


slice, the CT scanner
generates on the order
of 7 x 105
measurements (1,000
angular orientations x
700 detector channels)

Use of vector calculus


allows the extraction of
the 2-D image of a slice

Combining multiple
slices generates a 3-D
scan

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