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ASME Joint Efficiency

1. Joint efficiency (E) is a factor that accounts for potential weaknesses in welded joints compared to the base metal. It is determined by the weld type and degree of non-destructive testing like radiography. 2. Weld categories refer to the location of welds in a component (e.g. category A is within a head). Weld types describe the joint geometry and welding method. 3. The joint efficiency value is found by matching the weld category, type, and NDT method (e.g. spot radiography) in the ASME code table UW-12. Higher NDT coverage results in values closer to 1, indicating greater confidence in the weld

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28K views49 pages

ASME Joint Efficiency

1. Joint efficiency (E) is a factor that accounts for potential weaknesses in welded joints compared to the base metal. It is determined by the weld type and degree of non-destructive testing like radiography. 2. Weld categories refer to the location of welds in a component (e.g. category A is within a head). Weld types describe the joint geometry and welding method. 3. The joint efficiency value is found by matching the weld category, type, and NDT method (e.g. spot radiography) in the ASME code table UW-12. Higher NDT coverage results in values closer to 1, indicating greater confidence in the weld

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gateauxboy
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The meaning of Joint Efficiency

ASME UW-3 and UW-12


Weld Category
Weld Type
Joint Efficiency
We Must Understand the Meanings
of These Terms
Pressure Envelope
However Parts Must be Welded Together

A B D
Location of any Weld is its Category
Weld Categories

Category = Location
Categories in a Cylinderical Shell
Categories in a Head

Any Weld Within a Head is Category A


Categories in a Head

Any Weld Within a Head is Category A


Difference Between Hemisphere Head and
Ellipse / Torispherical Head

Hemisphere Ellipse / Torisphere


Hemisphere - Special Requirements

Ii is not Permitted to
Have a Straight
Flange on a
Hemispherical Head
Nozzle Installed in a Chamber

This is a Category D Weld


Category C Weld

Flange Tubesheet Flat Head


Weld Weld Weld
Weld Type = Joint Geometry

Is the Method of Welding and


Marking the Joint
Type 1

Welded From Both


Sides

Welded From One Side


With Removable
Backing
Type 2

Backing That Remains in Place


Type 3

Welded From One Side Only


Type 4

Double Fillet Welded


Type 5

Single Fillet With Plug Welds


Type 6

Single Fillet Weld


Type = Geometry

Category = Location
Definition of Stress: S

Me
ta l Ba Area A
r

Force F

Force F
Stress = S =
Area A
Simple Stress Calculation

W
H

W = 15 mm
F 6 000 N
H = 10 mm S= = =2 40 N/mm 2
F = 6 000 N A 15 x 10 mm
CALCULATING FORCE
FORCE
STRESS =
AREA
CHANGING THE FORMULA AROUND TO FIND FORCE

FORCE = STRESS x AREA


STRESS IS THE SAME AS PRESSURE

FORCE = STRESS x AREA


AND
FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA
DEFINITION OF JOINT EFFICIENCY E

A CHAIN IS AS STRONG AS ITS WEAKEST LINK !

BREAKS
Note the Similarity

The Weld Can Also be the Weakest Link

How Much Faith to we Have in a Weak Link, or


the Weld. This is a Matter of Confidence
DEFINITION OF JOINT EFFICIENCY E

QUESTION: HOW CONFIDENT ARE WE IN


THE QUALITY OF THE WELD ?

IF THE WELD IS WEAKER THAN PARENT


METAL WE NOW INTRODUCE JOINT
EFFICIENCY E

STRENGTH OF THE WELD


E=
STRENGTH OF PARENT METAL
JOINT EFFICIENCY E

STRENGTH OF THE WELD


E=
STRENGTH OF PARENT METAL

IF WELD IS AS GOOD AS PARENT METAL

E = 1.00

IF WELD IS WEAKER THAN PARENT METAL

E = < 1.00
JOINT EFFICIENCY E

QUESTION: HOW DO WE DETERMINE THE


QUALITY OF THE WELD

BY USING RADIOGRAPHY

FOR A TYPE 1 WELD


FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF JOINT E = 1.00
SPOT RADIOGRAPHY OF JOINT E = 0.85
NO RADIOGRAPHY OF JOINT E = 0.70
TAKEN FROM TABLE UW-12
JOINT EFFICIENCY ‘E’ IS DETERMINED BY
TWO THINGS:

1 WELD TYPE

2 DEGREE OF RADIOGRAPHY

THE FULL DETAILS ARE FOUND IN


TABLE UW-12 OF ASME

LET US LOOK AT TABLE UW-12………….


TABLE UW-12

Joint Degree of Radiography


Type
Category (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
3 A,B, & C N/A N/A 0.60
Etc.....................

THE ABOVE TABLE IS ABBREVIATED


THE TABLE IN THE CODE CONTAINS A LOT OF
IMPORTANT INFORMATION - MUST BE CONSULTED
LET US LOOK AT AN EXAMPLE
Joint Degree of Radiography
Type
Category (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
3 A,B, & C N/A N/A 0.60
Etc.....................

LET US HAVE A TYPE 2 JOINT


SUBJECT TO SPOT RADIOGRAPHY
WHAT IS THE JOINT EFFICIENCY E ?
E = 0,80
LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY

TYPE 1

SUPPOSE THIS JOINT IS SUBJECT TO FULL RADIOGRAPHY

Joint Degree of Radiography


Type
Category (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
IS JOINT EFFICIENCY E = 1,00 ?
WE DO NOT KNOW AT THIS STAGE - WHY ?
LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY

TYPE 1

TO GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPY OF A


CATEGORY A WELD:
UW-11(A)(5)(B) SAYS:
“...CATEGORY B OR C BUTT WELDS …. SHALL AS A
MINIMUM , MEET THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SPOT
RADIOGRAPHY………..”
CATEGORY B WELDS MUST BE AT LEAST SPOT
CONSIDER THIS RADIOGRAPHY SETUP
NO XRAY SPOT

TYPE 1

DO WE GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF THIS


JOINT ?
UW-11(A)(5)(B) SAYS: MEANS BOTH WELDS

“...CATEGORY B OR C BUTT WELDS …. SHALL AS A


MINIMUM , MEET THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SPOT
RADIOGRAPHY………..”
LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY
NO XRAY SPOT

TYPE 1

DO WE GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF THIS


JOINT ?

THEREFORE, WE ONLY GET CREDIT FOR SPOT


RADIOGRAPHY

THEREFORE……….
LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY
NO XRAY SPOT

TYPE 1

DO WE GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF THIS


JOINT ?
NO, WE ONLY GET CREDIT FOR SPOT RADIOGRAPHY

Joint Degree of Radiography


Type
Category (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
NOWCONSIDER THIS ARRANGEMENT

SPOT NONE SPOT SPOT SPOT

FULL FULL
FULL FULL

E = 1,0
E = 1,0
E = 0,85
E = 0,85
REMEMBER UW-11(a)(5)(b)

TO GET CREDIT FOR E = 1,00 FOR CATEGORY A WELDS

MAKE SURE ALL CATEGORY B WELDS EITHER SIDE


OF THE CATEGORY A WELD ARE SPOT
RADIOGRPHED
CONSIDER THE WELD IN THIS HEAD

NONE FULL

UW-11(a)(5)(b) IS NOT SATISFIED FOR THE HEAD


WHICH HAS A CATEGORY A WELD

THUS FOR THE HEAD WELD: E = 0,85


CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT

NO CATEGORY A WELD

THE SHELL AND HEADS ARE SEAMLESS - WHAT IS


THE JOINT EFFICIENCY FOR THE SHELL ?
CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT

NO CATEGORY A WELD

UW-12(d) SAYS:
“SEAMLESS VESSEL SECTIONS OR HEADS SHALL BE
CONSIDERED EQUIVALENT TO WELDED PARTS IN
WHICH ALL CATEGORY A WELDS ARE TYPE
1…..WHEN THE SPOT RADIOGRAPHY OF UW-
11(a)(5)(b) REQUIREMENTS ARE MET……”
CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT

SPOT NONE

NO CATEGORY A WELD

E = 0,85
E= 1,0 E = 0,85
CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT

NO CATEGORY A WELDS

YOU WILL MEET MANY SEAMLESS COMPONENTS


SMALL SEAMLESS PRESSED OR SPUN HEADS
CYLINDRICAL SHELLS FROM SEAMLESS PIPE
WHEN RADIOGRAPHY IS MANDATORY

IF A VESSEL IS TO CONTAIN A LETHAL SUBSTANCE:

UW-2 SAYS:
“… ALL BUTT WELDED JOINTS SHALL BE FULLY
RADIOGRAPHE, EXCEPT UNDER PROVISION OS UW-
2(a)(2) AND UW-2(a)(3) BELOW AND UW-4(a)(4)….”

THIS IS A BIT COMPLICATED, BUT BASICALLY


LMEANS THAT ALL THE MAIN CATEGORY A AND B
WELDS MUST BE FULLY RADIOGRAPHED.

BUT CATEGORY B AND C WELDS IN NOZZLE AND


COMMUNCATING CHAMBERS THAT ARE NOT LARGER
THAN 10 INCH NOMINAL PIPE SIZE AND DO NOT
EXCEED 1-1/8” THICK ARE EXEMPT
CONCLUSIONS
FORCE F
STRESS = ( S = )
AREA A

FORCE = STRESS x AREA


FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA

JOINT EFFICIENCY ‘E’ DETERMINED BY


1 WELD TYPE
2 DEGREE OF RADIOGRAPHY
CONCLUSIONS

STRENGTH OF THE WELD


E=
STRENGTH OF PARENT METAL

DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE IN WELD


QUALITY
END OF THIS
PRESENTATION

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