Data Acquisition &

Communication
Abhimanyu Gartia
Chief Manager,SCADA-IT
SRLDC

SOUTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTER

POWERGRID, BANGALORE

Instrumentation For SCADA

Transducers
RTU
Current Transformer
Capacitor Voltage Transformer

TRANSDUCER

Device converts one form of energy to another form.

Energy form viz. electrical, mechanical, chemical etc.
Transforms High level to Low level
Input Hundreds of volt
Output Few milliamperes
Measures field parameters like voltage, frequency,
current, 3 phase bi directional active & reactive power
and transformer tap position
Accuracy : +/- 0.2% class for frequency transducers and
+/- 0.5% class for other transducers

TRANSDUCER

TYPICAL RATING
Transducer
Voltage
Current
Frequency
MW
MVAR

Input
0-110 V
0-1 Amp
0-5 Amp

Output
0-10 mA
0-10 mA
4-20 mA
4-12-20mA
4-12-20mA

Remote Terminal Unit

The RTU performs the data acquisition and supervisory

control over the substation for the SCADA system.
As a minimum, the RTU collects, processes and
transmits the data from the substation to the controlcenters.
The following data are generally acquired from the substation:Analog- Power, Reactive Power, Voltage, Frequency,
Current.
Digital- Circuit Breaker Status, Isolator Status,SOEs
The RTU also receives and processes digital and analog
commands.

RTU: MAIN FUNCTIONS

SCADA
Local Control
Data Logging
Process Control

HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR SCADA AT

SUBSTATION / GEN.STATION
RS232 PORT
TRANSDUCER PANEL

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

MAIN
CPU
BOARD

COMMN
BOARD

TRANSDUCER I/P TERMINAL

PT
SEC
110VAC

PSU
MW

MVAR

VOLT
CT SEC
1 AMPS

TRANSDUCER O/P TERMINAL

A
N
A
L
O
G

D
I
G
T
A
L

I/P

I/P

TERMINAL
BLOCK

TERMINAL
BLOCK

C
O
N
T
R
O
L
O/P
TERMINAL
BLOCK

EVENT LOGGER
PANEL

D
R
I
V
E
R

R
E
L
A
Y

F
R
O
M
S
W
I
T
C
H
Y
A
R
D
F
I
E
L
D

SCADA HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY WITH COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM(PLCC) AT SUB-STN/GEN ST
RS 232 CONNECTIVITY

PLCC T x / R x
SPEECH / DATA
PANEL

N
S
K
5
modem

PLCC
INDOOR EQUIMENT

RTU

TRANSDUCERS

CLASSIFICATION

INPUT

0-10mA, 4-20mA, 0-5mA 0-5v,0-10v

OUTPUT IMPEDANCE

VOLTAGE/CURRENT/POWER/POSITION

OUTPUT

SELF POWERED/AUXILARY POWERED

500,1000,2000

ACCURACY

0.2 CLASS, 0.5 CLASS, CLASS 2 AND ABOVE

A/D CONVERSION AT RTU LEVEL

(16 BIT ADC).
FOR MW / MVAR TRANSDUCER:
INPUT: PT SEC PHASE TO PHASE : 110VAC
CT SEC TWO PHASE CURRENT (R & B): 1 AMPS.
OUTPUT : 4 20mA(TRANSDUCER OUTPUT)
IN ADC:
AT 4mA
= 6553 Count
AT 20mA
= 32767 Count
12mA IS THE CENTRE POINT.
(+/- 0.1% IS THE ACCEPTABLE RANGE OF ERROR ON FULL SCALE)
( Ref Calculation Sheet for all type of Measurand)

TRANSDUCERS

Measures field parameters like voltage,

frequency, current, 3 phase bi directional active
& reactive power and transformer tap position.
Rating
Vol: 110/115 volts phase to phase
Current : 1 A
Frequency: 45-55 Hz
Output : 4 20 ma / 500 ohms
External power supply
IEC 688
Accuracy : +/- 0.2% class for frequency
transducers and +/- 0.5% class for other
transducers



SALIENT FEATURES OF ULDC RTU

A small rugged computer
CPU, volatile & non-volatile memory, power supply
module, I/O module
Communication ports & maintenance ports
Allows the central SCADA master to communicate with
the field devices
Acquires the data from the field devices/equipment and
transfers the data to the SCADA system
Distributed Processing Technology
Main processor is 32-Bit 16Mhz and sub modules are 8bit.
Real time clock
Access via PC-Based Configuration.
Password Protected.
Database configured via a PC and can be downloaded

SALIENT FEATURES OF ULDC RTU

Switch mode converter power supply module which

provides power for mother board, VME cards, I/O modules
and peripherals. Input voltage 241 V AC, 50 Hz. Outpit
voltage +/-5V DC, +/- 12 V DC, +/- 24 V DC
32 Analog inputs per module ,15 bit resolution .
Conversion rate 660 ns for all 32 inputs.
64 status inputs per status module,1ms scan time for 64
inputs,1ms SOE resolution. A simple status input/SOE
input/accumulator input can be connected. LED indicators
for each input. Contact wetting voltage supplied by power
supply module.
32 control output per control module. Two master relays
for each output. One for close and one for trip.
Through the maintenance port, we can download the
database, view data and Communications specific to each
peripheral board and trouble shoot .
Advanced diagnostic capabilities
Time synchronisation of RTU done at every 1 minute.

Scan Cycles

All the analog data are scanned every 10/12

seconds
Status information are reported by exception
All status information are scanned for integrity
check every 10 minutes
The SOE datas are time stamped at 1 ms
resolution
Time synchronisation is done every 10
minutes

Current Transformer

A current transformer is a measurement

device designed to provide a current in its
secondary coil proportional to the current
flowing in its primary .
The current transformer isolates
measurement and control circuitry from the
high voltages typically present on the circuit
being measured .
Common secondary are 1 or 5 amperes. For
example, a 4000:5 CT would provide an
output current of 5 amperes when the
primary was passing 4000 amperes .

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

Capacitor Voltage transformers (CVTs) are

used for metering and protection in highvoltage circuits. They are designed to
present negligible load to the supply being
measured and to have a precise voltage
ratio to accurately step down high
voltages so that metering and protective
relay equipment can be operated at a
lower potential.

Basic Function Of the CVT

Where CHF is the equivalent rated

capacitance for carrier
communication
* C1 : High Voltage capacitor
* C2 : Intermediate Voltage
Capacitor
* C1 / C2 ratio is such that the
required intermediate voltage can
be achieved
L : Inductance of the choke which
is designed to
* Prevent carrier signals from
flowing into the transformer circuit.
* Resonate with the capacitor
unit at 50 Hz which is the rated
frequency.
D : Damping burden which is
provided across one of the
secondary windings to prevent
terroresonance oscillations.
Tr : Transformer designed to
provide the required output voltage
at the desired burden

HV

L
C1

Tr
1a

Metering
CHF
1n
C2

2a

Protection

D
2n

COMMUNICATION
REQUIREMENTS FOR
SCADA

COMMUNICATION
REQUIREMENTS FOR SCADA

Communication media should have:

* High Reliability
* High Availability
* Rapid Response
* Transparency
* Economy
* Flexibility
* Maintainability

Modes of Communication

PLCC
Leased Telephone circuits
Microwave Communication
Fibre Optics Communication
Satellite Communication

PLCC

High voltage lines themselves are used as communication

links.
Carrier Frequency: 50-300 KHz.
3 channels are used generally:
Main-Channel ->
speech channel 300 Hz to 2000 Hz
TelemetringTelemetring- 2000 Hz to 3400 Hz

Protection-Channel-I ->
speech channel 300 Hz to 2000 Hz
TeleprotectionTeleprotection- 2000 Hz to 3400 Hz

Protection-Channel-II (Backup-Protection)->
speech channel 300 Hz to 2000 Hz
TeleprotectionTeleprotection- 2000 Hz to 3400 Hz

PLCC
Advantages:
1.
High reliability
2.
All channels are available for dedicated use by
power-utility alone
Disadvantages:
1.
Cost of insulating communication equipment is high
2.
High noise level due to Corona
3.
High speed data-transfer not possible because of
Bandwidth limitations.

Applications of PLCC

Voice Communication
Fascimile Transmission
Tele-Protection
Tele-Metering

Types of Couplings

3 coupling schemes to couple voice, fax,

tele-protection and tele-metering to the
high-voltage transmission line:
Phase-to-Ground Coupling
Phase-to-Phase Coupling
Inter-Line Coupling

PHASE-TO-GROUND COUPLING

WT

WT

STATION-A

CC

CC

STATION-B

LMU

DC

DC
LA

ES

LA

ES

PLCC PANELS

PLCC PANELS
ES=Earth Switch

DC=Drainage Coil

LA=Lightening Arrester

LMU=Line Matching Unit

WT=Wave Trap
CC=Coupling capacitor

PHASE-TO-PHASE COUPLING
WT

WT
WT

WT

STATION-B

STATION-A

CC

LMU

DC

LA

CC

CC

LMU

LMU

DC

ES

LA

ES=Earth Switch
LA=Lightening Arrester
capacitor
BT=Balancing Transformer

LMU=Line Matching Unit

LMU

ES

BT

BT

PLCC PANELS
DC=Drainage Coil

CC

PLCC PANELS
WT=Wave Trap
CC=Coupling

INTER-LINE COUPLING

WT

WT

STATION-A

CC

LMU

DC

LA

CC

CC

LMU

LMU

DC

ES

LA

STATION-B

CC

LMU

ES

BT

BT

PLCC PANELS
ES=Earth Switch

DC=Drainage Coil

LA=Lightening Arrester
Transformer

LMU=Line Matching Unit

WT=Wave Trap
CC=Coupling capacitor BT=Balancing

PLCC PANELS

Microwave Communication

Line-of-sight communication
Requires repeaters at 50-60 kms. Intervals
Provides sufficient bandwidth to meet the needs of
power utility
Higher availability than PLCC, availablity not affected by
maintenance or faults on the power lines
Suffers from multipath-fading effect
In India, WPC (wireless planning & co-ordination) wing
has assigned 2.3-2.5 GHz and 2.8-5 GHz bands to power
sector usage.

Digital Microwave Systems

Leased Telephone Circuits

Simple solution, no need to develop own
dedicated communication facility by
power utility
Availability of this mode of
communication at remotely located
substations is the deciding factor

Fiber-Optic Communication

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from

one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber. The light
forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry
information
The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic
steps:
Creating the optical signal using a transmitter
Relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not
become too distorted or weak
Receiving the optical signal and converting it into an electrical signal
INPUT

Analog/Digital
Interface

Voltage to
Current
converter

Source to
Fiber
Interface

Light
Source

Optical Fiber
Fiber to
Light
Detector
Interface

Light
Detector

Current to
Voltage
converter

Analog/Digital
Interface

OUTPUT

Fiber Optic Communication

Advantages:
The ability to carry much more information and deliver it with greater fidelity
than either copper wire or coaxial cable.
Fiber optic cable can support much higher data rates, and at greater distances

The fiber is totally immune to virtually all kinds of interference, including

lightning, and will not conduct electricity. It can therefore come in direct
contact with high voltage electrical equipment and power lines.
POWERGRID uses overhead fiber optic communication:
OPGW (optical ground wire cable)
ADSS (all dielectric self supporting cable)
WRAP AROUND

Fibre Optic Systems

INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL & ANALOG

NETWORKS
OPGW

PLCC
FODP

OLTE

2 MB/S
ADD DROP MUX
2 MB/S

VOICE
CARD
DATA
CARD

MICROWAVE RADIO
TERMINAL

OPGW
OPGW (optical ground wire) replaces
shield wires
Provides lightning protection
Provides communication
Lightning short circuit damage
Installation requires long term outage
Expensive
Superior performance

ADSS F.O

ADSS (all dielectric self supporting) which

is mounted at various locations, typically 3
to 10 meters below the phase conductors.
ADSS costs less than OPGW
Higher fiber count than Wrap type.
Can be installed on towers not designed
for shield wires.
Suitable for hot line installation

WRAP AROUND F.O

Wrap-type which is wound around

shield wires and, in some instances,
around energized conductors
Hot-line installation is difficult
Cost more than ADSS, but less than
OPGW
Need a shield wire
No operation problem is observed

OVERHEAD CABLES FOR

POWER UTILITIES
OPGW

WRAP

ADSS

AERIAL OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES

MOISTURE BLOCKING COMPOUND
AL COATED STEEL STRAND
AL STRAND

OPGW
AD\AS\RKG\JP\FIBCROSS

LOOSE TUBE

POLYESTER TAPE
XLPE SHEATH
AL TUBE

FIBRE
STRENGTH MEMBERS

ADSS

WRAP AROUND

FIBRE OPTIC CABLE INSTALLATION

OPGW

WRAP AROUND

ADSS

AD\AS\RKG\JP\FIBINST

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

A geostationary satellite is
used as an active repeater.
Modulated signals are send
from earth VSATs in 6 GHz
band to the satellite.
Signals are beamed back to
earth in 4 GHz band.
Roundtime propagation delay
of 540ms exists
Communication is interrupted
during eclipses.

WHAT IS SCADA

Supervisory

Control And Data Acquisition

is the system which enables us to

supervise, control, optimise and manage the
Power Systems in an efficient manner to
provide stable, secure and reliable power to the
end consumer.

FUNCTIONS OF SCADA

DATA ACQUISITION
PROCESSING OF ACQUIRED DATA.
LIMIT / STATUS MONITORING & ALARMING.
NETWORK STATUS PROCESSOR.
SEQUENCE OF EVENT RECORDING.
INFORMATION STORAGE & RETRIEVAL.
DATA EXCHANGE
SUPERVISORY CONTROL.

SCOPE FOR DATA-ACQUISITION

UNDER ULDC SCHEMES in INDIA

All

generating stations of 50MW or

above(10 MW or above in case of NER)

All 400 KV Sub-Stations.

All 220 KV Sub-Stations.

All 132 KV Sub-Stations operated where
Inter-State lines are located.

Important 66 KV Sub-Stations (NER only).

Information Flow to Control Centres

Ramagundam

Karnataka

Warangal
Satellite
HYDERABAD

Ghanapur
Vijayawada

Andhra Pradesh

Lingasugur
Davangere
Chinkampalli

Bangalore

CHENNAI

MW Link
FO Link
State owneed Link
Sub-LDC
SLDC

Kannur-B

Pondy

Erode

UT of Pondy

Kerala
KALAMASSERY
Madurai
Vydyuthi Bhavanam

RCLDC

Tamilnadu

RAMAGUNDAM
PEDAPALLI
DURSHED
JAMMIKUNTA

GAJUWAKA

WARANGAL

VIZAG SW S

SHAP URNAGAR

VIDYUTH SOUDHA

GHANAP UR

BOMMUR
KAKINADA

CH .GUTTA

VTP S

HYDERABAD 400

BHIMADOLE

NSAGAR PH
VIJAYAWADA
TALLAPALLI

SRISAILAM PH
SRISAILAM LBPH
KURNOOL

APSEB

Lingasugur
HUBLI

SOMAYAJULAPALLI

RTUS
82

GOOTY

MUDDANOOR RTPP

DAVANAGERE

CHINAKAMPALLY
ANANTHAP UR

BANGALORE
KEB

CHENNAI

PONDY
RTUS

SOMANAHALLI

KUMBALGODI

SRIPERUMBUDUR

RTUS

05

SP.KOVIL

22
VILLIANUR

PONDY

KANNUR -B

SALEM400

CENTRAL

PANR UTI

SALEM230
NEYVELI

ERODE

SECTOR RTUS
22

CHIDAMB ARAM

INGUR

KOZHIKODE

LEGEND
RSCC (1)

MYLADUTURAI

CPCC (1)

PONGALORE
UDUMALPET

TRICHY

TRICHUR NORTH
ADANIKOTTAI

CHALAKUDI
MADUR AI400

RTUS
30

VIAKKAM
PALLOM
KAYANKUL AM
KUNDRA

KARAIKUDI
SIVAGANGA

MADURAI

TNEB
RTUS

PARIPALLI

SLDC (4)
SUB-LDC / SCC (14)

PUDUKOTTAI
THIRUMAYAM

KALAMASSERY
KSEB

KOVIL VENNI
THIR UVARUR
ORTHANADU

FIBRE
FIBRE
FIBRE
FIBRE

OPTIC
OPTIC
OPTIC
OPTIC

LINK 110/132kv
LINK (220kv)
LINK (400kv)
LINK (SEB)

40

MICROWAVE LINK (35 links)

TRIVANDRUM NORTH
VYDYUTHI BHAVANAM

SATELLITE LINK (KEB)

RTU LOCATIONS (201)

Wideband Channel Routing for Madurai Sub-LDC

Peramballur

Echengodu

Tanjore 230
Erode Sub-LDC
(Erode)

Pugalur

Chennai
Sub-LDC
(NLC TS-I)

Trichy 400

Trichy 230 Samayapuram

Paramakudi

Madurai North

Madurai
Sub LDC
Sivagangai

Karaikudi

Madurai 400

Podukotta Adanakottai
C

Orthonadu

Kovilvenni Thiruvarur

Existing RTU 9 nos.

TTPS

Existing RTU integrated

Theni

Kayathar
E
Sembatti

Pariyar PH

Sathur

Tuticorin Auto

Kodayar PH2

New RTUs 13 nos.

PLCC Link
S R Pudur

MW Link

COMMUNICATION NETWORK FOR KERALA

Wideband Routing from Sub-LDC to SLDC,(Kalamassery)

MW Link
RSCC,Bangalore
(Udumalpet)

FO Link

Kannur-B

Kozhikode -B

T. North

Chalakudy
Kalamassery

Vidyuthi
Bhavanam

Trivendrum
North

Paripally

Kundra

Kayamkulam

Pallom