600 Basic Electrica? Engineering Armature conductor Armature teeth Flux path Field coil Pole shoe - Yd Lois Lg Ra Vv (a) (V=E=JRa= Vo) (b) [E= V-1gRa- Ve) Fig. 9.2 Equivalent circuits of the armature (a) de generator (b) dc motor 9.5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS IN DC MACHINE There are, in general, two methods of exciting the field windings of de machines, (a) Separate excitation (b) Self-excitation. 9.5.1 Separate Excitation The separately excited field winding consists of several hundred turns of fine wire and is connected to a separate or external de source as shown in Fig. 9.3(a). The voltage of the external de source has no relation with the armature voltage, i.e field winding energised from a separate source can be designed for any suit- able voltage. 95.2 Self-excitation When the field winding is excited by its own armature the machine is called a602 Basic Electrical Engineering (b) Level or Flat Compounded Generator the no load voltage is same as that of the full load voltage. (c) Under Compounded Generator the generated voltage decreases as the load increases. 9.6 PROCESS OF VOLTAGE BUILD UP IN SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR Figure 9.4 shows the process of voltage build-up in a self-excited shunt genera- tor. The line OA has a slope equal to the shunt ficld resistance Ry,. When the armature of the machine is rotated, a small voltage OB is generated due to residual magnetism in the field poles. This voltage causes field current OC to flow. This current OC increases the field flux and generates voltage OD which in tur results in field current OF which will generate a still higher voltage. This Process goes on and the generated voltage continues to increase. This process continues till point P is reached where the generated voltage is equal to 1,1, Ry» sh being the shunt field current. If the resis- . tance of shunt field be such that Ry, is JA equal to the slope of the line OA’ (which 2 ' A is tangent to the curve BP) the generated & voltage would remain at value OB only, = so no voltage will build up. The value of © Ry, corresponding to slope of the line OA’ § is known as critical field resistance. The Q voltage build up is possible only if Ris © D less than critical value. If the speed of the 28 oO generator is decreased the slope of the OCE — curve is lower. Hence for each value of Field current () Amps Ry, there is a value of critical speed. If Fig 9,4 Voltage build up in a self- speed is less than critical speed, no volt- excited generator age build up will occur. The connections of the field circuit should be such that field current strength- ens the residual flux. [f the connections are such that field current decreases the residual flux voltage will not build up. For series generator the resistance of the load should be less than critical resistance and load should be connected so that the load current exists. Then only voltage will build up. Hence the conditions for voltage build up in self-excited generators are: (a) Residual magnetism must be present (b) Field winding should be properly connected so that field current strength- ens the residual magnetism. (c) The resistance of the field should be less than the critical resistance (d) The speed of the machine should be higher than the critical speed, (e) For series generator load should be connected and resistance of load should be less than critical resistance.DC Machines 603 9.7 EMF EQUATION OF A DC MACHINE As the armature of a de machine rotates, a voltage is generated in its coils. In case of a generator, the emf of rotation E, is called the generated emf E, (or armature emf) and E, = E,. The direction (polarity) of dynamically induced emf can be determmed by Fleming’s right hand rule. In case of a motor, the emf of rotation E, is known as back emf £, (or counter emf), and £, = Ey. The expression, however, is the same for both conditions of operation, whether generating or motoring: only the polarity is reversed if the rotation of the machine is in the same direction in both the modes. Let = Useful flux per pole in webers (Wb) P =Total number of poles Z= Total number of conductors in the armature n = Speed of rotation of armature in revolutions per second (rps) A =Number of parallel paths in the armature between brushes of opposite polarity “ 2 = Number of armature conductors in series for each parallel path Since the flux per pole is (), each conductor cuts a flux (P¢) in one revolution. Generated voltage per conductor Flux cut per revolution in Wb = "Time taken for one revolution in seconds Since n revolutions are made in one second, one revolution will be made in In second. Therefore, the time for one revolution of the armature is I/n second. Po The average voltage generated per conductor = ln = nP@y. The generated voltage E is determined by the number of armature conductors in series in any one path between the brushes. Therefore, the total voltage gener- ated is obtained as E = (average voltage per conductor) x (number of conductors in series per path) ie. E=npox Za ee BEE PON ny «cpm On =A oa Nm , Equation (9.1) is called the emf equation of a de machine. 9.8 TYPES OF WINDINGS Armature coils can be connected to the commutator to form either lap on wave windings. Lap Winding ‘The ends of each armature coil are connected to adjacent segments on the com- mutators so that the total number of parallel paths (A) is equal to the total number of poles P, Thus for lap winding, A = P.604 Basic Electrical Engineering Wave Winding In this winding, the ends of each of the armature coils is connected to the arma- ture segement some distance apart, and only two parallel paths are provided between the positive and negative brushes. Thus, for wave winding A = 2. In general, lap winding is used in low-voltage, high-current machines and winding is used in high-voltage, low-current machines. 9.1 The armature of a 4-pole 230 V wave wound generator has 400 conductors and runs ‘at 400 rpm. Calculate the useful flux per pole, Solution ‘Number of poles P = 4; Number of conductors Z = 400 N= 400 rpm. As the machine is wave wound the number of parallel paths A = 2 ZN . E= EZ where dis fox per pole tga SOAE _ 60K2%230 9 45 wy “ "PZN 4x400x400 " seeeeee 9.2 A G-pole lap wound de generator has 250 armature conductors, a flux of 0.04 Wb er pole and runs at 1200 rpm. Find the generated emf. Solution Number of poles (P) = 6. As the machine is lap wound the number of parallel paths, A (= P) = 6 Also, number of armature conductors (Z) = 250 Flux per pole. @ = 0.04 Wo Speed, N = 1200 rpm. P@ZN 60.04 250 «1200 So, generated emf E= = = 200V OA 60x6 An 8-pole lap wound de generator has 1000 armature conductors, flux of 20 m Wb F pole and emf generated is 400 V, What is the speed of the machine? Solution Number of poles (P) = 8 , Number of parallel paths A = P = 8 Number of armature conductors (Z) = 1000; Flux per pole (¢) = 20 m Wb = 0.02 Wb Emf generated (E) = 400 v= TO2¥ mf generated (E) = 400 V = 8 GOA where N is the speed of the machine in rpm. 60 Ax 400 60 x8 x 400 POZ = 12( ls % 0.02 x 1000 1200 rpm . 9.4 A 4-pole generator with 400 armature conductors has a useful flux of 0.04 Wb per pole. What is the emf produced if the machine is wave wound and runs at 1200 rpm? What must be the speed at which the machine should be driven to generate the same emf if the machine is lap wound?606 Basic Electrical Engineering Figure 9.5 shows a 2-pole dc generator rotating in a clockwise direction where the brushes are placed in the geometrical neutral plane (GNP). The currents in the conductors under the influence of North Pole (i.e alone GNP) carry currents inwards while those under the influence of South Pole (i.e below GNP) carry currents outwards. The direction of the flux due to the armature conductors in the upper and lower half of armature is shown by dotted lines, The resultant flux lies along GNP which is shown by OA while OB represents the main field flux. The net flux is shown by OP. The magnetic neutral plane (MNP) coincides with GNP in the absence of armature flux. When armature flux is present, MNP shifts from GNP in the direction of rotation. To facilitate commutator action it is essential to place the brushes along MNP. Figure 9.6 shows brushes placed along MNP. Armature mmf OA can be split into two components OC and OD. The component OC is in opposition with the main field flux and called the demagnetising compo- nent and OD is called the cross-magnetising component. Thus, armature reaction distorts the main field flux by its cross-magnetising flux OD and.demagnetising flux OC. Fig.9.5 Two-pole de generator with Fig. 9.6 Two-pole de generator with brushes in GNP brushes at MNP 9.9.1 Method of Improving Armature Reaction (Compensating Winding) The demagnetising effect of armature reaction has a detrimental effect on the operation of de motors whenever there is a sudden change in load. This couses a sudden change in flux/pole resulting in induction of large static emf which can short-circuit the complete commutator (known as flashover). Armature reaction AT (Ampere-turns) in de machines can be compensated by placing a compensating wind- ‘Compensating winding ing in the pole faces with its axis along the 4 ya brush axis and excited by the armature cur- le rent in series connection (Fig. 9.7) so that it 2 $ causes cancellation of armature reaction AT Fig. 9.7 Compensating winding at all values of armature current. (dc Motor) 9.10 COMMUTATION Commutation is the process of producing a unidirectional or direct current from the alternating current generated in the armature coils.DC Machines 607 The currents generated in the armature conductors of a dc generator are alter nating. These currents flow in one direction when the armature conductors are under north pole and in the opposite direction when they are under south pole. As conductors move out of the influence of the north pole and enter south pole, the current in them is reversed. When a brush spans two commutator seg- ments, the winding element connected to those segements is short-circuited. Dur- ing the period of short circuit of an armature coil by a brush the current in the coil must be reversed and also brought up to its full value in the reversed direc- tion. The time of short-circuit is called the period of commutation. The inductive nature of the coil opposes the reversal of current from (+/) to (—I). If ris the time of short-circuit and L is the inductance of the coil, then the average induced voltage in the coil is QL dt a This induced voltage is called the reactance voltage. The sudden reversal of current as the brush leaves the segment may form an are causing sparking at the commutator and the brush. = -unl= 9.10.1 Methods of Improving Commutation The main cause of sparking at the commutator being the reactance voltage, it can be minimised by the following methods: (a) Use of High Resistance Carbon Brushes (use of high contact resistance carbon brushes increases the circuit resistance of coils undergoing commu- tation. Thus the reactance voltage is reduced.) (b) Use of Interpoles (To reduce sparking at the commutator, small auxiliary poles called interpoles are provided in the machine. These are narrow cross+ section poles with small cross-sectional area placed in-between the main poles. The interpoles are also called commudating poles (or compoles). The interpoles are wound with a small number of bigger cross-section conductor turns and are connected in series with the armature. Flux is produced in these poles only when current flows in the armature circuit. The flow of current in the interpole winding is such that the polarity of an interpole in a dc generator is the same as that of the next pole ahead, in the direction of rotation. In a de motor, the polarity of an interpole is opposite to that of the next main pole in the direction of rotation. 9.11 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATORS 9.11.1 OCC (Open Circuit Characteristics) of DC Shunt Generator Figure 9,8(a) shows a de shunt generator on an open circuit being run at speed n rpm by means of a primemover. The field excitation is varied by regulating the resistance placed in the field circuit. The open circuit characteristic (OCC) so obtained is shown in Fig. 9.8(b). The OCC at any other speed would be a scaled version of the original OCC at rated speed (as Voc = E, @,).608 Basic Electrical Engineering co D oo eee | Rheostat hunt ‘oto J (a) The terminal voltage V versus armature cur- rent [, characteristic is called the internal char- acteristic of ade shunt generator and is drawn in Fig. 9.9. The load characteristic of a de generator is called the external characteristic. It will only be slightly shifted from the inter- nal characteristic as I, = 1, — [y I; (field cur~ rent) is usually very small. 9.11.3 Characteristics of Other Generators Figure: 9.10 (a) shows a series generator with its external characteristic shown in Fig. 9.10(b). The external characteristic of a long shunt compound generator and its connection Air-gap line , f , Vo (E) volts = iamps,) (b) Fig. 9.8 Open circuit characteristic of a dc generator 9.11.2 Load Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator v tee LA Hso), Ig (rated) Fig. 9.9 Internal characterstic of de shunt generator [terminal voltage V = Induced voltage E ~ drop within the armature] diagram are drawn in Fig. 9.11(a) and 9.11(b). The characteristic is a combina- tion of the characteristics of shunt and series generators. Series winding turns can be so adjusted that the OC (open circuit) voltage equals the full load voltage. The generator is then known as level compound de generator. ~ (a) Fig. 9.10 External characteristic of a dc generator (series) V (volts) oO ee) ()614 9,13, A 400 V, 6-pole shunt motor has a two-circuit armature winding with 250 conduc- tors. The armature resistance is 0.3 @, field resistance 200 & and flux per pole is 0.04 Wb. Find the speed and the electromagnetic torque developed if the motor draws 10 A from the supply. Solution h i Given P=6,Z= 250,57, =0.39,A=2 toh and ru = 200 Q Yt Also, @ = 0.04 Wb, [,, = 10 A and V= 400 V a y= x =2A (from Fig. 9.19) Fig. 9.19 A 400 V, 6-pole I, =4,- ly = 10-2=8A oon Back emf Ey =V,~ yr, = 400 -8 x 0.3 = 397.6 V * POZN ie £, 2392.6 = 29 shore (W) is the speed in rpm 0A 60x 2397.6 = A 5 795 cpm 60.04 x 250 Electromagnetic power P, = Ey 1, = 397.6 x 8 = 3180.8 W. E, 1, Electromagnetic torque T, = = , where @ is the angular velocity 2. 79: But ara & nats = PE roays = 93.21 rads 60 60 397.68 * = ES Nm = 38.23 Nm. 321 seeeene 9.14 An 8-pole, 400 V shunt motor has 960 wave connected armature conductors. The full ‘load armature current is 40 A and the flux per pole is 0.02 Wb. The armature resistance is 0.1 9 and the contact drop is 1 V per brush, Calculate the full load speed of the motor. Solution Given P =8, V = 400 V, Z = 960, 7, = 40 A 6 = 0.02 Wb, r, = 0.1 Q and A = 2. Also total brush drop Back emf £,=V—1,¢,~ brush drop = 400 - 40 x 0.1 - . POZN . Again, Ey = oq + Where (7) isthe full load speed G0AE, _ 60x2x394 No aoe = DEEN pn = 308 rpm. POZ — 8x0.02 960 9.15 A 42 kW, 400 V de shunt motor has a rated armature current of 100 A at 1500 rpm. The resistance of armature is 0.2 Q. Find (i) the internal torque developed and (ii) the internal torque if the field current is reduced to 0.9 times of its original value. Solution Given, V = 400 V, £, = 100 A, N= 1500 rpm and 7, = 0.2 2 Back emf £,=V-1, ra = 400 — 100 x 0.2 = 400 - 20 = 380 V (i) Internal torque developed E, ly 2aN T.= —*, where @= —— rad/s = angular speed o 60616 Basic Electrical Engineering Hf N be the speed, we can write POZN E, = 474.72 = 60x 2x 474.72 n N= "= pm = 436 pm. 4x 0.0346 x 944 9.18, A dc series motor has an armature resistance of 0.03 © and series field resistance Of 0104 ©. The motor is connected to a 400 V supply. The line current is 20 A when the speed of the machine is 1000 rpm. Find the speed of the machine when the line current is 50 A and the excitation is increased by 20%. Solution Given, and When line current is 50 A (ie [,, = 1,, =50 A), we assume speed is N. If 9 be the flux when speed is 1000 rpm, the flux becomes (1.2 @) as this time excitation is increased by 20%. We know Ey = oN = 0.04 2, V= 400 V, 1, = I, =20A . Fa, 0M E, ” 126¥, However, By, = V— 14, (r+ rae) = 400 - 20(0.03 + 0.04) = 398.6 ¥ and E,,, = 400 = 5040.03 + 0.04) = 396.5 V M Fay 1000 396.5 n M= = 10005965 = 829 rpm. 2" TRB, 2% 398 "pm 9.15 SPEED EQUATION OF A DC MOTOR The emf equation of a de machine is given by N POZ We have, E= 60A 6A or nee PZ o E Therefore, N= —— Ko where K= FZ. GOA This equation shows that the speed of a de machine is directly proportional to the emf of rotation E and is inversely proportional to flux per pole @. Since the expression for emf of rotation applies equally to motors and generators, it gives the speed for both motors and generators. If the suffixes 1 and 2 denote the initial and final values, we can write AL N= Ko,618 Basic Electrical Engineering 3 2, or sihcot Speed [Fay ~~ "deal (N) t Practical pm —>Armature current (/,), Amp Fig. 9.20 Speed vs current characteristic of a dc shunt motor 9.17.2 Series Motor The motor speed N for a series motor is given by ee Vata (Ra + Ree) (-4) ¢ K¢ At low values of i,, the voltage drop [J, (R, + R,,)] is negligibly smali in com- parison with V N Nev ¢ Speed Since V is constant, (rom) 1 (wo Ne = In a series motor, the field flux @ is pro- duced by the armature current flowing in the field winding so that « J,. Hence the series motor is a variable flux machine. — Armature Current (/,), Amp Fig. 9.21 Speed vs current char- acteristic of a de series 1 Also, Ne 7 motor Thus, for the series motor, the speed is inversely proportional to the armature (load) current. The speed-load characteristic is a rectangular hyperbola as shown in Fig. 9.21. The speed equation shows that when the load decreases, the speed will be very large. Therefore at no load (or at light toads) there is a possibility of dangerously high speed, which may damage the series motor due to large centrifugal forces. Hence a series motor should never be run unloaded. It should always be coupled to a mechanical load either directly or through gearing. It should not be coupled by belt, which may slip at any time making the armature unloaded. With the increase in armature current (i.c the field current) the flux also increases and therefore the speed is reduced. 9.17.3 Compound Motor The speed-armature current characteristics are shown in Fig. 9.22. In differen- tially compound motor, because of weakening of field, speed increases with in- crease in armature current while in cummulatively compound, the speed drops because of increase of field flux with armature current.2210 , 50 400 = 1077 rpm 195 20 9,23, A400 V de shunt motor having an armature resistance of 0.3 Q and shunt field esistance of 200 9, draws a line current of 100 A at full load. The full load speed is 1500 rpm and the brush contact drop is 2 V. Find (i) the speed at half load (ii) the speed at 150% of full load. Solution Given V= 400 V; r, = 0.3 2: ry = 200.2 No = 1500 cpm iq = 100 A 400 Iy= Oe a2. 200 So 100-2= 98 A Ey = V ~ Ion fq — Brush drop = 400 — 98 x 0.3 - 2 = 368.6 V. » (@) At half load f= 2 AsS0A Soy, =50-2=48A Ey, = V~ lary 2 = 400 ~ 48 x 0.3 - 2 = 383.6 V E Ny SM 1 (+: g = constant) BM or Mae sas x 1500 = 1561 rpm. Gi) At 150% of full load 11, = 100x 1.5 = 150 A 150-2= 148A So 400 - 148 x 0.3 = 2 = 353.6V E,, 353.6 Therefore N, = —— X Nq = ——— x 1500 = 1439 rpm. O° Be, MO” 3686 ™ 9.19 SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTORS The speed of a de motor is given by the relationship V-i,R, Nee Ko624 Basic Electrical Engineering (b) Speed control is limited to give speeds below rated and increase of speed is not possible by this method. (c) For a given value of the external resistance the speed reduction is not constant but varies with the motor load. This method can only be used for small de motors. 9.19.2 Variation of Field Flux (¢) The flux in the de motor being produced by the field current, control of speed is possible by field current variation. In the ty shunt motor, field current control is acheived by connecting a variable resistor Re in series with the shunt field winding ° as shown in Fig. 9.29. The resistor Rc is Fig: 9.29 Speed control of de shunt called the shunt field regulator. motor by field flux control The connection of Re in the field reduces the field current which in turn reduces the flux g. The reduction in flux will result in an increase in the speed. This method of speed controt is used to give motor speeds above normal speed. ‘The variation of field current in a series motor is done by any one of the follow- ing methods: (a) A variable resistance Ry is con- + Fae nected in parallel with the series field winding as shown in Fig. 9.30. The parallel resistor is ty wv ls called the diverter. A portion of the main current is diverted through R,, thus the diverter re- duces the current flowing through Fig. 9.30 Speed control of de series motor by using diverter in the field winding. This reduces the the field circuit .flux and increases the speed. (b) The second method uses a tapped Pao field control as shown in Fig. 9.31. ro Here the ampere-turns are varied by {__4 Ra varying the number of field turns. This ty arrangement is used in electric traction. Figures 9.32(a) and (b) show the typical speed/torque curves for shunt and - series motors respectively, whose speeds Fig. 9.31 Speed control of dc series are controlled by the variation of the field motor by using tapped flux. field control The advantages of field control are that this method is easy and convenient and since the shunt field current J,, is very small, the power loss in the shunt field is also small.DC Machines 625 J Fig |g, oe - “e Poy (rpm) 4 in) Re Increasing Ac —> Torque (Nm) —> Torque (Nm) Fig. 9.32(a) Speed torque characteris- Fig. 9.32(b) Speed torque characteris tic of a shunt motor tic of a series motor 9,24 A shunt wound motor with an armature resistance of 0.2 Q is connected across a 400°V supply. The armature current is 40 A and the speed of the motor is 1000 rpm. Calculate the additional resistance which should be connected in series with the armature to reduce its speed to 700 rpm. Assume that the armature current remains the same. Solution Here 1, = 0.2.9, V= 400 V, 1, = 40 A and N, = 1000 rpm. Let the additional resistance connected in series with armature & and N3 = 700 rpm. Ey, = V = Ia fq = 400 - 40 X 0.2 = 392 V E yy = V— Ir, + R) = 400 — 40 (0.2 + RY Now for shunt motor E, = N (as ¢ is constant). Hence = M1000 N, 700 1 _7x392 or E,, = 2&, = =2M4V 2 10" 10 . 4 = 400 — 40(0.2 + R) or 8 + 40 R= 400 - 274.4 = 125.6 V or R=2.94Q 9.25 A series wound de motor runs at 500 rpm and is connected across 220 V supply. ‘The line current is 10 A and armature circuit resistance is 0.6 9. Find the resistance to be inserted in series to reduce the speed of the machine to 400 rpm assuming torque to vary as the square of the speed. Solution Given N, = 500 rpm, V = 220 V, yy = 10 A. (1,4 74) = 0.6 Q N, = 400 rp.m and T, 2 N Ey, =~ da (hg + Me) = 220-10 0.6 = 214 ¥ E,, = 1,,(0.6 + R) where & is the resistance to be inserted in series with the armature. Now, for series motor T, © 12, Hence or628 Basic Electrical Engineering rst, T,, Oe ham te 2648 80, a q, Pa ba tay det -3) 38 3 4 4 or {n, -4) =96 or n-$=n or 1h, = 73.33 A “ 1,, = 73.33 -133=72A Now, E,, = 400 - 48 x 0,3 = 385.6 V and Ey, = 400 - 72 x 0.3 = 378.4 V . LL * By, Nib) Nala, or 385.6 _ 1000x2 378.4 Ny x 1.33 . o Ny = 1476 rpm. cieeean 9331, A de shunt machine connected to a 400 V mains has an armature and field circuit resistance of 0.2 Q and 250 {2 respectively. Find the ratio of the speed when the machine ‘acts as a generator to the speed when the machine acts as a motor, if the line current in each case is 100 A. Solution Given V= 400 V, rq = 0.2 , ry = 250 0, f, = 100A Also, Iy= WW ei6a 250 ‘When the machine acts as a generator Aq, = 1004+ 1.6 = 101.6 A [2 faigeny = 4 + Yl E, = V+ 1,7, = 400 + 101.6 x 0.2 = 420.32 V Let the speed of the generator be MW, when the machine acts as a motor. 1,, = 100-1.6=984A [hy =h- i So, Ey=V- 1, 1, = 400 - 98.4 x 0.2 = 380.32 V Ei YN 1 OM LM (Aas tas is constant) Ey Ny Ma Ni BY, 420.32 21105. Nz ~ 38032 . A de shunt motor runs at 1000 rpm and takes an input of 700 W at 220 V under no load conditions. The shunt field current is 1A and armature resistance is 0.2 Q. Find the ‘speed. when the machine is used as a generator if the line current is same in both the cases.DC Machines 629 Solution Speed of motor N, = 1000 rpm Terminal voltage V=2200V Input power P=700W en 700 Hence input line current f, = 35 A= 3.18 A Armature resistance 71, = 0.22 Shunt field current Lela 2. Armature current y= 318-1 =2.18 A Back emf BE, = V— 1, r= 220 — 2.18 x 0.2 = 219.56 V When the machine acts as a generator Armature current 1,=3.18+1=4.18 A o Generated emf E, = V+ 1, 74 = 220 + 4.18 x 0.2 = 220.836 V If N, be the speed of the generator EM Ez, ” W, E, or N= <2, = 220836 «1000 = 1006 rpm. E, 219.56 teneune 933, A 220 V series motor has a total armature resistance of 0.3 Q. At speed 1500 rpm it’ draws a line current of 10 A. When a 3 Q resistor is connected in series with the armature circuit it draws a line current of 6 A. Find the speed of the machine when the 3 Q resistor is connected and the ratio of two mechanical outputs. Assume the flux at 6 A is 75% of that with 10 A. Solution Given V = 220 V, r, = 0.3 Q, Ny = 1500 rpm, 1,,= F,, = 10A,R=3.0 Back emf without 3 Q resistor (Ey, ) = 220 - 10 x 0.3 = 217 2 Back emf with 3 Q resistor (F,, ) = 220-6 x (3 + 0.3) = 200.2 V If @ be the (since /,, = 6 A) flux in the first case, then flux with resistance connected is 0.75 9 (given). So Fu NY tere Ny is the new speed) E,, N,x0.750 Ne NEw, _ 1500%200.2 _ 1s9s ” °" 0958, 075x217 The ratio of the two mechanical outputs = Boytey _217%1500_ 0.88. Ey I. 200.2 x 1845 suseee 9.20 LOSSES IN A DC MACHINE - There are three types of major losses in a de machine. (a) Copper Losses There are two types of copper losses. One is armature copper Toss and the other is field copper loss. Armature copper loss = I? rq, where I, is the armature current and r, is the armature resistance.630 Field copper loss = Shunt field copper loss + Series field copper loss. = Borg + [rye where Iy, and J, are the shunt and series field current, r,, and r,, are the shunt and series field resistance. Brush contact loss is due to resistance of the brush contact. It is included in armature copper losses, (b) Iron Losses (Core or Magnetic Losses) These losses occur in the ar- mature and field core. They are of two types—hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Hysteresis loss = K, Bf and Eddy current loss = Kp BAF where B,, = maximum flux density, f= frequency of magnetic reversal and K,, and K, are constants. (c) Mechanical Losses These losses consist of bearing frictional and wind- age loss. In a medium-size motor, armature copper losses are about 30% to 40% of the total full load losses and field copper losses are about 20% to 30% of total full load losses. Iron losses are about 20% and mechanical losses are about 5 to 10% of the total full load losses. For small motors mechanical losses are comparable with full load losses while for larger motors, mechanical losses may be neglected. Iron losses and mechanical losses are constant for a particular machine and they are together known as no load rotational losses. Besides the above three types of losses there is an additional loss known as stray load loss. All the losses which do not belong to any of the above categories may be included in this group. In most machines stray load loss is taken as 1% of the rated output of the machine and is usually neglected. Efficiency of de Machines Output _ Input — Losses Efficiency 9 tosses]. eo Input Input Input For a generator, n, = 1 - Teles" where Vis the terminal voltage and J, is the line current; V J, is the output power. tosses ; here VI, is the input power. 1 may also be L expressed in %, if multiplied by 100. Condition for Maximum Efficiency for a dc Generator _ Vip Viz ter, + Vy ly + W,, Now, V1, + W, = constant (= C) and as (I,) is negligible so 4, = /,. Here, V /, = output power 12, = armature copper loss Vy J; = shunt field copper loss W, = No load rotational loss. For a motor, 7,, = 1 - Ne* 632 Basic Electrical Engineering Brush contact drop = 1 V pee brush Stray losses are 1% of output. Find the efficiency at full load. Also find the input torque if the speed is 1000 rpm. Solution Given, Output = 100 W Terminal voltage = 220 V . 10010? Line current i= ——— 220 . 220 Field current Iy= == =1A *" 20 ‘Armature current Tq = Uy + Uy = 454.54 + 1 = 455.544 Field copper loss 13 ry, = 1? x 220 = 220 W Armature copper loss Er, = (455.54) x 0.1 = 20751.67 W Brush contact loss = | x 2 x 455.54 = 911.08 W Mechanical loss = 5000 W. Tron loss = 5000 W Stray losses = Q.01 x 100 x 10% = 1000 W Total loss = 220 + 20751.67 + 911.08 + 5000 + 5000 + 1000 = 32882.75 W = 32.88 kW Input power = Output + Loss = (100 + 32.88) KW = 132.88 kW Effici out 100. 100% = 75.25% icleney = FL % 100K = IE x 100% = 75. Speed = 1000 rpm 2: 1000 +: Angular velocity @= =—— rad/s = 104.72 rad/s Input 132.88 x 109 Input torque = POPE, EE Nm = 1269 Nm, @o 104.72 eeeeaee 6A 400 V shunt motor with armature and field resistance of 0.1 Q and 200 Q takes load current of 10 A at 1500 rpm. If full load current is 100 A find the speed and output torque at full load. Assume that the mechanical losses are same at no load and full load. Solution Given, V=400 V, ry = O11 & ry = 200.2 At no load “ 1, = ly =10-2=8A Armature copper loss = (8)? x 0.1 = 6.4 W [at no load) Backemf Ey, = V— [yf = 400-8 x 0.1 = 399.2 V Input power at no load = 400 x 10 = 4000 W (= total loss) . So, constant losses (i.e mechanical loss + core loss + shunt field copper loss) = 4000 - 6.4 = 3993.6 WDC Machines 635 * I= A= 2A Hence, 1,=3-2=1A Armature copper loss at no load (= 12%, ) = (1 x 0.2 = 0.2W. Input at no load = Vx f, = 220 x = 660 W. Thus, constant loss = 660 - 0. Back emf E, = V-[,7,=220-1%0.2=2198V At full load, 1,=30A So, 1, =30-2=28A Armature copper loss at full load is (28)? x 0:2 = 156.8 W Total loss at full load = 156.8 + 659.8 = 816.6 W Input power at full Joad = 220 x 30 = 6600 W. 1 output power at full load = (6600 ~ 816.6)W = 5783.4 W. Output ut Tnput Therefore, efficiency at full load = 4 x 100% = 87.63%. Back emf at full load (Ey, ,) = 220 - 28 x 0.2 = 214.4.V If N, and WN be the speed at no loud and full load respectively then fy, M2198 Ey Nz 2144 Change in speed from no load to full load is Ny - Nz 219.8- 214.4 = 1 x 100% = "x 100% = 2.46%. MN, 2198 seeeeee A 250 V, 200 kW de generator when at rest takes an armature current of 400 A with 8 V produced across its armature terminals. At no load condition and at rated speed the line and shunt field currents are respectively 36 A and 12 A. Find the gencrator efficiency at full load and half load. Solution When the generator is at rest, back emi E, = 0 O=V=1, te v or y= he -000, T, 400 At no load condition, 1, =36 A and I, = 12 A . 1,2 36-12 = 24 A Armature copper loss = J?7, = (24)? x 0.02 = 11.52 W [at no load] Input = 36 x 250 WwW. Constant losses = 36 x 250 11.52 (-> Constant losses = input — armature copper loss) = 8988.48 Q. At full load, Output power = 200,000 W - 200,000 Line current J, = A= 800 A. Armature current ({,) = 800 + 12 = 812 A.DC Machines 639 ‘When the motor is at rest the starter handle S is kept in the “OFF” position by a spring and motor is disconnected from the supply. When the motor is to be started the handle is moved to’stud I, The shunt field and the holding coil gets the supply and entire starting resistance is connected in series with the armature. The armature starts rotating and the handle is gradually moved through all the studs until it touches the holding magnet. The holding magnet is called the no volt release or low voltage release coil. In case of power failure the holding coil gets demagnetized and the handle is brought back to “OFF” position by a spring action. Again, if by any chance the shunt field winding gets open circuited the holding magnet gets demagnetized and starter handle returns to the “OFF” posi- tion. There is another coil called overload release coil which protects the motor against excessive load current, When armature current exceeds a particular value the overload release coil attracts the soft iron armature and as a result the no volt release coil gets short circuited. The starter is pulled back to the “OFF” position by the spring action as the holding coil gets demagnetized. The motor is thus automatically switched off. No volt release Overload telease coil potty maine Fig, 9.33 Three-point starter far a de shunt motor 9.22 REVERSAL OF ROTATION OF DC MOTOR The direction of rotation of a de motor can be reversed by reversing the connec- tions of either the field winding or the armature but not both. It is to be noted that in order to reverse the direction of rotation of a com- pound motor the reversal of the field connections involves both shunt and series windings. 9.23 DC MACHINE APPLICATIONS Applications of a dc machine are discussed as follows.DC Machines 641 9.48 A shunt motor has a rated armature current SOA when connected to 200'V. The rated speed is 1000 rpm and armature resistance is 0.1 9. Find the speed if total torque is reduced to 70% of that at rated load and a 392 resistance is inserted in series with the armature. Solution Given, AS So [,, = 0.7 Iyy (@ = constant for shunt motor) or 1,, 20.750 =35.A Ey, = V~ dq) rq = 200 ~ $0 0.1 = 195 V By, = V—Iolta +3) = 200 = 35(0.1 + 3) = 200 ~ 35 x 3.1 = 91.5 ¥ . M Since = — (As 9 = constant) Ny E, So Ny = ww, = 2S x 1000 = 469 epm. Ey 195 eeneeae 9.49 A de series motor drives a load whose torque varies as cube of the speed. The armature and series field resistance together is 2 Q. The line current is 10 A when connected to a 400 V supply and the speed is 1500 rpm. Find the resistance to be connected in series with the armature to reduce the speed to 1000 rpm. Solution T, 0 [2 (in series motor) Here, T, N°, So, 12 0 N Also, Tat Ie =22 Jp, = 10 A = (J,,), V= 400 V and N, = 1500 rpm When resistance R is connected in series with armature, let speed Nz = 1000 rpm and armature current is [49 It _ Ni (500) 2 1,3 3 (1000)? 3 (2) x (10)? or 1500. A 1,3 =S5448 By, = V~ Tay (ra + Tue + R) = 400 - 5.44 (2 +R) Now, By, = V~ I,, (ry + %) = 400 - 10% 2 = 380 V 1, Again 1" (for series motor) 1, ™ 1, N; 5.44. 1000 Here, By, = 22 x 380 = SPO 380 = 137.897 V Ty, 10 1500 ” 400 - 5.44(2 + R) = 137.897 or R= 46.18 Q. weeeene644 Basic-Electrical Engineering ~ Fey. 247.625 257.125 x 300 rpm = 289 rpm. 9.54, The electromagnetic torque developed in a motor is 150 Nm. If the field flux is decreased by 20% and armature current is inereased by 15% find the new electromagnetic torque developed. Solution Electromagnetic torque 7, °° flux x armature current. If g and J,, be the flux and armature current when the developed torque is 150 Nm then 150.=K @) [,, (where X is constant). If T,,, be the new electromagnetic torque then 1 2K X08 4X LIS Jy, = 150 x 0.8 x 1.15 = 138 Nm, 9.55, A 250 kW, 230 V Jong shunt compound generator supplies 75% of the rated load at rated voltage. The armature and series field resistance are 0,009 Q and 0.003 Q. Find the efficiency of the generator if the shunt field current is 13 A. When the machine is run as a motor at no load the armature current is 25A al rated voltage. Solution Here, P= 250 x 0.75 kW = 187.5 kW V= 230 V, 0.0092 and rg = 0.003. 2 P_ 187500 Jy, = 13 A and I, = — = ——— A= 815.22 A. ss ane y= 330 So, Jy= b+ fy = 828.22 A Armature copper loss (= 12r, ) = (828.22)? x 0.009 W = 6173.54 W. Field copper loss = shunt field copper loss + series field copper loss = (230 13 + (828.22)? x 0.003) W = 5047.8 W. When the machine runs at no load as a motor, 1,5 25A Tay = 13. A 1, = 134255384 Input power = /, x V = (38 x 230)W = 8740 W : Total copper losses = ((25)? x 0.009 + 230 x 13 + (25)? 0.003} W = 2997.5 W No load rotational loss = Input power ~ Copper losses = (8740 - 2997.5) W = 5742.5 W. For a generator, Total losses = (6173.54 + 5047.8 + 5742.5) W = 16963.84 W = 16.964 kW Efficiency = OUP, 99= CMP _ 100 ‘Output + Loss = — 1875 __ 100% = 91.7%. 187.5 +16.964 seeeeen 9.56, A 600 V de motor drives a 60 kW load 700 rpm. The shunt field resistance is 100 Q and armature resistance is 0.16 Q. If the motor efficiency is 85%, calculate the speed at no load and speed regulation, Solution Output = 60000 W, V = 600, N, = 700 rpm, r, = 100 2, ry = 0.16 2, 1 = 0.85. 'DC Machines 645 Output power 60000 = SEE C= Ww Input power = rie roy as 7 70588 Input power 795; . ‘= Terminal voliage 7 oe = LING As =X Wye Tn = in 100“ 6A =I, — Igy (for motor) = 117.65 — 6 = 111.65 A = V-4, r, = 600 - 111.65 x 0.16 = 582.136 V Also, E, At no load, E,, =V=600V It no load speed is N; then Eb, 600. N,=N,—2 =700x 1m = 721 rpm. are 52.136 s tation = =I 00% = 3% ‘peed regulation = 700 = 3%, suasase 9.57, A 200 V shunt motor has r, = 0.1 9, ry, = 240 0 and rotational loss is 236 W. On full load the line current is A with the motor running at 1450 rpm. Find (i) the mechanical power developed (ii) power output (iii) load torque and (iv) full load efficiency. Solution Here, V= 200 Vr, = 01 Q, ray = 240 2 ty = 9.8 A Np= 1450 rm Rotational loss = 236 W Vv * Ine = By TORIBA and 1, = Up ~ In) = 9.8 — 0.833 = 8.97 A Also, E, = V~I,r, = 200 - 897 x0.1 = 199 V (i) Mechanical power developed is E, I, = 199 x 8.97 = 1785 W = 1.785 kW. Gi) Power output = 1785.9 - 236 = 1549 W = 1.55 kW. a 1549 x 60 (iii) ——— =102 Nm. 2a x 1450 (iv) Full load efficiency = Output 1549 = a9) 2 20.1%. Input 200x9.8 9,58, A200 V shunt moior takes 10 A when running at no load. The brush drop is 2 V at fall load and negligible at no load. The stray load loss at line current of 100 A is 50% of the no load loss. Find the efficiency at a line current of 100 A if armature and field resistances are 0.2 2 and 100 © respectively. Solution V = 200 V, 1,9 = 10 A, Brush drop = 2V, Atnoload, y= hg d= 10-2=8A Again, (Input = Loss) = 200 x 10 = 2000 W (at no load) = No load rotational loss + Shunt field copper loss + Armature copper loss646 Basic Electrical Engineering s+ no load rotational loss = 2000 — 200 x 2 — 8? x 0,2 = 1587.2 W (+ Shunt field copper loss = V x fy, = (200 x 2) W; Armature copper loss at no load = 1? (no load) x r, = (8° x 00.2) W] When Stray load loss = 0.5 x 2000 = 1000 W Armature copper loss = (98) x 0.2 W = 1920.8 W Field copper loss = 200 x 2 W = 400 W Total losses = No load rotational loss + Total copper loss + stray load loss = 1587.2 + (1920.8 + 400) + 1000 = 4908 W. ” Input = 100 x 200 = 20,000 W Losses | _ 4908 Input ) ~ | 20,000 os Efficiency = (: _ 2 )- 0.7546 = 75.46%. 9,59, A 24 kW, 240 V, 100 A, 1500 pm de series motor has the following full load Josses expressed in percentage of motor input: Armature copper loss = 3% Field copper loss = 2.5% Rotational loss = 2% If the motor draws half the rated current at rated voltage determine the speed and shaft power output. Solution Input power = 24 x 10° = 24,000 W Rotational loss = 0,02 x 24,000 = 480 W Armature copper loss = 0.03 x 24,000 = 720 W Ficld copper loss = 0.025 x 24,000 = 600 W Total copper loss = (720 + 600) W = 1320 W = I2(r, + 74.) 1320 or (at te) = = = 0.132 an (1003? Ey, 2 VR 1g (ret 240 - 100(0.132) = 226.8 V. Now, he m™ =50A * E,, = 240 - 50 x 0.132 = 233.4. (i) If N’be the required speed EN -50xN (As J, = @ in series motor) B, @ %1500 1001500 Sir = In SeEies moKer) 1001500 933.4 N= ———x—— = 3087 . * 30” 2268 mm (ii) Power developed = &), 7, = 233.4 x 50 = 11670 W ~. Shaft power output = 11670 W — Rotational loss = 11670 - 480 = 11190 W = 11.19 kW. 9.60 A dc series motor runs at 1500 rpm and takes 100 A from 400 V supply. The combined resistance of the armature and field is 0.5 ©. If an additional resistance of 5 Q is inserted in series with the armature circuit, find the motor speed if the electromagnetic torque is proportional to the square of the speed.Solution Now, and N = 1500 rpm; I, = f, = 100 A; V= 400 V: (q+ hq) = 05.2 J, = KN (K being a consant) Ey, = V = lalta + te) = 400 ~ 100 x 0. Ey, = V = daly + Pre + 5) = 400 = 1315.5) If the speed is N when 5 Q resistor is connected, then we can write or, — 3 Ny 400-5.51,; 350 N = 600,000 - 5.5 x K x N x 1500. LA dc shunt motor runs at 750 rpm from 250 V supply and takes a full load line nt of 60 A. Its armature and field resistances are 0.4 Q and 125 © respectively. Assuming 2 V brush drop calculate no load speed for a no load line current of 6 A and the resistance to be added series with the armature circuit to reduce the full load speed to 600 1pm. Solution Given, = 750 rpm; V = 250 V; Jy = 60.A 0.4.0, ry = 125 2 v =58 A [tm -( -t Tn Egg = 250 ~ $8 x 0.4 -2.= 224.8 V [1 Ey) = V Vv vlan | Ta 250 lag = 6 — PO | oo hear Ejgt = 250 ~ 4X 0.4 —2= 246.4. Vo [0 Egy = V— Logg X Py — brush drop] [Suffix n! stands for no load parameters while suffix f! stands for full load parameters} If N be the no load speed then we have E, N=Nyx =750x Eun If R be the resistance connected in series with the armature circuit then we can write, or or or Ey, = [250 - ,(0.4 + R) - 2] and N* E, = [248 - 60(0.4 + R)] = 224 - 60 R. 224-60R 600 224 - 60 R = 179.85DC Machines 649 Total losses = (2881.2 + 480 + 2251.3)W = 5612.5 W 5612.5 %e = 30.52%. 18387.5, * 100 30.52 eeeeeee * % loss = 2,84, A 220 V shunt motor takes 10.25 A on full load. The armature: resistance is 0.8 Q and the field resistance is 880 Q. The losses due to friction, windage and the iron amount to 150 W. Find the output power and the efficiency of the motor on full load. Solution Motor input on full load = 220 x 10.25 = 2255 W 0.25 A Field current = —— 880 Armature current = 10.25 A - 0.25 A =10 A Armature copper loss = (10)? x 0.8 = 80 W Field copper loss = (0.25)? x 880 = 55 W Total loss = total copper loss + friction, windage and iron loss = (80 + 55 + 150) = 285 W Output power = Input - Loss = 2255 - 285 = 1970 W Output 1970 Efficiency = x 100% = = x 100% = 87.36%. Input 2255 6A 220 V shunt generator is rated to have a full load current of 200 A. The armature field resistances are 0.06 & and 55 Q respectively, The rotational losses are 3 kW. Find the input power of the generator and the load current for maximum efficiency. Solution Field current fy = 2 = 2% =44 im 55 Armature cursent y= Jy, + Igy = 200 +4 = 204 A Armature copper Joss (J? x 7,) = (204)? x 0.06 = 2496.96 W Field copper loss = 12, rg, = (4)? x 55 = 880 W Rotational loss = 3000 W Constant loss = Field copper loss + Rotational losses = 880 + 3000 = 3880 W Variable losses (= Armature copper loss) = 2496,96 W Input power of generator = output power + total losses 20 x 200 + 3880 + 2496.96 0.377 kW [-s Total losses = Constant loss + Variable loss] Condition for maximum efficiency is given by Variable loss = Constant loss If J, be the armature current for maximum efficiency then 12 x 0,06 = 3880 [+ Variable loss is (12 x 0.06) W and or 1,5 254.3 A constant loss is 3880 W] Hence load current for maximum efficiency is (254.3 — 4) or 250.3 A. ween 9.66 A de shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.9 Q and takes an armature current OF IBA from 230 V de mains. Calculate the power output and overall efficiency of the motor if the rotational losses are measured to be 112 W and the shunt field resistance is, 300 9.650 Basic Etectrical Engineering Solution Armature current = 18 A Field current = 222 = 0.767 A 300 Line current = 18.767 A Armature copper loss = (18)? x 0.9 = 291.6 W Field copper loss = (0.767) x 300 = 176.48 W Total losses = 291.6 + 176.48 + 112 = 580.08 W Output power = Input power ~ Loss = 18.767 x 230 — 580.08 = 3736.33 W = 3.74 kW. Output 100% = 373633 18.767 230 Overall efficiency = % 100% = 86.56%. 9.67 A 4 kW, 105 V, 1200 rpm shunt motor when running light at normal speed takes ‘an ‘armature current of 3 A at 102 V, nominal voltage being applied to the field winding. The field and armature resistance are 95 © and 0.1 2 respectively. Calculate the output power and efficiency of the motor when operating at 105 V and taking a line current of 40 A. Allow 2 V drop at the brushes. Solution Given, line current Jy is 40 A Field current fy, = 2 A=LIA ©. Armature current J, = 40-1.1=38.9A [+ l,=1,- lel Back emf on load E, = ¥ - /, r, - Brush drop = 105 - 38.9 x 0.1-2=99.11 V Hence, power developed by the armature = E,/, = 99.11 x 38.9 = 3855.4 W At light load, Input to armature (= Total Loss) = 102 x 3 = 306 W Armature copper loss + field copper loss + brush loss + no load rotational losses 06 W field toss — <. No Load rotational losses = 306 — (3)? x0.1 - 105x1.1- 3x2 = 183.6 W noload beushloss amaite ss 105 x 40 — 183.6 - 38.9 x 2-105 x 1.1 - 38.9) x 0.1 = 3672 W. input power — total losses in the machine. rotational losses + brush loss + field loss + armature loss = 183.6 + 38.9 x 2 + 105 x 1.1 + (38.9) x 0.1] ‘Output ” Efficiency = =—x 100= rT X 100% = 87.42%, x it 1 aeeunee At full load, output power (Here, 9,68, Calculate the no load current taken by a 100 kW, 460 V shunt motor assuming the armature and field resistances to remain constant and equal to 0,03 9 and 46 Q respec- tively. The efficiency at full load is 88%. Solution Field current = Bas 109A At light load, Input (= losses) = 1/2, + constant losses or 460, + 10) = 12 x 0,03 + constant losses @DC Machines 653 Let the output power be Py. If the load is increased by 30% the output power P, = 1.3 P, and let the back emf and speed be E,, and Nz respectively We have, £,, 1,, = 138, [,, = 1.3% 211 x 60 = 16458 W Now Ey, = 220 = Iyy x 0.15 = 220 - 0.15 x O58 bs or Ef, =2208,, - 2468.7 or Ey) - 220, + 2468.7 =0 20+ 196 or B, = Zoeie > 2 or E, = 208.14 V. Speed = ee x 1200 = 1184 rpm. A ventilating fan is driven by a 220 V, 10 kW series motor and runs at 800 rpm at joad. The total resistance of the armature circuit is 0.6 Q. Calculate the speed and percentage change in torque if the current taken by the motor is reduced by 50% of the full load value. The efficiency of the motor is 82%. Assume the flux to be proportional to the field current. Solution Output = 10,000 W . Input = 12 (.- effici Ww. 7 Input = o> C+ efficiency = 0.82) = 12195.12 W. Input_ _ 12195.12 AtfullToad current i= og = agg = TSA and speed N, = 800 rpm. Let the flux be ¢; at this speed and Load current, Back emf (£,,) = 220 - 55.4 x 06 = 186.76 V [vB = V—hrd When Current fy = 50% of fy ie fy =27.7 A, E,, = 220 ~ 27.7 x 0.6 = 203,35 V. Let the flux be 4, at this input current. SM Fo, If Ny be the new speed then, aM Ey, So, N, (Ce @ 02 Jin the series motor) or = Tgg.ng 2% 800 = 1742 pm. If 7, and 7, be the torque ‘at full load and 50% of the full load then tofh (2) a4 th L 1 h- Hence percentage change in torque (A 7%) is — x 100 hi or ar- —4 x 1008 = 2 x 100% = 758.654 Basic Electrical Engineering 9, ‘An engine room ventilator fan series motor has a total resistance of 0.5 @ and runs from a 110 V supply at 1000 rpm when current is 28 A. What resistance in series with the motor will reduce the speed to 750 rpm.? The load torque is proportional to the square of the speed and the field strength can be assumed to be proportional to the current. Solution ‘When current /; = 28 A, speed N; = 1000 rpm. Given, torque T, 2 Nj. If 4, be the flux then 4, = J, Now for series motor T= J? Ni HP or Noh, E,, = 110-28 x 0.5 = 96 V Let R be the resistance to be added to reduce speed to 750 rpm, i.e. N = 750 rpm and let flux be ¢. : B,, = 110 - LR +05), whore J is the current at speed 750 rpm Also, Ny 2 In E WN; h pm a, = BO xa 21 A. , OM Also, E,, = 110 - 21(R + 0.5) 2 Fy Ma Mh Be MAS 2 Nike _ 150x21 2 = Ney," “To00%28 * From Eq. (i) we have 110 = 21k - 10.5 = or R= 2172. 1 750. 2b y i000 “28 * @ 9,74 A 230 V, 10 kW shunt motor with a stated full load efficiency of 85% runs at a Speed of 1000 rpm. At what speed should the motor be driven if it is used as a generator to supply an cmergency lighting load at 230 V? The armature resistance is 0.2 §2 and the field resistance is 115 Q. Find the kW rating of the machine under this condition. Assume that the line current is same in both the cases. Solution Output = 10 KW = 10,000 W 10000 I = —— = 11764.7 W Input = “O35 164.7 Shunt field current = = A=2A ([,). Full load line current = ea ay AS SLIS A Gy. ‘When the machine runs as a motor Armature current ((lpjm)) = djs - fy)] = 51-15 -2 = 49.15 A Back emf [(Ejg)) = V — Lym * tal = 230 - 49.15 x 0.2 = 220.17 VDC Machines 655 When used as a generator, Armature current [y¢q) = Ips + dg) = 51-15 + 2 = 53.15 A Generated emf [Eq = V+ Iqyg) X Fa] = 230 + 53.15 x 0.2 = 240.63 V. If, be the speed of the generator then Ne & 1, = 1000 x 24:63 — 1993 rpm |: = 2 220.17 Nn Exam . , 230%51.15 Rating of the machine (V% Jy x 10°) = 7 kW = 11.76 kW. 9,75, A series de motor is run on a 220 V circuit with a regulating resistance of XQ for speed adjustment. The armature and field coils have a total resistance of 0.3. On a certain load with R being zero, the current is 20 A and the speed is 1200 rpm. With another load and R set at 3 Q the current is 15 A. Find the new speed and also the ratio of the two values of the power output of the motor. Assume the field strength at 15 A to be 80% of that at 20 A. Solution With R=09 Line current A, M, = 1200 rpm Back emf 120 - 20 x 0.3 = 214 V. With Q al5A, Hence, Back emf E,, = 220-15 «3.3=1705V . 170.5 _ The new speed N; = 1200 > T= 1195 rpm “Power output torque x speed i.e. Power output 6 9 IN Ratio of power outputs = ($/,N/0.80/,N2) 20 1200 15x1195K08 — of, ratio of the two values of output is = 1.67, Meseeeseeses EXERCISES «seterssseemt 1, Draw a neat sketch of a de machine showing the different parts. State the function of each part. 2. Derive the emf equation of a dc generator. 3. What are the different types of de generators according to the ways in which fields are excited. Show the connection diagram of each type. 4. Distinguish between @) self-excited and separately excited de machines (ii) lap connected and wave connected de machines (ii) cumulatively wound and differentially wound de machines. (iv) long shunt and short shunt de machines. 5. What is armature reaction. Describe the effects of armature reaction on the operation of de machines. How is the armature reaction minimised? 6, What is commutation in a de machine? Describe the various methods of improving commutation.28. 29, 30, 31. 32. 33. Basic Electrical Engineering 1800 x 4 tint 4 * 1864 7pm. (i) 4, = 1.25 x 40 = 50 A and F, = 50-2=48 A E,, = 120-48 x 0.2 = 110.4 V 110.4 = 1768 : 124 ™ ] A 4-pole 240 V dc shunt motor has armature and shunt field resistance of 0,24 Q and 240 Q respectively. It takes 20 A from a 240 V de supply while running at a speed of 1000 rpm. Find the (i) field current, (ii) armature current, (iii) back emf and (iv) torque developed in Nm. [Ans. 1 A; 19 A; 235.44 V; 42.74 Nm) : ay ee 240 [sin @ Fietd current, y= 375A = 1A Eb, Speed N, = N,—— Es, Ny = 1800 x — 24 (ii) Armature current, J, = 20-1=19A ii) Back emf, E, = 240 - 19 x 0.24 = 235.44 V Fylg _ 23544x19 —— Nm = 42.74 Na | (iv) Torque T = 2nx 1000 A 220 V separately excited de machine has an an armature resistance of 0.4 22. If the load current is 20 A, find the induced emf when the machine operates (i) as a generator (ii) as a motor. [Ans. 228 V; 212 V] (Hint: (i) E= 220+ 20x04 = 228 V (i) E= 220 ~ 20 x 04 = 212 VI] The armature resistance of a 220 V dc shunt motor is 0.4 Q and it takes a no load armature current of 2 A and runs at 1350 rpm. Find its speed when taking on armature current of 50 A if armature reaction weakens the flux by 2%. [Ans. 1257 rpm] The input to a 220 V, de shunt motor is 11 kW. Calculate (i) the torque developed and (ii) the speed at this load when the particulars of the motor are given as: No load current = 5 A No load speed = 1150 rpm Armature resistance = 0.5 Shunt field resistance = 110 Q [Ans. 87.1 Nm, 1031 rpm) The full load current in the armature of a shunt motor is 100 A, the line voltage being 400 V, the resistance of the armature circuit is 0.2 Q, and the speed 600 rpm. What will be the speed if the total torque on the motor is reduced to 60% of the full load value and a resistance of 2 Q is included in the armature circuit, the field strength remaining unaltered? [Ans. 423 rpm] A de shunt motor runs at 1500 rpm and takes an input of 880 W at 220 V under normal conditions. The shunt field current is 2 A and armature resis- tance is 0.1 Q. Find the efficiency when the machine is used as a generator supplying 60 A at 220 V. [Ans. 91.26%]34, 35. DC Machines 659 A45 kW, 225 V dc shunt generator runs at 500 r.p.m at full load. The field and armature resistance are 45 Q and 0.03 © respectively. Calculate the speed of the machine when running as a shunt motor and taking 45 kW input at 225 V, Assume brush contact drop of 1 V per brush. [Ans. 465.69 rpm] Find no load and full load speeds of a 220 V, 4 pole shunt motor having following data: Flux 0.04 m Wb, armature resistance 0.04 Q, 160 armature conductors, wave connection, full load line current 95 A, no load line current 9 A, field resistance 44 9. [Ans. 1030.5 rpm, 1014.4 rpm]