Neet Biology PDF

Useful for all Medical Entrance Examinations held across India.
STD. XII Sci.
Triumph Biology
Based on Maharashtra Board Syllabus
Fifth Edition: May 2015
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TEID : 914
Preface
Std. XII: Sci. Triumph Biology is a complete and thorough guide to prepare students for a competitive
level examination. The book will not only assist students with MCQs of Std. XII, but will also help them to prepare
for AIIMS, AIPMT, CET and various other competitive examinations.
Quick review in the form of charts are provided at the beginning of every chapter. Topic wise classification
of the MCQs has been done to help the students understand each concept thoroughly.
MCQs in each chapter are divided into three sections:
Classical Thinking : consists of straight forward questions including knowledge based questions.
Critical Thinking : consists of questions that require some understanding of the concept.
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CPMT, etc.
Hints have been provided to the MCQs which are broken down to the simplest form possible.
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Yours faithfully
Authors
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Topic Name
Genetic
Basis
of
Inheritance
Gene:
Its
Nature,
Expression and Regulation
Biotechnology:
Process
and Application
Enhancement in Food
Production
Microbes
in
Human
Welfare
Page
No.
Sr.
No.
11
Chromosomal Basis of
Inheritance
239
12
Genetic engineering and

Genomics
265
13
Human health and

Diseases
277
14
Animal Husbandry
300
15
Circulation
312
29
61
78
92
Topic Name
Page
No.
Photosynthesis
105
Respiration
133
16
Excretion and
Osmoregulation
337
Reproduction in Plants
162
Control and Coordination
362
Organisms
Environment I
17
191
18
Human Reproduction
410
10
Origin and Evolution of

Life
212
19
Organisms and
Environment II
452
and
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance
01 GeneticBasisofInheritance
Syllabus
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Mendelian inheritance
1.2
Deviations from Mendelian ratios
Gregor Johann Mendel (1822 1884)
Gregor Mendel was the first to give the hypothesis of

existence of a factor (Mendelian factor; gene) which
shows continuity and variation. He conducted
several hybridization experiments on Garden pea
plant (Pisum sativum). His work of experiments and
their results were published in the Natural History
Society of Bruno in 1866.
Std. XII : Triumph Biology
Quick Review
7 Pairs of contrasting characters studied by Mendel in pea plant:

No.
Character
Contrasting form / traits

Dominant
Recessive
i.
Height of stem
Tall (TT)
Dwarf (tt)
ii.
Colour of flower
Coloured (CC)
White (cc)
iii.
Position of flower
Axial (AA)
Terminal (aa)
iv.
Pod shape
Inflated (II)
Constricted (ii)
v.
Pod colour
Green (GG)
Yellow (gg)
vi.
Seed shape
Round (RR)
Wrinkled (rr)
vii.
Seed colour (cotyledon)
Yellow (YY)
Green (yy)
Result of monohybrid cross experiments:

No.
Cross
F1
F2
Ratio
i.
Tall dwarf
Tall
787 Tall, 277 dwarf
2.84:1
ii.
Yellow green seeds
Yellow seed
6022 Yellow, 2001 green
3.01:1
iii.
Round wrinkled seeds
Round seed
5474 Round, 1850 wrinkled
2.96:1
iv.
Green yellow pods
Green pods
428 Green, 152 yellow
2.82:1
v.
Inflated constricted pods
Inflated pods
882 Inflated, 299 constricted
2.95:1
vi.
Axial terminal flower
Axial flower
651 Axile, 207 terminal
3.14:1
vii.
Violet white flower
Violet flower
705 Violet, 224 white
3.15:1
Grey seed coat
705 Grey, 224 white
3.15:1
viii. Grey white seed coat

*
Monohybrid Phenotypic ratio = 3 : 1

Monohybrid Genotypic ratio = 1 : 2 : 1
Dihybrid Phenotypic ratio = 9 : 3: 3 : 1

Dihybrid Genotypic ratio = 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
Back cross : F1 hybrid parent (Dominant /Recessive)
*
2
Test cross : F1hybrid parent (Recessive)
Mendels 1st Law : Law of dominance

Mendels 2nd Law : Law of segregation
Mendels 3rd Law : Law of independent assortment
Blood group and its inheritance:

Father
Mother
Children
Phenotype
Genotype
Phenotype
Genotype
Phenotype
I A IA
I A IA
A, O
IA IO
B
IB IB
IA IO
IB IB
IB IO
A
I A IA
IB IO
IB IB
A O
I I
A, B, AB, O
B O
I I
A A
B, O
I I
O
I O IO
A, O
I O IO
B, O
I A IA
A, AB, B
A O
I I
B
IB IB
B O
I I
AB
I A IB
IA IO
AB
I A IB
IB IB
B, AB, A
IB IO
O
I O IO
I O IO
Deviation from Mendelian ratios
Incomplete
dominance
Co-dominance
eg.
Colour of
flowers
in four oclock
plant
(Mirabilis jalapa)
eg.
Coat colour
in cattle
Multiple
alleles
eg.
ABO blood
groups in
human beings
Pleiotropy
eg.
Sickle cell
anaemia
Polygenic
(Quantitative
Inheritance)
eg.
Skin colour in
human beings

Classical Thinking
1.0
The phenomenon of like begets like is due to

(A) genetics
(B) heredity
(C) germplasm
(D) variation
2.
Transmission of characters from one

generation to the next or from parents to
offsprings is called
(A) heredity
(B) variation
(C) recombination
(D) mutation
Variation is
(A) differences between parents and
offsprings.
(B) differences between individuals of same
species.
(C) differences among the offsprings of the
same parents.
(D) all of the above.
4.
The term genetics was coined by

(A) Morgan
(B) William Bateson
(C) Johannsen
(D) Karl Correns
5.
The greek word which means to grow into is

(A) genetics
(B) genesis
(C) inheritance
(D) factor
6.
The first scientific explanation regarding

inheritance was given by
(A) William Bateson
(B) Gregor Johann Mendel
(C) Griffith
(D) Johannsen
7.
Who is known as Father of Genetics?

(A) Theophrastus
(B) Stephen Hales
(C) Mendel
(D) Aristotle
1.1
8.
9.
Organisms produced by asexual reproduction

are called
(A) clones
(B) offsprings
(C) factors
(D) both (A) and (B)
Organisms produced by sexual reproduction
are called
(A) offsprings
(B) clones
(C) characters
(D) genes
4
10.
Offsprings are
(A) exactly identical to either of their
parents.
(B) not exactly identical to either of their
parents.
(C) show intermediate characters inherited
from both the parents.
(D) both (B) and (C)
11.
The term factor for gene was coined by

(A) William Bateson
(B) Johann Mendel
(C) Johannsen
(D) F. Griffith
12.
Gregor Mendel was born in

(A) U.K
(B)
(C) Russia
(D)
Austria
Czechoslovakia
Mendel was a
(A) physiologist
(C) cytologist
mathematician
taxonomist
Introduction
1.
3.
13.
(B)
(D)
14.
The first scientific study leading to the

formulation of laws of inheritance was carried
out by
(A) Darwin
(B) Hugo De Vries
(C) Lemarck
(D) Mendel
15.
Under which title was Mendels work

published in Natural History Society of
Brunn?
(A) Mendels Laws of Inheritance
(B) Experiments in Plant Hybridization
(C) Experiment on Heredity and Variation
(D) Origin of Species
16.
Mendels laws were first published in the year

(A) 1875
(B) 1890
(C) 1928
(D) 1866
17.
The year 1900 A.D. is highly significant for

geneticists due to
(A) chromosome theory of heredity
(B) discovery of genes
(C) rediscovery of Mendelism
(D) principle of linkage
18.
The Mendelian principles of inheritance were

rediscovered by
(A) Sutton and Boveri
(B) Hugo de Vries, Tschermark and Correns
(C) Lederberg and Tatum
(D) Morgan

19.
Mendels work was rediscovered by three

biologists from which of the following
countries?
(A) Holland, France and England
(B) Holland, England and Austria
(C) Germany, France and England
(D) Austria, Holland and Germany
20.
Mendel selected pea plant because of

(A) its short life span.
(B) it produced many seeds and large
flowers.
(C) many contrasting characters.
(D) all of these
21.
The botanical name of garden pea is

(A) Pisum sativum
(B) Lathyrus odoratus
(C) Mangifera indica
(D) Solanum tuberosum
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Which of the following is a dominant

character in pea?
(A) Wrinkled seeds
(B) Inflated pod
(C) Terminal flower
(D) Dwarf plant
Which of the following character was not
considered by Mendel?
(A) Seed coat colour
(B) Wrinkled or round leaves
(C) Tallness or dwarfness
(D) Position of flower
An inherited character and its detectable
variant is called
(A) allele
(B) trait
(C) gene
Which one of the following best describes a
gene?
(A) A triplet of nucleotide bases.
(B) A specific length of DNA responsible
for the inheritance and expression of the
character.
(C) A specific length of single stranded
RNA.
(D) Both (B) and (C)
Mendels factors are in fact
(A) units
(B) chromosomes
(C) genes
(D) none of these

27.
Who coined the term gene for factor?

(A) Mendel
(B) Morgan
(C) Johannsen
(D) Punnett
28.
Alleles or allelomorphs occupy

(A) same
position
on
homologous
chromosomes.
(B) same
position
on
heterozygous
chromosomes.
(C) different position on homologous
chromosomes.
(D) different position on heterozygous
chromosomes.
29.
Who proposed the term Allelomorph?

(A) Hugo De Vries (B) Morgan
(C) Tschermak
(D) Bateson
30.
Dominant allele means

(A) an allele whose effect is masked by
another allele.
(B) an allele that prevents the expression of
the other allele.
(C) an allele without any effect.
(D) an allele which cannot express in
presence of other.
31.
The external appearance of an individual for

any trait is called as
(A) phenotype
(B) karyotype
(C) morphology
(D) physique
32.
Genotype is
(A) genetic constitution of an organism.
(B) genetic constitution of somatic cells.
(C) genetic constitution of plastids.
(D) genetic constitution of germ cells.
33.
Homozygous individuals
(A) breed true to the trait.
(B) does not breed true to the trait.
(C) produce only one type of gamete.
(D) both (A) and (C)
34.
Which of the following term indicates a pair

of dissimilar alleles?
(A) Homozygous
(B) Heterozygous
(C) Homologous
(D) All of these
35.
A cross between two pure individuals,

differing in atleast one set of characters, is
called
(A) monohybrid
(B) polyploid
(C) mutant
(D) variant
5
36.
F1 generation means
(A) first flowering generation
(B) first fertile generation
(C) first filial generation
(D) first seed generation
44.
Emasculation means
(A) removal of stamens before anthesis.
(B) removal of stigma before anthesis.
(C) removal of petals before anthesis.
(D) removal of sepals before anthesis.
37.
Filial means
(A) offsprings
produced
in
sexual
reproduction.
(B) offsprings
produced
in
asexual
reproduction.
(C) offsprings produced in vegetative
reproduction.
45.
In pea flower, how many stamens are free and

how many are fused?
(A) 1, 9
(B) 2, 8
(C) 5, 5
(D) 4, 6
46.
F3 generation was obtained by

(A) selfing F1 hybrids
(B) selfing F2 hybrids
(C) crossing F1 with either parent
(D) none of these
47.
What result did Mendel obtained after

monohybrid cross between tall and dwarf pea
plant?
(A) All new plants were dwarf.
(B) All new plants were tall.
(C) 50% plants were dwarf and 50% plants
were tall.
(D) 75% plants were tall and 25% plants
were dwarf.
48.
When Mendel allowed natural selfing of F1

hybrids during monohybrid cross between
pure tall and pure dwarf pea plant, he found
(A) all plants were tall.
(B) all plants were dwarf.
(C) dwarfness reappeared in some plants.
(D) tallness reappeared in some plants.
49.
During monohybrid cross experiments,

Mendel performed reciprocal cross by
selecting
(A) tall plant as male and dwarf plant as
female.
(B) tall plant as female and dwarf plant as
male.
(C) both male and female plant as tall.
(D) both male and female plant as dwarf.
50.
After performing reciprocal cross between tall

and dwarf plants, the ratio of tall and dwarf
plants obtained was
(A) 1:2
(B) 3:1
(C) 1:3
(D) 2:1
51.
Mendel grouped all contrasting characteristics

in _______ pairs.
(A) 15
(B) 14
(C) 7
(D) 6
38.
F2 generation is produced by
(A) crossing F1 progeny with one of the
parents.
(B) selfing the heterozygous progeny.
(C) selfing the parents.
(D) a cross between recessive parents.
39.
In genetics, the use of checkerboard was done

by
(A) Mendel
(B) Correns
(C) Punnet
(D) Darwin
40.
Mendel, in his experiments

(A) maintained qualitative records.
(B) maintained quantitative records.
(C) conducted ample crosses and reciprocal
crosses.
(D) all of the above
41.
To eliminate chance factor, Mendel performed

(A) monohybrid cross
(B) dihybrid cross
(C) reciprocal cross
(D) trihybrid cross
42.
43.
Mendel always started his experiment

(Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross) with
(A) any pea plant
(B) a heterozygous plant
(C) a pure line plant
(D) a fresh new plant
Mendel carried out artificial cross by
(A) emasculation of selected female parent
plant
(B) emasculation of selected male parent
plant
(C) dusting of pollen grains from selected
male plant over selected female plant
(D) both (A) and (C)
6
52.
The conclusion drawn by Mendel based on

monohybrid cross was
(A) each factor exist in two contrasting or
alternative forms.
(B) one of the forms is dominant and other
is recessive.
(C) inheritance of each character is
controlled by a pair of factors.
59.
The monohybrid ratio is defined as

(A) phenotypic ratio obtained in F2
generation of monohybrid cross.
(B) phenotypic ratio obtained in F1
generation of monohybrid cross.
(C) genotypic ratio obtained in F2 generation
of monohybrid cross.
(D) genotypic ratio obtained in F1 generation
of monohybrid cross.
53.
From the reappearance of recessive trait in F2

generation, Mendel concluded that
(A) factors do not mix with each other in F1
generation.
(B) factors remain together in F1 generation.
(C) factor mix with each other in F1
generation.
60.
Which of the following is phenotypic ratio of

Mendels monohybrid cross ?
(A) 1:2:1
(B) 3:1
(C) 1:1:2
(D) 1:3
61.
The law of dominance is illustrated in the

garden pea by
(A) heterozygous tall heterozygous tall
(B) homozygous tall homozygous tall
(C) pure short pure dwarf
(D) homozygous tall pure dwarf
62.
Which of the following Mendels laws has not

been proved to be true in all cases?
(A) Law of segregation
(B) Mendels second law of inheritance
(C) Law of dominance
(D) Law of purity of gametes
63.
The second law of inheritance proposed by

Mendel deals with
(A) dominance
(B) independent assortment
(C) segregation
(D) epistasis
64.
Reappearance of recessive trait

generation is due to
(A) Law of independent assortment
(B) Law of dominance
(C) Law of codominance
(D) Law of purity of gametes
65.
Which of the Mendels laws will always prove

to be universally true in all cases?
(A) All three laws
(B) Only the 2nd law
(C) 2nd and 3rd laws
(D) 1st and 2nd laws
66.
Mendel formulated the law of dominance and

law of purity of gametes on the basis of
(A) test cross
(B) back cross
(C) monohybrid cross
(D) dihybrid cross
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
During gamete formation,

(A) diploid gametes are formed.
(B) each gamete receives only one factor.
(C) factors do not segregate.
(D) all offsprings show recessive characters.
The crossing of a homozygous tall pea plant
and homozygous dwarf pea plant would yield
plants in the ratio of
(A) 2 tall : 2 dwarf.
(B) all homozygous dwarf.
(C) all heterozygous tall.
(D) one homozygous tall : one homozygous
dwarf : two heterozygous tall.
Mendel crossed a pure white flowered pea
plant with pure red flowered plant. The first
generation of hybrids from the cross should
show
(A) 75% red flowered and 25% white
flowered plants.
(B) 50% white flowered and 50% red
flowered plants.
(C) all red flowered plants.
(D) all white flowered plants.
In monohybrid cross between pure tall and
pure dwarf pea plant, how many types of
genotypes are found in F2 generation ?
(A) 4
(B) 3
(C) 8
(D) 9
Out of the four progenies obtained in F2
generation by crossing pure tall and pure
dwarf, how many of them will receive only
recessive trait from both parents?
(A) all four
(B) one
(C) two
(D) three
in
F2

67.
A cross between two pure individuals

differing in two sets of characters is called
(A) dihybrid cross
(B) monohybrid cross
(C) trihybrid cross
(D) reciprocal cross
68.
The phenotype of plant with genotype YyRr

must be
(A) Yellow wrinkled (B) Green round
(C) Yellow round
(D) green wrinkled
69.
Dihybrid ratio is defined as

(A) phenotypic ratio obtained in F2
generation of dihybrid cross.
(B) phenotypic ratio obtained in F1
generation of dihybrid cross.
(C) genotypic ratio obtained in F2 generation
of dihybrid cross.
(D) genotypic ratio obtained in F1 generation
of dihybrid cross.
70.
71.
72.
73.
While performing dihybrid cross, Mendel

(A) selected a variety of pea plant having
yellow and round seed as female parent
and another variety having green and
wrinkled seeds as a male parent.
(B) obtained pure lines by selfing
(C) performed artificial cross by emasculation
Out of the four phenotypes obtained in F2
generation of dihybrid cross between yellow
round and green wrinkled seeds of pea plant,
(A) two were parental and two were new
combination
(B) all were parental combination
(C) all were with recessive trait
(D) all were new combination
The statement Probability of two
independent events occurring simultaneously
is the product of their individual probabilities
is
(A) law of dominance
(B) principle of probability
(C) law of segregation
(D) law of new combinations
(3 : 1) (3 : 1) = 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
This signifies
(A) trihybrid ratio
(B) two monohybrid ratio
(C) dihybrid ratio is a product of two
monohybrid ratios
(D) none of the above
8

74.
Mendels pattern of inheritance systematically

showed the progeny in
(A) checker board
(B) square board
(C) cross board
(D) all of these
75.
The conclusions made by Mendel based on

dihybrid cross was
(A) when a dihybrid or polyhybrid forms
gametes, each gamete receives only one
allele from each pair
(B) the assortment of alleles of different
traits is totally independent of their
parental combination
(C) both (A) and (B)
76.
When Mendel crossed pea plants with yellow

round seed and green wrinkled seed, the seeds
obtained in F1 hybrid were,
(A) yellow wrinkled (B) yellow round
(C) green wrinkled (D) green round
77.
The phenotypic ratio of F2 progeny in a

dihybrid cross is
(A) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1: 1
(B) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(C) 9 : 1 : 3 : 3 : 1
(D) 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
78.
The genotypic ratio obtained in a Mendelian

dihybrid cross is
(A) 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
(B) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(C) 1 : 4 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 2 : 1 : 1
(D) 9 : 7
79.
New character combinations appear in F2

generation of a dihybrid cross mainly because
of
(A) dominance
(B) recessiveness
(C) principle of unit character
(D) independent assortment
80.
Law of independent assortment can be

explained by
(A) monohybrid cross and monohybrid ratio
(B) dihybrid cross and dihybrid ratio
(C) trihybrid cross and trihybrid ratio
81.
_______ occurs due to crossing over taking

place during meiosis.
(A) Linkage
(B) Recombination
(C) Segregation
(D) Mutation

82.
83.
Law of independent assortment is applicable

for the traits which
(A) are located on different chromosomes.
(B) are located on same chromosome.
(C) are located on homologous.
The three important laws of heredity proposed
by Mendel relate to
(A) gene linkage, character segregation and
independent assortment.
(B) gene
linkage,
dominance
and
segregation.
(C) segregation, independent assortment and
dominancerecessiveness.
(D) segregation, independent assortment and
codominance.
84.
Mendel did not propose law of

(A) segregation
(B) dominance
(C) incomplete dominance
(D) independent assortment
85.
The reason behind the success of Mendel was

(A) choice of material.
(B) use of pure line.
(C) maintenance
of
qualitative
and
quantitative record.
86.
A test cross
(A) is used to investigate whether the
dominant expression is homozygous or
heterozygous.
(B) involves mating of F1 hybrid with
homozygous recessive parent.
(D) none of these
87.
In F2 hybrid, to check the tall plant is

homozygous or heterozygous, which cross is
performed?
(A) test cross
(B) back cross
(C) monohybrid cross (D) both (A) and (B)
88.
Which of the following ratio refers to back

cross?
(A) AA Aa
(B) Aa Aa
(C) Aa AA
(D) AA AA
89.
A cross between individual with unknown

genotype for a particular trait with a recessive
plant for that trait is called
(A) back cross
(B) test cross
(C) monohybrid cross (D) dihybrid cross

1.2
90.
Interaction between two alleles which are

present on the same gene locus of two
homologous chromosomes is called
(A) intragenic interaction
(B) interallelic interaction
(C) intergenic interaction
91.
Interaction between the alleles of different

genes on the same or different chromosome is
called
(A) intergenic
(B) nonallelic
(C) intragenic
92.
RR (red) flowered plant of Mirabilis is

crossed with rr (white) flowered plant of
Mirabilis. All the Rr offsprings are pink. This
is an indication that the R gene is
(A) codominant
(B) recessive
(C) incompletely dominant
(D) linked
93.
In incomplete dominance, one could get

1 : 2 : 1 ratio in
(A) test cross
(B) F2 generation
(D) R cross
(C) F1 generation
94.
Co-dominance differs from incomplete

dominance as in co-dominance
(A) the hybrid is intermediate
(B) both the genes are expressed equally
(C) dominant gene is expressed in F1
generation
(D) genotypic ratio is 1 : 1
95.
Multiple alleles of a gene always occupy

(A) the same locus on a chromosome
(B) the same position on different
chromosome
(C) different loci on a chromosome
(D) different loci on different chromosomes
In Drosophila, the genotype of normal wings
(A) vgni
(B) Vg+
no
(D) vg
(C) vg
96.
97.
ABO blood grouping is based on

(A) codominance
(B) incomplete dominance
(C) epistasis
(D) multiple allelism
9
98.
Blood grouping in humans is controlled by

(A) 4 alleles in which A is dominant.
(B) 3 alleles in which AB is codominant.
(C) 3 alleles in which none is dominant.
(D) 3 alleles in which A is dominant.
108. When red wheat kernel is crossed with white

wheat kernel, the probability of getting red
darkest plant is
(A) 1/16
(B) 4/16
(C) 6/16
(D) 2/16
99.
In pleiotropic inheritance, different traits are

controlled by
(A) many genes
(B) one or two genes
(C) single gene
(D) mutation
109. The
phenotypic
ratio
of
polygenes
representing skin colour in humans is
(A) 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1
(B) 1 : 2 : 1
(C) 1 : 6 : 15 : 20 : 15 : 6 : 1
(D) 1 : 3 : 1
100. Which of the following is an example of

pleiotropy?
(A) Haemophilia
(B) Thalassemia
(C) Sickle cell anaemia
(D) Colour blindness
101. The genotype of a carrier carrying a gene for
sickle-cell anaemia is
(A) Hbs
(B) HbA/Hbs
A
(C) Hb
(D) Hbo
102. In which disease, does the RBC of a person
becomes half moon-shaped?
(A) haemophilia
(B) sickle cell anaemia
(C) thalesemia
(D) leukemia
103. A marriage between two carriers of sickle
cell anaemic gene will result into
(A) 1 normal and 2 carriers
(B) 1 sickle-cell anaemic
(C) 2 normal and 2 sickle cell anaemic
104. When single character is controlled by two or
more genes is called
(A) pleiotropy
(B) multiple allelism
(C) polygenic inheritance
(D) co-dominance
110. Who studied the inheritance of skin colour in

negro and white population in USA ?
(A) Hugo De Vries
(B) Karl Correns
(C) Davenport and Davenport
(D) Mendel
111. Skin colour is controlled by
(A) 2 pairs of genes
(B) single gene
(C) 3 pairs of genes
(D) 2 pairs of genes with an intragene
112. When a negro marries white, how many
phenotypes are obtained?
(A) 7
(B) 10
(C) 16
(D) 8
113. AaBbCc is the genotype of
(A) fair
(B) mulatto
(C) pure black (negro)
(D) albino
Miscellaneous
114. The science dealing with heredity and
variation is known as
(A) cytology
(B) cytohistology
(C) embryology
(D) genetics
105. The additive or cumulative effect is shown by

(A) Pleiotropic gene
(B) Monogene
(C) Polygenes
(D) Complementary genes
115. The peculiar characteristic of pea flowers is

(A) papilionaceous corolla
(B) blue coloured petals
(C) round petals
(D) long petals
106. Who discovered polygenic inheritance?

(A) H. Nilsson -Ehle (B) Davenport
(C) Johannsen
(D) Bateson
116. To avoid the birth of child with fatal sicklecell anaemia,

(A) marriage between two homozygotes is
discouraged
(B) marriage between two heterozygotes is
discouraged
107. The phenotypic ratio of red (AABB) and

white (aabb) kernel in F2 generation showing
polygenic inheritance is
(A) 1:2:1
(B) 1:4:6:4:1
(C) 1:6:4:4:1
(D) 1:6:15:20:15:6:1
10

9.
During dihybrid cross, the ratio of yellow :

green and round : wrinkled in F2 generation is
(A) 1 : 3
(B) 3 : 1
(C) 9 : 3
(D) 3 : 9
The offsprings obtained by mating two pure

strains having contrasting characters are called
as
(A) hybrids
(B) mutants
(C) Pgeneration
(D) F2generation
10.
Which of the following terms represent a pair

of contrasting characters?
(A) Allelomorphs
(B) Homozygous
(C) Hemizygous
(D) Complementary genes
Homologous chromosomes
(A) are morphologically similar
(B) are structurally similar
(C) have identical gene loci bearing alleles
(D) all of these
11.
Mendel obtained true breeding plant for

dominant character by
(A) continuous crosspollination
(B) self pollination for many generations
(C) by making cross between hybrid and
pure plant
(D) alternate self and crosspollination
12.
The technique of hybridisation used by

Mendel was
(A) back cross
(B) double cross
(C) single cross
(D) emasculation
13.
Mendelism was based on

(A) concept of factors
(B) concept of dominance
(C) experimental, quantitative, qualitative
and evaluative study of Pisum sativum
(D) all of these
14.
According to Mendel, plants of F1 generation

show
(B) purity of gametes
(C) independent assortment of genes
(D) all of these
15.
The types of gametes formed by a pure line

is/are
(A) 1
(B) 16
(C) 32
(D) 4
16.
In a cross between
plants, what would be
the F1 generation?
(A) 1 : 2 : 1
(C) 4 : 1
Critical Thinking
1.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
An allele is dominant if it is expressed in

(A) both homozygous and heterozygous
conditions
(B) second generation
(C) back cross and test cross
(D) homozygous combination
The gene which codes for a complete
functional polypeptide that fully expresses
itself is called as
(A) recessive gene
(B) dominant gene
(C) complementary gene
(D) supplementary gene
5.
The allele which does not express in the F1

generation in presence of another allele is
(A) dominant
(B) recessive
(C) codominant
(D) incompletely dominant
6.
If organisms resemble dominant parent but are

genetically different, they are
(A) heterozygous
(B) homozygous
(C) hemizygous
(D) heterologous
7.
Which of the following is heterozygous for

two pairs of alleles?
(A) TtRR
(B) TtRr
(C) TTRR
(D) TTRr
8.
A pure line is a
(A) population of plants and animals which
are with pure blood.
(B) group of individuals which are
morphologically similar
(C) population of homozygous plants raised
from homozygous plant.
(D) haploid individual.
17.
tall heterozygous pea

the phenotypic ratio in
(B)
(D)
3:1
1:4
Identify a cross in which 1/4th of the

offsprings show recessive trait?
(A) Rr RR
(B) Rr rr
(C) Rr Rr
(D) Both (B) and (C)
11

18.
When dominant AA and recessive aa is

crossed, the percentage ratio of the hybrid
showing the parental genotypes is
(A) 0%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 75%
19.
190 grains of Jowar from single plant when

sown produce 140 tall and 50 dwarf plants.
The genotypes of these offsprings may be
(A) TT, tt
(B) TT, Tt
(C) Tt, Tt
(D) TT, Tt, tt
20.
In a cross between axial and terminal flowered

pea plants, F2 progeny show
(A) axial flowers
(B) terminal flowers
(D) none of these
21.
Which of the following cross will produce

terminal flower in garden pea?
(A) AA Aa
(B) Aa Aa
(C) Aa AA
(D) AA aa
22.
When homozygous dominant parent is crossed

with heterozygous parent, the percentage of
offsprings with different phenotype than either
parent is
(A) 0
(B) 25
(C) 50
(D) 75
23.
24.
25.
A plant is heterozygous for tallness (Tt). The

possibility of t gamete fertilizing either T or
t is
1
1
(A)
(B)
8
2
1
1
(C)
(D)
4
6
Mendels principle of segregation is based on
separation of alleles during
(A) gamete formation
(B) seed formation
(C) pollination
(D) embryonic development
When a pure tall plant (TT) having rounded
seeds (RR) is crossed with dwarf plant (tt)
having wrinkled seeds (rr) and their F1
progeny are crossed among themselves to
produce F2 generation, how many phenotypes
will be observed?
(A) 16
(B) 9
(C) 4
(D) 2
12

26.
In a cross between a pure tall pea plant with

yellow pod and a pure short plant with green
pod, how many double recessive plants would
you expect in F2 generation?
(A) 1
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 9
27.
In Mendels dihybrid cross, the number of

plants which are homozygous for one
character are
(A) 7
(B) 8
(C) 6
(D) 5
28.
Find the odd one out.

(A) TtRr
(C) Ttrr
(B)
(D)
TTRR
TtRR
29.
In a Mendelian dihybrid cross when tall and

yellow seeded plant was crossed with dwarf
and green seeded plant, in F2 generation, 36
tall and green plants were obtained. What is
the total number of progeny obtained in the
cross?
(A) 224
(B) 192
(C) 144
(D) 186
30.
If T (tallness), Y (yellow colour) are

dominant, when a plant heterozygous for both
traits is selfed, then the ratio of pure
homozygous dwarf and green would be
(A)
(C)
31.
3
16
1
16
(B)
(D)
Probability of genotype TTrr

of a dihybrid cross is
1
(A)
(B)
16
9
(C)
(D)
16
1
3
1
4
in F2 generation
3
16
6
16
32.
When AA BB and aa bb are crossed, in the F2

generation, the ratio of Aa Bb will be
(A) 4/16
(B) 1/16
(C) 2/16
(D) 8/16
33.
If a F1 plant in a dihybrid ratio is crossed with

a recessive plant, the ratio obtained will be
(A) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
(B) 1 : 1 : 1 : 2
(C) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(D) 1 : 1

34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
What should be the genotype of a round

seeded tall plant which when crossed with a
plant of similar genotype produces the
following percentage of phenotypes?
(tall round = 56.25 %, tall wrinkled = 18.75 %,
dwarf round=18.75 %, dwarf wrinkled = 6.25 %.)
(A) Tt RR
(B) TT Rr
(C) Tt Rr
(D) TTrr
How many genetically different gametes will
be produced by a heterozygous plant having
the genotype Aa Bb Cc?
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 12
(D) 16
A cross between yellow round and green
wrinkled pure line plants yield _______
yellow wrinkled plants in F1 generation.
(A) 9
(B) 3
(C) 0
(D) 16
How many types of gametes are expected
from the organism with genotype AA BB CC?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Four
(D) Eight
Genetically identical progeny is produced
when the individual
(A) performs cross fertilization.
(B) produces identical gametes.
(C) practices inbreeding without meiosis.
(D) undergoes mutation
Some individuals with blood group A may
inherit the genes for black hair, while other
individuals with blood group A may inherit
the genes for brown hair. This can be
explained by the principle of
(A) independent assortment.
(B) incomplete dominance.
(C) dominance.
(D) multiple alleles.
Mendel may not be able to establish the law of
independent assortment, if both characters
were located on
(A) separate on homologous chromosomes.
(B) same homologous chromosomes.
(C) separate chromosome but at different loci.
(D) sex chromosomes.
A test cross distinguishes between
(A) two heterozygous plants.
(B) two homozygous plants.
(C) homozygous recessive and heterozygous
recessive.
(D) homozygous
dominant
and
heterozygous dominant.
42.
Which of the following cross produces tall and

dwarf in equal proportion?
(A) TT Tt
(B) Tt Tt
(C) TT rr
(D) Tt tt
43.
When a tall pea plant is crossed with a short

pea plant to obtain a ratio 1 : 1, the genotype
of the tall pea plant is
(A) TT
(B) Tt
(C) tt
(D) any of the previous three
Back cross is
(A) F1 F1
(B) F1 recessive parent only
(C) F1 dominant parent only
(D) F1 any parent.
F1 hybrid obtained from pure inflated pod and
pure constricted pod variety of pea was
crossed back with the pure variety of inflated
pods. The progeny thus obtained will be
(A) all inflated.
(B) all constricted.
(C) 3 : 1.
(D) 1 : 1.
The percentage of yr gametes produced by a
YyRr parents will be
(A) 75
(B) 25
(C) 50
(D) 12.5
A tall pea plant with red flowers was crossed
with a dwarf white flowered plant and four
kinds of offsprings were produced in equal
proportions. The genotype of the tall red
parent was
(A) TTRr
(B) TtRr
(C) TTRR
(D) TtRR
44.
45.
46.
47.
1.2
48.
49.
F1 hybrid is intermediate between the two

parents. The phenomenon is called
(A) codominance
(B) dominance
(C) blending inheritance
(D) incomplete dominance
In case of incomplete dominance, the
monohybrid F2 generation will show
(A) identical genotypic and phenotypic ratio
of 3 : 1.
(B) genotypic ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 and
phenotypic ratio of 3 : 1.
(C) identical genotypic and phenotypic ratio
of 1 : 2 : 1.
(D) genotypic ratio of 3 : 1 and phenotypic
ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
13

50.
51.
In cattles, when red one is crossed with white,

an intermediate roan coloured offspring is
formed in F1 generation. When selfing of F1
generation was carried, the result obtained was
(A) 2 Red, 1 Roan, 1 White
(B) 1 Red, 2 Roan, 1 White
(C) 1 Red, 2 Roan, 2 White
(D) 1 Red, 1 Roan, 1 White
Genotype of blood group A will be
(B) IBIB
(A) IAIa
A A
A
(D) IAIc
(C) I I or I i
52.
Marriage between two sickle-cell carriers

results into normal and sickle-cell carrier
progenies in the ratio of
(A) 2 : 1
(B) 3 : 1
(C) 1 : 2 : 1
(D) 1 : 2
53.
In humans, height is an example of

(A) codominance
(B) polygenic inheritance
(C) jumping genes
(D) dominant genes
54.
55.
Lethal genes are

(A) recessive homozygous
(B) recessive heterozygous
(C) dominant heterozygous
(D) codominant
In humans, albinism is determined by
(A) dominant gene
(B) codominant gene
(C) recessive gene
(D) none of these
Competitive Thinking
1.0
1.
The resemblance of individuals to their

[AMU 1990]
progenitors is called
(A) heredity
(B) genetics
(C) evolution
(D) none of these
2.
Mendel formulated some laws which are

known as
[AMU 1990]
(A) Laws of germplasm
(B) Laws of origin of species
(C) Laws of recapitulation
(D) Laws of inheritance
1.1
When Mendel crossed plants with a pair of

contrasting characters, he derived the
(B) law of genes
(C) law of incomplete dominance
(D) law of co-dominance
57.
If a tall pea plant having red coloured flowers

are crossed, they produce four types of plants
in the ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. The genotype of the
parents are (Rred flowered ; T tall) is
(A) RRTT RRTT
(B) RrTT RrTT
(C) RrTt RrTt
(D) RRTt RRTt
14
3.
Which of the following is dominant character

according to Mendel?
[AFMC 2000]
(A) Dwarf plant and yellow fruit
(B) Terminal fruit and wrinkled seed
(C) White testa and yellow pericarp
(D) Green coloured pod and rounded seed
4.
The alleles are [KCET 1994; MH CET 2004]

(A) a pair of genes governing a specific
character such as tallness or dwarfness
(B) multiple forms of genes
(C) genes governing eye characters
(D) genes present in allosomes
5.
When a true breeding pea plant that has yellow

seeds is pollinated by a plant that has green
seeds, all the F1 plants have yellow seeds. This
means that the allele for yellow is
[MP PMT 1993]
(A) heterozygous
(B) dominant
(C) recessive
(D) lethal
6.
In Mendels experiment, nature of seed coat,

flower colour, position of flower, pod colour,
stem height, etc. are referred to as
[RPMT 1997]
(A) alleles
(B) genotypes
(C) phenotypes
(D) all of above
Miscellaneous
56.
Introduction

7.
An organism with two identical alleles for a

given trait is [MP PMT 1993; CPMT 1994]
(A) homozygous
(B) segregating
(C) dominant
(D) a hermaphrodite
8.
Organisms phenotypically similar but

genotypically different are said to be
[KCET 1994]
(A) heterozygous
(B) monozygous
(C) multizygous
(D) homozygous
9.
10.
11.
12.
Which of the following cross will give

recessive progeny in F1 generation ?
[MH CET 2014]
(A) TT tt
(B) Tt TT
(C) tt tt
(D) TT TT
When Mendel crossed true breeding whiteflowered strain of peas with a true breeding
red-flowered strain, individuals in the F2
represented
[DPMT 1976]
(A) white-flowered plants
(B) red-flowered plants
(C) red-flowered and white-flowered plants
in the ratio 3 : 1
(D) red and white-flowered individuals in
the ratio 1 : 1
Which of the following is genotypic ratio of
Mendels monohybrid cross?
[Bihar MDAT 1991; KCET 1994;
EAMCET 1993; MP PMT 1996;
MP PMT 2005; J & K CET 2010;
Orissa JEE 2010]
(A) 1 : 3
(B) 3 : 1
(C) 1 : 2 : 1
(D) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
In a monohybrid cross, when F1 is crossed
with homozygous dominant parent then which
type of offsprings will be obtained?
[RPMT 2002]
(A) Dominant: recessive 3 : 1
(B) Only recessive
(C) Dominant : recessive 1 : 1
(D) No recessive
13.
In Mendelian monohybrid cross, phenotypic

ratio in F2 is 3:1. How many types of gametes
are formed in F1 generation?
[Bihar MDAT 1995]
(A) Only one type
(B) Two types
(C) Four types
(D) Eight types
14.
In pea, hybrids between red flowered and

white flowered strains were crossed back to
pure red flowered strain. The progeny of this
[MP PMT 1990]
cross will have
(A) red flowers only
(B) white flowers only
(C) equal number of red and white flowers
(D) mostly red flowers
15.
The percentage of heterozygous individuals

obtained in F2 generation from selfing the
plants with genotype Rr would be
[AIIMS 1994]
(A) 24
(B) 50
(C) 75
(D) 100
16.
Which genotype represents a true dihybrid

[CBSE PMT 1991]
condition?
(A) TtRr
(B) ttrr
(D) TtRR
(C) Ttrr
17.
Mendels law of segregation is applicable to

[Wardha 2005]
(A) dihybrid cross only
(B) monohybrid cross only
(C) both dihybrid and monohybrid cross
(D) dihybrid but not monohybrid cross
18.
In dihybrid cross, out of 16 plants obtained, the

number of genotypes shall be [MP PMT 2001]
(A) 4
(B) 9
(C) 16
(D) 12
19.
What type of gametes will be formed by

genotype RrYy?
[RPMT 2002]
(A) RY, Ry, rY, ry
(B) RY, Ry, ry, ry
(C) Ry, Ry, Yy, ry
(D) Rr, RR, Yy, YY
20.
From a cross AABb aaBb, the genotypes

AaBB : AaBb : Aabb : aabb will be obtained
[BHU 1994]
in the following ratio
(A) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
(B) 1 : 2 : 1 : 0
(C) 0 : 3 : 1 : 0
(D) 1 : 1 : 1 : 0
15

21.
A cross between a homozygous recessive and a

heterozygous plant is called
[BHU 1995; MH CET 2003]
(A) monohybrid cross
(B) dihybrid cross
(C) test cross
(D) back cross
22.
In hybridization, Tt tt give rise to the

progeny of ratio
[CBSE PMT 1999; RPMT 1999; BVP 2000;
Pb. PMT 2000; BHU 2003]
(A) 1 : 1
(B) 1 : 2
(C) 2 : 1
(D) 1 : 2: 1
1.2
23.
Incomplete dominance is found in

[MP PMT 2001]
(A) Pisum sativum
(B) Antirrhinum majus
(D) None of these
Phenotypic ratio in plant Snapdragon in F2 is
[AMU 2010]
(A) 1:1
(B) 2:1
(C) 3:1
(D) 1:2:1
25.
Complete dominance is absent in

[JIPMER 2002]
(A) Pisum sativum
(B) Mirabilis jalapa
(C) Lathyrus odoratus
(D) Oenothera lamarckiana
27.
When dominant and recessive alleles express

themselves together, it is called
[CBSE PMT 2001]
(A) dominance
(B) co-dominance
(C) amphidominance
(D) pseudodominance
Alleles which show independent effect are
[CBSE PMT 1996]
called
(A) supplementary alleles
(B) co-dominant alleles
(C) epistatic alleles
(D) complementary alleles
16
28.
In shorthorn cattle, genes for red colour coat

are (r1) and white colour coat are (r2). Crosses
between red (r1r1) and white (r2r2) produced
(r1r2) roan. This is an example of [BHU 2003]
(A) complementary genes
(B) epistasis
(C) codominance
(D) incomplete dominance
29.
Which of the following genotypes does not

produce a sugar polymer on the surface of the
[Kerala PMT 2010]
RBC?
(A) IAIB
(B) IAIA
(D) ii
(C) IAIi
30.
ABO blood grouping is controlled by gene I

which has three alleles and show codominance. There are six genotypes. How
many phenotypes in all are possible?
[CBSE PMT 2010]
(A) six
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five
31.
If two persons with AB blood group marry

and have sufficiently large number of
children, these children could be classified as
A blood group : 'AB' blood group : B blood
group in 1 : 2 : 1 ratio. Modern technique of
protein electrophoresis reveals presence of
both A and B type proteins in AB blood
group individuals. This is an example of
[NEET 2013]
(A) Codominance
(B) Incomplete dominance
(C) Partial dominance
(D) Complete dominance
32.
A couple, both carriers for the gene sickle cell

anaemia planning to get married, want to
know the chances of having anaemic
[MH CET 2014]
progeny ?
(A) 100%
(B) 75%
(C) 50%
(D) 25%
33.
Which of the following pair of feature is a

good example of polygenic inheritance?
[AIIMS 2008]
(A) Human height and skin colour
(B) ABO blood group in humans and flower
colour of Mirabilis jalapa
(C) Hair pigment of mouse and tongue
rolling in humans
(D) Human eye colour and sickle cell anaemia.
24.
26.

34.
The total number of types of gametes

produced in a cross between a negro and
[MH CET 2014]
albino parent is
(A) 64
(B) 16
(C) 08
(D) 04
41.
A man with blood group A marries a woman

with blood group B. What are all the
possible blood groups of their offsprings?
[AIPMT 2015]
(A) A and B only
(B) A, B and AB only
(C) A, B, AB and O
(D) O only
42.
In the first step of Monohybrid cross

experiment, Mendel selected pea plants which
[MH CET 2015]
were
(A) pure tall as male and pure dwarf as
female.
(B) pure tall as female and pure dwarf as
male.
(C) heterozygous tall as male and pure
dwarf as female.
(D) heterozygous tall as female and pure
dwarf as male.
43.
In a cross between red kernelled and white

kernelled varieties of wheat showing
polygenic inheritance, the phenotypic ratio in
[MH CET 2015]
F2 generation will be
Miscellaneous
35.
Mendel enunciated
[MP PMT 1995, 98]
(A) two principles of inheritance
(B) three principles of inheritance
(C) four principles of inheritance
(D) five principles of inheritance
36.
A tall plant was grown in nutrient deficient

soil and remained dwarf. When it is crossed
[DPMT 2007]
with dwarf plant then
(A) all hybrid plants are dwarf
(B) all hybrid plants are tall
(C) 50% tall and 50% dwarf
(D) 75% tall and 25% dwarf
37.
A male rabbit of genotype AABBDDEE is

crossed with a female rabbit of genotype
aabbddee to produce F1 hybrid offspring.
How many genetically different gametes can
be produced by this F1 hybrid?
[WB JEEM 2015]
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 16
(D) 32
38.
39.
40.
How many pairs of contrasting characters in

pea plants were studied by Mendel in his
[AIPMT 2015]
experiments?
(A) Five
(B) Six
(C) Eight
(D) Seven
Multiple alleles are present [AIPMT 2015]
(A) on different chromosomes.
(B) at different loci on the same
chromosome.
(C) at the same locus of the chromosome.
(D) on non-sister chromatids.
Alleles are
[AIPMT 2015]
(A) different phenotype.
(B) true breeding homozygotes.
(C) different molecular forms of a gene.
(D) heterozygotes.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
1 : 6 : 15 : 20 : 15 : 6 : 1
1:4:6:4:1
1:2:1
2:1
44.
Human skin colour is an example of

[MH CET 2015]
(A) Intragenic interaction
(B) Interallelic interaction
(C) Quantitative inheritance
(D) Pleiotropy
45.
How many types of gametes will be produced

by an individual having genotype AaBbcc?
[MH CET 2015]
(A) four
(B) three
(C) two
(D) one
17
Answers Key
Classical Thinking
1. (B)
11. (B)
21. (A)
31. (A)
41. (C)
51. (C)
61. (D)
71. (A)
81. (B)
91. (D)
101. (B)
111. (C)
2. (A)
12. (B)
22. (B)
32. (A)
42. (C)
52. (D)
62. (C)
72. (B)
82. (A)
92. (C)
102. (B)
112. (A)
3. (D)
13. (B)
23. (B)
33. (D)
43. (D)
53. (D)
63. (C)
73. (C)
83. (C)
93. (B)
103. (D)
113. (B)
4. (B)
14. (D)
24. (B)
34. (B)
44. (A)
54. (B)
64. (D)
74. (A)
84. (C)
94. (B)
104. (C)
114. (D)
5. (B)
15. (B)
25. (B)
35. (A)
45. (A)
55. (C)
65. (B)
75. (C)
85. (D)
95. (A)
105. (C)
115. (A)
6. (B)
16. (D)
26. (C)
36. (C)
46. (B)
56. (C)
66. (C)
76. (B)
86. (C)
96. (B)
106. (A)
116. (C)
7. (C)
17. (C)
27. (C)
37. (A)
47. (B)
57. (B)
67. (A)
77. (B)
87. (D)
97. (D)
107. (B)
8. (A)
18. (B)
28. (A)
38. (B)
48. (C)
58. (B)
68. (C)
78. (A)
88. (C)
98. (B)
108. (A)
9. (A)
19. (D)
29. (D)
39. (C)
49. (A)
59. (A)
69. (A)
79. (D)
89. (B)
99. (C)
109. (C)
10. (D)
20. (D)
30. (B)
40. (D)
50. (B)
60. (B)
70. (D)
80. (B)
90. (D)
100. (C)
110. (C)
3.
13.
23.
33.
43.
53.
(A)
(C)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(B)
4.
14.
24.
34.
44.
54.
(B)
(A)
(A)
(C)
(D)
(A)
5.
15.
25.
35.
45.
55.
(B)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(A)
(C)
6.
16.
26.
36.
46.
56.
(A)
(B)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(A)
7.
17.
27.
37.
47.
57.
(B)
(C)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(C)
8.
18.
28.
38.
48.
(C)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
9.
19.
29.
39.
49.
(A)
(D)
(B)
(A)
(C)
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
(D)
(C)
(C)
(B)
(B)
(D)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(B)
4.
14.
24.
34.
44.
(A)
(A)
(D)
(C)
(C)
5.
15.
25.
35.
45.
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(A)
6.
16.
26.
36.
(C)
(A)
(B)
(B)
7.
17.
27.
37.
(A)
(C)
(B)
(C)
8.
18.
28.
38.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
9.
19.
29.
39.
(C)
(A)
(D)
(C)
10.
20.
30.
40.
(C)
(B)
(C)
(C)
Critical Thinking
1.
11.
21.
31.
41.
51.
(B)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(D)
(C)
2.
12.
22.
32.
42.
52.
(A)
(D)
(A)
(A)
(D)
(D)
1.
11.
21.
31.
41.
(A)
(C)
(C)
(A)
(C)
2.
12.
22.
32.
42.
(D)
(D)
(A)
(D)
(B)
3.
13.
23.
33.
43.
Hints
4.
Classical Thinking
16.
Morgan gave the function of chromosomes in

transmitting heredity. Johannsen coined the
term gene. Karl Correns explained
incomplete dominance.
Mendel published his findings in 1866 in the

journal Annual Proceedings of Natural
History Society.
17.
In the year 1900, Hugo De Vries, Karl Correns

and
Erich
Tschermark
independently
rediscovered the research carried out by
Mendel, his experiments on heredity and
variations and laid the basis of modern
genetics.
18.
Sutton (1902) showed importance of reduction

division and proposed chromosomal theory of
heredity. Boveri (1888) described centriole.
7.
Theophrastus Father of botany

Stephen Hales Father of physiology
Aristotle Father of biology
13.
Mendel was sent to University of Vienna for

higher studies in physics, mathematics and
natural sciences.
18
Lederberg and Tatum discovered conjugation

in bacteria (1944). Morgan (1933) gave the
function of chromosomes in transmission of
heredity.
19.
20.
Mendels work was re-discovered by Hugo De

Vries (Holland), Correns (Germany) and
Tschermark (Austria).
Mendel observed many variable characters in
pea plant like short life span so that he could
study more generations in a short duration.
Pea plant produced many seeds, so he could
grow thousands of pea plants. There were no
intermediate characters. Large flowers would
help in easy hybridization.
21.
Lathyrus odoratus is sweet pea. Mangifera

indica is mango and Solanum tuberosum is
potato.
23.
Out of the 7 pairs of characters, wrinkled or

round character was restricted to seeds and not
to the leaves. Mendel did not consider any leaf
character.
25.
26.
mutation. Variant is deviation in characters in

an individual from the group to which it
belongs or deviation in characters of the
offspring from those of its parents.
36.
39.
45.
Pea flower shows diadelphous condition of

stamens, where stamens are arranged to form
two bundles of 9 fused stamens and 1 free
stamen.
49.
Mendel thought that reappearance of

dwarfness may be due to female dominance,
i.e. tall plants were females and dwarf plants
were male. So, he performed the reciprocal
cross.
55.
Homozygous tall
Homozygous dwarf
P generation
: TT
: tt
: TT
Gametes
F1 generation
Gene is a particular segment of DNA which is

responsible for the inheritance and expression
of a particular character.
The characters that Mendel chose for
experiments were passed down to next
generations. Mendel suggested that these
characters are governed by factors, which are
passed on to next generations. These
hereditary factors are now known as genes.
29.
Alleles, the abbreviated form of term

allelomorphs indicates alternative forms of the
same gene.
31.
Karyotype is the physical appearance of

chromosomal set of an organism as seen in
metaphase. Morphology is the study of form
and structure of organisms without
consideration of function .
The 1st generation obtained from crossing two

parents is called as first filial generation or F1
generation.
Punnet Square (British geneticist, R.C.
Punnet,1927) is a checkerboard used to show
the result of a cross between two organisms.
56.
tt
Tt
(Heterozygous tall)
The dominant trait is expressed in F1
generation.
P generation : RR(Red) rr (white)
Gametes
F1 generation:
Rr
(Heterozygous red flower)
57.
The three genotypes TT (pure tall),

Tt (hybrid tall) and tt (dwarf).
58.
Only one progeny will receive recessive trait

and therefore it is dwarf (tt).
32.
Genotype designates the genetic makeup or

genetic constitution of an organism.
62.
34.
Heterozygous is a condition, where one of the

genes of an allelic pair is dominant and the
other is recessive, i.e. heterozygous, it
indicates a pair of dissimilar alleles.
In some cases, there is incomplete dominance

or no dominance. Law of dominance could not
support such cases. Hence, it is not universally
acceptable.
63.
Mendels first law is the law of dominance.

Law of independent assortment is the third
law. Epistasis is a drawback in Mendels
studies, where intergenic suppression of
characters is observed.
35.
A polyploid organism has more than the

normal diploid number of chromosomes. A
mutant is an organism which shows a sudden
genetic change due to a natural or induced
19

71.
The two parental combinations were yellow

round and green wrinkled. The two new
combinations were yellow wrinkled and green
round.
86.
When F1 hybrid is crossed with homozygous

recessive parents, it is called a test cross.
88.
The cross between F1 hybrid (Aa) with

homozygous dominant (AA) is a back cross.
74.
In Mendels experiments of inheritance, the

progeny was systematically shown in the
checker board or Punnets square.
92.
The offsprings Rr are pink due to partial

expression of both alleles, i.e. incomplete
dominance.
76.
Parents :
93.
P generation : RR (Red) rr (white)
YYRR
(yellow
round)
F1 generation :
77.
78.
Gametes
(green
wrinkled)
YR
Gametes :
yyrr
yr
YyRr
(Yellow Round)
F1 generation :
yr
YR
YyRr
Yellow round
F2 generation:
YR
Yr
yR
yr
YR
YYRR
YYRr
YyRR
YyRr
Yr
YYRr
YYrr
YyRr
Yyrr
yR
YyRR
YyRr
yyRR
yyRr
yr
YyRr
Yyrr
yyRr
yyrr
Phenotypic ratio:
Green
Green
Yellow Yellow
wrinkled
round
wrinkled round
:
:
1
: 3
9
3
Genotypic ratio:
YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr YYrr Yyrr yyRR yyRr yyrr
1 :
2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
Rr (all pink)
R
RR
(Red)
Rr
(Pink)
r
Rr
(Pink)
rr
(white)
1 Red : 2 Pink : 1 White
95.
More than two alternative forms (alleles) of a

gene in a population occupying the same locus
on a chromosome or its homologue are known
as multiple alleles.
96.
vgni = Nicked wings

vgno = Notched wings
vg = Vestigial wings
98.
The three alleles of ABO blood group IA, IB

and i. In this, IA and IB are co-dominant.
99.
When a single gene controls two or more

different traits, it is called pleiotropic genes and
the inheritance is called pleiotropic inheritance.
Selfing of F1 generation to get F2 generation.
20
: Yellow Round green wrinkled

YYRR
yyrr
Gametes :
F1 generation:
F2 generation:
Green Green
Yellow Yellow
Phenotypic
round wrinkled round wrinkled
ratio
: 3
:
:
1
9
3
Parent
100. Pleiotropy: Influencing more than one trait by

a single gene.
Haemophilia:
A
metabolic
disorder
characterized by free bleeding from slight
wound due to lack of formation of clotting
substances. It is sex-linked recessive gene.
Sickle cell anaemia: It is a hereditary disease
caused by a recessive mutant gene that
controls haemoglobin structure, usually lethal
in homozygotes.
Thalassemia: It is a group of hereditary
haemolytic anemias.
Colour blindness: It is a sex-linked disease.

107. Parents

Red White
kernels
kernels
AABB
aabb
Gametes
: AB
F1 generation
AaBb
: Intermediate red
115. The peculiar characteristic of pea flower is

papilionaceous corolla, i.e. butterfly like,
having five petals.
ab
Critical Thinking
Selfing of F1 generation : AaBb
1.
Yellow round = 9
Yellow wrinkled = 3
Green round = 3
Green wrinkled = 1
From above,
i.
Yellow coloured seeds = 9 + 3 = 12
Green coloured seeds = 3 + 1 = 4
Yellow : Green = 12:4 = 3:1

ii.
Similarly,
Round seeds = 9 + 3 = 12
Wrinkled seeds = 3 + 1 = 4
Round wrinkled = 12:4 = 3:1
2.
Alleles are various forms of a gene or

Mendelian factors, which occur on the same
locus on homologous chromosomes and
control the same trait (e.g. Tallness and
dwarfness in Pea).
4.
When a gene expresses itself fully and codes

for a complete functional polypeptide
irrespective of the presence or absence of a
recessive gene, is called as a dominant gene.
5.
In F1 generation, only dominant characters are

expressed by dominant genes, whereas recessive
genes and their expressions are suppressed.
7.
Tt and Rr are the two pairs of heterozygous

alleles.
8.
A pure line is the organism which is

homozygous for a particular character.
9.
Mutants are organisms which are produced

due to mutations. F2 is the second filial
generation. P is parental generation.
12.
Hybridisation is a process in which plants

belonging to different species are artificially
cross pollinated. The important step in this is
emasculation, which means removal of anthers
or stamens before anthesis to prevent self
pollination in bisexual flowers.
AaBb
Gametes :
AB Ab aB ab AB Ab aB ab
F2 generation :
AB
AB
AABB
Ab
AABb
aB
AaBB
ab
AaBb
Ab
AABb
AAbb
AaBb
Aabb
aB
AaBB
AaBb
aaBB
aaBb
ab
AaBb
Aabb
aaBb
aabb
Darkest Medium Intermediate Light

red
Red
red
red
Phenotypic
ratio
: 1
White
: 1
110. Hugo De Vries and Karl Correns rediscovered

the Mendels work.
111. Skin colour in humans is controlled by three
pairs of genes: Aa, Bb, Cc
112. The phenotypes are
- Pure black (negro)
- Black (less dark than negro parent)
- Lesser black or brown
- Mulatto (intermediate sanwla)
- Fair
- Very fair
- Pure white (albino)
113. The genotype of negro = AABBCC
The genotype of albino = aabbcc
114. Genetics is the branch of science that is
concerned or deals with the phenomenon of
heredity and variation. Cytohistology is the
study of structure and life processes of cells
and their components along with cellular
details of a tissue or organ. Embryology is the
study of development of embryo. Cytology is
the study of cells.
21

14.
17.
The character which is expressed in F1

generation is dominant and the recessive
character is suppressed in F1 generation.
19.
20.
21.
T
t
Rr Rr
R
18.
R
RR
tall
Rr
tall
When a homozygous dominant (AA) is

crossed with homozygous recessive (aa) in F1
generation heterozygous dominant (Aa) is
obtained which does not resemble any of the
parents genotypically.
The phenotypes obtained from growing 190
grains of Jowar are 140 tall and 50 dwarf. This
approximately equal to 3 : 1 ratio. Hence, this
will be F2 generation and there will be 3
genotypes and two phenotypes. The genotypes
will be homozygous tall, heterozygous tall and
homozygous dwarf, i.e. TT, Tt, tt respectively.
In F2 generation, both the dominant and
recessive characters are expressed and hence it
will show both the types of flowers.
23.
Plant heterozygous for tallness has two alleles,

one governing tallness and other governing
dwarfness. This plant will produce two types
of gametes during gamete formation because
of segregation. The gametes produced are T
and t. Hence, the possibility of t gamete
1
fertilizing either T or t is , i.e. 50 %.
2
24.
The law of segregation states that when a pair

of allelomorphs are brought together in the F1
hybrid they co-exist or remain together in the
hybrid without blending or in any way
contaminating each other and they separate
completely and remain pure during the
formation of gametes.
25.
The four phenotypes: Tall round, Tall

wrinkled, Dwarf round, Dwarf wrinkled.
26.
A
a
A
AA
Aa
TY
Ty
tY
ty
a
a
Aa
aa
When homozygous dominant parent (TT)

crossed with heterozygous parent (Tt), the
offspring produced is of same phenotype as
that of parents.
22
ty
TtYy
TY
Ty
tY ty
TY
TTYY
TTYy
TtYY
TtYy
Ty
TTYy
TTyy
TtYy
Ttyy
tY
TtYY
TtYy
ttYY
ttYy
ty
TtYy
Ttyy
ttYy
ttyy
There is only one double recessive plant = ttyy
3 Axillary : 1 terminal
22.
ttyy
(Dwarf green)
Gametes:
F2 generation:
Aa
Parents : TTYY
(Tall Yellow)
Gametes :
TY
F1 generation :
Axillary position (A) is dominant over

terminal (a) position. When Aa Aa is
crossed, we get 3 : 1 ratio, i.e. three axillary
flower and one terminal.
Gametes:
T
TT
Tt
Hence, the percentage of offsprings with

different phenotype is 0.
r
Rr
tall
rr
dwarf
Aa
T
TT
Tt
27.
The single homozygous plants are YYRr (2),

YyRR (2), Yyrr (2) and yyRr (2).
28.
Phenotype of TtRr, TTRR and TtRR is Tall

Round, but phenotype of Ttrr is tall wrinkled.

29.
The dihybrid phenotypic ratio is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.

9 Tall yellow
3 Tall green
3 Dwarf yellow
1 Dwarf green
If there are 36 tall and green plants there will
be 36 dwarf yellow, 12 dwarf green and 108
tall yellow plants. Thus the total number of
progeny will be 192.
30.
When a plant heterozygous for tallness and

yellow colour are selfed, they will produce F2
generation with 16 different genotypes. Out of
these, only one will be homozygous recessive
genotype. Hence, the ratio of pure
homozygous dwarf and green is 1 : 16.
31.
Parents
TTRR ttrr
TtRr
TtRr TtRr
F1 generation :
F2 generation :
Gametes
TR
Tr
tR
tr
TR
TTRR
TTRr
TtRR
TtRr
TR
Tr
tR
tr
TR
Tr
tR
tr
Tr
TTRr
TTrr
TtRr
Ttrr
tR
TtRR
TtRr
ttRR
ttRr
The ratio given is 9: 3: 3: 1 (56.25 : 18.75 :

18.75 : 6.25)
This ratio occurs due to the F1 hybrid which is
heterozygous for both the genes, i.e. TtRr.
35.
The eight gametes produced will be ABC,

ABc, AbC, Abc, aBC, aBc, abC, abc
36.
A cross between yellow round and green

wrinkled pure line plants, yields all yellow
round plants in F1 generation as this character
is dominant. No recessive character is
expressed in F1 plants so, the number of
yellow wrinkled plants produced is 0.
37.
In AABBCC, there is no heterozygous allele.

So, only one type of gamete can be formed.
39.
Law of independent assortment can also be

stated as If the inheritance of more than one
pair of characters (two pairs or more) is
studied simultaneously, the factors or genes
for each pair of characters assort
independently of the other pairs.
In the example given above, the two
allelomorphic pairs for characters blood
group and colour of hair are taken into
consideration, which can be expressed by Law
of Independent Assortment.
40.
The law of independent assortment is

applicable only for the traits which are located
on different chromosomes.
41.
When F1 offsprings are crossed with recessive

parent it is called as test cross and it produces
recessive and dominant in equal proportion and
hence used to distinguish between homozygous
or heterozygous dominant characters.
42.
Parents:
tr
TtRr
Ttrr
ttRr
ttrr
In F2 generation, TTrr is 1/16.
32.
Four double heterozygous individuals (AaBb)

are formed in a typical Mendelian dihybrid
cross.
33.
When the F1 dihybrid is crossed with a

recessive plant, it is called dihybrid test cross.
Green Wrinkled
Yellow Round
yy rr
Yy Rr
Parents:
Gametes :
yr
34.
YR
Yr
yR
yr
yr
Gametes :
YR
Yr
yR
yr
YyRr
Yyrr
yyRr
yyrr
1
Yellow
Round
1
Yellow
Wrinkled
1
Green
round
1
Green
wrinkled
t
t
Tt
T
Tt
Tt
tt
t
t
tt
tt
Equal number of tall and dwarf plants are

produced.
23
44.
In Mendelian inheritance, the F2 offsprings are

obtained by self-pollination in the F1 hybrids.
But, the F1 hybrids can be crossed with either
of the two parents. Such a cross between
offspring and parents is known as back cross.
45.
The genotype of pure inflated pod variety = II

The genotype of pure constricted pod variety
= ii
The cross will be;
Parents :
II
ii
Gametes:
Phenotypic ratio: Red : Pink : White

1 : 2 : 1
Genotypic ratio: RR : Rr : rr
1 : 2 : 1
Gametes :
F1 generation :
Ii
(F1 hybrid)
Ii
II
(F1 hybrid)
(pure inflated)
Gametes:
46.
47.
II
II
Ii
Ii
(All inflated pods)
This is a dihybrid test cross, so the tall pea

plant with red flowers has to be TtRr, i.e.
heterozygous.
tR
tr
TR
TR
TtRr
tr
TtRr
(Tall Red)
Parents:
Gametes :
Tr
Tr
Ttrr
tR
ttRr
tr
ttrr
Red
White
RR
rr
F1 generation:
24
W
RW
(roan)
WW
(white)
52.
Three types of progenies which result from

marriage between sickle-cell carriers are one
normal, two sickle-cell carriers and one sicklecell anaemic. The one sickle-cell anaemic dies
leaving behind one normal and two sickle-cell
carriers. Hence, the ratio is 1 : 2.
54.
The disease sickle-cell anaemia is caused by a

gene HbS which is recessive. A marriage
between two carriers of sickle-cell anaemia
(HbA HbS) will produce normal children
with genotype (HbAHbA), sickle cell carriers
with genotype (HbAHbS) and sickle-cell
anaemic with genotype HbSHbS. Sickle-cell
anaemic dies leaving behind carriers and
normal. Thus, the gene for sickle-cell
anaemia (recessive gene) is lethal in
homozygous condition.
55.
Genotype of albino person is aabbcc (pure

white, melanin is not produced at all).
tr
Rr
r
Rr
(Pink)
rr
(white)
R
RR
(red)
RW
(roan)
The homozygous and heterozygous genotypic

condition for blood group A will be IAIA and
IAi respectively.
F2 generation:
R
RR
(Red)
Rr
(Pink)
RW RW
51.
(All pink)
F2 generation:
Phenotypic ratio: 1 Red : 2 Roan : 1 White

Genotypic ratio : RR : RW : WW
1
: 2
: 1
ttrr
(dwarf white)
W
RW (Roan)
The gametes produced by parents YyRr will

be YR, Yr, yR, yr. Hence, the percentage of
yr will be 25.
Gametes:
49.
F1 generation:
RR (Red) WW (White)
50.

56.
57.
1.
2.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Whenever any organism consisting of two

contrasting alleles of a gene or trait, the one
which expresses itself phenotypically is
known as dominant, whereas other allele or
trait which fails to express itself is recessive.
On the basis of his experiments, Mendel
formulated this law of dominance when a
pair of contrasting characters were crossed.
The ratio produced is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 which is
also called the dihybrid ratio. Therefore,
the genotype of the parents should be RrTt.
(i.e. heterozygous for both the genes.)
11.
1 : 2 : 1; one homozygous dominant, two

heterozygous dominant and one homozygous
recessive.
12.
Tt
TT
(F1 hybrid) (homozygous dominant)
T
TT
TT
Tt
Tt
No recessive combination is obtained.

13.
Parents:
RR
Gametes:
Heredity is the transmission of genetic

characters from parents to the offspring.
F1 generation:
The homozygote is pure for the character and

breeds true, i.e. it gives rise to offsprings
having the same character on self-breeding.
e.g. TT or tt.
RR
Rr
Rr
rr
3 red coloured (RR, Rr, Rr): 1 White coloured

(rr)
RR
Rr
Rr
rr
14.
Parents : Rr (Hybrid red) RR (Pure red)

Gametes:
RR RR
Rr
(All red)
15.
RR rr
(red) (white)
Gametes: R r
Rr
Rr
Red : white = 3 : 1
Parents:
Heterozygous is not pure and is called hybrid.

Heterozygote does not breed true on self
fertilization. e.g. Tt.
Recessive character will be expressed only in
presence of recessive alleles. A dominant
allele will not allow the expression of a
recessive allele.
rr
Rr
F2 generation:
Law of dominance, law of segregation and

law of independent assortment come under
Mendels laws of inheritance.
F1 generation: Rr
F2 generation:
Rr
50; because after selfing of Rr, 2 homozygous

and 2 heterozygous individuals are formed in
F2 generation.
R
RR
Rr
Rr
rr
17.
Law of segregation is universally applicable.
18.
The nine different genotypes obtained from

dihybrid cross between Yellow round
(YYRR) and green wrinkled (yyrr) are YYRR,
YYRr, YyRR, YyRr, YYrr, Yyrr, yyRR, yyRr
and yyrr.
19.
RrYy is a dihybrid, so four types of gametes

are formed RY, Ry, rY, ry
25

20.
AABb aaBb
aB
ab
AB
AaBB
AaBb
34.
The F1 generation has mullatoes with 8 types of

gametes. The genetic combination is AaBbCc.
As there are three pairs of heterozygous alleles,
it will form 8 types of gametes.
35.
Mendel enunciated three major principles of

inheritance, i.e. Law of dominance, law of
segregation and law of independent
assortment.
Ab
AaBb
Aabb
AaBB : AaBb : Aabb : aabb

1 : 2 : 1 : 0
25.
Mirabilis jalapa shows incomplete dominance.
26.
Codominance is a condition in which both

members of an allelic pair contribute to
phenotype. In cattles, the cross between red
and white produces roan offspring whose coat
consist of both red and white hair.
P : AABBDDEE X aabbddee
F1 : AaBbDdEe
Types of gametes formed = 2n
(tetrahybrid)24 = 2222 = 16 gametes
27.
In codominance, both the genes of an

allelomorphic pair express themselves equally
and independently in F1 hybrids. In codominance, the phenotypic and genotypic ratio
is identical, i.e. 1: 2 : 1
41.
29.
30.
Possible genotype
of man with blood
group A
Possible genotype
of woman with
blood group B
I A I A, I A I O
IB IB, IB IO
IB IO
The allele IA and IB produce a sugar and allele

i does not produce any sugar.
If the
genotype is
The six genotypes are -IA IA or IAi, IBIB or IBi,

IAIB, ii.
The possible blood groups can be A, B, AB

and O.
The four phenotypes are A, B, AB, O.

31.
37.
In Co-dominance, both alleles of a gene pair

in heterozygote are fully expressed, with
neither one being dominant or recessive to the
other. Allele IA and IB when present together
in AB blood group, express their own type of
sugar on the surface of RBC. Thus, it is an
example of Co-dominance.
32.
A marriage between two carriers of sickle cell

anaemia will produce normal, carrier and
anaemic progeny in 1:2:1 ratio.
33.
Human characters such as height, skin

showing gradations (continous variations) in
expression. These characters are determined
by two or more gene pairs and they have
additive or cumulative effect. These genes are
called cumulative genes or polygenes or
multiple factors.
26
45.
IA IO
Genotype AaBbcc
No. of gametes produced = 2n (n = no. of
heterozygous alleles)
Here, n = 2 (Aa, Bb)
No. of gametes produced = 22 = 4
(ABc, Abc, aBc, abc)
Evaluation Test
1.
The percentage of ab gametes produced by

AaBb parent will be
(A) 50%
(B) 25%
(C) 12.5%
(D) 75%
2.
Match the column I with column II and select

the correct option.
Column I
a. Incomplete
dominance
b. Roan coat colour
of cattle
c. Recessive allele
d. Tall red Dwarf
white
i.
3.
Which of the following statements are true

about dihybrid?
(i) It is homozygous for two traits.
(ii) It is heterozygous for two traits.
(iii) It is produced in a cross between two
pure parents differing in two pairs of
contrasting characters.
(iv) It is produced in a cross between two
pure parents differing in one pair of
contrasting characters.
(A) (i) and (ii) are true
(B) (ii) and (iii) are true
(C) (iii) and (iv) are true
(D) (i) and (iv) are true
8.
When Mendel performed dihybrid cross by

crossing yellow round seed of pea plant with
green wrinkled seed of pea plant, what result
did he obtained in F2 generation?
(A) All yellow round seeds.
(B) 75% yellow round and 25% green
wrinkled seeds.
(C) Yellow round, yellow wrinkled, green
round, green wrinkled seeds.
(D) All green wrinkled seeds.
9.
During a cross between yellow round (YYRR)

and green wrinkled (yyrr), which of the
following statement is true?
(i) A gamete which receives Y for colour,
may receive R or r for shape.
(ii) A gamete which receives Y for colour
will receive only R for shape.
(iii) A gamete which receives y for colour
may receive R or r for shape.
(iv) A gamete which receives y for colour
will receive only r for shape.
(A) (i) and (iii) are true
(B) (i), (ii) are true
(C) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are true
(D) only (iv) is true
10.
Find
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Column II
Unexpressed
ii. Dihybrid cross

iii. 1 : 2 : 1
iv. Co-dominance
v. Expressed
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
7.
a iii, b ii, c v, d iv
a iii, b iv, c i, d ii
a v, b ii, c i, d iv
a ii, b iv, c v, d iii
Dwarf plants of F2 population of monohybrid

cross
(A) breed true for dwarfness
(B) breed true for tallness
(C) segregate into 3 tall and 1 dwarf
(D) show incomplete dominance
4.
In peas, if 50% of the offsprings are short and

50% are tall, the probable genotypes of the
parents are
(A) Tt Tt
(B) TT tt
(C) Tt tt
(D) tt tt
5.
In which of the following cross do 3/4th of the

offsprings appear dominant?
(A) Tt Tt
(B) TT Tt
(C) TT tt
(D) Tt tt
6.
When Mendel selfed F1 generation, he

obtained 1064 seeds. In F2 generation, out of
1064 seeds, _______ were tall and ______
were dwarf.
(A) 882, 299
(B) 787, 277
(C) 787, 277
(D) 651, 207
out the wrong statement.

Test cross ratio is 1:1
Test cross is a back cross.
Back cross is always a test cross.
Test cross is done between F1 hybrid
and homozygous recessive parent.
27
11.
Carina is
(A) outermost two petals of pea flower.
(B) the innermost two petals that are
appressed together.
(C) a boat shaped structure of petals.
12.
What is not true about alleles?

(A) Two or more alternative forms of gene
are called alleles or allelomorphs.
(B) Round and wrinkled form of genes are
alleles of each other.
(C) Alleles
occupy
same
loci
on
homologous chromosomes.
(D) Only recessive allele express in hybrids.
13.
F2 progeny of monohybrid cross shows

(A) two phenotypes and two genotypes.
(B) two phenotypes and three genotypes.
(C) two genotypes and three phenotypes.
(D) one phenotype and two genotypes.
14.
When a heterozygous pea plant with inflated

pods is crossed with a plant with homozygous
constricted pods, the offspring are
(A) 75% inflated 25% constricted
(B) all inflated
(C) 50% inflated 50% constricted
(D) all constricted
15.
Mendels laws of inheritance are applicable in

(A) plants raised through tissue culture.
(B) only sexually reproducing plants.
(C) only on garden plants.
(D) both sexually as well as apomictic
plants.
Answers to Evaluation Test

1.
5.
9.
13.
(B)
(A)
(A)
(B)
28
2.
6.
10.
14.
(B)
(C)
(C)
(C)
3.
7.
11.
15.
(A)
(B)
(D)
(B)
4. (C)
8. (C)
12. (D)

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Useful for all Medical Entrance Examinations held across India.

STD. XII Sci.

Fifth Edition: May 2015

Includes solved MCQs from AIPMT, MH CET 2015.

Evaluation test provided at the end of each chapter.

Solutions/hints to Evaluation Test available in downloadable PDF format at

Printed at: Repro India Ltd., Mumbai

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Genetic engineering and

Human health and

Control and Coordination

Origin and Evolution of

Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

Deviations from Mendelian ratios

Gregor Johann Mendel (1822 1884)

Gregor Mendel was the first to give the hypothesis of

Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Std. XII : Triumph Biology

7 Pairs of contrasting characters studied by Mendel in pea plant:

Contrasting form / traits

Seed colour (cotyledon)

Result of monohybrid cross experiments:

787 Tall, 277 dwarf

Yellow green seeds

6022 Yellow, 2001 green

Round wrinkled seeds

5474 Round, 1850 wrinkled

Green yellow pods

428 Green, 152 yellow

Inflated constricted pods

882 Inflated, 299 constricted

Axial terminal flower

651 Axile, 207 terminal

Violet white flower

705 Violet, 224 white

Grey seed coat

705 Grey, 224 white

viii. Grey white seed coat

Monohybrid Phenotypic ratio = 3 : 1

Dihybrid Phenotypic ratio = 9 : 3: 3 : 1

Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

Test cross : F1hybrid parent (Recessive)

Mendels 1st Law : Law of dominance

Blood group and its inheritance:

Deviation from Mendelian ratios

Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

The phenomenon of like begets like is due to

Transmission of characters from one

The term genetics was coined by

The greek word which means to grow into is

The first scientific explanation regarding

Who is known as Father of Genetics?

Organisms produced by asexual reproduction

The term factor for gene was coined by

Gregor Mendel was born in

Std. XII : Triumph Biology

The first scientific study leading to the