EXPERIMENT # 05

Processes:
Q.1) Use find to compile a list of all directories in the system, redirecting th
e output so that the list of directories ends up in a file called directories.tx
t and the list of error messages ends up in a file called errors.txt?
A.) First Making a Directories.txt File:
asif@asifiqbal: echo so many directories
so many directories
asif@asifiqbal: echo so many directories > directories.txt
t file created in home folder
Output of the Directories.txt File:
asif@asifiqbal: find / print > directories.txt &
[2] 6534
// Job Number and PID

// directories.tx

// "&" appending

Directories Output:
/
/usr
/usr/src
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/usr
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/m68knommu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/crypto
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/lguest
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Kconfig.cpu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/math-emu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kvm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/lib
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/ia32
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/oprofile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Makefile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/include
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mach-default
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Kconfig.debug
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/power
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/vdso
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Makefile_32.cpu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/.asm-offsets.s.cmd
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/cpu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/asm-offsets.s
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/acpi
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/video
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mach-voyager
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/boot
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mach-rdc321x
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Kconfig
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/xen
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/pci
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mach-generic
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/ia64
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/m68k
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/m32r
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/frv

/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/sparc64
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/mips
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/s390
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/mn10300
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/avr32
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/sparc
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/sh
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/h8300
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/powerpc
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/cris
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/alpha
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/xtensa
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/um
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/Kconfig
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/parisc
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/arm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/blackfin
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/crypto
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/ubuntu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/lib
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/Documentation
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/init
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/sound
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/samples
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/mm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/.config
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/Makefile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/security
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/.missing-syscalls.d
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/crypto
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/asm-arm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/pppoe.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/skisa.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/eeprom
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/eeprom/93cx6.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/qsemi
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/qsemi/phy.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/zeroplus
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/zeroplus/ff.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/atl1.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/wdt.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/reed
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/reed/solomon.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/reed/solomon
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/reed/solomon/dec16.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/ipw2200
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/ipw2200/monitor.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/ipw2200/radiotap.h
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/include/config/ipw2200/promiscuous.h
Now Making a Errors.txt file:
asif@asifiqbal: echo errors and errors
errors and errors
asif@asifiqbal: echo errors and errors > errors.txt
created in home folder
asif@asifiqbal: find / print > errors.txt &
[3] 5642
// Job Number and PID

// errors.txt file

Output Directories:
/usr
/usr/src
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/usr
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/m68knommu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/crypto
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/lguest
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Kconfig.cpu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/math-emu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kvm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/lib
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/ia32
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/oprofile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mm
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Makefile
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/include
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/mach-default
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Kconfig.debug
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/power
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/vdso
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/Makefile_32.cpu
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/.asm-offsets.s.cmd
/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.28-11-generic/arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
Q.3) Try the command sleep 5. What does this command do?
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 5
// will sleep for five seconds and then return bac
k
Q.4) Run the command in the background using &?
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 5 &
[3] 6661
// Prints The Job Number
Q.5) Run sleep 15 in the foreground, suspend it with Ctrl-z and then put it into
the background with bg. Type jobs. Type ps. Bring the job back into the foregro
und with fg?
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 15
rl + Z
^Z
[3]+ Stopped

// stopped sleep 15 by Hitting Ct

sleep 15

Running Sleep 15 in Background:

asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 15 &
[4] 6883
// Prints the Job Number and PID
Jobs:
asif@asifiqbal:~$ jobs
[1] Stopped
[2]- Stopped
[3]+ Stopped
[4] Running
Ps:
asif@asifiqbal:~$ ps
PID TTY
TIME CMD
3230 pts/0
00:00:00 bash

sleep 15
vi errors
sleep 15
sleep 15 &

5289
6442
6881
6884

pts/0
pts/0
pts/0
pts/0

00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:00

sleep
vi
sleep
ps

Bringing Job to Foreground:

or PID
asif@asifiqbal:~$ fg 6881
bash: fg: 6881: no such job

//bringing to foreground by the process number

Q.6) Run sleep 15 in the background using &, and then use kill to terminate the
process by its job number. Repeat, except this time kill the process by specifyi
ng its PID?
Killing a process by its job Number:
// we use a "%" si
gn and the job number
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 15 &
[3] 8401
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill %3
// Process Terminated
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill %3
// Confirming the process termination
bash: kill: (8401) - No such process
[3] Terminated
sleep 15
Killing a process by its PID:
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 15 &
[3] 8668
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill 8668
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill 8668
bash: kill: (8668) - No such process
[3] Terminated
Q.7) Run sleep 15 in the background using &, and then use kill to suspend the pr
ocess?
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 5 &
[3] 8875
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill %3
asif@asifiqbal:~$ kill %3
bash: kill: (8878) - No such process
[3] Terminated
sleep 5
Q.8) Startup a number of sleep 60 processes in the background, and terminate the
m all at the same time using the killall command?
Creating processes Sleep 60 in the Background:
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[3] 9248
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[4] 9249
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[5] 9250
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
// created 8 processess of sleep 60
[6] 9251
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[7] 9252
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[8] 9253
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[9] 9254
asif@asifiqbal:~$ sleep 60 &
[10] 9255

asif@asifiqbal:~$ killall sleep

// killing sleep 60 and its instances
[3] Terminated
sleep 60
[4] Terminated
sleep 60
[5] Terminated
sleep 60
[6] Terminated
sleep 60
[7] Terminated
sleep 60
[8] Terminated
sleep 60
[9] Terminated
sleep 60
[10] Terminated
sleep 60
Q.9) Use ps, w and top to show all processes that are executing?
Ps:
asif@asifiqbal:~$ ps
// Selection of the active processes
PID TTY
TIME CMD
3230 pts/0
00:00:00 bash
5289 pts/0
00:00:00 sleep
6442 pts/0
00:00:00 vi
9496 pts/0
00:00:00 ps
W:
asif@asifiqbal:~$ w
// Shows Who is Logged In and the timings
23:31:40 up 3:36, 2 users, load average: 0.21, 0.20, 0.12
USER
TTY
FROM
LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
asif tty7
:0
19:55
3:36m 10:55 0.68s x-session-manager
asif pts/0
:0.0
19:56
0.00s 0.74s 0.01s w
top:
// Shows the tasks currently being Managed by Linux Kernel
top - 23:34:40 up 3:39, 2 users, load average: 0.22, 0.20, 0.13
Tasks: 111 total, 2 running, 107 sleeping, 2 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 15.2%us, 2.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 82.1%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.3%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 1018528k total, 782896k used, 235632k free,
91880k buffers
Swap:
0k total,
0k used,
0k free, 393352k cached
Q.10) Use ps -aeH to display the process hierarchy. Look for the init process. S
ee if you can identify important system daemons?
Displaying the Process Hierarchy by ps -aeH:
asif@asifiqbal:~$ ps -aeH
PID TTY
TIME CMD
2 ?
00:00:00 kthreadd
3 ?
00:00:00 migration/0
4 ?
00:00:00 ksoftirqd/0
5 ?
00:00:00 watchdog/0
6 ?
00:00:00 events/0
7 ?
00:00:00 khelper
8 ?
00:00:00 kstop/0
9 ?
00:00:00 kintegrityd/0
10 ?
00:00:00 kblockd/0
11 ?
00:00:00 kacpid
12 ?
00:00:00 kacpi_notify
13 ?
00:00:00 cqueue
14 ?
00:00:00 ata/0
15 ?
00:00:00 ata_aux
16 ?
00:00:00 ksuspend_usbd
17 ?
00:00:00 khubd
18 ?
00:00:00 kseriod
19 ?
00:00:00 kmmcd
20 ?
00:00:00 btaddconn
21 ?
00:00:00 btdelconn

22
23
24
25
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
662
1168
1
796

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?

00:00:00 pdflush
00:00:00 pdflush
00:00:00 kswapd0
00:00:00 aio/0
00:00:00 ecryptfs-kthrea
00:00:00 scsi_eh_0
00:00:00 scsi_eh_1
00:00:00 kstriped
00:00:00 kmpathd/0
00:00:00 kmpath_handlerd
00:00:00 ksnapd
00:00:00 kondemand/0
00:00:00 krfcommd
00:00:00 kjournald
00:00:00 kpsmoused
00:00:01 init
00:00:00 udevd

Looking for init process:

1 ?
00:00:01 init
System Daemons:
2272 ?
00:00:01
2552 ?
00:00:00
2553 ?
00:00:00
10241 ?
00:00:00

dbus-daemon
avahi-daemon
avahi-daemon
dbus-daemon