6-1

Solutions for Chapter 6 Problems

1. Distributed Parameters Model
P6.1: RG-223/U coax has an inner conductor radius a = 0.47 mm and inner radius of the
outer conductor b = 1.435 mm. The conductor is copper, and polyethylene is the
dielectric. Calculate the distributed parameters at 800 MHz.
for copper: Cu 5.8 x107

S
m

for polyethylene: r 2.26, 1016

R'
1

1
2

S
m

1 1 f

a b c

6
7
1
1

800 x10 4 x10

3.32

3
3
7
1.435 x10
m
0.47 x10
5.8 x10

b 4 x107 1.435
nH
ln
ln
223
2 a
2
m
0.47
2 1016
2
S
G'

560 x1018
ln b a ln 1.435 0.47
m0
L'

C'

2 2.26 8.854 x10 12

2
pF

112
ln b a
ln 1.435 0.47
m

P6.2: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.1 to account for a magnetic conductive material.
Apply this program to problem P6.1 if the copper conductor is replaced with nickel.
S
and r 600.
m
Note that this program has also been modified for P6.04 as well.
for Nickel we have Ni 1.5 x107

%Coax distributed parameters

%
%
Modified: P0602
%
add rel permeability
%
also modified for P0604
%
clear
clc
disp('Calc Coax Distributed Parameters')

6-2
%Some constant values
muo=pi*4e-7;
eo=1e-9/(36*pi);
%Prompt for input values
a=input('inner radius, in mm, = ');
b=input('outer radius, in mm, = ');
er=input('relative permittivity, er= ');
sigd=input('dielectric conductivity, in S/m, = ');
sigc=input('conductor conductivity, in S/m, = ');
ur=input('conductor rel. permeability, = ');
f=input('input frequency, in Hz, = ');
%Perform calulations
G=2*pi*sigd/log(b/a);
C=2*pi*er*eo/log(b/a);
L=muo*log(b/a)/(2*pi);
Rs=sqrt(pi*f*ur*muo/sigc);
R=(1000*((1/a)+(1/b))*Rs)/(2*pi);
omega=2*pi*f;
RL=R+i*omega*L;
GC=G+i*omega*C;
Gamma=sqrt(RL*GC);
Zo=sqrt(RL/GC);
alpha=real(Gamma);
beta=imag(Gamma);
loss=exp(-2*alpha*1);
lossdb=-10*log10(loss);
%Display results
disp(['G/h = ' num2str(G) ' S/m'])
disp(['C/h = ' num2str(C) ' F/m'])
disp(['L/h = ' num2str(L) ' H/m'])
disp(['R/h = ' num2str(R) ' ohm/m'])
disp(['Gamma= ' num2str(Gamma) ' /m'])
disp(['alpha= ' num2str(alpha) 'Np/m'])
disp(['beta= ' num2str(beta) 'rad/m'])
disp(['Zo = ' num2str(Zo) ' ohms'])
disp(['loss=' num2str(loss) ' /m'])
disp(['lossdb=' num2str(lossdb) ' dB/m'])
Now run the program for Nickel:
Calc Coax Distributed Parameters

6-3
inner radius, in mm, = 0.47
outer radius, in mm, = 1.435
relative permittivity, er= 2.26
dielectric conductivity, in S/m, = 1e-16
conductor conductivity, in S/m, = 1.5e7
conductor rel. permeability, = 600
input frequency, in Hz, = 800e6
G/h = 5.6291e-016 S/m
C/h = 1.1249e-010 F/m
L/h = 2.2324e-007 H/m
R/h = 159.7792 ohm/m
Gamma= 1.78881+25.252i /m
alpha= 1.7888Np/m
beta= 25.252rad/m
Zo = 44.6608-3.1637i ohms
loss=0.027942 /m
lossdb=15.5374 dB/m
>>
Summarizing the distributed parameter data from this routine we have:
R ' 160 , L ' 223 nH , G ' 560 x1018 S , C ' 112 pF
m
m
m
m

P6.3: Modify (6.3) to include internal inductance of the conductors. To simplify the
calculation, assume current is evenly distributed across the conductors. Find the new
value of L for the coax of Drill 6.1.
From Amperes Circuit Law we can find H versus :
I
for a
2 a 2
I
H
for a b
2
H

I c2 2
for b c
2 c 2 b 2
H 0 for c
H

Using the energy approach, Wm

1 2 o
LI
H 2 dv , we find

2
2

c 2 2 c c 2 1 c 2 b 2
2 2 ln 2 2 2 2
c b b c b 4 c b
Inserting the given values we find

b
L ' o ln o o
2 a 8 2

6-4
nH
nH
328
m
m
With two significant digits we therefore have L = 330 nH/m.
L ' 237 50 41.2

2. Time Harmonic Waves on Transmission Line

P6.4: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.1 to also calculate and Zo. Confirm the
program using Drill 6.2.
See the solution for P6.2.
Calc Coax Distributed Parameters
inner radius, in mm, = 0.45
outer radius, in mm, = 1.47
relative permittivity, er= 2.26
dielectric conductivity, in S/m, = 1e-16
conductor conductivity, in S/m, = 5.8e7
conductor rel. permeability, = 1
input frequency, in Hz, = 1e9
G/h = 5.3078e-016 S/m
C/h = 1.0606e-010 F/m
L/h = 2.3675e-007 H/m
R/h = 3.8112 ohm/m
Gamma= 0.0403332+31.4857i /m
alpha= 0.040333Np/m
beta= 31.4857rad/m
Zo = 47.246-0.0605221i ohms
loss=0.9225 /m
lossdb=0.35033 dB/m
>>
This agrees with the results of Drill 6.2.

P6.5: The impedance and propagation constant at 100 MHz for a T-Line are determined
to be Zo = 18.6 j0.253 and = 0.0638 + j4.68 /m. Calculate the distributed
parameters.
R ' j L '
, R ' j L ' G ' jC '
G ' jC '
Z o R ' j L ' 2.37 j87.0
Zo

R ' 2.37

nH
, L ' 87.0 so L ' 139
m
m

6-5

G ' jC ' 7.63 x106 j 0.252,

Zo
G ' 7.63

S
pF
, and C ' 0.252 so C ' 401
m
m

P6.6: The specifications for RG-214 coaxial cable are as follows:

2.21 mm diameter copper inner conductor
7.24 mm inner diameter of outer conductor
9.14 mm outer diameter of outer conductor
Teflon dielectric (r = 2.10)
Calculate the characteristic impedance and the propagation velocity for this cable.
60 b
60
3.62
ln
ln
49.1
r a
2.1 1.105
c
m
up
2.07 x108
s
r
Zo

P6.7: For the RG-214 coax of problem P6.6 operating at 1 GHz, how long is this T-line in
terms of wavelengths if its physical length is 50 cm?
2.07 x108
up f ,

0.207 m
f
1x109
up

1m

2.4
0.207 m 100cm

l ( ) 50cm

P6.8: If 1 watt of power is inserted into a coaxial cable, and 1 microwatt of power is
measured 100 m down the line, what is the lines attenuation in dB/m?

1W
A 10 log
60dB
1W
60dB
dB
A'
0.6
100m
m
P6.9: Starting with a 1 mm diameter solid copper wire, you are to design a 75 coaxial
T-Line using mica as the dielectric. Determine (a) the inner diameter of the outer copper
conductor, (b) the propagation velocity on the line and (c) the approximate attenuation, in
dB/m, at 1 MHz.

6-6

60 b
ln , b=a exp Zo r 60 0.5mm exp 75 5.4
r a
So the inner diameter of the outer conductor is 18 mm.
c
2.998 x108
m
m
up

1.29 x108 , so u p 1.3 x108

s
s
r
5.4
Zo

60 9.1mm

To calculate , will need . Therefore we calculate R, L, G and C.

6
7
1
1
m

1x10 4 x10

87.6

3
3
7
9.1x10
5.8 x10
m
0.5 x10
4 x107 9.1
nH
L'
ln
580
2
m
0.5
2 1015
S
G'
2.17 x1015
ln 9.1 0.5
m

1
R'
2

C'

2 5.4 8.854 x1012

ln 9.1

0.5
Now, with = 2f,

103.5

pF
m

1
m
Np
8.686
dB
dB

Finally, 585 x106

5.1x103

m Np
m

This is confirmed using MLP0602.

R ' j L ' G ' jC ' 585 x106 j 0.049

P6.10: MATLAB: A coaxial cable has a solid copper inner conductor of radius a = 1mm
and a copper outer conductor of inner radius b. The outer conductor is much thicker than
a skin depth. The dielectric has r = 2.26 and eff = 0.0002 at 1 GHz. Letting the ratio
b/a vary from 1.5 to 10, generate a plot of the attenuation (in dB/m) versus the line
impedance. Use the lossless assumption to calculate impedance.
%
MLP0610
%
%
Plot of alpha vs Zo for a particular coax
clear
clc
%Some constant values
muo=pi*4e-7;
eo=8.854e-12;
a=1;
er=2.26;
sigd=0.0002;
sigc=5.8e7;

6-7
f=1e9;
%Perform calulations
b=1.5:.1:10;
G=2*pi*sigd./log(b./a);
C=2*pi*er*eo./log(b./a);
L=muo*log(b./a)/(2*pi);
Rs=sqrt(pi*f*muo/sigc);
R=(1000*((1./a)+(1./b))*Rs)/(2*pi);
w=2*pi*f;
RL=R+i*w*L;
GC=G+i*w*C;
Gamma=sqrt(RL.*GC);
Zo=abs(sqrt(RL./GC));
alpha=real(Gamma);
loss=exp(-2*alpha*1);
lossdb=-10*log10(loss);
plot(Zo,lossdb)
xlabel('Characteristic Impedance (ohms)')
ylabel('attenuation (dB/m)')
grid on

Fig. P6.10

3. Terminated T-Lines
P6.11: Start with equation (6.54) and derive (6.55).

6-8

Vo e l Vo e l
Z in l
Zo
Vo e Vo e l
With Vo LVo , we then have

Z in

l
l

L e l
L e l

Zo

We also know that

Z Zo
L L
,
Z L Zo
So now we have
Z Z o l
e l L
e
Z L Zo
Z Z o e l Z L Z o e l Z

Z in
Zo L
o
Z L Z o e l Z L Z o e l
Z L Z o l

l
e
e
Z L Zo
and with rearranging,
Z L e l e l Z o e l e l
Z in
Zo .
Z L e l e l Z o e l e l
We can convert the exponential terms into hyperbolic functions, given
1
1
sinh(x)
sinh( x) e x e x , cosh( x) e x e x , and tanh(x)=
.
2
2
cosh(x)
This leads to
2 Z cosh l 2 Z o sinh l
Z in Z o L
,
2 Z L sinh l 2 Z o cosh l
or finally
Z Z o tanh l
Z in Z o L
.
Z o Z L tanh l

P6.12: Derive (6.56) from (6.55) for a lossless line.

Z L Z o tanh l
, and tanh l tanh l j l tanh j l since = 0 for
Z o Z L tanh l
lossless line. Using the hyperbolic definitions, we have
j l
e j l
sinh j l e
tanh j l

.
cosh j l e j l e j l
Z in Z o

Now using Eulers formula,

6-9
cos l j sin( l ) - cos l j sin( l ) j 2sin l

j tan( l )
cos l j sin( l ) cos l j sin( l )
2 cos l
Plugging this in, we find,
Z jZ o tan l
Z in Z o L
.
Z o jZ L tan l
tanh j l

P6.13: A 2.4 GHz signal is launched on a 1.5 m length of T-Line terminated in a

matched load. It takes 6.25 ns to reach the load and suffers 1.2 dB of loss. Find the
propagation constant.
j
1.2dB 1Np
Np

0.092
1.5m 8.686dB
m
l
1.5m
m
: up
2.4 x108
t 6.25ns
s

9
2 2.4 x10
rad

62.8
8
up
2.4 x10
m
So
1
0.092 j 62.8
m

P6.14: A source with 50 source impedance drives a 50 T-Line that is 1/8 of a

wavelength long, terminated in a load ZL = 50 j25 . Calculate L, VSWR, and the
input impedance seen by the source.
L

Z L Z o 50 j 25 50

0.242e j 76
Z L Z o 50 j 25 50

VSWR

1 L
1 L

1.64

2

, tan 1
8 4
4
Z jZ o tan l
Z in Z o L
Z o jZ L tan l

50 j 25 j 50
50 j 50 25
30.8 j 3.8
50

Fig. P6.14

6-10
P6.15: A 1 m long T-Line has the following distributed parameters: R = 0.10 /m, L =
1.0 H/m, G = 10.0 S/m, and C = 1.0 nF/m. If the line is terminated in a 25 resistor
in series with a 1 nH inductor, calculate, at 200 MHz, L and Zin.
Z L 25 j 2 200 x106 10 9 25 j1.257

Now, MLP0615 is used to solve the problem.

%
MLP0615
%
%
calculate gamma and char impedance
%
given the distributed parameters
%
Then, calculate gammaL and Zin
%
%
define variables
clc
clear
R=0.1;
L=1.0e-6;
G=10e-6;
C=1.0e-9;
f=200e6;
w=2*pi*f;
length=1;
ZL=25+j*1.257;
%
Perform calcuations
A=R+i*w*L;
B=G+i*w*C;
gamma=sqrt(A*B)
%Propagation Constant
Zo=sqrt(A/B)
gammaL=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo)
%Reflection coefficient
TGL=tanh(gamma*length);
Zin=Zo*((ZL+Zo*TGL)/(Zo+ZL*TGL))
Running the program,
Gamma = 0.0017 +39.7384i
Zo = 31.6228 - 0.0011i
gammaL = -0.1164 + 0.0248i
Zin = 34.0192 - 7.4618i
>>
So the answers are, with the appropriate significant digits,

L 0.12e j168 and Z in 34 j 7.5

6-11
P6.16: The reflection coefficient at the load for a 50 line is measured as L = 0.516ej8.2
at f = 1 GHz. Find the equivalent circuit for ZL.
Z L Zo
1 L
, we find Z L Z o
150 j 30 .
Z L Zo
1 L
This is a resistor in series with an inductor. The inductor is found by considering
30
j L j 30, or L
4.8nH ,
2 1x109

Rearranging L

So the load is a 150 resistor in series with a 4.8 nH inductor.

P6.17: The input impedance for a 30 cm length of lossless 100 impedance T-line
operating at 2 GHz is Zin = 92.3 j67.5 . The propagation velocity is 0.7c. Determine
the load impedance.
Rearranging Z in Z o

Z L jZ o tan l
Z jZ o tan l
, we find Z L Z o in
Z o jZ L tan l
Z o jZ in tan l

2 2 x109

rad

59.84
;
0.7c 0.7 3 x108
m

rad

tan l tan 59.84

0.3m 1.254
m

Evaluating, we have
Z L 50 j 0.016 50 j 2 2 x109 L, or L = 1.3 pH.
This is a very small inductance, so we have Z L 50 .

P6.18: For the lossless T-Line circuit shown in Figure 6.51, determine the input
impedance Zin and the instantaneous voltage at the load end vL.
25 50
1
2
, l
, tan 0
25 50
3
2
Z 0
Z in Z o L
Z L 25
ZL 0
25
Vin
8V 2V Vo e j z Vo e j z
25 75
2 Vo e j l L e j l
L

e j cos j sin 1, e j 1,
1

2
Vo 1 1 Vo 2; Vo 3V
3

3
1
VL Vo 1 L 3 1 2V , so vL 2 cos t 180 V
3

6-12

P6.19: Referring to Figure 6.10, a lossless 75 T-Line has up = 0.8c and is 30 cm long.
The supply voltage is vs = 6.0 cos(t) V with Zs = 75 . If ZL = 100 + j125 at 600
MHz, find (a) Zin, (b) the voltage at the load end of the T-Line, and (c) the voltage at the
sending end of the T-Line.

up

rad
,
15.7
, l 4.71, tan l 418.6

up
m

Z in 75

100 j125 j 75 418.6

75 j 100 j125 418.6

22 j 28
Referring to Fig P6.19,

Z in
Vin 6
2.1e j 36 V
Z in 75

vin 2.1cos t 36 V

Fig. P6.19

Z L Zo
0.593e j 43
Z L Zo

Vin Vo e j l L e j l 0.70e j126 Vo 2.1e j 36 V

2.1e j 36

j126

3e j 90 V

0.70e

VL Vo 1 L 4.47e j105.8 V
vL 4.5cos t 106 V

P6.20: Suppose the T-Line for Figure 6.10 is characterized by the following distributed
parameters at 100 MHz: R = 5.0 /m, L = 0.010 H/m, G = 0.010 S/m, and C = 0.020
nF/m. If ZL = 50 j25 ,vs = 10cos(t)V, Zs = 50, and the line length is 1.0 m, find the
voltage at each end of the T-line.
The following MATLAB routine was used to find the required parameters.
%
MLP0620
%
%
calculate gamma and char impedance
%
given the distributed parameters
%
Then, calculate gammaL and Zin
%
%
define variables
clc
clear

6-13
R=5;
L=.010e-6;
G=.01;
C=.020e-9;
f=100e6;
w=2*pi*f;
length=1;
ZL=50-j*25;
%
Perform calcuations
A=R+i*w*L;
B=G+i*w*C;
gamma=sqrt(A*B)
Zo=sqrt(A/B)
gammaL=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo)
TGL=tanh(gamma*length);
Zin=Zo*((ZL+Zo*TGL)/(Zo+ZL*TGL))
Running the program,
gamma = 0.2236 + 0.2810i
Zo = 22.3607
gammaL = 0.4479 - 0.1908i
Zin = 27.2079 -15.4134i
>>
Vin VSS

Z in
3.97e j18.2 V ,
Z in Z S

vin 4.0 cos t 18.2 V

Vin Vo e l L e l Vo 1.504 j 0.101 Vo 1.507e j 3.84

so Vo

3.97e j18.2

2.63e j 22

1.507e j 3.84

VL Vo 1 L 3.85e j 29.6 , vL 3.9 cos t 30 V

4. The Smith Chart

P6.21: Locate on a Smith Chart the following load impedances terminating a 50 TLine. (a) ZL = 200 , (b) ZL = j25 , (c) ZL = 50 + j50 , and (d) ZL = 25 j200 .

6-14

Fig. P6.21

P6.22: Repeat problem P6.14 using the Smith Chart.

First we locate the normalized load, zL = 1 j0.5 (point a). By inspection of the Smith

Chart, we see that this point corresponds to L 0.245e j 76 . Also, after drawing the
constant circle we can see VSWR = 1.66. Finally, we move from point a, at 0.356 on
the WTG scale, clockwise (towards the generator) a distance 0.125 to point b, at
0.481. At this point we see zin = 0.62 j0.07. Denormalizing we find:
Zin = 31 j3.5 .

Fig. P6.22a

6-15

Fig. P6.22b

P6.23: A 0.690 long lossless Zo = 75 T-Line is terminated in a load ZL = 15 + j67 .

Use the Smith Chart to find (a) L, (b) VSWR, (c) Zin and (d) the distance between the
input end of the line and the first voltage maximum from the input end.
After normalizing ZL and locating it on the

chart (point a), we see L 0.80e j 95 .

After drawing the constant circle, we
see that VSWR = 9 (point c). We locate
the input impedance by moving from the
load (point a at WTG = 0.118) clockwise
towards the generator to the input point
(point b at WTG = 0.118 + 0.690
0.500 = 0.308 At this point, zin = 0.8
j2.4, so Zin = 60 j180 . Finally, the
distance from the input end of the line
(point b) to the first voltage maximum
(point c) is simply 0.308 0.250 =
0.058. Or, using the WTL scale, it is
0.250 0.192 = 0.058.

Fig. P6.23

6-16
P6.24: A 0.269 long lossless Zo = 100 T-Line is terminated in a load ZL = 60 + j40 .
Use the Smith Chart to find (a) L, (b) VSWR, (c) Zin and (d) the distance from the load to
the first voltage maximum.
(a) zL = 0.6 + j0.4 located at
WTG=0.082.
We read off the Smith Chart that this point

corresponds to: L 0.34e j121 .

After
drawing the constant circle we notice
the VSWR = 2.05 (point c).
Moving from this point a distance 0.269
(clockwise, towards generator), we find
the input point (point b at WTG =
0.351). At this point we have zin = 0.96j0.72, or Zin = 96-j72 . Finally, we move
from point a towards the generator at point
c to reach the voltage maximum, a
distance 0.168.
Fig. P6.24

P6.25: The input impedance for a 100 lossless T-Line of length 1.162 is measured as
12 + j42 . Determine the load impedance.
We first locate the normalized input
impedance, zin = 0.12 + j0.42, at point a
(WTL=0.436). Then we move a distance
1.162 towards the load to point b, at
WTL = 0.436 + 1.162 =1.598;
1.598 1.500 = 0.098. At this
point, we read zL = 0.15-j0.7, or ZL = 15
j70 .

Fig. P6.25

6-17
P6.26: On a 50 lossless T-Line, the
VSWR is measured as 3.4. A voltage
maximum is located 0.079 away from the
load. Determine the load.
We can use the given VSWR to draw a
constant circle as shown in the figure.
Then we move from Vmax at WTG =
0.250 to point a at WTG = 0.250 0.079 = 0.171. At this point we have
zL = 1 +j1.3, or ZL = 50 + j65 .

Fig. P6.26
P6.27: Figure 6.52 is generated for a 50 slotted coaxial air line terminated in a short
circuit and then in an unknown load. Determine (a) the measurement frequency, (b) the
VSWR when the load is attached and (c) the load impedance.
From the locations of minima on the
shorted line we find :
2 7.55cm 1.25cm 12.6cm
c
2.4GHz

(b) From the voltage maxima and voltage minimum on the loaded line, we have
4
VSWR 2
2
Using VSWR=2 we draw the constant || circle on the Smith Chart. Point a on the circle
Fig. this
P6.28
represents the 1.9 cm minimum. We move from
point towards the load at the 1.25
cm reference location, a move of
1.9cm 1.25cm

0.0516
12.6cm
At this point (point b on the circle) we
have zL = 0.55 j0.25, and upon
denormalizing we have (c) ZL = 28 j12
.
(a) f

P6.28: Figure 6.53 is generated for a 50

slotted coaxial air line terminated in a
short circuit and then in an unknown load.

Fig. P6.27

6-18
Determine (a) the measurement frequency, (b) the VSWR when the load is attached and
(c) the load impedance.
From the location of the maxima on the shorted line, we find :
2 9.3cm 1.7cm 15cm
c
2.0GHz

(b) From the load line,

10
VSWR
2.5
4
Using VSWR=2.5 we draw the constant || circle on the Smith Chart. Point a on the
circle represents the minimum at 7.9 cm. We move from this point towards the load at
the 5.5 cm reference location, a move of
7.9cm 5.5cm

0.16
15cm

At this point (point b on the circle) we have zL = 1 j0.95, and upon denormalizing we
have (c) ZL = 50 j48 .
(a) f

P6.29: Referring to Figure 6.20, suppose we measure Zinsc = +j25 and ZinL = 35 + j85
. What is the actual load impedance? Assume Zo = 50 .
We normalize the short circuit impedance to zinsc = 0+j0.5 and locate this on the Smith
Chart to determine the length of the T-Line is 0.074. Then we normalize ZinL to
zinL=0.70+j1.70, locate this on the chart at 0.326 (WTL scale) and draw a constant ||
circle. We then move towards the load, or to 0.336 + 0.074 = 0.400, and find this
point on the Smith Chart (zL = 0.25+j0.7). Denormalizing, we find ZL = 12+j35 .

P6.30: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.3 to draw the normalized load point and the
constant L circle, given Zo and ZL. Demonstrate your program with the values from
Drill 6.11.
Add this to the end of the Matlab 6.3 program:
%now add constant gamma circles
ZL=50;
fudge=0.001+i*0.001;
newZL=ZL+fudge;
Zo=50;
zL=newZL/Zo;
gamma=(zL-1)/(zL+1);
plot(gamma,'-o');

6-19
constgamma(zL);
You must change the value of ZL for each load point. Notice the addition of a fudge
factor. This ensures that gamma has both a nonzero and finite real and imaginary part to
work with in the plot.
Youll also need to add an additional function:
function [h]=constgamma(zL)
%constgamma(zL) draws the constant gamma circle;
phi=1:1:360;
theta=phi*pi/180;
a=abs((zL-1)/(zL+1));
Re=a*cos(theta);
Im=a*sin(theta);
z=Re+i*Im;
h=plot(z,'--k');
axis('equal')
axis('off')
The program is run for each point of
Drill 6.11 by changing the ZL value.
Since the MATLAB routine has the
hold on, each new point is added to
the plot.
Fig. P6.30
5. Impedance Matching
P6.31: A matching network, using a reactive element in series with a length d of T-Line,
is to be used to match a 35 j50 load to a 100 T-Line. Find the through line length
d and the value of the reactive element if (a) a series capacitor is used, and (b) a series
inductor is used.
First we normalize the load and locate it on the Smith Chart (point a, at zL = 0.35-j0.5,
WTG = 0.419).
(a) need to move to point b, at z = 1+j1.4, so that a capacitive element of value jx = -j1.4
can be added to provide an impedance match. Moving to this point b gives d =
0.500+0.173 -0.419 = 0.254. The capacitance is

6-20

Fig. P6.31a

j
j1.4,
CZ o
C

2 1x10

100 1.4

1.14 pF

Fig. P6.31b

(b) Now we need to move to point c, at z = 1-j1.4, so that an inductive element of value jx
= +j1.4 can be added. Moving to this point c gives d = 0.500 + 0.327 0.419 =
0.408. The inductance is
1.4 100 22.3nH
j L
j1.4, L
Zo
2 1x109

P6.32: A matching network consists of a length of T-Line in series with a capacitor.

Determine the length (in wavelengths) required of the T-Line section and the capacitor
value needed (at 1.0 GHz) to match a 10 j35 load impedance to the 50 line.
We find the normalized load, zL = 0.2 j0.7, located at point a (WTG = 0.400). Now
we move from point a clockwise (towards the generator) until we reach point b, where we
have z = 1 + j2.4. Moving from a to b corresponds to d = 0.500+0.194-0.400 =
0.294. For the series capacitance we have
j
j 2.4
,
CZ o

or C

2 1x10

Fig. P6.32a

1
9

50 2.4

1.33 pF

Fig. P6.32b

6-21
P6.33: You would like to match a 170 load to a 50 T-Line. (a) Determine the
characteristic impedance required for a quarter-wave transformer. (b) What through-line
length and stub length are required for a shorted shunt stub matching network?
(a) Z s Z o RL 92
(b)
(1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 3.4 + j0).
(2) locate the normalized load admittance: yL (point b)
(3) move from point b to point c, at the y=1+jb circle (d = 0.170)
(4) move from the shorted end of the stub (normalized admittance point c) to the point y
= 0 jb. (l = 0.354 0.250 = 0.104.)
Note in step 3 we could have gone to the
point y = 1-jb. This would have resulted
in d = 0.329 and l = 0.396.

Fig. P6.33a

Fig. P6.33b

P6.34: A load impedance ZL = 200 + j160 is to be matched to a 100 line using a

shorted shunt stub tuner. Find the solution that minimizes the length of the shorted stub.
Refer to Figure P6.33a for the shunt stub
circuit.
(1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 2.0 +
j1.6).
(2) locate the normalized load admittance:
yL (point b)
(3) move from point b to point c, at the
y=1+jb circle(0.500 + 0.170 -0.458 =
0.212)
(4) move from the shorted end of the stub
(normalized admittance point) to the point
y = 0 jb. (l = 0.354 0.250 =
0.104.)

Fig. P6.34

6-22
P6.35: Repeat P6.34 for an open-ended shunt stub tuner.
(1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 2.0 + j1.6).
(2) locate the normalized load admittance: yL (point b)
(3) move from point b to point c, at the y=1-jb circle(0.500 + 0.330 -0.458 = 0.372).
We choose this point for c so as to minimize the length of the shunt stub.
(4) move from the open end of the stub (normalized admittance point) to the point y = 0 +
jb. (l = 0.146)

Fig. P6.35a

Fig. P6.35b

P6.36: A load impedance ZL = 25 + j90 is to be matched to a 50 line using a shorted

shunt stub tuner. Find the solution that minimizes the length of the shorted stub.
Refer to Figure P6.33a for the shunt stub
circuit.
(1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 0.5 +
j1.8).
(2) locate the normalized load admittance:
yL (point b)
(3) move from point b to point c, at the
y=1+jb circle(0.500 + 0.198 -0.423 =
0.275)
(4) move from the shorted end of the stub
(normalized admittance point) to the point y
= 0 jb. (l = 0.308 0.250 = 0.058.)
Fig. P6.36

6-23
P6.37: Repeat P6.36 for an open-ended shunt stub tuner.
Refer to Figure P6.35a.
(1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 0.5 +
j1.8).
(2) locate the normalized load admittance:
yL (point b)
(3) move from point b to point c, at the
y=1+jb circle(0.500 + 0.392 -0.423 =
0.379)
(4) move from the open end of the stub
(normalized admittance point) to the point y
= 0 + jb. (l = 0.191)

Fig. P6.37
P6.38: (a) Design an open-ended shunt stub matching network to match a load ZL = 70 +
j110 to a 50 impedance T-Line. Choose the solution that minimizes the length of
the through line. (b) Now suppose the load turns out to be ZL = 40 + j100 . Determine
the reflection coefficient seen looking into the matching network.
(a) Refer to Figure P6.35a.
(1)Normalize the load (point a, zL = 1.4 + 2.2).
(2) locate the normalized load admittance: yL (point b)
(3) move from point b to point c, at the y=1+jb circle(0.500 + 0.185 -0.448 = 0.237)
(4) move from the open end of the stub (normalized admittance point) to the point y = 0 jb. (l = 0.328)
(b)

Fig. P6.38a

Fig. P6.38b

6-24
(1) Normalize the load (point a: zL = 0.8 + j2.0)
(2) locate yL (point b)
(3) Move a distance 0.237 to point c (0.434 + 0.237 = 0.671; or WTG = 0.171)
(4) Move from yopen to 0.328 (point d)
(5) add admittances of point c and d to get ytot = 0.6 j0.2.
(6) locate the corresponding ztot (point f) and read the reflection coefficient as:

0.28e j 34

6. Microstrip
P6.39: A 6.00 cm long microstrip transmission line is terminated in a 100. resistive
load. The signal line is 0.692 mm wide atop a 0.500 mm thick polyethylene substrate.
What is the input impedance of this line at 1.0 GHz? What is the maximum frequency at
which this microstrip can operate?
This can be solved using either the Smith Chart or ML0604 in conjunction with the
Zinput function from Matlab 6.2. Using the latter approach we have:
Microstrip Analysis
enter width & thickness in the same units
enter the line width: 0.692e-3
enter the substrate thickness: 0.500e-3
enter substrate rel permittivity: 2.26
eeff = 1.8326
up = 221461941.7986m/s
Zo = 80.2454ohms
To run the Zinput routine, we also need the propagation constant. Assuming lossless
2 1x109

1
j
j 28.4 .
line, we have j j
8
up
2.215 x10
m

>> Zinput(80.2,100,j*28.4,0.06)
ans = 64.7278 + 3.7906i
>>
So we have Zin = 65 + j3.8
To find fmax, we have
c
3 x108 m s
f max

100GHz
4h r 4 0.5 x103 m 2.26

6-25
P6.40: A 75 impedance microstrip line is to be designed on a 2.0 mm thick Teflon
substrate using copper metallization. What is the maximum operating frequency for this
microstrip? Now determine w, and the physical length of a quarter wave section of line
at 800. MHz.

f max

c
4h r

3 x108 m s
26GHz
4 2 x103 m 2.1

Using ML0605:
Microstrip Design
width & thickness will be in the same units
enter the desired impedance: 75
enter the substrate thickness: 2
enter substrate rel permittivity: 2.1
w = 3.2929
eeff = 1.741
up = 227209857.0703m/s
>>
so w = 3.29mm and eff = 1.741.
The guide wavelength is:

c f
3 x108 800 x106
G o

0.284m
eff
eff
1.741
The quarter wave section length is then: l

G
0.071m 7.1cm
4

P6.41: Analysis of a 2.56 cm long microstrip line reveals that it has a 50 characteristic
impedance and an effective relative permittivity of 5.49. It is terminated in a 60
resistor in series with a 1.42 pF capacitor. Determine the input impedance looking into
this terminated line at 1.60 GHz.
This problem may be solved analytically or with the Smith Chart. For the analytical
solution we have:
8
u p c eff 3 x10 5.49
.0256m
0.320.

0.080m, l
9
0.080 m
f
f
1.6 x10
2
l
0.320 , tan l 2.125

The load capacitance has an impedance:

6-26
j
j 70
C
so the total load impedance is ZL = 60-j70 .
Then, the input impedance is
60 j 70 j 50 2.125
Z in 50
31.8 j 48.2
50 j 60 j 70 2.125
Zc

With the Smith Chart, the answer is Z in 32 j 48

P6.42: A 100 impedance microstrip line is to be designed using copper metallization
on a 0.127 cm thick dielectric of relative permittivity 3.8. Determine (a) w, (b) fmax, and
at 2 GHz find (c) up and G.
From ML0605:
Microstrip Design
width & thickness will be in the same units
enter the desired impedance: 100
enter the substrate thickness: 0.127
enter substrate rel permittivity: 3.8
w = 0.066625
eeff = 2.6865
up = 182909468.597m/s
>>
(a) So we have w = 0.0666 cm = 0.67 mm.
(b)
c
3 x108 m s
f max

30GHz
4h r 4 1.27 x103 m 3.8
(c) We know up, from the program (up = 1.83x108 m/s), so at 2 GHz
u
G p 0.0915m 9.15cm
f

P6.43: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.4 to calculate attenuation. Try out your program
using the parameters of Drill 6.21 and Drill 6.22.
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M-File: MLP0640
Microstrip Analysis
Given the physical dimensions and er, this

6-27
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%

will calculate eeff, Zo and up for microstrip.

Wentworth, 8/3/02
modified ML0604 on 9/5 to calculate attenuation
Variables:
w
h
t
sigc
ur
er
eeff
up
Zo
ad
ac
atot
ds
Rs
tand

clc
clear

line width (m)

substrate thickness (m)
conductor thickness (m)
conductor conductivity (S/m)
conductor rel permeability
substrate relative permittivity
effective relative permittivity
propagation velocity (m/s)
characteristic impedance (ohms)
dielectric attenuation(dB/m)
conductor attenuation dB/m)
total attenuation (dB/m)
skin depth (m)
skin effect resistance (ohms/square)
dielectric loss tangent

%clears the command window

%clears variables

disp('Microstrip Analysis')
disp(' ')
%
Prompt for input values
w=input('enter the line width (m): ');
h=input('enter the substrate thickness(m): ');
er=input('enter substrate rel permittivity: ');
t=input('enter conductor thickness (m): ');
sigc=input('enter conductor conductivity (S/m): ');
ur=input('enter conductor relative permeability: ');
tand=input('enter dielectric loss tangent: ');
f=input('enter frequency (Hz): ');
uo=pi*4e-7;
eo=8.854e-12;
c=2.998e8;
u=ur*uo;
e=er*eo;

6-28

%
Perform Calculations
eeff=((er+1)/2)+(er-1)/(2*sqrt(1+12*h/w));
up=2.998e8/sqrt(eeff);
if w/h<=1
Zo=(60/sqrt(eeff))*log((8*h/w)+(w/(4*h)));
else if w/h>1
Zo=120*pi/(sqrt(eeff)*((w/h)+1.393+0.667*log((w/h)+1.444)))
;
end
end
ds=1/sqrt(pi*f*u*sigc);
Rs=1/(sigc*ds*(1-exp(-t/ds)));
ac=8.686*Rs/(Zo*w);
ad=8.686*2*pi*f*er*(eeff-1)*tand/(c*2*sqrt(eeff)*(er-1));
atot=ac+ad;
%
Display
disp(['eeff
disp(['up =
disp(['Zo =
disp(['ac =
disp(['ad =

results
= ' num2str(eeff) ])
' num2str(up) 'm/s'])
' num2str(Zo) 'ohms'])
' num2str(ac) 'dB/m'])
' num2str(ad) 'dB/m'])

Now we run the program using the information from Drill 6.21 and Drill 6.22. Note that
weve changed the dimensions to metric units.
Microstrip Analysis
enter the line width (m): 9.8e-4
enter the substrate thickness(m): 1.016e-3
enter substrate rel permittivity: 9.9
enter conductor thickness (m): 6e-6
enter conductor conductivity (S/m): 5.8e7
enter conductor relative permeability: 1
enter dielectric loss tangent: 0.0001
enter frequency (Hz): 1e9
eeff = 6.6638
up = 116137011.5308m/s
Zo = 49.8369ohms

6-29
ac = 1.5554dB/m
ad = 0.022214dB/m
>>

P6.44: A 50 impedance microstrip line is desired for operation at 2.4 GHz. It is to be

built on a 20 mil thick mica substrate using a 10 m thick copper conductor. Calculate
(a) w, (b) c, (c) d, and (d) tot at this frequency.
Mica has r = 5.4 and tan = 0.0003. Using ML0605:
Microstrip Design
width & thickness will be in the same units
enter the desired impedance: 50
enter the substrate thickness: 20
enter substrate rel permittivity: 5.4
w = 32.6859
eeff = 3.9617
up = 150623255.8531m/s
>>
To use this information in ML0640, we need to convert h and w to metric units. We find
h = 5.08x10-4m and w = 8.3x10-4m.
Microstrip Analysis
enter the line width (m): 8.3e-4
enter the substrate thickness(m): 5.08e-4
enter substrate rel permittivity: 5.4
enter conductor thickness (m): 10e-6
enter conductor conductivity (S/m): 5.8e7
enter conductor relative permeability: 1
enter dielectric loss tangent: 0.0003
enter frequency (Hz): 2.4e9
eeff = 3.9616
up = 150624957.4337m/s
Zo = 50.1512ohms
ac = 2.6687dB/m
ad = 0.11967dB/m
>>
With more appropriate significant digits we find:
w = 33 mils

6-30
c = 2.67 dB/m
d = 0.12 dB/m
tot = 2.79 dB/m

P6.45: One type of board routinely used to build microwave circuits is 50 mils thick
Rogers Corporation RT/Duroid, with r = 10.8 and tan = 0.0028. It is coated on both
sides by 1/4 oz copper. This translates to a 0.35 mil thickness of copper. Find w and up
for a 50 line. Then determine the c, d and tot at three frequencies: 1, 10 and 20
GHz. What is the maximum frequency of operation for this microstrip?
Using ML0605:
Microstrip Design
width & thickness will be in the same units
enter the desired impedance: 50
enter the substrate thickness: 50
enter substrate rel permittivity: 10.8
w = 44.3241
eeff = 7.1852
up = 111844030.4942m/s
>>
Now convert w and h and t to metric (1.125x10-3m, 1.27x10-3m, and 8.89x10-6m,
respectively), and run MLP0640 at each frequency. For instance, at 1 GHz we have:
Microstrip Analysis
enter the line width (m): 1.125e-3
enter the substrate thickness(m): 1.27e-3
enter substrate rel permittivity: 10.8
enter conductor thickness (m): 8.89e-6
enter conductor conductivity (S/m): 5.8e7
enter conductor relative permeability: 1
enter dielectric loss tangent: 0.0028
enter frequency (Hz): 1e9
eeff = 7.1847
up = 111847474.32m/s
Zo = 49.8031ohms
ac = 1.2975dB/m
ad = 0.64805dB/m
>>

6-31
Tabulating the results for each frequency:
1 GHz
in dB/m
1.3
c=
0.65
d=
2.0
tot=

10 GHz
4.0
6.5
10.5

20 GHz
5.7
13.0
18.7

The maximum frequency is

c
3 x108 m s
1mil
f max

18GHz
6
4h r 4 50mils 10.8 25.2 x10 m

P6.46: A 1.5 inch length of microstrip line of width 48.86 mils sits atop a 50 mil thick
substrate with dielectric constant 4. Determine the impedance looking into this circuit at
2 GHz if it is terminated in a 300 resistor. Assume ideal conductors and lossless
dielectric.
From ML0604 we find:
Microstrip Analysis
enter width & thickness in the same units
enter the line width: 48.86
enter the substrate thickness: 50
enter substrate rel permittivity: 4
eeff = 2.9116
up = 175697087.6994m/s
Zo = 74.9641ohms
>>
So we have Zo = 75 . Also, we find
up
0.0254m
l 1.5in
0.08785m,
0.0381m, G
in
f

0.0381m
so l
0.434G
0.08785m G

1
71.5 .
We can also calculate :
up
m
Now either a Smith Chart or the Zinput equation may be used to evaluate Zin. From the
Zinput function we defined earlier in MATLAB,
>> Zo=75;
>> ZL=300;
>> G=j*71.5;
>> L=0.0381;
>> Zinput(Zo,ZL,G,L)

6-32

ans = 8.6567e+001 +1.2031e+002i

>>
So Zin = 87 + j120 .
A Smith Chart approach is more approximate, yielding Zin 90 + j120 .

P6.47: The top-down view of a microstrip circuit is shown in Figure 6.54. If the
microstrip is supported by a 40 mil thick alumina substrate, (a) determine the line width
required to achieve a 50 impedance line. (b) What is the guide wavelength on this
microstrip line at 2 GHz? (c) Suppose at this frequency the load impedance is Z L = 150 j100 . Determine the length of the stubs (dthru and lstub) required to impedance match
the load to the line.
We first apply ML0605:
Microstrip Design
width & thickness will be in the same units
enter the desired impedance: 50
enter the substrate thickness: 40
enter substrate rel permittivity: 9.9
w = 38.6273
eeff = 6.6644
up = 116131354.2486m/s
>>
From this we have (a) w = 38.6 mils.
Also,
u
1.161x108
(b) G p
0.058m 2.29in
f
2 x109
(c) Now we use a Smith Chart to determine
the open-ended shunt stub matching
network.

Fig. P6.47

(1) Normalize the load (point a: zL = 3.0 - j2.0)

(2) locate yL (point b)
(3) Move to point c (0.180 - 0.025 = 0.155; or dthru = 0.155 = 9 mm (354 mils))
(4) Move from yopen to 0.336, so lstub = 0.336 = 19.5 mm (768 mils)

P6.48: Suppose the microstrip circuit shown in Figure 6.54 is realized atop the
RT/Duroid board of problem P6.45. Assuming the board material is lossless, (a)
determine the line width required to achieve a 75 impedance line. (b) Now suppose at

6-33
1.0 GHz the load impedance is ZL = 150 + j150 . Find the length of the stubs (dthru and
lstub) required to impedance match the load to the line.
Applying ML0605:
Microstrip Design
width & thickness will be in the same units
enter the desired impedance: 75
enter the substrate thickness: 50
enter substrate rel permittivity: 10.8
w = 15.7817
eeff = 6.6844
up = 115957584.2884m/s
>>
So we have (a) w = 15.8 mils.
u
We also have: G p 0.116m
f
(b) Now we employ a Smith Chart to
determine the open-ended shunt stub
matching network.

Fig. P6.48

(1) Normalize the load (point a: zL = 2.0 + j2.0)

(2) locate yL (point b)
(3) Move to point c (0.178 + 0.500 - 0.459 = 0.219; or dthru = 0.219 = 2.54cm (1
in))
(4) Move from yopen to 0.339, so lstub = 0.339 = 3.93cm (1.55 in)

7. Transients
P6.49: Consider Figure 6.33 with the following values: Vs = 10 V, Zs = 30 , Zo = 50 ,
up = 0.666c, ZL = 150 , l = 10 cm. Plot, out to 2 ns, (a) the voltage at the source end, (b)
the voltage at the middle, and (c) the voltage at the load end of the T-Line.
0.1m
0.5ns

8 m
0.666 3 x10

150 50 1
30 50
1
L
; S

150 50 2
30 50
4
50
Vo 10
6.25V
50 30
tl

6-34

Fig. P6.49a

Fig. P6.49b

6-35
P6.50: Repeat problem P6.49 for a 10 V pulse of duration 0.4 ns.

Fig. P6.50a

Fig. P6.50b

6-36
P6.51: MATLAB: Consider a 12 cm long 50 transmission line terminated in a 25
load and having a matched source impedance (Zs = 50 ). Propagation velocity on the TLine is 0.67c. The source is a 0.4 ns square pulse of amplitude 6 V. Modify MATLAB
6.6 to plot v(z,t) at two points: z = 2 cm and z = 10 cm.
%
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%
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%

M-File: ML0651
modifies ML0606
replaces triangular pulse with rectangular pulse
ML0606:
Analysis of a triangular pulse
(matched source impedance) traveling
down a T-Line and reflecting off a
resistive load. We want to be able to
trace the voltage at an arbitrary
point along the line.
Wentworth, 4/25/03

%
Variables
%
Vo
%
t1
%
t2
%
L
%
T
%
z
%
tau
%
up
%
Zo,ZL
%
N
%
GL
clc
clear

pulse height (V)

pulse start (ns)
pulse end (ns)
line length (cm)
transit time (ns)
location to find pulse (cm)
time "location" to find pulse (ns)
propagation velocity (m/s)
line,load impedance (ohms)
number of points
load reflection coefficient

%enter variables
Vo=6;
t1=0;
t2=.4;
L=12;
z=2;
up=2e8;
Zo=50;
ZL=25;
T=1e9*(L/up)/100;
tau=1e9*(z/up)/100;
N=500;
GL=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo);
%initialize array

6-37
for i=1:N+1
v(i)=0;
end
dt=2*T/N;
%enter rectangular pulse function
t=0:dt:2*T;
vo=0.5*Vo*(step(t,t1)-step(t,t2));
%Note that step is a function defined
%in ML0606.
%Generate + wave data
for i=1:N+1
ta=i*dt;
if ta>tau
j=ceil((ta-tau)/dt);
vplus(i)=vo(j);
end
end
%Generate - wave data
for i=1:N+1
ta=i*dt;
tb=2*T-tau;
if ta>tb
j=ceil((ta-tb)/dt);
vmin(i)=GL*vo(j);
end
end
%Sum the data
for i=1:N+1
v(i)=vplus(i)+vmin(i);
end
plot(t,v)
xlabel('time (ns)')
ylabel('voltage')
AXIS([0 2*T -Vo Vo])
grid on

Fig. P6.51 (plot at z = 2 cm)

P6.52: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 6.6 to plot v(z,t) at z = 4.5 cm if the source pulse is
as indicated in Figure 6.55.
%
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%

M-File: MLP0652
Analysis of a triangular pulse
(matched source impedance) traveling
down a T-Line and reflecting off a

6-38
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resistive load. We want to be able to

trace the voltage at an arbitrary
point along the line.
Wentworth, 4/25/03

%
Variables
%
Vo
%
t1
%
t2
%
t3
%
L
%
T
%
z
%
tau
%
up
%
Zo,ZL
%
N
%
GL
clc
clear

pulse height (V)

pulse start (ns)
pulse middle (ns)
pulse end (ns)
line length (cm)
transit time (ns)
location to find pulse (cm)
time "location" to find pulse (ns)
propagation velocity (m/s)
line,load impedance (ohms)
number of points
load reflection coefficient

%enter variables
Vo=10;
t1=0;
t2=1;
t3=2;
L=6;
z=4.5;
up=3e7;
Zo=50;
ZL=0;
T=1e9*(L/up)/100;
tau=1e9*(z/up)/100;
N=500;
GL=(ZL-Zo)/(ZL+Zo);
%initialize array
for i=1:N+1
v(i)=0;
end
dt=2*T/N;
%enter triangular pulse function
m1=0.5*Vo/(t2-t1);
b1=0.5*Vo-m1*t2;
m2=0.5*Vo/(t2-t3);
b2=0.5*Vo-m2*t2;
for i=1:N+1
t(i)=i*dt;
if t(i)<t1

6-39
vo(i)=0;
end
if and(t(i)>t1,t(i)<=t2)
vo(i)=m1*t(i)+b1;
end
if and(t(i)>t2,t(i)<=t3)
vo(i)=m2*t(i)+b2;
end
if t(i)>t3
vo(i)=0;
end
end
%Generate + wave data
for i=1:N+1
ta=i*dt;
if ta>tau
j=ceil((ta-tau)/dt);
vplus(i)=vo(j);
end
end
%Generate - wave data
for i=1:N+1
ta=i*dt;
tb=2*T-tau;
if ta>tb
j=ceil((ta-tb)/dt);
vmin(i)=GL*vo(j);
end
end
%Sum the data
for i=1:N+1
v(i)=vplus(i)+vmin(i);
end
plot(t,v)
xlabel('time (ns)')
ylabel('voltage')
AXIS([0 2*T -Vo Vo])
grid on

Fig P6.52

P6.53: The expression for iL(t) and vL(t) of equations (6.106) and (6.107) were derived for
a T-Line terminated in an inductor. Find similar expressions for a T-Line terminated in a
capacitor.
iL (t ) C

dvL (t )
, vL (t ) Voi Vor U ( ), ZoiL (t ) Voi Vor U ( )
dt

6-40
Suppressing U(), we have
dvL (t )
dt
i
2V
2V i
dvL (t )
dv (t )
1
1

vL (t ) o , or L
vL (t ) o .
dt
Z oC
Z oC
dt
Z oC
Z oC
This is in the form:
2Voi
dv
1
Av B, where A
, and B
dt
Z oC
Z oC
solving the integral
dv
Av B dt
we have
1
ln Av B t C.
A
1
Now since at t = 0, v = 0, we have C ln( B ), and
A
1 Av B
t ln
.
A B
t
B
Solving for v: v e At 1 2Voi e ZoC 1
A

vL (t ) 2Voi 1 e ZoC U ( ).

Now for iL(t),

t
1
2V i t
dv (t )
iL (t ) C L C
2Voi e ZoC o e ZoC
dt
Z oC
Zo
2Voi vL (t ) Z oiL (t ) vL (t ) Z oC

iL (t )

2Voi t ZoC
e
U ( ).
Zo

P6.54: For Figure 6.42, Zo = 100 and up = 0.1c. Estimate L if the VL vs t is given in
Figure 6.56.
Z o

Using (6.107), vL (t ) 2Voi e

U ( ), here we have = t 2 ns. Choosing the voltage

at 2 ns we have 0.9V 2V , or Voi 0.45V . Then, at approximately 2.2 ns we have 0.2

V, so
i
o

100 0.2 ns
L
i
o

0.2V 2V e

Solving for L:

, or

0.2
e 20 ns L .
0.45

6-41

20ns
25nH .
ln 0.2 0.45

P6.55: A 50 T-Line with up = 0.5c is terminated in some load such that the TDR is
given by Figure 6.57. Determine the location and the value of the load.
From the figure we see the two-way travel time is 7 ns, so therefore one-way is 3.5 ns and
we have
m

l 3.5ns 0.5 3 x108 0.525m.

s

Also from the figure we can calculate :

V tot V 0.4 1

0.6
V
1
and then
1 0.6
R 50
12.5.
1 0.6
So we have a 12.5 terminating resistor located 0.525 m along the line.
P6.56: The TDR plot for a 75 T-Line with up = 0.2c is given in Figure 6.58. What type
components terminate the line? Estimate the component values.
By inspection we see it is a series combination of resistance and inductance. The location
is:
1
l 10 x109 sec 0.2 3 x108 m sec 0.30m
2
The resistance is found by determining the reflection coefficient:
1.75 1

0.75,
1
1.75
and then the resistance is: R 50
350.
0.25
Only a very rough estimate can be found for the inductance. At = 10 ns 10 ns = 0,.
we have 2Voi 2V . Then, at (very roughly) = 11 ns 10 ns = 1ns,, vL(t) has dropped to
1.75 V, so
75ns
1.75 2e 751ns L , or L
560nH .
ln 1.75 2
So our rough estimate is an inductance between 500 and 600 nH.

6-42
8. Dispersion
P6.57: MATLAB: Use Fourier Series to construct a 5 V pulse of duration 5 ns that
repeats every 10 ns.
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%

M-File: MLP0657
This program assembles a pulse using
Fourier series. It modifies ML0607.
Wentworth, 8/3/02
Variables:
N
aO
T
fo
wo
t
ftot

clc
clear

number of Fourier coefficients

avg value of the waveform (volts)
period (s)
fundamental frequency (Hz)
fund angular freq (rad/s)
time (sec)
fourier sum at a particular time(volts)

%clears the command window

%clears variables%MstripDesign

%
Initialize variables
clear
N=1000;
a0=2.5;
T=10e-9;
fo=1/T;
wo=2*pi*fo;
%
Evaluate Fourier Series Coefficients
for n=1:N
a(n)=(10/(pi*n))*sin(n*pi/2);
end
%
Generate data and plot
for i=1:180
t(i)=i*T/90;
for n=1:N
f(n)=a(n)*cos(n*wo*t(i));
end
ftot(i)=a0+sum(f);
end
plot(t,ftot)
xlabel('time(s)')

6-43
ylabel('volts')
grid on

Fig. P6.57

P6.58: MATLAB: Actual pulses have some slope to the leading and trailing edge.
Suppose a symmetrical pulse is 5 V from 2 ns to +2ns, and has a linear slope to 0 V on
each edge of duration 0.2 ns. The pulse repeats every 20 ns. Construct this pulse using
Fourier Series for N = 10, 100 and 1000. Comment on how this pulse compares to the
one of Figure 6.48.
We must first find the Fourier coefficients:
ao = 1.05
10
n 50
an
sin
2.2sin 0.22n 2.0sin 0.20n

n
5 n
500
110

cos 0.22n cos 0.20n

sin 0.22n sin 0.20n
2
n
n
%
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%
%

M-File: MLP0658
This program assembles a pulse using
Fourier series. It modifies ML0607.
Wentworth, 8/3/02
Variables:
N
aO

number of Fourier coefficients

avg value of the waveform (volts)

6-44
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%

T
fo
wo
t
ftot

period (ns)
fundamental frequency (Hz)
fund angular freq (rad/s)
time (ns)
fourier sum at a particular time(volts)

clc
clear

%clears the command window

%clears variables%MstripDesign

%
Initialize variables
clear
N=1000;
a0=1.05;
T=20;
fo=1/T;
wo=2*pi*fo;
%
Evaluate Fourier Series Coefficients
for n=1:N
a1(n)=(10/(pi*n))*sin(n*pi/5);
a2a(n)=(-50/(pi*n))*(2.2*sin(.22*pi*n)2.0*sin(.20*pi*n));
a2b(n)=(-500/((pi*n)^2))*(cos(.22*pi*n)-cos(.20*pi*n));
a3(n)=(110/(pi*n))*(sin(.22*pi*n)-sin(.2*pi*n));
a(n)=a1(n)+a2a(n)+a2b(n)+a3(n);
end
%
Generate data and plot
for i=1:180
t(i)=i*T/90;
for n=1:N
f(n)=a(n)*cos(n*wo*t(i));
end
ftot(i)=a0+sum(f);
end
plot(t,ftot)
xlabel('time(ns)')
ylabel('volts')
grid on
save 'Fourier1000' t ftot -ascii

6-45

6
5

Volts

4
3
2
1
0
-1
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

time(ns)

Fig. P6.58a (the N=100 and N=100 cases are indistinguishable)

6

N=100

5
N=1000

4
3

N=10

2
1
0
-1
17.5

17.6

17.7

17.8

17.9

18

18.1

18.2

18.3

18.4

18.5

time (ns)

Fig. P6.58b
To see the difference between the N = 100 and N = 1000 cases requires looking at the
plot over a reduced portion of time, as shown in Figure P6.59b.
P6.59: MATLAB: A material has a constant r = 4 from DC up to 20 GHz. Then
f 20 x109
r 4 cos
,
9
60 x10
for 20 GHz < f < 50 GHz. Show the pulse from problem P6.58 after it has traveled along
a coaxial T-Line with this dielectric.

6-46
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M-File: MLP0659
This program modifies ML0607.
Wentworth, 2/2/03

clc
clear

%clears the command window

%clears variables%MstripDesign

%
Initialize variables
clear
N=1000;
a0=1.2;
T=20e-9;
fo=1/T;
wo=2*pi*fo;
z=10;
%evaluate Fourier Series Coefficients
for n=1:N
a(n)=(12/(pi*n))*sin(n*pi/5);
end
%Generate data
for i=1:180
t(i)=i*T/90;
for n=1:N
f(n)=n*50e6;
er(n)=4;
if f(n)>20e9
er(n)=4*cos((f(n)-20e9)/60e9);
end
beta(n)=2*pi*f(n)*sqrt(er(n))/3e8;
V(n)=a(n)*cos(n*wo*t(i)-beta(n)*z);
end
Vtot(i)=a0+sum(V);
end
plot(t,Vtot)
xlabel('time(ns)')
ylabel('volts')
grid on
save 'dispoff' t Vtot -ascii

6-47

Fig. P6.59