1.

Taylor Wilson: Yup, I built a nuclear fusion reactor

Nuclear fusion is the future of energy, and he believes that children can change the world. He
built a fusion reactor at age 14. He started at 12, and finished at 14. He won intel international
science and engineering fair, developed a detector that replaced homeland security detectors. He
built for hundreds, a detector the exceeds units that are 100's of thousands of dollars, developed a
system to produce medical isotopes. He does all of this in his garage. Has traveled all over the
world, and met some pretty impressive people. He had a goal of making a star in his garage, and
made a nuclear fusion reactor and met the president, and built devices which truly have and will
change the world.
2. Donald Sadoway: The missing link to renewable Energy
Electricy demand must be in demand with supply. Coal plants and nuclear plants can't react fast
enough, a giant battery could. The battery is the key enabling device, we could draw electricity
from the sun even when it doesn't shine. So wind and solar could be as powerful as coal and other
big producers. Donald developed a device at MIT called the liquid metal battery a new form of
energy storage. His battery is a solution to energy drawn from nature. Donlad gives some
background on the history of batteries. Battery design has to be out of an abundant source, and
cheap, such as nature. For less the 50 cents per pound we can produce metal from ore, which is
what propelled Donald to create the battery. The battery is liquid metals, for both electrode, and
molten salt for the electrolyte. Using Magnessium, and animoney for the bottom layer. Two
metals with completely different densities. By connecting Donalds battery to an electrical source,
such as a wind farm, etc. It could recharge the battery and make it as powerful as coal, and oil. It
didn't initially work, however a student named David, and graduates, and undergrads were put
together by Donald, to research and help build this liquid metal battery. Donald and David, along
with another staff member formed a company in which to make the convergence of scale of the
device to be quicker. Donald has built a plate style liquid metal battery in which it will store up to
2 megawatt hours, which is 2 million hours. Thats enough to power 200 households!!! This
battery is designed to the market price rate, and is quite impressive. Liquid metal works at
elevated temperatures cause by surges. Donald's invention is more than just an invention of
power, it also was created by himself and a group of students. So not only has he progressed
power and energy, but he has progressed human potential by giving them experience, knowledge,
and showing the ability of mere students.
3. Shai Agassi: A New Ecosystem for Electric Cars
A country without oil, "How would it run?" Searching for answers, Shai found that if you could
convert an entire country to electric cars, you could achieve just that. But how could this happen,
not everyone owns an electric car, or can afford them. Some are too expensive and some are not
convienient. So what is the solution? Shai found this answer by seperating the car, and battery
ownership to find an answer to these problems. By making everywhere where you park a place
where you can charge your car, it would solve the convienience issue. This would be attacking the
grid, or in other words, making a network for the cars before they show up. Nornal car batteries
are 120 miles, which is an issue. The solution Shai says, is a battery swap system. Where the
depleted battery goes out, and is replaced by another fully charged, in a car wash type automated

system. Where these facilities would be built in the network as well. This would eliminate the
convience issue. The battery swap stations, due to the charge stations being everywhere, would be
less than a need, however having them availible would assure drivers that they would have
another option. Shai's battery seperation from the cars, made it to where the cars could be
cheaper. The battery is equivalent to the crude oil in gas powered cars. By realizing this, we can
figure the fuel per mile, as electric miles. In equivalency, the batteries would take on 8 cents per
mile, eventually as years progress, by 2020, Shai says the eMile will be 2 cents per mile!!! Quite
impressive, even now it is cheaper than the average gas per mile for cars. Shai says that the
network would cost 200 million dollars, and the prime minister of Isreal gave him his country to
try this with. Shai found a car company that would fit his needss for the electric car. Denmark
was the next target, and it was untaxed in their country, where their gas cars were taxed. Then
turning toward Australia, Hawaii, and the San Franciso bay area. Shai plans to have 100x gross
by 2016 of electric cars in less than five years. Compared to the amount of gas cars in the world,
its only a small amount. Some countries are already in line to completely phase out gas. England
has a higher tax, and other countries are in the line as well. America doesn't have the industry,
price set right, or any incentive to move forward. The cars Shai have invented will be cheaper
overall than gas cars. These cars will be on the same plane as Wind mills, and solar panels.
Having these facilities fuel the cars source of energy. When it comes down to it, the co2 emission
from cars around the world is staggering. Shai's cars are a simple choice of morality that needs to
be addressed and taken not only into consideration, but into full effect. With his design, company,
cars, and ideas. We can put an end to our footprint with cars, start being cleaner as a world, and
truley harness clean energy and a lot of our problems of electricity, fuel, and our impact.
4. Justin Hall - Tipping: Freeing Energy From the Grid
Justin beings talking about the ice shelf that broke off and how the world normal is taken two
ways, and how our interpretation of normal that is stopping us from developing real solutions.
Justin then talks about one of our greatest discoveries, which occured not too long after the ice
shelf broke. The syquencing of the human genome, which is the make up who and what we are.
Justin then talks about how the answer could be something small, that the solution could be
something of just a few atoms. Justin formed a company of some of the best scientist from
universites, and Justin and the organization was wanting to generate all the electricity needed
right where you are. One material Justin found was carbon affixed with a polymer, where it could
be put on the window and it could change color. When it is in its colored state, it reflects heat and
light. When in its bleeched state it will let all the heat and light through, and any where in
between. Another invention, was the lights and artificial lights we used to see at night. The
solution, a nanomaterial, a detector and imager. Which takes all the infared availible at night,
converts it into an electron, in the space of two small films, and enables you to play an image in
which you can see through. Justin and his team then had the idea of converging these two ideas.
Which equates to an overall solution to being, "The power plant of tomorrow, is no power plant."
Justin also talks about the best solution being storage, and batteries. Justin developed a schematic,
and given to University of Texas at dallas scientist. Who built something called the eBox. An
electron on the outside, which is nanomaterials on the inside. It holds the energy until you need it,
and passes it off. "The Grid of tomorrow is no grid." "Energy, clean efficient energy, will one day
be free." Water is the last puzzle piece according to Justin. Each person needs eight glasses a day.

It will cost $19 trillion to get the water from the sea into drinkable water. In the world where
energy is cheap as it is, with Justin's inventions, you'll be able to convert water to drinkable water
where ever you are. Justin comes to the truth of it being that we need to solve these issues due to
the problems we face around the world. The loss of water, power abundance. His overall message
is nanomaterial, and the solution being free energy through having nanomaterials in your home to
power your entire home. Off of the smallest things we could solve our problems, have no need for
electricity from outside sources, and have electricity to spare to others.
5. Amory Lovins: A 40-year plan for energy
Fossil fuels have made us modern, however have reverse effects that outweight their benefits.
Todays system needs refurbishment, Amory says that by 2050 it could be efficient connected and
distriubuted. Amory says that the switch could cost 5 trillions dollar less than oil today. Could
support a 158% bigger economy, without using coal or oil at all. With no act of congress for
profit, or in other words no regulations or taxes on it. This is an all around better solution to a lot
of the problems we have. Climate, profit, efficientcy, supply and demand of electricity. Oil costs
our economy over 2 billion a day, plus 4 billion in hidden fees. Our mobility fuel counts for
3/5ths of this. So the start is to take away fuel from cars. Lighter materials, and smaller
components are the key here. So barring that, it lighter cars would be cheaper, making the
components such as the engine smaller, and make it to where electric cars could be more easily
usable. That considered the fuel cells could be smaller as well, which ultimately means that by
redesigning the car, would cause the prices of the cars to go down, and the fuel to be replaced by
electricity, which in case in point, would make the cars more efficient. The use of feebate
programs, rebates for inefficient technology for newer efficient technology could make the cost
even lower. Therefore being more beneficial to the reason this idea is so useable. Something
Amory calls, vehicle fitness, is indeed in a gamechanger. America could be the leading consumer
in electric cars, although Germany is ahead currently. By making our cars out of carbon, we could
save money, and are quite strong when applying it to car design. Designing these energy
efficientcies can change and save trillinos in big trucks, airplanes, and commercial verhiles.
Amory shows that hydrogen or advanced biofuels could save trillions, and that it wouldn't harm
the earth at all. Oil is getting uncompetitive at low prices before it becomes unavailible even at
high prices. Amory's idea is that a grid where every piece contributes to itself. Such as in a grid
where the cars, buildings, and factories, all contribute to the overall energy and the amount
availible to itself as in terms of energy. Amory talks about buildings such as the Empire state
building, which had its windows retrofitted with super windows that pass light but reflect, cuts
the heating, and overall saved over 17 million. The key to buildings and electricity, and a new era
of energy the key is innovated design. Amory talks about pumps, saying that by replacing pipes
with smaller equipment, saves money as well. This also changes the energy saved. There would
be 30-60% if industry invested in innovate design. Amory talks breifly about how renewable
energy is slowly replacing fossil fuels such as oil and coal. Talking about how solar energy is
installed usually with no down payment, and is replacing energy the same way that cell phones
replaced land line phones. Amory mentions how grids work with coal and nuclear energy, and
how that no plant is on twenty four hours. That all plants break and go down, and when they do,
another plant steps in from the grid to assume the broken plants place. This could be acheieve
with cleaner sources such as wind farms, and other types of clean energy, by using the same grid.

Either way by 2050 whether we go with cleaner solultions or we continue to go with coal and
nuclear, its still going to cost us around six billion dollars. However there are still risks to nuclear
and coal. Which is health, blackout risks, and others. However, with cleaner energy these are no
longer an issue. To solve the energy problem, we just need to enlarge it. However, as Amory
stated, there are risks to each, the benefits of switching to cleaner technology is far more
outweighting. So focus should be on outcome, not motives. Also solution not to only power but
also, Climate, nuclear proliferation, energy insecurity, and evergy poverty. Amory's entire lecture
covers what he calls, reinventing fire, which is something that is a business solution for the new
energy era. A flameless fire, that can do our work without working our undoing.
6. Bill Gates: Innovating to Zero!
Energy and climate getting worse means that to the less privillaged that their fragile enviroment
cannot flourish. The price of energy is important to the impoverished as well. The price of energy
has went down, which is why we have some of the inventions that we do today. As we make it
cheaper, we need to meet a new constraint. Co2 is warming the planet, which then leads to effects
on the weather, and ecosystem collapses. Co2 is an emission from all of the energy we are
producing from coal and unhealthy fuel sources. Until we get near to zero emission, the
temperature will continue to rise. We put out over 26 billion tons of co2 yearly, about 5 tons for
everyone on the planet. This emission is constantly going up, we have to go to fall all the way to
zero. There are a lot of services that can bring the use, or efficientcy of our products down
substantially. This out of the equation Mr. Gates proposes, is the only part that is helping in CO2
emission. Almost everyway we make electricity puts out CO2. Mr. Gates believes we need an
energy miracle and only sees five sources as being able to achieve this. Being, Carbon capture
and storage, nuclear, wind, solar photovoltaic, and solar thermal. All of these have significant
challenges though. Carbon caputer and storage is a problem because: Cost, location, and long
term storage. Because with carbon capturing, we have to take the CO2 emission and as its coming
out of the coal facility, we have to capture it and store it permanently somewhere and never let it
escape. Which by itself is a daunting task. With nuclear the issues are: Cost, Safety, and long term
waste. The last three Mr. Gates has grouped together, because they are renewable. The
disadvantages is the density of energy is less than a power plant. They are intermident sources,
because the sun and wind are needed for them to work, and you have to find a way to get energy
when these things are not availible. After looking at all the worlds batteries, Mr. Gates determined
that they could only store 10 minutes of the world's electricity needs. How can we get there? We
needs lots of companies working together on it. The idea of a terrapower, is that instead of buring
the 1% part of uranium, burn the 99%. Burning it this way, you burn up the watse, and all the
waste that we have previously made. Which is more cost efficient, and fuel efficient. Depleted
uranium alone could power the country for 100s of years. Simply by filtering sea water you
would have enough fuel for a lifetime for the remainder of the planet. These are many great ideas.
By 2050 we want to get to an 80% emission rate. We have to deploy this zero emission
technology to the entire world. By 2020 to get to 20% we still have to have zero emission
innovation progress. We need more research funding for this CO2 emission and innovation. We
need market incentive to get the ideal of CO2 emission out there as well. Terrapower getting it
setup would be 100's of millions of dollars, finding the location, and the pilot reactor would be
several billions as well. Assuming it works, it would only take one for it to take hold. The ideal

Mr. Gates is getting to, is cheap clean fuel, would solve our issues. An idea of taking waste,
which is a problem, and making it into a fuel, which is a solution. We have twenty years to invent
and about twenty years to setup one of these sources, one of these fuel solutions. Its best if
multiple suceed, however we need one to suceed. Their is a line of research that would delay the
heating process, that could buy us about 20 or 30 years, as an insurance policy to fix out heating
issue.
7. Steven Cowley: Fusion is energy's future
When are we going to get fusion? We've known about since 1920. When explained to Steven how
fast we were using our resources, he became upset. Our energy is dominated by resources, oil,
and gas are a prime example. We use energy faster and faster pulling up people out fo third world
countries. Our energy is supplied by our own knowledge, however we have to have the
knowledge to make it better. All our sources including wind will get better with knowledge.
Fusion is the answer to most of our problems with energy, and doesn't leave any waste. However
the problem with nuclear fussion, is it is incredibly hard, its the same process of a star. Steven
proposes that we could create fussion, which is made with lithium. Most nuclear is used with
uranium, but as Steven shows with a graph, we have very little natural resources still availible in
our world. Including oil, fossil fuels, uranium, and the like. However, we still have a plethora of
lithium still availible. Steven then shows the magnetic bottle which will heat the lithium and
make fusion happen with JET, the world's biggest fusion experiment. The device Steven then
shows is the ITER, which is another project/device, which will cost 10 billion and will produce
half a gigawatt of fussion power. But even that isn't enough. We still need the what Steven shows
as the EU power plant, a power plant of fusion, although we're not there, not until 2030, that is
what is predicted. Sometime in the 2030's real electric power from fussion technology. According
to Steven Cowley, we're going to have a big problem with power in the next five years.
8. Saul Griffth: High-altitude Wind Energy from Kites!
Saul gives a brief history of where kites came from, or the history of kites throughout the world.
In the 1970's, when we faced an energy crisis, Miles L. Loyd wrote a paper about how to use an
airplane on a string to create enourmous amounts of electricity. The theory Loyd had was that a
free flying wing can sweep through more sky and generate more power in a unit of time then a
fixed wing turbine. So turbines were born, but they can't go very high where more power is
availible. Al gore set targets of where we need to get to, we expend about 12 trillions watts of
fossil fuels. Which means in the next 30-40 years we need to make 10 trillion watts of clean
energy or more.Wind is the 2nd largest renewable source behind solar. The majority of the higher
wind power is higher in the sky than our current technology is able to get to. Autonomous
generated power by a kite. Generating about 10 killowatts, enough to power 10 US households
with a kite no bigger than a piano. It sustains long flights. Working toward megawatt scale
machines that fly at 2000 feet. Saul Griffth's idea is to take planes and turn them into a source of
power generation. The bigger the plane obviously the more power could be generated as he
shows, with a scale of a paper airplane, all the way to big military planes.
9. Stewart Brand: 4 Environmental 'Heresies'

Stewart gives a background of his life or his credentials. Stewart speaks about urbanization, in
which that developing worlds are developing faster than anyother cities. Similar to what we had
in past centuries. Villages are emptying out due to resources depleting, and things they cannot
have in the smaller villages. The larger cities are emense but poor, and creative. Stewart talks
about how people in the slums, or squatters, are building their own infastructures and so fourth.
They have informal enterprises. They aren't crushed by poverty, they are getting out of it through
an informal economy, and making what they need. The slum performs lots of services for itself
and the larger cities as well. Conductivity between the city and coutry is what is going to keep the
coutnry good. People leave the poverty trap of farms, and when they're gone the environment
grows where they aren't there anymore. If you want to save the village, you need a good road, a
good cell phone connection, and grid electricity. Stewart shows charts that the birth rate will drop
by 2040. The climate is going to get worse faster than we think. There will be many implicatiosn
from this, such as the Darfur Drought, which lead to war. They're only three sources of
electriciity: Coal, hydro, and Nuclear. Only nuclear and hydro are green, and Coal is what is
causing the climate problems. It is cheap and we will continue using it until the goverments make
it expensive. Solar cannot help becuase we have no where to store the energy. Nuclear and space
are really the only way to potentially save the planet. The difference in nuclear waste and Coal
waste? Nuclear waste is 1 GW-year = which is 20 tons of waste. Coal waste is 1 GW-year =
8,000,000 tons CO2. People often feel threatened by nuclear energy, especially in places like
Austrailia. There are nuclear reactors being built around the world, which is good for the
countries prosperity and the world in general. Micropower reactors, started by Russia, they are 35
megawats, toshiba 4s makes 50 megawats,, which are smaller reactors. There are tons of these
smaller reactors, and they are underground and much smaller. Stewart also speaks on genetically
engineered rice, and explains why it is so valuable and unharmful. Stewart says that any mediumsized nation could unilaterally change the world's climate. geoengineering is a possible solution,
which could cool the earth by shooting SO2 into the stratosphere. There are plenty of other
geoengineering ideas which will help improve the earth as well.
10. Rob Hopkins: Transition to a world without oil
Rob's skills has been in teaching/education about how to teach people about practical skills about
sustainability. (energy, food, etc.) Rob unveils a bottle of oil, and explains its significance
amoungst us as humans. However, Rob believes our degree of dependancy is our degree of
vulnerability. That we basically we are running out of this resource. We aren't getting as much oil
as we used to, and that we are runnning out of our resource. Climate change is another issue that
we face looking at data far exceeding the ICCP. We have no choice but deep de-carbonization of
our climate. Rob tells a few stories of fairy tale about boots, pourage, and elfs. Then tells how we
have these things today, things that people then thought was unimaginable. Rob thinks they're are
four new stories to where we are going. 1. Buisness as usually, which is that everything remains
the same just more of it, but results in continued climate issues and ultimate problems.2. Hitting
the wall: Everything is so fragile that it will just fall and collapse. 3. The Impossible dream: That
technology can solve everything, including our energy issues. Some source of energy that will
cure all our problems. 4. The Transition Response: Respone with creativity, adaptability, and
imagination that we really need. An open source, where everyone involved develops and passes it
along. Self organizing, people pick up an idea and run with it. People analyze where they are and

what they can do with it. They're are tranision groups all over the world. Rob states that we
shouldn't focus on sustaniability, but on resilence. Not on what can we rely on, but what got us
here. Tranision works were a group of people pick up tools, they run an awareness program. They
form a working group, and then emerges projects which enables. They're are over 200 transition
projects, which started at a village that Rob worked in. Tranision groups still need international
and lots of help. Communities are developing things they need on they're own. Renewable
energy, resources such as gardens, and things they need. Even developing they're own currencies.
Things that they're own communities can do to replenish they're own resources. Even giving
ideas to energy resources. Tranisition has national organizations emerging all over the world.
These transition groups could effect the Carbon emission rate of our own communities. One
community even started its own energy company. Rob believes we are at the end of our cheap oil
period.