Basic Mathematics

Functions
R Horan & M Lavelle
The aim of this document is to provide a short, self
assessment programme for students who wish to acquire
a basic understanding of the concept of functions.

c 2003 [email protected] , [email protected]

Copyright
Last Revision Date: November 19, 2004

Version 1.0

Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Functions (Introduction)
Flow Diagrams
Composite Functions
Inverse Functions
Quiz on Functions
Solutions to Exercises
Solutions to Quizzes

Section 1: Functions (Introduction)

1. Functions (Introduction)
The concept of a function is essential in mathematics. There are two
common notations in use:
(a) f (x)= x2 + 2 ,
(b) f : x 7x2 + 2 .
Part (a) is commonly used. Part (b) is interpreted as
the function f maps x to x2 + 2.
Example 1 If two functions are given as f (x) = 2x + 3,
and g(x) = 3 x2 , then
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

f (2) = 2 2 + 3 = 7
f (3) = 2 (3) + 3 = 6 + 3 = 3
g(0) = 3 (0)2 = 3
g(4) = 3 (4)2 = 3 16 = 13

Section 1: Functions (Introduction)

Example 2

Find the numbers which map to zero under the function

h : x 7 x2 9 .

Solution The function can also be written as h(x) = x2 9 and if

x maps to zero then h(x) = 0, i.e.
x2 9 = 0
x2 = 9
since squaring both 3 and 3 gives the value 9.
Exercise 1. Two functions are given as h : x 7 x2 4
and g : x 7 10x + 5. Find the following: (Click on the green letters
for solution.)
(a) h(1)
(c) h(0)
(e) g(1)

(b) h(2)
(d) g(3)
(f) the values of x such that h(x) = 12

Section 2: Flow Diagrams

2. Flow Diagrams
The function f (x) = 2x + 3 in example 1 may be represented as a
flow diagram.
x

2x

2x+3

multiply by 2 add 3

From the diagram it is clear that the order of the operations cannot
be confused. First multiply by 2 and then add 3.
Example 3

Draw a flow diagram for the two functions given by

4x 2
(a) k : x 7 (3x 2)2 ,
(b) g(x) =
.
3
Solution
(a)

3x

3x2

multiply by 3 subtract 2 square

(3x2)2

4x2

x
4x
4x2
3
(b)
multiply by 4 subtract 2 divide by 3

Section 2: Flow Diagrams

Exercise 2. Draw flow diagrams for each of the following functions.

(Click on the green letters for solution.)
(a) h : x 7 6x + 1
(d) g : x 7 3x2 4

(b) h : x 7 4(3 2x) (c) h : x 7 (2x 5)2

2x2
(e) g : x 7
+ 5 (f) g : x 7 x2 + 2
3

Now try this short quiz.

Quiz From the functions listed below choose the one which is given
by the following flow diagram.
x

cube divide by 4 subtract 1 square add 4

2
x3
1 +4
(a)
4
 3 2
x
(c)
+4
41



x3
2
(1) + 4
(b)
4
 

x 3
2
(d)
+ (1) + 4
4


Section 3: Composite Functions

3. Composite Functions
The function f (x) = 2x + 3, from example 1, is composed of two
simpler functions, i.e. multiply by 2 and add 3. If these two functions
are written as h : x 7 2x and g : x 7 x + 3 then the composition of
these two functions is written gh (sometimes as gh or g(h(x))).

Example 4 If h : x 7 2x2 and g : x 7 x + 5, find the composite

function gh.
Solution Applying first h and then g results in the composite function
p
gh = 2x2 + 5 .
This can best be seen by using flow diagrams.
x

x2

2x2

2x2 +5

2x2 +5

square multiply by 2 add 5 square root

|
{z
}
|
{z
}
h

N.B. The composition of two functions, f g,

is NOT the same as the product of two functions.

Section 3: Composite Functions

Exercise 3. For each of the following functions, f, g, write down the

function f g. (Click on the green letters for solution.)
(a) f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x 3

(b) f : x 7 2x 1, g : x 7 x2

(c) f (x) = x2 , g(x) = 2x 1

x
(e) f (x) = 2, g(x) = 3x2
3

(d) f : x 7 x + 3, g : x 7 x 3
x
(f) f : x 7 3x2 , g : x 7 2
3

The functions in part (b) above are reversed in part (c). The results
show that, in general, reversing the order of two functions changes
the composite function. In simpler terms if h and k are two functions
then, in general, hk 6= kh.
Quiz Two functions are given as
f : x 7 2x2 1 and g : x 7 x 3 .
Which of the following is a solution to f (g(x)) = 7?
(a) x = 5

(b) x = 5

(c) x = 2

(d) x = 2

Section 4: Inverse Functions

4. Inverse Functions
If a function f maps m to n then the inverse function, written as f 1 ,
maps n to m.
Example 5

Find the inverse of the function h : x 7

4x 3
.
2

Solution First draw a flow diagram for the function.

4x3

4x

4x3

2
multiply by 4 subtract 3 divide by 2

Now draw a flow diagram, starting from the right, with each operation replaced by its inverse.
2x+3

2x+3

2x

divide by 4 add 3 multiply by 2

The inverse of h : x 7

4x 3
2x + 3
is thus h1 : x 7
.
2
4

Section 4: Inverse Functions

10

If a function f has an inverse f 1 then the composite function f f 1

is the identity function which was mentioned in exercise 3(d), i.e.
f f 1 : x 7 x. It is also true that f 1 f : x 7 x.
Example 6 For the function h in example 5, show that the composite function hh1 is the identity function.
2x + 3
. For the composition
4
hh1 (x), therefore, this must be operated on by the function h, i.e.
in the first flow diagram of example 5 the input on the right hand
2x + 3
side must be
.
4
Solution

First note that h1 : x 7

2x+3

h1 (x)

2x+3

2x

4
multiply by 4 subtract 3 divide by 2

|
{z
}

h(x)= 4x3
2

A similar exercise will show that h1 h is also the identity function.

Section 4: Inverse Functions

11

Exercise 4. Find the inverse of each of the following functions in the

form x 7 . . . (Click on the green letters for solution.)
(a) f (x) = 3x + 4

(b) f : x 7 4(x 1)

(c) f (x) = 3(2x + 5)

(d) g : x 7 8x + 3

(e) g(x) =

1
(3x + 4) + 6
2

(f) g : x 7

2x + 1
3

Quiz Two functions are given as

1
f : x 7 x and g : x 7 3x + 16 .
2
If h = f g, which of the following is h1 ?
1
(2x + 16)
3
1
: x 7 (2x 16)
3

(a) h1 : x 7
(c) h1

(b) h1 : x 7 3(2x + 16)

x

(d) h1 : x 7 2
16
3

Section 5: Quiz on Functions

12

5. Quiz on Functions
Begin Quiz If three functions are given as f : x 7 x2 , g : x 7
4x , h : x 7 x + 5, choose the correct options for the following.
(a) 8x2 ,

f g : x 7 . . .
(b) 4x2 ,

(c) 16x ,

(d) 16x2 .

(a) 8x2 ,

gf : x 7 . . .
(b) 4x2 ,

(c) 16x ,

(d) 16x2 .

(a) 5 + 4x ,

gh : x 7 . . .
(b) 4 + 5x ,

(c) 4x + 5 ,

(d) 4(x + 5) .

1.
2.
3.
4.

(hg)1 : x 7 . . .
1
1
(a) (x 5) , (b) (x + 5) ,
4
4

End Quiz Score:

(c)

1
(x + 4) ,
5

Correct

(d)

1
(x 4) .
5

Solutions to Exercises

13

Solutions to Exercises
Exercise 1(a) The function is h(x) = x2 4 so
h(1) = (1)2 4
= 14
= 3
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

14

Exercise 1(b) The function is h(x) = x2 4 so

h(2) = (2)2 4
= 44
= 0
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

15

Exercise 1(c) The function is h(x) = x2 4 so

h(0) = (0)2 4
= 04
= 4
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

16

Exercise 1(d) The function is g(x) = 10x + 5 so

g(3) = 10 (3) + 5
= 30 + 5
= 35
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

17

Exercise 1(e) The function is g(x) = 10x + 5 so

g(1) = 10 (1) + 5
= 10 + 5
= 5
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

18

Exercise 1(f ) If h(x) = 12 then since h(x) = x2 4,

x2 4 = 12
x2 = 4 + 12
= 16
x = 4
since the square of both 4 and 4 is 16.
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

19

Exercise 2(a)
For h : x 7 6x + 1 the flow diagram is
x

6x

6x+1

multiply by 6 add 1
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

20

Exercise 2(b)
For h : x 7 4(3 2x) the flow diagram is

2x

32x

multiply by 2 add 3 multiply by 4

Click on the green square to return

4(32x)

Solutions to Exercises

21

Exercise 2(c)
For h : x 7 (2x 5)2 the flow diagram is

2x

2x5

multiply by 2 subtract 5 square

Click on the green square to return

(2x5)2

Solutions to Exercises

22

Exercise 2(d)
For g : x 7 3x2 4 the flow diagram is

x2

3x2

3x2 4

square multiply by 3 subtract 4

Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

23

Exercise 2(e)
2x2
For g : x 7
+ 5 the flow diagram is
3

x2

2x2

2x2

3
square multiply by 2 divide by 3
add 5

Click on the green square to return

2x2
3

+5

Solutions to Exercises

24

Exercise 2(f )
For g : x 7 x2 + 2 the flow diagram is

x2

x2 +2

square add 2 take square root

Click on the green square to return

x2 +2

Solutions to Exercises

25

Exercise 3(a)
For the functions f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x 3 the function f g is
f g : x 7 2(x 3) + 1 = 2x 6 + 1 = 2x 5 .
The flow diagram is
x

2(x3)

x3

subtract 3 multiply by 2
|
{z
}
|
{z
g

add 1
}

2(x3)+1

The function f g can also be determined as follows. The two functions

can be written as f (z) = 2z+1 and g(x) = x3. Then by substituting
z = g(x) into f (z) = 2z + 1,
f g(x) =
=
=
=

f (g(x))
2g(x) + 1
2(x 3) + 1
2x 5 .

Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

26

Exercise 3(b)
For the functions f : x 7 2x 1, g : x 7 x2 the function f g is
f g : x 7 2x2 1 .
The flow diagram is
x2

2x2

2x2 1

square multiply by 2 subtract 1

|
{z
}
| {z }
g

The composition may also be determined by writing f (z) = 2z 1

and g(x) = x2 and substituting z = g(x), obtaining
f g(x) = f (g(x))
= 2g(x) + 1


= 2 x2 1
= 2x2 1 .
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

27

Exercise 3(c)
For the functions f : x 7 x2 , g : x 7 2x 1 the function f g is
f g : x 7 (2x 1)2 .
The flow diagram is
x

2x

(2x1)2

2x1

multiply by 2 subtract 1 square

|
{z
}
| {z }
g

Alternatively, writing f (z) = z and g(x) = 2x 1, then substituting

for z = g(x):
f g(x) = f (g(x))
= (g(x))2
= (2x 1)2 .
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

28

Exercise 3(d)
For the functions f : x 7 x + 3, g : x 7 x 3 the function f g is
f g : x 7 x .
The flow diagram is
x

x3

subtract 3 add 3
|
{z
}
| {z }
g

(x3)+3

The function which maps x to x is called the identity function. The

identity function does not change the value of x.
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

29

Exercise 3(e)
x
For the functions f : x 7 2, g : x 7 3x2 the function f g is
3
f g : x 7 x2 2 .
The flow diagram is
x

x2

3x2

x2

x2 2

square multiply by 3 divide by 3 subtract 2

|
{z
}
|
{z
}
g

z
Writing f (x) = 2 and g(x) = 3x2 and substituting z = g(x),
3
g(x)
f g(x) = f (g(x)) =
2
3
3x2
2
=
3
2
= x 2.
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

30

Exercise 3(f )
x
For the functions f : x 7 3x2 , g : x 7 2 the function f g is
3
x
2
f g : x 7 3
2 .
3
The flow diagram is
x

3
3
divide by 3
subtract 2
square
|
{z
}
|

( x3 2)

multiply by 3
{z
}

3( x
3 2)

Alternatively, the functions are f (z) = 3z 2 and g(x) =

x
2. Thus
3

f g(x) = f (g(x))
= 3(g(x))2
x
= 3( 2)2 .
3
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

31

Exercise 4(a)
For the function f : x 7 3x + 4 the flow diagram is
3x

3x+4

multiply by 3 add 4
The inverse is thus
x4

x4

divide by 3 subtract 4

so
f 1 : x 7
Click on the green square to return

x4
.
3


Solutions to Exercises

32

Exercise 4(b)
For the function f : x 7 4(x 1) the flow diagram is
x

4(x1)

x1

subtract 1 multiply by 4

The inverse is thus

x

+1

4
4

add 1
divide by 4

Thus
f 1 : x 7
Click on the green square to return

x
+ 1.
4


Solutions to Exercises

33

Exercise 4(c)
For the function f : x 7 3(2x + 5) the flow diagram is
x

2x

2x+5

multiply by 2 add 5 multiply by 3

3(2x+5)

The inverse has the flow diagram

1
2

x
x
( x3 5)
x
3
3 5
divide by 3
subtract 5
divide by 2

Thus
f 1 : x 7


1 x
5
2 3

Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

34

Exercise 4(d)
For the functions g : x 7 8x + 3 the flow diagram is
8x

multiply by 8 add 3

8x+3

The inverse function has flow diagram

81 (x3)

x3

divide by 8 subtract 3

so the inverse function is

1
g 1 : x 7 (x 3) .
8
Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Exercises

35

Exercise 4(e)
Before beginning this question the function may be simplified by noting that
1
1
12
1
(3x + 4) + 6 = (3x + 4) +
= (3x + 16)
2
2
2
2
1
so that the function is g : x 7 (3x + 16). The flow diagram for this
2
function is
x

3x

3x+16

multiply by 3 add 16 divide by 2

1
2 (3x+16)

The inverse flow diagram is

1
3 (2x16)

2x16

1
(2x 16).
3
Click on the green square to return
and

2x

divide by 3 subtract 16 multiply by 2

g 1 : x 7

Solutions to Exercises

36

Exercise 4(f )
For the functions g : x 7
x

2x + 1
the flow diagram is
3
2x

2x+1

multiply by 2 add 1 divide by 3

1
3 (2x+1)

and the inverse is given by

1
2 (3x1)

3x

3x1

divide by 2 subtract 1 multiply by 3

so that
g 1 : x 7

1
(3x 1) .
2

Click on the green square to return

Solutions to Quizzes

37

Solutions to Quizzes
Solution to Quiz:
The flow diagram
x

cube divide by 4 subtract 1 square add 4

is completed as
x3

x3

x3

4
4
subtract 1
cube divide by 4
x3
4


1

square

x3
4

2

which is the function k : x 7

add 4
x3
1
4

x3
4

2

+4

2
+ 4.
End Quiz

Solutions to Quizzes

38

Solution to Quiz:
For the functions f : x 7 2x2 1 and g : x 7 x 3 , the composite
function is f g(x) = 2(x 3)2 1.
2(x 3)2 1
2(x 3)2
(x 3)2
x3
x

=
=
=
=
=

7
1+7=8
4
2
32

so that x = 5 and x = 1 are both solutions.

End Quiz

Solutions to Quizzes

39

Solution to Quiz:
1
(3x + 16). This is the function
2
obtained by simplifying the function of exercise 4(e). The inverse of
the function is thus
1
h1 : x 7 (2x 16) ,
3
as shown in that exercise.
End Quiz
The function h = f g is h : x 7