33 3+11€ Yes. Otherwise we can create energy by altematcly vaporizing and condensing a substance. 3-12C No. Because in the thermodynamic analysis we deal with the changes in properties; and the changes are independent of the selected 3-13€ The term hg represents the amount of energy needed to vaporize a unit mass of saturated liquid at a specified temperature or pressure. It cam be determined from hig = it~ hy 3:14C Yes, It decreases with increasing pressure and becomes zero at the critical pressure 3-1SC Yes; the higher the temperature the lower the hy value, 3-16C Quality is the fraction of vapor in a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. Ithas no meaning in the superheated vapor region. 3-17C Completely vaporizing | kg of saturated liquid at 1 atm pressure since the higher the pressure the lower the he, 3-18C The compressed liquid can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the given temperature, Thus Up.» = Var 3-19C Ice can be made by evacuating the air in a water tank. During evacuation, vapor is also thrown out, and thus the vapor pressure in the tank drops, causing a difference between the vapor pressures at the water surface and in the tank. This pressure difference is the driving force of vaporization, and forces the liquid to evaporate, But the liquid must absorb the heat of vaporization before it can vaporize, and it absorbs it from the liquid and the air in the neighborhood, causing the ‘temperature in the tank to drop. The process continues until water stats freezing. The process can be made more efficient by insulating the tank well so thatthe entire heat of vaporization comes essentially from the water. -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.20 Complete the following table for HO: P, kPa m'/kg Phase description Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation35 3 Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below. "Given" T[1]50 [C} v{1]=7.72 [m*3/kg] P{2|=400 [kPa] x2} [3-250 (c] P{3]=500 [kPa] T1a}=110 [C] P[4]=350 [kPa] "Analysis" Fluid$='steam_japws' "Change the Fluid to R134a, R22 and Ammonia and solve" P{t]=pressure(FluidS, T=T[1] T[2}=temperature(FividS, vi2i-volume( Fluids, P= vidlevolume(Fiuids, xiaJ=quality(FluidS, P=PI4], T=T14) "<= 100 for superheated vapor and 100 for compressed liquid” SOLUTION for water Tic] | PikPal | x v ikgim’) 50.00 | 12.35 |o.ea1e [7.72 143.61 | 400.00 | 4 0.4624 250.00 | 500.00 | 100 | 0.4744 110.00 | 350.00 | -100 | 0.001051 SOLUTION for R134 Tie] [PiKPal[x | vikgim’) 50.00 [341 | 100 | 7.72 ast [400.00 [1 | 0.05127 250,00 | 500.00 |- | - 110.00 | 350.00 | 100 | 0.08666 "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permissionSOLUTION for 8-22 Tic] | PiKPal| x | vikg/m’) 50.00 | 402 | 100 | 7.72 6.56 | 400.00 |1 | 0.05817 250.00 | 500.00 | 100 | 0.09959 110.00 | 350.00 | 100 | 0.103 SOLUTION for Ammonia Tic]_| PiKPal| x | vikg/m’) 50.00 | 20.40 | 100 | 7.72 -1.89 | 400.00 |1 [0.3094 250.00 | 500.00 | 100 | 0.5076 110.00 | 350.00 | 100 | 0.5269 100 Steam 00] 00] 5 ‘3 fhakg-K i 00] | . fo 200] aw so 10S eT nO? /ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, v [hig] Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission 5 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only to teachers and educators for course preparation.Steam z vm rag] Pika] Desks] sooo Steam 3800 h feaika} 00 ‘shlkg KI] BT PROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw Edvation, Limited ditabution pemnited only to teachers and edoeatrs fr course preparation, Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permissionComplete the following table for HO: TC P, kPa wan kg Phase deseription 140 361.53 0.05 ‘Saturated mixture 155.46 550 0.001097 Saturated liguid 125 750. 0.001065 Compressed liquid 500 2500 0.140 ‘Superheated vapor 3-24 Complete the following table for HO: TF P, psia 4, Btu / bm Phase description 300) 7.03 Saturated mixture 267.22 40 236.02, Saturated liquid 500) 120 Ud ‘Superheated vapor 400 400 373.84 Compressed liquid "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission39 3 Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below. "Given" T{1]}=300 [F] u(1}=782 [Btutbm} P{2|=40 [psia] x(2]=0 7[3]=500 [F] P{3]=120 [psia} T14}=400 [F] P[4]=420 [psia] "Analysis" Fuid='steam_iapws' Pfi}=pressure(FluidS, T=T[1], x{1}=quality(FluidS, T: T[zI-temperature(Fluid$, P=P(2], x=x(2)) ul2|=intenergy(FiuidS, P=PI2], x=x(2]) Uf3}=intenergy(FluidS, P=P(3}, T=T(3)) x{3}=quality(FluidS, P=P[3}, ul4|=intenergy(FiuidS, P=P(4], T x{4]=quality(FluidS, P=P[4), T=T14)) "x= 100 for superheated vapor and 100 for compressed liquid” Solution for steam TF P, psia x u, Btuflbm 300 67.028 0.6173 782, 267.2 40 0 236 500 120 100 1174 400 400 100 373.8 Solution for R134a TF P, psia x u, Btubm 300 - : 782 29.01 40 0 24.24 500 120 100 203.5 400 400 100 1736 "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permissionSolution for R22 TF P, psia x us, Btulbm 300 - : 762 1.534 40 0 78.08 500 120 100 240.1 400 400 100 218.7 Solution for ammonia TF P, psia x us, Btulbm 300 : - 782 11.67 40 0 63.47 500 120 100 785.5 400 400 100 727 "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-26 Complete he following table for Refrigerant-134a: 1, °C P, kPa ym /kg Phase description 4 320 0.000764 Compressed liquid 10 14.39 0.0065 ‘Saturated mixture 3845 850 0.02409 Saturated vapor 0 600 0.04632 ‘Superheated vapor 3-27E Complete the following table for Refrigerant-134a: TF h Bru/ibm x Phase description 65.89 80 78 ‘Saturated mixture 15 29.759 92 06 ‘Saturated mixture 10 70 1536 a Compressed liquid 160 180 129.46 = ‘Superheated vapor 110 161.16 17.25 10 ‘Saturated vapor 3-28 A rigid tank contains steam at a specified state. The pressure, quality, and density of steam are to be determined. Properties At 220°C v= 0.001190 m'/kg and v, = 0.08609 m'/kg (Table A-4) Analysis (a) Two phases cocxist in equilibrium, thus we have a saturated liguid-vapor mixture, The pressure of the steam is the saturation pressure at the given temperature. Then the pressure in the tank must be the saturation pressure atthe specified temperature, Pp Nanaave =2320kPa (8) The total mass and the quality are determined as mn, Ye 1X8) 1G, 0.001190 mike Y, _ 218%(1.8m') 0.08609 meg 304.2 ke, wm, =13.94kg mg = 504,213.94 = 518.1 kg (€) The density is determined from U =u, +2(v, “¥,)= 0.001190 + (0.0269 0.08609) = 0.003474 m’ kg =—1 _ -287.8kgim* 0.003474 "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission312 3-29 A piston-cylinder device contains R-134a at a specified state, Heat is transferred to R-134a, The final pressure, the volume change of the cylinder, and the enthalpy change are to be determined. Analysis (2) The final pressure is equal to the inital pressure, which is determined from (12kgN9.81 mis?) (KN. 08 _geupas. a {1000 kg. mis aD*/4 “(0.25 m)"/4 | s0akra (b) The specific volume and enthalpy of R-134a atthe initial state of 90.4 kPa and -10°C and at the final state of 90.4 kPa and 15°C are (from EES) 4) = 0.2302 m'kg 147.7 lk, 5 0.2544 mike y= 268.18 kik, The initial and the final volumes and the volume change are 1, = mu, = (0.85 kg)(0.2302 m' kg) = 0.1957 m* Y, = mv, = (0.85 kg)(0.2544 m'/kg) = 0.2162 m> AV =0.2162 - 0.1957 =0,0205m? (©) The total enthalpy change is determined from AT = mfg ~ f,) = (0.85 kgX268.18 — 247.77) kikg =17-4kd eg 3-30E ‘The temperature of R-134a at a specified state isto be determined, Analysis Since tables, 1 specified specific volume is higher than v, for 80 psia, this isa superheated vapor state, From R-134a P=S0psia Sonn | P-8OF (Palen -13) ¢=0.62434 bm 3-31 A rigid container that js filled with R-134a is heated, The final temperature and initial pressure are to be determined. Analysis This is a constant volume process. The specific volume is mn! Rta ooo, 2 Em 6.1348 kg 40°C im T0kg 10k ‘The initial state is determined to be a mixture, and thus the pressure is the 1.348 m! saturation pressure at the given temperature P= Payguaye =54.-25kPa (Table A-11) The final state is superheated vapor and the temperature is determined by interpolation to be P, =200kPa 0.1348 kg. } 1, -66.¥6 (Table A-13) i -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-32 The enthalpy of R-134a at a specified state isto be determined, Analysis The specific volume is vom? = 0,03 my mm 300Ke . Inspection of Table A+11 indicates that this is a mixture of liquid and vapor. Using the properties at 10°C line, the quality and the enthalpy are determined to be (0.03 - 0.007929) m' ke Vs (0:049466 — 0,0007929)m° kg =0,6001 h=hy + xh =65.42 + (0.6001)(190.80) =179,9kd/kg 3-33 The specific volume of R-134a ala specified state is to be determined, Analysis Since the given temperature is higher than the saturation temperature for 200 kPa, this is a supetheated vapor state. The specific volume is then P=200KPa} 0.11647m* kg ible A - 13) Faae | U=OAGATM' Ng (ableA-13) 3-34 The average atmospheric pressure in Denver is 83.4 kPa, The boiling temperature of water in Denver is to be determined, Analysis The boiling temperature of water in Denver is the saturation temperature corresponding to the atmospheric pressure in Denver, which is $3.4 kPa Te ase duns =94.6°C (Cable A-5) 3-3SE The temperature in a pressure cooker during cooking at sea level is measured to be 250°F. The absolute pressure inside the cooker and the effect of elevation on the answer are to be determined. Assumprions Properties of pure water can be used to approximate the properties of juicy water in the cooker. Properties The saturation pressure of water at 250°F is 29.84 psia (Table A-4E), The standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm = 14.7 psia, Analysis The absolute pressure in the cooker is simply the saturation pressure atthe cooking temperature, P, aaasirt = 29.84 psia 1,0) It is equivalent to 250°F Latm Pu, = 2988p =! 20 | 2.038 The elevation has no effect on the absolute pressure inside when the temperature is maintained constant at 250°F -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission314 3-36E A spring-loaded piston-cylinder device is filled with R-134a. The water now undergoes a process until its volume increases by 50%. The final temperature and the enthalpy are to be determined. Analysis From Table A-11E, the initial specific volume is 4, uy + Upp = 0.01143 + (0,80)(4.4286 ~ 0.01143) =3.5452 8°.Tom and the initial volume will be Y, =m, = (0.13 Ibmmy3.5452. bm) = 0.46098? With a 50% increase inthe volume, the final volume wll be 2 Y, =1.4Y, =1.5(0.4609 *)=0.69138* The distance that the piston moves between the initial and final conditions is Y AV _Y.—Y, _ (0,6813-0.4609)8" 029348 A, Did ma) 14 AAs a result of the compression of the spring, the pressure difference between the initial and final states is apa BF ax Rae _ 4G7 bfin)(0.2934%12im) 1 69 gin 4, 4, D4 m(2iny® 1.152psia The initial pressure is B= Paya.sre =9.869 psia (Table -11E) The final pressure is then Py =P, + AP=9.869 + 1.152=11.02 psia and the final specific volume is, 0.681315 m 0.13 1bm % 5.3184 bm At this final state, the temperature and enthalpy are Pi=11.02psia 7, -104,7F ¥; =5.318 om] hi, =124,7Btu/lom Note that itis very difficult to get the temperature and enthalpy readings from Table A-13E accurately. -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-37E A piston-cylinder device that is filled with water is cooled. The final pressure and volume of the water are to be ‘determined Analysis The initial specific volume is 42426487 5 SARE = 2.4264 8 tom 1h0 60°F This is a constant-pressure process. The inital state is determined to be superheated ibm ‘vapor and thus the pressure is determined to be 2.4264 ft 1, = 60°F ] sy > P= P; =250psia (Table A-6E) 1, =2.4266 6 bm | J Pp The saturation temperature at 250 psia is 400.1°F. Since the final temperature js less than this temperature, the final state is compressed liquid. Using the incompressible liquid approximation, Upcaz00y = 0.01663 "lm (Table A~4E) The final volume is then Y, =mu,, = (Llbm)(0.01663 & */Ibm) = 0.01663? 3-38 The volume of a container that contains water ata specified state isto be determined, Analysis The specific volume is determined from steam tables by interpolation to be Peto kPa 1.9367 m?/kg, (Table A -6) reisore [> w ) Water Ske The volume of the container is then 100 kPa 5 3 150°C = mu = (keX(1.9367 mike) =8.84m' 3.39 Water is boiled at sea level (1 atm pressure) in a pan placed on top ofa 3-kW electric bummer that trans heat generated to the water. The rate of evaporation of water isto be determined 8 60% of the Properties The properties of water at | alm and thus at the saturation temperature of 10 4), Analysis The net rate of heat transfer to the water is = 0.60x3kW =1.8kW Ho 100°C are hg = 2256.4 Kiiky (Table A- Noting that it takes 2256.4 kJ of energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid water, the rate of evaporation of water is determined to be ‘ns O__ 18kis ooronin =F” Task = 0.80107 kgis = 2.872kg/h -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission316 3-40 Water is boiled at 1500 m (84.5 kPa pressure) in a pan placed on top of a 3-KW clectric burner that transfers 60% of the heat generated to the water. The rate of evaporation of water is to be determined. Properties The properties of water at 84.5 kPa and thus at the saturation temperature of 95°C are fig = 2269.6 ki/ke (Table Ad), Analysis The net rate of heat transfer to the water is = 0.603 KW =18 kW ‘Noting that it takes 2269.6 kI of energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid water, the rate of evaporation of water is determined to be fi GO __18kiis ero Th 2269.6KIKE, H,0 osc 1.793 «10 kes -B55kg/h 43-41 A rigid container that is filled with R-134a is heated. The temperature and total enthalpy are to be determined at the initial and final states. Analysis This is a constant volume process. The specific volume is Yaoi’ R-1S4a o au, Y= 201m 6 cota ming 300 kPa mn 10kg 10ke WL The inital state i determined to be a mixture, and thus the temperature isthe saturation temperature at the given pressure. From Table A-12 by interpolation T, =Tyavaps00kry = 0-646 Pp Using EES, we would get 0.65°C. Then, > yy = LLLYL 10.0014 = 0.000735) mk _ 9099351 jg (0.067776 —0.0007735) mika ip + alg =52.71 + 0.009351)198.17) =54.56KIIK The total enthalpy is then 11, = ih, =Q0kg)\(54.56 kirkg) = 545.6kd The final state is also saturated mixture. Repeating the calculations at this state, 00ers = 21.55 Ya —¥> (0.0014 ~ 0.008198) m' kg Vj (0.034335 —0,0008198) m Tk 0.01731 Jig hy + xghg, 81.50 + (0.01731K180.95) = 84.64 keg Hz =mh, 0 ke)(84.64 kl/kg) = B46.4kS -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission317 3-42 A piston-cylinder device that is filled with R-134a is cooled at constant pressure. The final temperature and the change of total internal energy are to be determined. Analysis The initial specific volume is Y 1232 Mm" 9.12322 m5 kg mm 100kg The inital state is superheated and the internal energy at this state is } uy =263.08kirkg (PableA-13) J P. P= 200kPa y, 0.12322 m" The final specific volume is # _0.12322m? ke 3 He Um TRS 0.0150m? — (To00 keim-s? | Wome =126.15 kPa The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure, 06.26 (Table A-5) 126.1508 3-49 Water is boiled in a pan by supplying electrical heat, The local atmospheric pressure is to be estimated, Assumptions 75 percent of electricity consumed by the heater is transferred to the water: Analysis The amount of heat transfer to the water during this period is. Q= Fl stione= (0.752 KI/5V30%60 8) = 2700 KI The enthalpy of vaporization is determined from ig, -—2 = 0 _ 9969 kk oot SKE Using the data by a trial-error approach in saturation table of water (Table A-S) or using EES as we did, the saturation pressure that corresponds to an enthalpy of vaporization value of 2269 ki/kg is Poy = 88.4 kPa which is the local atmospheric pressure 3-50 A rigid tank that is filled with saturated liquid-vapor mixture is heated, The temperature at which the liquid in the tank is completely vaporized isto be determined, and the T-v diagram is to be drawn, Analysis This is a constant volume process (v= Vim = constant), and the specific volume is determined to be 1,0 5 90°C Vv 18m’ m 1Skg 0.12 m*ykg When the liquid is completely vaporized the tank will contain, saturated vapor only. Thus, 0.12 meg, 2 The temperature at ths point isthe esperar hat corresponds to t this val, T= =202.9C (Table A-4) v Tway-0.1200 -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.23 Analysis (2) Initially two phases coexist in equilibrium, thus we have a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. Then the temperature in the tank must be the saturation temperature atthe specified pressure, P= Tuggn0ans “A58.8C (b) The total mas in this case can easly be determined by adding the mass of cach phase, v, im? my =L = 005 __a sang %) 0.001101 mk P 1 2 (©) Atthe final state waters superheated vapor, ad its specie volume is . P, = 600 kPa | ey =0.3521 m' kg. (Table A-6 nome}? g (Table A-6) Then, UY, =m,v, = (7.395 kg\0.3521 m°/kg) =2.604m? -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.24 Analysis The problem is solved using BES, and the solution is given below. P{1}=600 [kPa] PI2FPI1) T2]=200 {C] (0.005 [m3] 9 [m"3] {_f1=volume(Steam_lapws, P=P[1].x=0) “sat. liq. specific volume, mika” spvsat_g1=volume(Steam_iapws, ) “sat. vap. specific volume, m*3/kg 1f1=V_ft/spvsat_ft "sat. lig. mass, ki m_g1=V_gt/spvsat_gt ‘sat. vap. mass, kg" m_fot=m_f1+m_gt VEiIEV_f1+V_gi spvol[i]=V[1Jm_tot “specific volumet, m*3" T[1]+temperature(Steam_iapws, P=P[1],v=spvol(1])"C" “The final volume is calculated from the specific volume at the final T and P* spvoll2|=volume(Steam_japws, P=P[2], T=T[2)) "specific volume2, m*3/ka' Vi2]=m_tot"spvol2] 10; stetmure Py (kPa he ke) +e 100) 3324 200 5731 ‘ofl 300 e145 400 6561 1 500 6978 w 600 7395 700 7812 +o 800 8.23 900 8.688 10 1000 9.066 “ooo? wo v [mtkg] 95; 3 85 3 Bis £ 65 55) S00 200 300 400 $00 600 700 #00 900 7000 Py; [kPa] "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission+ be determined, Analysis (a) The specific volume of the water is SE oy 085t0m mm Slbm At 20 psia, y= 0.01683 ft'lbm and u, 3.25 EA rigid tank contains water ata specified pressure. The temperature, total enthalpy, and the mass of each phase are to 20.093 {bm (Table A-12B). Thus the tank contains saturated liguid-vapor mixture since v-< 7 vg, and the temperature must be the saturation temperature atthe specified pressure, =227.92F (8) The quality ofthe water and its total enthalpy are determined from 1.0-0,01683 20.093-0.01683, x = 0.08897 I= hy +h g, =196.27 + 0,04897959,93 = 243.28 Btwlbm n (6 Tom)243.28 BtuiTbm) (©) The mass of each phase is determined from im, =2m, =0,04897%5 = 0,245 1bm 4.755Ibm mh 1216.4 Btu my =m, +m, =5~0.245 3-54E A rigid tank contains saturated liguid-vapor mixture of RI: determined, Analysis At SO psia, u the vapor phases are U)=18? and U, 48° Thus the mass of each phase is y, lf m, = =—_* ___ = 79.88 bm vy 0.012528 bm v. 3 my at 4.22 Ibm ¥, 0.94909 Tom ‘Then the total mass and the quality of the reftigerant are m= my 4 m= 79.88 6 4.22 = 84.40 lm Me _ A221bm 9.95018 mm, 84.10Tbm "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission H,0 Slbm 20 vsia 4a. The quality and total mass of the refrigerant are to be 0.01252 Albom and ¥, = 0.94791 f'ilbm (Table A-12E). The volume occupied by the liquid and R340 cry 50 psia © 2015 MeGraw-Hill Edvation. Limited distbution pemited only to teachers und educators fr course preparation3.26 3-8SE Superheated water vapor cools at constant volume until the temperature drops to 250°F. AL the final state, the pressure, the quality, and the enthalpy are to be determined Analysis This is a constant volume process (v= Vin = constant), and the initial specific volume is determined to be P,=180 psia vv, = 3.0433 # '/lbm ‘able A-f AL250°F, 4= 0.01700 f'/lbm and v, = 13.816 f'/lbm. Thus at the final state, the tank will contain saturated liquid-vapor mixture since -< v< v,, and the final pressure must be the saturation pressure at the final temperature, P= Paraaggp = 29-84 pris (6) The quality at the final state is determined from ¥2-¥y _3.0433—0.01700 SOS 0.01700 — 9,219 13.816~0.01700 (©) The enthalpy at the final state is determined from ha hy +h g =218.63+0.219x945.4 126.0 Btu/lbm "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission H,0 180 psia 00°F © 2015 MeGraw-Hill Edvation. Limited distbution pemited only to teachers und educators fr course preparation3.27 3 Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below. -volume(steam_iapws,T=T[1],P=P[1]) vi2I=vi1] P{2|=pressure(steam_lapws,T=T[2], hi2}-enthalpy(steam_japws, T x(2]=quality(steam_lapws,T: P; % 400 Steam {psia] 700 ‘04037 1200 1222 | 0.3283 1444 | 0.2761 1000 166.7 | 0.2378 1839 | 0.2084 iz 800] zit | 0.1853 o 2333 | 0.1665 e600 255.6 0.151 2778 | 0.1379 “00 300 0.1268 P o oe 4070)? V [ft/lb] 0.45. . . . . oa, 035) qo gg © ozs 02) 04s “sf —s 400440 250300 "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.28 3-87 Superheated steam in a piston-cylinder device is cooled at constant pressure until half of the mass condenses. Tle final temperature and the volume change are to be determined, and the process should be shown on a T-v diagram. Analysis (b) At the final state the cylinder contains saturated liquid vapor mixture, and thus the final temperature must be the saturation temperature atthe final pressure, T= Teaco 154.876 (Table A-5) HO (©) The quality atthe final state is specified to be x: = 0.5. The specific mire volumes at the initial and the final states are Rate uss o4asorm’ag (Table A 01083 039483000108 = 0,1880 m'/kg Thus, AV =m(vz —;) =(0.6 kyX0. 1880 — 0,42503)m” skye = -0.14222m? 3-58 The water in a rigid tank is cooled until the vapor starts condensing. The intial pressure in the tank is to be determined Analysis This is a constant volume process (= Vim = constant), and he T inal specie volume sequal othe ial specifi volume that : 0) =U, —Yggiave = 0.79270 mag. (Table A-4) 25 | Ho since the vapor starts condensing at 150°C. Then fom neasore | ys Table As, "ee ‘ T, = 250°C | se} 2 <030MPa 7 ¢, =0.79270 mi -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.29 3-89 Heat is supplied toa piston-cylinder device that contains water at a specified state. The volume of the tank, the final temperature and pressure, and the internal energy change of water are to be determined. Properties The saturated liquid properties of water at 200°C are: v= 0.001157 m'/kg and w 50.46 KI/kg (Table A-4) Analysis (a) The cylinder intially contains saturated liquid water. The volume f the eylinder atthe initial state is Y, =m, = (1.4 kgX0.001157 m? kg) = 0.001619 m? The Volume atthe fina stat is v= 0.001619) =0.006476m* Water (6) The final state properties are 14 kg, 200°C) 3 salt. lig. Y 0.006476 m9 — 9.904626 m' /kg make + yg) BaSTESE v2 = 0.008626 m'IK8 |», 24,367KPa (Table A-4 or A-5 or EES) act uy = 2201.5 ki/kg (©) The total internal energy change is determined from AU = m(u —u,) = (4 kgX2201.5 -850.46) kirkg = 1892kd 3-60 The error involved in using the enthalpy of water by the incompressible liquid approximation isto be determined, Analysis The state of water is compressed liquid. From the steam tables, P=3000-psia =378.41Buullbm (Table A -7E ower |PO3T4LB TATE Based upon the incompressible liguid approximation, P=3000psia| 7 =400°F sor = 375.04 Btwllbm (Table A~4E) The error involved is 10 89% 37841 which is quite acceptable in most engineering calculations, -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission330 3-61 A piston-cylinder device that is filled with R-134a is heated. The volume change is to be determined, Analysis The initial specific volume is P= 60kPa 1 ¥, = 0.33608 m*) Table A - Sore | 2 =033608m" rg TableA-13) and the initial volume is Y, = my, = (0.100 kg\(0.33608m' /kg) = 0.033608" Atthe final state, we have Pe=cokPa yo sostom?mg (Table A-13) ’ fete [> Pky (Toble A-13) 2 2 1 = ivy = (0100 kgX0.50410 kg) = 0.050410: 2 The volume change is then AY =¥, ~V, =0.050410—0.033608 =0.0168m> ’ 3-62 A rigid vessel is filed with refrigerant-134a, The total volume and the total internal energy are to be determined, Properties The properties of R-134a atthe given state are (Table A-13). soaks} wotlk T=120°C fv =0,061687 m’/kg Rela Ske Analysis The toal volume and internal energy are determined fiom 300 kPa = my =(8 kgX0.061687 m° kg) =0.494 m? T20"e U = mu = (8 kg)329.91 kivkg) = 2639 Kt -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3431 3-63 Heat is supplied to a rigid tank that contains water at a specified state. The volume of the tank, the final temperature and pressure, and the internal energy change of water are to be determined, Properties The saturated liquid properties of water at 200°C are: Y= 0.001157 m’/kg and w~ 850.46 kilkg (Table A-4) Analysis (a) The tank initially contains saturated liquid water and ai. The volume occupied by water is Y, = mu, = (14g 0.001157 m'/kg) = 0.001619 m* ‘which isthe 25 perent of oa volume, Then, te total volume is determined from v= 0.001619) =0.006476m? a2 (b) Properties after the heat addition process are 9.006476 m? _ make we (004626 m' kg T= 374.0 P,=24,367KPa (Table A-4or A-S or EES) uy = 2201.5 ki/kg ¥, = 0.004626 m' /kg| 1 (©) The total internal energy change is determined from AU =m(uz —1,) = (1.4 kg) 2201.5 - 850.46) kI/kg = 1892 364. A piston-cylinder device that is initially filled with water is heated at constant pressure until all the liguid has vaporized. The mass of water, the final temperature, and the (otal enthalpy change are to be determined, and the T-v diagram is to be drawn, Analysis Initially the cylinder contains compressed liquid (since P > Pagar) that ean be approximated as a saturated liquid atthe specified temperature (Table A-4), 1, = Upayorc = 0.001008 mig, hy = Igguve “167.5313 10 (o Thema deine om ane pat, 0500 ayo uy pares 0001008 mag r (8) At the final state, the cylinder contains saturated vapor and thus the final temperature must be the saturation temperature at the final pressure, , T=Tyyigonars “120.26 J (©) The final enthalpy is a= yg nosy = 2706.3 Ki, Ths, AH =mi( hy = h,) = (49.61 kgX2706.3 — 167.53)kI/kg = 125,950 KI v "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission332 Ideal Gas 3-65C A gas can be treated as an ideal gas when itis at a high temperature or low pressure relative to its critical temperature and pressure 3-66C R, is the universal gas constant that is the same forall gases whereas R isthe specific gas constant that is different for different gases, These two are related to each other by R= R,/ M, where Mis the molar mass of the gas. 3-67C Propane (molar mass = 44.1 kg/kmol) poses a greater fire danger than methane (molar mass = 16 ke/kmol) since ‘propane is heavier than air (molar mass ~ 29 kg/kmol), and it will settle near the floor. Methane, on the other hand, is lighter than air and thus it will ise and leak out. 3-68 A rigid tank contains air ata specified state, The gage pressure of the gas in the tank is to be determined. Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas, Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPam’ikg.K (Table AI). P. Analysis Treating at as an idea gas, the absolute pressure in the tank is determined from é mT _ (5 kg)0.287 kPa-m'ke 128K) 659 14pg ae v 04m 400L Thus the gage pressure is 25°C Py = P= Pay =1069.1-97 = 972.1 KP 3-69E The temperature in a container that is filled with oxygen is to be determined, Assumptions At specilied conditions, oxygen behaves as an ideal gas. Properties ‘The gas constant of oxygen is R = 0.3353 psia-t'lbm-R (Table A-1B). Analysis The definition of the specific volume gives v_ 3H mm 2Tbm Som cal gas equation of state, the temperature is Py _ (BOpsiaX LS £3 /lbm) RK 0.3353psia-f bm: R =358R -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.33 3-70 The volume ofa container that is filled with helium at a specified state isto be determined. Assumptions x specified conditions, helium behaves as an ideal gas. Properties ‘The gas constant of helium is R = 2.0769 kitky-K (Table Al) Analysis According tothe ideal gas equation of tate, > 300KPa v 3-71 The pressure and temperature of oxygen gas in a storage tank are given. The mass of oxygen in the tank is to be determined, Assumptions At specified conditions, oxygen behaves as an ideal gas P. Properties The gas constant of oxygen is R= 0.2598 kPa.m'ike.K. (Table A-1). Analysis The absolute pressure of O> is P= Pe + Pag = 500+ 97 = 597 KPa Treating O; as an ideal gas, the mass of O; in tank is determined to be 500 kPa ® T= 28°C Pu (597 KPay(2.5 m*) RP (0.2598 kPa-m’ /kg-KX28+273)K =19.08kg 3-72 A balloons filled with helium gas. The mole number and the mass of helium in the balloon are to be determined, Assumptions At specified conditions, helium behaves as an ideal gas. Properties The universal gas constant is R, = 8.314 kPa.m’kmol.K. The molar mass of helium is 4.0 kg/kmol (Table AL). Analysis The volume of the sphere is 434 GaSe =A 4.5m) =381.7 m* 3 Assuming ideal gas behavior, the mole numbers of He is determined from Py (200 kPay381.7 m’) PY ___QUOKPASELT IM) __ 39.61 kot RT @314 kPa-m"/kmol- K\300 K) Then the mass of He can be determined from m= NM = (0.61 kmol}(4.0 ky/kmol)= 123 kg "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission34 Problem 3-72 is to be reconsidered. The effect ofthe balloon diameter on the mass of helium contained in the balloon isto be determined for the pressures of (a) 100 kPa and (b) 200 kPa as the diameter varies from 5 m to 15 m, The ‘mass of helium is to be plotted against the diameter for both cases, Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below. "Given Data P=200 [kPal R_U=8.314 [kJikmol-K] P*VeN'R_ut(T#273) Vea"pi(DI2y/3/3, m=N*MOLARMASS (Helium) Dl mika] 600) 5 21.01 e111 | 38.35 soo 7222 | 63.31 8333 | 97.25 aaa | 1416 400} toss | 1976 s 1167 | 266.9 E 00 1278 | 3506 : P-200 KPa 1389 | 4502 200| 18 567.2 P=200 KPa 100 P=100 kPa a ea 5 7 ° 1 8 18 D Im "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.35 3-74E An automobile tire is under inflated with ar, The amount of air that needs to be added to the tire to raise its pressure to the recommended value is to be determined, Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas, 2 The volume of the tire remains constant. Properties: The gas constant of air is R = 0,3704 psia,'lbm.R (Table A-1E), Tire Analysis The initial and final absolute pressures in the tie are onn y= Py + Pag = 20+ 14.6 = 34.6 pia 30°F Py * Pam =30-+ 14.6 = 44.6 psia 20 psig Treating air as an ideal gas, the initial mass in the tie is RY 4.6 psia)(0.53 10) = AE __O46 psy 5 FT) ___ 0.0900 bm RT, (0.3704 psia I /lbm- RXS5O R) ‘Noting thatthe temperature and the volume of the tire remain constant, the final mass in the tie becomes By (44.6 psiay0.53 4°) °° RT, O3704 psia lb RYS5O R) Thus the amount of air that needs to be added is 1160 ~0,0900 = 0.0260 tbm m, = 0.1160 Tom Am=m,—m, 3-75 Two rigid tanks connected by a valve to each other contain air at specified conditions. The volume of the second tank and the final equilibrium pressure when the valve is opened are to be determined, Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. Properties ‘The gas constant of sir is R= 0.287 kPa.m'fkg.K (Table A-1), Analysis Let's call the first and the second tanks A and B. Treating air as an ideal gas, the volume of the second tank and the sass of air in the first tank are determined to be 4.326m" A B 200 kPa | (6g )(0.287 kPa- meg: KOR K) 350 xbay0 m? a = HM Oo) ——_- 4.309 S| m3ke C2 ka mg KTH mo 3 00 kPa V =U, Vy =1.0+1.326=2.326 m? m= mg +mg =4309-+3=7,309 ky Then the final equilibrium pressure becomes mR, _ (7.309 kg)(0.287 kPa-m’ kg K)293 K) P, 0 2.326m" =264kPa -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission336 3-76 One side of a two-sided tank contains an ideal gas while the other side is evacuated. The partition is removed and the gas fills the entire tank. The gas is also heated to final pressure. The final temperature is to be determined. Assumptions The gas is specified as an ideal gas so that ideal gas relation can be used. Analysis According to the ideal gas equation of state, AAR v4 4, vac deat gas | Evsewted Applying these, NPC 2K oa™ my =m, ci 2 AY, Pe =3fp27.-273) k]=3600K = 33276 3-77 A piston-cylinder device containing argon undergoes an isothermal process. The final pressure is to be determined, Assumptions At specified conditions, argon behaves as an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of argon is R= 0.2081 ki/kg:K (Table A-1), Analysis Since the temperature remains constant, the ideal gas equation gives “Argon PY PV, Ske Sh SB ory, =A, RT RT " 0.04 m i 550 kPa which when solved fr final pressure becomes PR 4-7 4% ~o5n -0.5(550kPa)-275kPa EW, 3-78E A rigid tank contains slightly pressurized air. The amount of air thet needs to be added to the tank to raise its pressure and temperature to the recommended values is to be determined, Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas, 2 ‘The volume of the tank remains constant Properties The gas constant of ait is R = 0.3704 psia.ftlbm.R (Table A-1B), Analysis Treating ait as an ideal gas, the intial volume and the final mass in the tank are determined to be Ibm: R\S30 R) ve 20 IbmX0.3704 ps 38? 20 pala 5 3 Air, 20 Ibm m, = 2% 55 psioKI96-34) __ 33.73 15m 20 psia RT; (0.3704 psia-/Tbm-RY(S50 R) ae Thus the amount of air added is m= my, -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission337 Compressibility Factor 3-79C All gases have the same compressibility factor Z at the same reduced temperature and pressure. 80 Reduced pressure is the pressure normalized with respect to the critical pressure; and reduced temperature is the temperature normalized with respect tothe critical temperature, 3-R1E The temperature of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, th tables. compressibility chart, and the R-134a Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical zemperature of refrigerant-134a are, from Table A-1E, R= 0.10517 psia-f'Abm-R, T= 673.6R, Pag~ 588.7 psia Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, Pe _ (400 psiaN,1384 #7 /lbm) R (0.10817 psia-#*/lbm-R) 26R (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15a), P_ 400 psia 7 =F = SOO Ps 9.679 P, 588.7 psia Ty =1.03 op = tas (0.1384 fom)588.7 psia) \s RT, /P, (0.10517 psia-B /ibm-RY6T3.6R) fyley =1.03%673.6=694R, (c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13E), P=400 psia ¥=0,1384 87/lbm |r=240°F (700R) -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.38 3-82 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the steam. tables. The extors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined Properties The gas constant, the eitical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1, R= 0.4615 kParm'/ke-K, Te, > 647.1 K, Po. 22.06 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of sat, RT _ (0.4615 kPa-m’ kg: KY623.15 K) .01917 m/kg (67.0% error) P 15,000 kPa’ (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15), Ppa Pin 1OMPO 5455 | P,, 22.06MPa 2-065 7, 2. 83K * oniK | Thus, 0 = Zj4cu = (0.65X0.01917 m'rkg)=0,01246m"/kg (8.5% error) (©) From the superheated steam table (Table A-6), P=ISMPe| y oon m™ P=ISMPa] gone m'ng -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission339 3 EES (or other) software. The specific volume of water for the three cases at 15 MPa over the temperature range of 350°C to Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below 15 [MPa]*Convert(MPa,kPa) {T_Celsius= 350 [C} ~Celsius+273 “i Tcfitical=T_CRIT(Steam_iapws) P-critical=P_CRIT(Steam_iapws) {v=Volim} P_table=P; P_comp=P;P_idealgas Titable=T: Teomp=T:T_idealgas=T vv_table=volume(Steam_lapws,P=P_table, T=T_table) "EES data for steam as a real gas" {P_table=pressure(Steam_iapws, T=T_table.v=v)} {T_sat=temperature(Steam_lapws,P=P_table,v=v)} MivI=MOLARMASS(water) R_u=8.314 [kJ/kmol-K] "Universal gas constant" R=R_wMM "[kJ/kg-K], Particular gas constant” P_idealgas'v_idealgas=R"T_idealgas "Ideal gas equation" 2= COMPRESS(T_comp/T.critical,P_comp/P_eritical) P_comp'v_comp=z°R"T_comp "generalized Compressibilty factor" Ertor_idealgas=Abs(v_table-v_idealgas)/v_table"Convert, %) Error_comp=Abs(v_table-v_comp)/v_table*Convert(, %) Errorcams [%] Erroticeatoas [%] Tecotctss [C] 908 3a & iar We 38 » 60 —o_Ideal Gas Ey EE « st 2 a 30 ‘Steam at 15 MPa u 3 20) as a eg | 3 “= 300 350 © «400«« 45050050600, Teeisius [C] -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-40 3-84 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the steam. tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1, R= 0.4615 kParm'ikg’K, Ta” 647.1 K, P.~ 22.06 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, AT _ (0.4615 kPa-m'kg-KV23 K) _p.ggss3miKg (8.7%orrer) P 3500 KPa (0 From the compressibility chat (Fi. A-15), ry = Pea SSMPE_o.159 Ho Pe 06 MP say a5MPa DK iy 4sorc 7 wrk Thus, V= ZU jeu =(0.961X0.09533 m*/ke) =0,09164m7/kg (0.4% error) (©) From the superheated steam table (Table A-6), P=3.5MPal y_, ° PIRAMPS) v= 0.09196mikg 3-85. Somebody claims that oxygen gas at a specified state can be treated as an ideal gas with an error less than 10%. The validity ofthis claim isto be determined, Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of oxygen are, from Table A~ T,=1548K and P, =5.08MPa Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig, A-1S), 3.MPa Pp == SMPA 9 591 oO P, S08MPa etek Z=0.79 3. MPa 160K T, 1548 Then the error involved can be determined from 266% Thus the claim is false -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission341 3-86E Ethane in a rigid vessel is heated. The final pressure is to be determined using the compressibility chart. Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of ethane are, from Table A-TE, R= 0.3574 psia-ft'lbm-R, T= 549.8R, Poy = 708 psia Analysis From the compressibility chart at the initial state (from Fig, A-15 o EES. We used BES throughout the solution.), Ty =i = SOR 1 19 hy 549.8R P80 Z,=0977 psi Ethane ey == EE = 0.0706 An P, 708 psia 50 psia 2 The specific volume does not change during the process. Then, 100F oy au, —Z1RT _ (0.977 40.3574 psia bom RVSEOR) _ 5 94m R 50 psia At the final state, Tyy = 2 = OR 1 g19 549.8R 3.91188 /tbm 141 (0.3574 psia- f/bm- RYS49.8 RV(O8 psia) Thus, ZaRTy _(1.0X0.3574psia ft /lbm-RX1000 R) 91.4psi “ 3.911 Vlbm ° -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.42 3-87 Ethylene is heated at constant pressure. The specific volume change of ethylene is tobe determined using the compressibility chart Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of ethane are, from Table A-1, R~ 0.2964 kPamke’K, T= 282.4K, Pa S.12MPa Analysis From the compressibility chart atthe initial and final states (Fig, A-15), T _ 293K Ty = T= Kos 038 nome | ya Bn SMP 97 | Rema | ylene Typ Te = ABR Lens SMe 7, TAKE Mi Ppa = Py =0977 The specific volume change is sw= 2,7 -Z4) P 0.2964kPa-m*/kg-K — 22968 KP asm eB K (9.961473 K)—(0.56)293K) S000 Pa 0961473) 293K) =0.0172m*/kg 3-88 The % error involved in treating CO; at a specified state as an ideal gas is to be determined. Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of CO, are, from Table A-1 T_ =304.2 K and Pz =739 MPa Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig. A15), TMPa__ joy 739 MPa | co; 7-088 7 MPa 380K Bror =: -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission343 3-89 Water vapor is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas equation, the compressibility charts, and the steam tables, Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1, R= 0.4615 kParm'ikg’K, Tey 647.1 K, P= 22.06 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation, tr 1, 22.2950 2732) =1246K (8) The pressure of the steam is Water 6529 kPa 350°C sal. vapor B= Py = Pawassorc From the compressibility chart atthe initial state (Fig. A-15), 1 ane | RR a, 050 og =025 KEENE =0.749 | "BOM Py = 0.749. | | 2-088 2 yy = 2(0.75) =1.50 Thus, Piz _ Py Veale _16,529kPa (1.50(647.11), ZjR Z; Py 0.88 -22,060KPa 826K (©) From the supetheated steam table, rc | ; SOC |, =0.008806m/kg (Table A-4) P, =16,529 kPa \ sy} Tp =47PC=T50K (Grom Table A.6 or EES) ¥, =2u; =0.01761 mike -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission344 3-90 Methane is heated at constant prossure, The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas equation and the ‘compressibility charts Properties ‘The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of methane are, from Table A-1, R= 0.5182 kParm'ikg’K, T= 191.1 K, Po~ 4.64 MPa Analysis From the ideal gas equation, (300 K\(.8) = 540K From the compressibility chart atthe initial state (Fig. A-15), Tq Fi 300K 1 57 T, 191.1K Z, = 0.86, Up, = 0.63 PL 1OMPa * 2 eaMPa At the final state, Pea = Pay = 2.16 Ugg =1.8¥q =1.8(0.63)=1.134 | Z,=042 (Fig. A-15) Thus, Piz _ Pr YpaTor _10,000kPa (1.134)(191.1K) ZR 2, Py 042 4640KPa =1912K Of those two results, the accuracy of the second result is limited by the accuracy with which the charts may be read. Accepting the error associated with reading charts, the second temperature is the more accurate -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-45 3-91 CO; gas flows through a pipe. The volume flow rate and the density atthe inlet and the volume flow rate at the exit of the pipe are to be determined, Properties ‘The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of CO, are (Table A-1) R= 0.1889 kParm'ikg:K, Ty 304.2 K, Po 7.39 MPa Analysis, 3.MPa 500K co, ——> 450K 2kws (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 2 kg/s\0.1889 kPa-m3/kg-K\500 K) R {6000 KPa) 0,062971m°/kg (2.1% error) eC) RT, (0.1889 kPa-m° kg. KyS00 K) =31,76kgim? (2.1% error) PT, _ ks ).0.1889 Pam KV450 K) 7 000 KPa =0.05667m/kg (3.6% error) (b) From the compressibility chart (EES function for compressibility factor is used) Fi 3 MPa 9 407 ?, 739MPa 7 500K on Tey th 7, 3082K SMP go 2, 739 MPa 5 = 0.9656 1 -- A90K eT 502K ZiT, (0.97912 kes 0.1889 kPa /eg+K (500 K) 3 Thus, Gp = SURAT _ OOTP als N0 TSS KPa He ONG00 8 _9,06165m°/kg 7 ‘G00 KPa ne 000 KPa) =32.44kgim® (0.9791)0.1889 kPa -m'/kg-K\500 K) ZathRT, _ (0.96562 ke/s)(0.1889 kPa-m* kg-KY450 K) Be (G00 KPa) = 0.05472m*/kg "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-46 3-92 The pressure of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the R-134a tables. Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of reftigerant-134a are, from Table A-1, R= 0.08149 kParm kg’, Ta" 342K, P.,= 4.089 MPa Analysis The specific volume of the refrigerant is Y _ 0.016773 m — = 0.016773 m*/kg nm Tkg Ret3aa (@) From the ideal gas equation of state, soe AT _ (0.08149 kPa-mikt 10383 1) 4964 yp hore ’ 0016773 mg (0) From the compresibilty chart Fig. A-15), T_ 38K yyy 732K us 016773 me —__S 016773 m The __ 9.94 /P, (@.A8149 kam kg: K)G74.2 KY(@059 KPa) Thus, P= Pale, = (0.394059 kPa) = 1583kPa (6) From the superheated reftigerant table (Table A-13), T=110°C osooterts wef” }600kPa -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-47 Other Equations of State 3-93C The constant a represents the increase in pressure as a result of intermolecular forces; the constant b represents the volume occupied by the molecules. They are determined from the requirement that the critical isotherm has an inflection point at the critical point. 94 The pressure of nitrogen in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas, van der Waals, and Beattie-Bridgeman equations. The error involved in each case is to be determined, Properties The gas constant, molar mass, critical pressure, and critical temperature of nitrogen are (Table A-1) R= 0.2968 kPamiikyK, M=28.013 kelkmol, Ty =126.2K, 3.39 MPa Analysis The specific volume of nitrogen is 2 327m" 6.0327 mike m 100kg 0.0327 mike (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 15K RE (0.2968 KPa- mks 075 §) _ as ggpa (.5%error) v (0.0327 m° kg (8) The van der Waals constants for nitrogen are determined from (27)(0.2968 kPa-m? /kg-K)?(126.2.K)? (©4)3390 kPa) (0.2968 kPa-m? /kg- KY126.2 K) 8x 3300 kPa, 175 m® “kPa kg? = 0.00138 m? /kg Then, RT _ 4 __0.2968%175 ___0.175_ _4495kPa (0.7% error) Ub v? 0,0327—0.00138 (0.0327)° (©) The constants in the Beattie-Bridgeman equation are 2x10"? -K*/kmol since 7 = Mu = (28.013 kg/kmol}(0.0327 m'/kg) = 0.9160 m"/kmol, Substituting, S3ided7s/ o.si6oy =1504kPa (0.07% error) 132.339 (ooi60F jo 9160+ 0.05088) -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission348 3-95 Methane is heated in a rigid container. The final pressure of the methane is to be determined using the ideal gas ‘equation and the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of stat Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, srk Methane sonro 223% _456.5kPa “~ 293K soKra “T* 0 (8) The specific molar volume of the methane is (8.314 kPa-m’/kmol-K)293 K) = 30.45 m? kmol BOKPa Using the coefficients of Table 3-4 for methane and the given data, the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of gives a Bl DRE =a (ans _ (8314573) 30.45 0.04260 «8.314%573-187.91-. 2a) 4 0:003380%8.314%573 5.00 P3045 * 30.45 500x144 297810" (; 0.0060) 30.45% 30.45°(573)° 30.457 } 156.5kPa lexp(~0.0060/30.45") -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-49 3-96E The temperature of R-134a in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the van der Waals equation, and the refrigerant tables. Properties ‘The gas constant, critical pressure, and critical temperature of R-134a are (Table A-IE) R~ 0.1052 psia-Abm-R, Ta 673.6 R, Po. ~ 588.1 psia Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, Pu _ (400 psiay(0.1144 £/lbm) 35R R 0.1052 psia-#/lbm-R (8) The van der Waals constants for the refrigerant are determined from _2TRETE_ 190 1082 psi bm 8 63.68" 5 55645 pat? GR (CSRRT psa) RT, _ (0.1052 psia ft “/lbm-RY673.6R) _ 9 41504 831m we SRT psa rhea, r=A(peu—6)=— {400+ 2224. Yo,1144-001508)-690R Oe or0sa""* (0.3479? } (©) From the supert P. 100 psia 9 =0.1144 8 /lbm "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, sd refrigerant table (Table A-13E), \r-100% @6oR) © 2015 MeGraw-Hill Edvation. Limited distbution pemited only to teachers und educators fr course preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permissionBeattic-Bridgeman equation. The error involved in cach case is to be determined. Properties The gas constant and molar mass of nitrogen are (Table A-1) R= 0.2968 kPa'm'/kg:K and M=28,013 kg/kmol ™ Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 0.041884 m'vkg. re 150K rAd 2868s KAUSO ND 5963p (6.3% m0) von 2104m* -K*/kmol © = Mv =(28.013 kg/kmolX0.041884 m'ykg) =1.1733 m’/kmol. PoE) 2a sa) ABIES) 42800939 005076) ES a) case CU Tinsaxise | Tose =1000.4kPa (negligible exor) "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission ‘tank at a specified state is to he determined using the ideal gas relation and the 3-50 © 2015 MeGraw-Hill Edvation. Limited distbution pemited only to teachers und educators fr course preparation351 3 Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below Function BeattBridg(T.v,M.R_u) v_bar=v'M "Conversion from m*3/kg to m*3ykmol” "The constants for the Beattio-Bridgeman equation of state ara found in text” ‘A0=136.2315; aa0,02617; Bo=0.05046; bb=-0,00691; cc=4.20"1E4 30°(1-bb/v_bar) ‘A=Ao"(t-aalv_bar) "The Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state is” BeattBridg:=R_u"Ti(v_bar*"2)*(1-ccl(v_barT™3))"(v_bar+B}-AN_bar*"2 End 50 {K] 041884 {mSikg] P_exper=1000 [kPa] Ttable=T; T_BB=T:T_idealgas=T able=PRESSURE (Nitrogen, T=T_table,v=v) "EES data for nitrogen as a real gas’ {1-table=termperature(Nitrogen, P=P_table,v=v)} M=MOLARMASS Nitrogen) R_u-8.314 [kuKmol-K] "Universal gas constant” UM “Particular gas constant” P_idealgas=R'T_idealgasiv "Ideal gas equation P_BB-BeattBridg(T_BB.v.M.R_u) "Beattic-Bridgeman equation of state Function” Pag [KPA] | Prays [KP] | PrgseaIKPa] [vida] | Tag KD [ Toston KD | Tre IKI 7000 7000 7000 ‘Oot 91.23 | 38.69 103.8 1000 1000 41000 0.02 9562 | 67.39 103.8 1000 1000 1000 0.025 105 84.23 106.1 1000 1000 1000 0.03 ates | 101.1 72 4000 1000 4000 0.036 130.1 | 1179 130.1 1000 1000 1000 0.04 1444 | 1348 144.3 1000 1000 1000 0.05. 174.8 | 1685 1745 Nitrogen, T vs v for P=1000 kPa —=-Ideal Gas 160 ‘5° _. Beattie-Bridgeman +40) © EES Table Value 120) 120) TIKI 110) +00) ~ | | 70) 108 102 107 v [mk] -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-52 3-99 Carbon dioxide is compressed in a piston-cylinder device in a polytropie process. The final temperature is to be Adctermined using the ideal gas and van der Waals equations. Properties The gas constant, molar mass, critical pressure, and critical temperature of carbon dioxide are (Table A-1) R~ 0.1889 kPam'ikg’K, M=4401 kg/kmol, Ty ~304.2K, P= 7.39MPa Analysis (a) The specific volume at the initial state is RT, _ (0.1889 kPa-m*/kg- KX473 K) 08935m"/I P 1000 kPa ke cess specification, co, (ey 5 eqy( 1000KPa \!""? : 200°C v,=4,]} =(0.08935 m'/kg] "| - 0.03577 m', (75) ~oosssm'ne) Ser] Me The final temperature is then Pov _ (000? 3N0,03877 me) ‘Ro O.1889kPam'/kg-K 68K (8) The van der Waals constants for carbon dioxide are determined from = 2TRTE _ 70.1889 kPa-m'Fkg-K)*GO42K)? 6 965m Pats? OP, (647390 kPa) (0.1889 kPa-m? kw 38042)» 6099720 mg 8% 7390 KPa Applying the van der Waals equation to the initial state, [r ' Shen = er |1000+ U = |v -0.00872) = 0.885947 Solving this equation by tial-error or by EES gives 1; =0.08821m "kg, According to process specification, = (0.08821 mm OOKP® om -o(4) ete) =003591m" kg Ps \ 3000%Pa } Applying the van der Waals equation to the final state, (p+ \e-0)= ar ee {soo 2285; oo3ss1—0.0ms720 ee Doss 0.18897 Solving forthe final temperature gives 1, -873K -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission353 3-100. The temperature of steam in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, van der Waals fequation, and the steam tables. Properties The gas constant, eitcal pressure, and critical temperature of steam are (Table A-1) R= 04615 kPam'kgK, T= 647.1 K, P= 22.06 MPa Analysis The specific volume of steam is vim 3, 2 Am _o3520m%1 11,0 im ZaaTke ‘s tm (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 2.841 kg ” 30,352 mm’ 0.6 MPa Pe _(6OOKP90.382 KS) _ gong R OAGISKPa-m/kg-K (6) The van der Waals constants for steam are determined from = ZIR?T _ (270.4615 kPa m' kg -K)? (647.1)? &P, (22,060 KPa) py Rlee _ (04615 kPa mig: KY647-1 K) wP, 822,060 kPa 1,705 m® -kPalkg? 0.00169 m*/kg Then, 2 \u-a)= 600+ 795 _ \o.352-0.00160)=465.9K 2 oae15 (35207 (©) From the superheated steam table (Tables A-6), P=0.6MPa PoOENDS. Lrez00e eaTK) -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission354 3 Analysis The problem is solved using EI nd the solution is given below. Function vanderWaals(T,v.M,R_u.T_er,P_er) v_bar=v'M "Conversion from m*3/kg to mA3/kmol" “The constants for the van der Waals equation of state are given by equation 3-24" a=27'R_w'2"T_cr*2/(64*P_cr) b=R_u'T_cri(8P_cr) "The van der Waals equation of state gives the pressure as" vanderWaals:=R_u'Ti(v_bar-b)-alv_bar™2 End m=2.844kg] Vol=1 {ro*3] {P=6"convert(MPa,kPa)} }_CRIT(Steam_lapws) CRIT(Steam_lapws) ; P_vdW=P:P_idealga: “table=temperature(Steam_iapws,P=P_table, {P_table=pressure(Steam_iapws, T=T_table,v=v)} {T_sat=temperature(Steam_lapws,P=P_table,v=v)} Mili MOLARMASS (water) ._u=8.314 [kJ/kmol-K] "Universal gas constant" R=R_u/MM "Particular gas constant” P_idealgas=R"T_idealgasiv “Ideal gas equation" "The value of P_vdW is found from van der Waals equation of state Function” P_vdW=vanderWaals(T_vdW,v,MM,R_u,T_cr,P_cr) “EES data for steam as a real gas" Error_idealgas=Abs(T_table-T_idealgas)/T_table"Convert(, %) Error_vdW=Abs(T_table-T_vdW//T_table*Convert(, %) PUkPal [Tossa KD [Trane KD [Too KD Erotic IKI 100 76.27, 372.8 86,35. 73.54 200, 152.5 393.4 162.3, 61.22 300) 228.8 406.7 238.2 43.74 400) 305.1 416.8 314.1 26.8 500) 3814 425 390, 10.27 600) 457.6 473, 465.9 3.249 700, 533.9 545.5 541.8 2,087 800, 610.2, 619.1 617.7 1,442, ‘900, 686.4 693.7 693.6 1.041 71000 762.7 768.6 769.5 0.7725 "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permissionsssgaess van der Waals Ideal gas Erroryaw (%1 09" 200 300400 S00” e00 700 800 00 To00 P [kPa] T vs. v for Steam at 600 KP: 4 Steam Table o-— Ideal Ga: = 0} __ van der Waals r 300) —~— oe to? toto? v [m/kg] 3.55 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw Edvation, Limited ditabution pemnited only to teachers and edoeatrs fr course preparation, Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permissionT vsv for Steam at 6000 kPa 1000 “0 @_ Steam Tabl am Table 800 700 —o—Ideal Gas soo} ( 500} ecoows van der Waals TIKI 103 102 10-1 10° 10 10? v [m/kg] 00 750 700 Steam table —*— sof van der Waals — sf Idealgas) = - —— 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 450 100 50) ‘00 200 300 400 500 600 © 700 800 900 1000, P [kPa] Table [K] "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission357 Special To} rium #: Vapor Pressure and Phase Equi 3-102 The vapor pressure inthe air atthe beach when the air temperature is 30°C is claimed to be 5.2 kPa. The validity of this claim is to be evaluated, Properties The saturation pressure of water at 30°C is 4,247 kPa (Table A+). 30°C Analysis The maximum vapor pressure in the air is the saturation pressure of water atthe given temperature, which is B WATER \hich is less than the claimed value of 5.2 kPa. Therefore, the claim is false 3-103 A glass of water is left in a room, The vapor pressures atthe free surface of the water and in the room far from the glass are to be determined, Assumptions The water in the glass is at a uniform temperature Properties The saturation pressure of water is 2.339 kPa at 2¢ C, and 1,706 kPa at 15°C (Table A-4), Analysis The vapor pressure atthe water surface isthe saturation pressure of water at the water temperature, B Bea = Peaaiscc =1.706 kPa 1,0 Noting thatthe air in the room is not saturated, the vapor pressure in the room far fom the Pac) lass is Par = Wracars ~ Waaore = (OAY2.399 kPa) = 0.936 kPa 3-104 The temperature and relative humidity of air over a swimming pool are given. The water temperature of the swimming pool when phase equilibrium conditions are established is to be determined. Assumprions ‘The termperature and relative humidity of air over the pool remain constant. Properties ‘The saturation prossure of water at 25°C is 3.17 kPa (Table A-4) Analysis The vapor pressure of ait over the swimming pool is Pay = Waar, = Weaaosc = (0-6VG.170 kPa) =1.902 KPa Phase equilibrium will be established when the vapor pressure at the water surface equals the vapor pressure of sir far from the surface. Therefore, F,,woacesurtce =F ir = 1.902 kPa - and Tyee Tear, = Toaaro024rn =16-7C Discussion Note that the water temperature drops to 16.7°C in an environment at 25°C when phase equilibrium is established. -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.58 3-108 A person buys a supposedly cold drink in a hot and humid summer day, yet no condensation occurs on the drink. ‘The claim thatthe temperature of the drink is below 10°C is to be evaluated Properties The saturation pressure of water at 35°C is 5.629 kPa (Table A). Analysis The vapor pressure oft is 35°C Pras = Pacer, = WPaaaasic = (0.798.629 kPa) = 3.940 kPa 10% The saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure (called the dew-point temperature) is Tu =T, eas. 940krs = 28-7°C That is, the vapor in the air will condense at temperatures below 28.7°C. Noting that no condensation is observed on the can, the claim thatthe drink is at 10°C is fas. 3-106 Two rooms are identical except that they are maintained at different temperatures and relative humidities, The room that contains more moisture is to be determined, Properties. The saturation pressure of water is 2.339 kPa at 20°C, and 3.17 KPa at 25°C (Table A-4) Analysis The vapor pressures in the two rooms are Room \ PaO Pavan Room 2: Py =$.Paar, = 82Pauoawre = (0.55X2339 kPa) =1.29 kPa Therefore, room 1 at 30°C and 40% relative humidity contains more moisture. 3-107 A thermos bottle half-filled with water is let open to air in a room ata specified temperature and pressure. The temperature of water when phase equilibrium is established is to be determined, Assumptions ‘The temperature and relative humidity of air over the bottle remain constant. Properties ‘The saturation pressure of water at 60°F is 0.2564 psia (Table A-4E). Analysis The vapor pressure of arin the room is Teme (> > bottle 2ar —WPaacsr, ~MPaganre ~ (095K 0.2564 pis) 0.08973 psia p—| Phase equilibrium will be established when the vapor pressure at the water surface equals the vapor pressure of air far from the surface. Therefore, 60: 35% P waecsurice ~ Piz = 0.08973 psion and Tooter = Tear, = Toso 0807 psin =32-9F Discussion Note thatthe water temperature drops to 32.3°F in an environment at 60°F when phase equilibrium is established. -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission359 Review Problems 3-108E Water ina pressure cooker boils at 260°F. The absolute pressure in the pressure cooker is to be determined. Analysis The absolute pressure in the pressure cooker is the saturation pressure that corresponds to the boiling temperature, 0 P=Pogarege = 3545 psi 260°E 3-109 Carbon dioxide flows through a pipe ata given state. The volume and mass flow rates and the density of CO, at the given state and the volume flow rate at the exit of the pipe are to be determined, Analysis, 3 MPa 500K co, ——> 450K 04 kmol’s (a) The volume and mass flow rates may be determined from ideal gas relation as (0.4 kmol/s)(8:314 kPa.m’ fkrmol.KXS00 K) 0.5543m"/s 3000 KPa (3000 kPax0.5543 m/s) RT, (0.1889 kPam'/kg,K\(500K) 7.60kg/s The density is ty (017.60 8/8) 31.76kg/m? 0, (0.5543m"/5) A (b) The volume flow rate atthe exit is .4988m"/s. NRT, _ O.Akmol/s\8314 Pam’ fkmol. KY450K) P 3000 KPa 0, -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-60 3-110 A tank contains argon at a specified state, Heat is transferred from argon until it reaches a specified temperature, The Final gage pressure of the argon is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Argon is an ideal gas. Properties The local atmospheric pressure is given to be 100 kPa, 2 Analysis Noting that the specific volume of argon in the tank remains constant, Argon i from ideal gas relation, we have 600°C . 200 kPa gage P, =P, 2=(2004 100KPa) SOO* 27K 196, 94Pa 7, (6004 27K Then the gage pressure becomes Paugea =P ~ Pa =196.9-100 = 96.9KPA. 3111 The eylinder conditions before the heat addi to be determined mn process is specified. The pressure after the heat addition process is Assumptions 1 The contents of cylinder are approximated by the air properties. Combustion 2 Airis an ideal gas. oar Analysis The final pressure may be determined from the ideal gas relation 1.2 MPa 450°C 3-112 A rigid container that i filled with R- determined, 3a is heated. The initial pressure and the final temperature are to be Analysis The initial specific volume is 0.090 m'kg, Using this with RSda the initial temperature reveals thatthe initial state is a mixture. The “40°C initial pressure is then the saturation pressure, ke - 0.090 m? Tae | = Pag ave =54-25KPa (TableA-11) ¥; =0.090m°ke | P This is a constant volume cooling process (v= Vim = constant). The final state is superheated vapor and the final temperature is then. 2 P, =280kPa =50°C (Table A-13) v= u; =0.090m%/kg | 72 78H (Table A-13) -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-113 The reftigerant in a rigid tank is allowed to cool. The pressure at which the reftigerant ddetermined, and the process is to be shown on a P-y diagram. Analysis This is a constant volume process (v= V/m = constant), and the specific volume is determined to be Y 017m? 0.117 m kg, mt s P ‘When the reftigerant starts condensing, the tank will contain saturated 1 vapor only. Thus, J vy =u, <0.11T mike, 2 The pressure at this point isthe pressure that corresponds to this v, value, P= Pope 20.17eiag ~ TOWRA 3-114E A piston-cylinder device that is filled with water is cooled. The final pressure and volume of the water are to be determined, Analysis The initial specific volume is Y, 2.64987 mbm = 2.649 Ibm This is a constant-pressure process. The intial state is determined to be superheated vapor and thus the pressure is determined to be 1, =400°F =Po4 Table -60 Coda | ATR MOMR THA The saturation temperature at 180 psi is 373.1°F, Sine the final > 1 temperature is les than this temperature, the final state is compressed liguid. Using the incompressible liquid approximation, ¥; =Wyayoos ~0.01613 "bm (Table A-48) The final volume is then UY, =mv, =(Lbm\(0.01613 4 MTom) = 0.016438? -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-62 3-115 Ethane is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas equation and the ‘compressibility charts Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of ethane are, from Table A-1, R= 0.2765 kParm'ke’K, Ta 305.5 K, P= 448 MPa Analysis. From the ideal gas equation, 7, 2-07 K\0.6)=596.8K From the compressibility chart atthe initial state (Fig. A-15), T_ 33k Te 1221 r, 3055K | Be %, =061, bg, =035 Pp = 2 = 1OMPa__ 232 | | AABMPa At the final state, Pq = Py, = 2.232 } 2 Z Ups =1.6Yqy =1.6(0.35) =0.56 Thus, 1, Pits _ Pa WraTer _10,000KPa 0-58)805.5K) _geoy ZR Z, Py 083 4480KPa Of those two results, the accuracy of the second result is limited by the accuracy with which the charts may be read. Accepting the error associated with reading charts, the second temperature is the more accurate 3-116 A large tank contains nitrogen at a specified temperature and pressure, Now some nitrogen is allowed to escape, and the temperature and pressure of nitrogen drop to new values. The amount of nitrogen that has escaped is to be determined, Properties The gas constant for nitrogen is 0.2968 kPa:m'kg-K (Table A-1). Analysis Treating Nz as an ideal gas, the initial and the final masses inthe tank are determined to be my (600 kPaX13 m°) —_(600 kam!) __ 99.62 4g RT; ~ (0.2968KPa-m'/kg- KV290 K) il ng —2 OOP) ge kg Ss: RT; (0.2968 kPa- mg: KYQTE K) mare TThus the amount of No that escaped is inc Am=m, — ny = 90.62 ~ 60.84=29.8kg - -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-63 3-117 Supetheated reftigerant-134a is cooled at constant pressure until it cxists as a compressed liquid. The changes in total volume and internal energy are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a T-v diagram. Analysis The refrigerant is a superheated vapor atthe initial state and @ compressed liquid at the final state, From Tables A- 13and A-I1, 2MPa| y, =277.23 kikg r q.=70°¢ | %=0.019502m"ikg 2MPa) uy =H pgagc = 78.85 KIS Ri134a ‘ ‘ 1.2MPa Thus, (®) AV =m{uv, —u;) =(10 kgX0.0008160 — 0.019502) m’/kg =-0-487m? (©) AU =m, -4,) = (10 kg) 78.85 277.23) Kirke = A984 kd 3+118 The rigid tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water. The mixture is heated until it exists ina single phase. For a given tank volume, it is to be determined if the final phase is liquid or a vapor. Analysis This is a constant volume process (v= U/m = constant), and thus the initial specific volume, al specific volume will be equal to the vee HO The critical specific volume of water is 0.003106 m"kg. Thus if the final specific L volume is smaller than this valu, the water will exist asa liquid, otherwise as a vapor. m=2kg T=s0°c Y= 41 — py — ¥ — 2.004 m6 002 m'rkg< vi, Thus, liquid, m akg “ Vv _ 04m v =400L—w im 2kg 0.2 m'/kg> vj. Thus, vapor. -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.64 3-119 ‘The pressure in an automobile tire increases during a trip while its volume remains constant, The percent increase in the absolute temperature ofthe air in the tre is to be determined. Assumptions \ The volume ofthe tre remains constant. 2 Air isan ideal gas. i Tire Properties The local atmospheric pressure is 90 KP: sper al atmospheric pressure is 90 KPa a, Analysis The absolute pressures inthe tre before and ater the trip are 0.035 m & Pages + Pam = 200+90 = 290 kPa Pay = 220490 = 310 KPa ‘Noting that air is an ideal gas and the volume is constant, the ratio of absolute temperatures after and before the trip are PY, _ PV, TP, 30kPa Tt iF 290kPa ‘Therefore, the absolute temperature of air in the tire will increase by 6.9% during this trip. 3-120 A piston-cylinder device contains steam ata specified state. Steam is cooled at constant pressure. The volume change is to be determined using compressibility factor. Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of steam are R= 04615 kPam/ke-K, T= 647.1 K, — Pyp = 22,06 MPa Analysis The exact solution is given by the following: P=200KPa| row | ‘P= 200kPa| 1, = 150°C 31623 m'/kg, (Table A-6) + -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-66 Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below. ‘Given Data” x1=0.0 Vol_1=0.03 {rm*3] P_7=1200 [kPa] T2=30 [C] P12=400 [kPa] "Solution" v_t=volume(R134a, Py] Vo 5 tKPa]_|_{m'] 500} 2.977 600 | 2926 29 700 | (2.88 200 | 2837 300 | 2796 tooo | 2757) a> 28 roo | 2721) E 1200 | 26a5] 1300 | 2651] 3 t4oo | 2617] S$ 77 1500_| 2.584 26 25 500 700 900 1100 1300 1600 P, [kPa] "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.67 3-124 A propane tank contains $ L of liquid propane at the ambient temperature. Now a leak develops at the top of the tank and propane starts to Leak out. The temperature of propane when the pressure drops to | atm and the amount of heat transferred to the tank by the time the entire propane in the tank is vaporized are to be determined, 42.1°C, p= 581 kg/m’ , and iy = 427.8 kI/kg (Table A-3). Properties The properties of propane at | atm are T, Analysis The temperature of propane when the pressure drops to I atm is simply the saturation pressure at that temperature, T=Tragigam =ALVC ‘The initial mass of liquid propane is m= pV = (S81 kg/m? )(0,005 m') = 2.905kg ‘The amount of heat absorbed is simply the total heat of vaporization, Quint = Ml gg = 2.905 ky) 427.8 kd kg) = 1243 kd 3-125 An isobutane tank contains $ T. of liquid isobutane at the ambient temperature, Now a Teak develops at the top of the tank and isobutane stars to leak out. The temperature of isobutane when the pressure drops to 1 atm and the amount of heat ‘wansforred to the tank by the time the entire isobutane in the tank is vaporized are to be determined. LTPC, p= 5938 ky /m? , and hy = 367.1 ki/kg (Table A-3) Properties The properties of isobutane at 1 atm are Tye Analysis The temperature of isobutane when the pressure drops to 1 atm is simply the saturation pressure at that ‘temperature, r=n, ALP elem Isobutane ‘The initial mass of liquid isobutane is SL m= pY = (593.8kgim® X0,005 m*) = 2.969kg oe az ‘The amount of heat absorbed is simply the total heat of vaporization, 7 Ques ~ Mg, = (2.969 kg)(367.1 KI kg) = 1090 kb “Leak 3-126 A tank contains helium at a specified state. Heat is transferred to helium until it reaches a specified temperature. The final gage pressure ofthe helium is to be determined, Assumptions \ Helium isan ideal gas. Properties The local atmospheric pressure is given to be 100 KPa. Analysis Noting thatthe specific volume of helium in the tank remains onan, from ideal gas relation, we have ° Db (300 + 273)K_ Helium T a 1B = 040-1004) SRE 166.2 kPa 37°C 1 674273) 140 kPa gage “Then the gage pressure becomes P. Pago = Py — Pay = 366.2 -100=266kKP a PROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw Edvation, Limited ditabution pemnited only to teachers and edoeatrs fr course preparation, you ae sudent using this Manual, you ate using it without permission,3-127 ‘The table is completed as follows: Pires [hc wmikg | wKikg | Condition description and quality, applicable 300 20 ‘0.7921 2728.9 | Superheated vapor 300) 13352 [03058 15600 = 0504, Two-phase mixture T0142 | 100 Tasufficient information 3000 | 780 001127" _| 761.92" | Compressed liquid * Approximated as saturated liquid at the given temperature of 180°C "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-KillEdecation, Limited distribution permitted only o teachers and educators for out preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-69 3-128 Water at a specified state is contained in a piston-eylinder device fitted with stops. Water is now heated until a final pressure. The process will be indicated on the P-vand T- v diagrams. Analysis The propertcs atthe three states are FR =300kPa fe hn 133.5" Sm*ikg | (Table -5) =300kPa sr, =1(Ga. wap.) P; =600 kPa sug $7 =SIT8°C (TableA-6) Us = 0.6058 m' kg Using Property Plot feature of EES, and by adding state points we obtain following diagrams, Steamarws joy =o.ossin’ kg, 1; ~153.5°C (Table A-5) sire P [kPa] 101 109 of 108102 tO os 10? tO 700 600 500 400 Tre] 300 200 100 108 102 10? 05 107 10! ¥ [mPikg] "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission 102 © 2015 MeGraw-Hill Edvation. Limited distbution pemited only to teachers und educators fr course preparation3-70 3-129E Argon contained in a piston-cylinder device ata given state undergoes a polytropic process. The final temperature is to be determined using the ideal gas relation and the Beattic-Bridgeman equation. Analysis (a) The polytropic relations for an ideal gas give 300+ 460 ( 20008 ask {F000 pi (0) Toe constnt inthe Beatie Beidgemnn equton ar expresed as / , Argon rao 00202328 sda a) 300°F B 2) <6 030311 2) 99%10*m* -K'/kmol Substituting these coefficients into the Beattie-Bridgeman equation and using data in ST units (P = 1000 psia = 6895 kPa, T-760 R= 422.2 K, R,~ 8.314 klikmol’K) and solving using an equation solver such as EES gives 7 =05120m*/kmol=8.201 8 5/Ibmol From the polytropic equation " ays w=0(2) "osi20m nmr 0.3319 mmol 2) Substituting this value into the Beattie-Bridge 8.314 ki/kmolK), wan equation and using data in SI units (P = 2000 psia = 13790 kPa and R, = "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-Hill Edvation. Limited distbution pemited only to teachers und educators fr course preparation Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-71 3+130E The specific volume of nitrogen ata given state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the Benedict-Webb- Rubin equation, and the compressibility factor. Properties ‘The properties of nitrogen are (Table A-1E) R= 0.3830 psia f'ilom-R, -M= 28.013 Ibmvlbmol, Ty = 227.1 R, Pay 492 psia Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, RT _ (0.3830 psia-f*/lbm-R\(360 R) 0.3447f7/Ibm trogen P 400 psa Nitrogs 400 psia, -100°F (b) Using the coefficients of Table 3-4 for nitrogen and the given data in SI units, the ‘Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state is 3}! iRrna RI P P + [mara 2755-2 -oororens 314% 200-106.7 _2S4x1.272<10% | 1379.10", , 0.0053) 7 F200)" The solution of this equation by an equation solver such as EES gives 7 =0.5666 m*/kmol Then, 0.3240f9/Ibm a 9.6mm 16.028 oy M 28.013 kgkmol | 1m°/kg (c) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15), Thus, -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-131 A hot air balloon with 3 people in its cage is hanging still in the air. for two environment temperatures is to be determined, Assumptions. Air is an ideal gas ‘The gas constant of air ig R = 0.287 kPam’vkg.K (Table A-1), Propertie Analysis The buoyancy force acting on the balloon is % 4a /3=4z(10m)/3 = 4189 , P 90 kPa Prostar “RF ~ (@.287 kPavm Tkg-K)288 K) 1.089 kg/m? Fa = Prootsir& Yoatioon ( = (1.089 kg/m" }(9.8 m/s?)(4189 gat The vertical force balance on the balloon gives Fy =Wrorain * Weage *Woople (mora + Monge * Mpeopt)E Substituting, IN 44,700 N = (yorp +80 kg +195 kgX9.8 mis?)] 1S ti kg. ex Ges) Which gives Myouie = 4287 keg Therefore, the average temperature of the air inthe balloon is py (90 kPay4189 m°) PY __O0 Panstw) ___ 396.5 ‘mR (4287 kgy0.287 kPa-mMkg-K) 3-72 ‘The average temperature ofthe air in the balloon Hot air balloon Repeating the solution above for an atmospheric air temperature of 30°C gives 323.6 K for the average air temperature in the balloon, "ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission © 2015 MeGraw-Hill Edvation. Limited distbution pemited only to teachers und educators fr course preparation373 3 Analysis The problem is solved using EI S, and the solution is given below. ven Data" tm--atmosphere about balloo 'gas-—heated air inside balloon’ 807 [imis*2] 4_palloon=20 (m] m_cage = 80 [kg] m_tperson=65 [kg] NoPeople {T_atm_Celsius = 15 [C)} T “atm =T_atm_Colsius#27 PLatm = 90 [kPa] 0.287 [kskg-K] P_gas=P_atm Tgas_Celsiu ~_gas -273 "C]" "Calculated values:" P_atm=tho_atm"R"T_atm "rho_atm PU gas= rho_gas*R*T_gas "tho_gas balloon=d_balloon/2 \_balloon=4*pi"t_balloon*3/3 m_people=NoPeaple'm_tperson m_gas=tho_gas"V_balloon |_total=m_gas+m_people+m_cage he total weight of balloon, people, and cage is: W_total=m_total*g “The buoyancy force acting on the balloon, F_b, is equal to the weight of the air displaced by the balloon.” F_b=tho_atm*V_balloon’g rom the free body diagram of the balloon, the balancing vertical forces must equal the product of the total mass and the vertical acceleration:” F_b- W_total=m_total*a_up density of air outside balloon” jensity of gas inside balloon” aup=0 "The balloon iS hanging stilin the air” 49, od Toon ceteus [C] | Taas.cetcius [C] ‘oh “10 i732 a 5 23.42 z spoon 0 29.55. 3 POOP copie ag $ 2 El re mane 10 e189 b Toone 15 48.09 2“ Le 20 34.31 © 2 a 25 60.57 a 30 66.84 ‘| ry 2 30 Tatm,cetsius (C1 -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-74 3-133 A hot air balloon with 2 people in its cage is about to take off. The average temperature of the air in the balloon for two environment temperatures isto be determined. Assumptions Air is an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m’ikg.K. Hot sir alloon Analysis The buoyancy force acting on the balloon is. %, Payy = 93 KPa = 47? 1349 my" B=3054 m Tae Pe 93 kPa RT (0.287 kPa-m'/kg- K285 K) L137 kgim® Peoohic Fs = Peoorir 8 Vostioon = (1.137 ke’m’ \9.8 mis? )G0S4 m? ,029 N The vertical force balance on the balloon gives Fg = Wrore *Weage + Wocopie = (Me + Mage * Mgeope)® Substituting, N H4OD9N =a 1204 +140. | =a which gives Myotaic = 3212 ke Therefore, the average temperature of the air inthe balloon is Py (03 kP3}G086 08K ‘mR ~ G12 keX0.287 KPa mn kg-K) Repeating the solution above for an atmospheric air temperature of 25°C gives 323 K for the average air temperature in the balloon, -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3.75 Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam Problems 3-134 A 300-m' rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 200 kPa. 1f25% of the mass is liquid and the 75% of the mass is vapor, the total mass in the tank is (a) 451 kg. (b) 556 ke (©) 300 kg. (4) 331 kg (©) 195 kg. Answer (a) 451 ke, Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EI screen. (Similar problems and their solutions can be obtained easily by modifying numerical values). /OLUME(Steam_IAPWS, x=0, /OLUME(Steam_IAPWS, / tx"(v_gv_f) =V_tanklv “kg some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes: R=0.4615 "kdikg.K" T=TEMPERATURE(Steam_IAPWS,x=0,P=P1) P1"V_tank=W1_m*R*(T#273) “Treating steam as ideal gas" P1*V_tank=W2_m°R°T "Treating steam as ideal gas and using deg.C* W3_fi=V_tank "Taking the density to be 1 kgim*3" 3-135 Water is boiled at | atm pressure in a coffee maker equipped with an immersion-type electric heating element. The coffee maker intially contains 1 kg of water, Once boiling started, itis observed that half ofthe water inthe coffee maker evaporated in 10 minutes. If the heat loss from the coffee maker is negligible, the power rating of the heating element is (a) 3.8kW (22 kW (9) 19 kW @1L6kW (0.8kW Solution Solved by BES Software. Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES. screen, (Similar problems and their solutions can be obtained easily by modifying numerical values). m_1=1 "ko" 101.325 "kPa” ‘ime=10°60 "s" m_evap=0.5'm_1 Power'time=m_evap"h_fg "kJ" h_fENTHALPY(Steam_IAPWS, ) h_g-ENTHALPY(Steam_IAPWS, x=1,P=P) hfo=h_o-h_f Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes:” W1_Power"time=m_evap"h_g "Using h_o W2_Power‘time/60=m_evap*h_g "Using minutes instead of seconds for tim: W3_Power=2"Power "Assuming all the water evaporates” -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission3-76 3-136 A L-m rigid tank contains 10 kg of water (in any phase or phases) at 160°C. The pressure inthe tank is (a) 738 kPa (b) 618 kPa (0) 370 kPa (@) 2000 kPa (©) 1618 kPa Answer (b)618 kPa Solution Solved by BES Software. Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES. screen, (Similar problems and their solutions can be obtained easily by modifying numerical values). RESSURE(Steam_IAPWS, ) some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes:" R=0.4615 "kJikg.K" W1_P*V_tank=m'*R®(T#273) "Treating steam as ideal gas" W2_P*V_tank=m'R'T "Treating steam as ideal gas and using deg.C” 3137 Water is boiling at 1 atm pressure in stainless stecl pan on an electric range. It is observed that 2 kg of liquid ‘water evaporates in 30 minutes. The rate of heat transfer to the water is (2.51 kW (b) 232 KW (297 kW (0.47 kW (3.12 kW Answer (a)2.51 kW Solution Solved by EES Software, Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blenk EES sereen, (Similar problems and thei solutions canbe obtained easily by modifying numerical values) m_evap=2 "kg" 01.325 “KPa time=30"60 "s Qhime=m_evap*h_fg "xs" h_f=ENTHALPY(Steam_IAPWS, h_g=ENTHALPY(Steam_lAPWS, t9=h_o-h_f Some Wrong Solutions with Common W1_Q*time=m_evap*h_g "Using h_g" W2_Q‘time/60=m_evap*h_g "Using minutes instead of seconds for time” W3_Q"time=m_evap*h_f "Using h_f™ istakes: -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission377 3-138 Water is boiled in a pan on a stove at sea level. During 10 min of boiling, its is observed that 200 g of water has evaporated. Then the rate of heat transfer to the water is (2) 0.84 kiimin—(b) 45.1 Kimin —(¢) 41.8 kimin (a) $3.5 min (e) 225.7 kS/min Answer (b) 45.1 kiimin Solution Solved by EES Software. Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES. sereen, (Similar problems and their solutions can be obtained easily by modifying numerical values), m_evap=0.2 "kg! 101.325 "kPa" time=10 "min" Qvtime=m_evapth_fg "J" h_f-ENTHALPY(Steam_IAPWS, h_g-ENTHALPY(Steam_lAPWS, hfg=h_g-hf "Some Wrong Solutions with Common W1_Q'time=m_evap'h_g "Using h_o" ‘W2_Q*time*60=m_evap*h_g "Using seconds instead of minutes for time” W3_O"lime=m_evapth_f"Using h_™ listakes: 3-139 A rigid 3-m" rigid vessel contains steam at 4 MPa and 500°C. The mass of the steam is (3k O)9kg (6) 26 ke (035 kg (os2kg Answer (8) 35 kg Solution Solved by EES Software. Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank Ei screen, (Similar problems and their solutions can be obtained easily by modifying numerical values). v= "m3" m=Vivt "mika" }000 "kPa" T1=500 v1=VOLUME(Steam_|APWS,T=T1,P=P1) "Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes:" A615 "kJikg.K" -W1_m*R*(T1+273) "Treating steam as ideal gas" /2_m*R*T1 "Treating steam as ideal gas and using deg.C” -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission378 3-140 Consider a sealed can that is filled with refrigerant-134a, The contents of the can are at the room temperature of | 25°C, Now a leak developes, and the pressure in the ean drops to the local atmospheric pressure of 90 kPa, The temperature of the refrigerant in the can is expected to drop to (rounded to the nearest integer) woe (b) -29°C (6) 16°C wsc (28°C Answer (b) -29°C Solution Solved by BES Software. Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES. sereen, (Similar problems and their solutions can be obtained easily by modifying numerical values) P2=90 "kPa" T2=TEMPERATURE(R134a,x=0,P=P2) Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes:" W1_12=T1 "Assuming temperature remains constant” 3-141 A rigid tank contains 2 kg ofan ideal gas at 4 atm and 40°C. Now a valve is opened, and half of mass of the gas is allowed to escape. If the final pressure in the tank is 2.2 atm, the final temperature in the tank is @7ee (4a 20°C (172°C Answer (a) T1°C Solution Solved by EFS Software. Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES. sereen, (Similar problems and their solutions can be obtained easily by modifying numerical values) constant, P1/P2=m1*T1/m2"T2" P2=2.2 "atm" 11=40+273 "«* stmt “ka” Pup2=m‘°T1/(m2"T2) 72_C=12.273 °C" "Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes" PAsP2=m1"(T1-273)(m2"W1_T2) “Using C instead of Kk" PtfP2=m4"T1/(m1"(W2_12+273)) "Disregarding the decrease in mass" P1/P2=m1"T1/(m1*W3_12) "Disregarding the decrease in mass, and not converting to deg. C” W4_T2=(T1-273)/2 "Taking T2 to be half of T1 since half of the mass is discharged” -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission379 3-142 ‘The pressure ofan automobile tre is measured to be 190 kPa (gage) before a trip and 215 kPa (gage) after the tip at «location where the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa, Ifthe temperature of air in the tie before the trip is 25°C, the air temperature after the trip is (@ sic (by 64.29 (272°C 283 (225.0 Answer (a) 51.1°C Solution Solved by BES Software. Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES. sereen, (Similar problems and theit solutions can be obtained easily by modifying numerical values), "When R, V, and m are constant, P1/P2=11/T2" Patm=95 11250273" pup2nta2 T2_C=12:273 "Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes: Pulp2=(T"-273)W1_T2 "Using C instead of K (P1-Patm)/(P2-Patm)=T1(W2_T2+273) "Using gage pressure instead of absolute pressure” (Pr-Patmy(P2-Patm)=(T1-273)W3_T2 *Making both ofthe mistakes above" WA4_T2=11-273 "Assuming the temperature to remain constant” 3-143 ... 3-145 Design and Essay Problems 3-145 Its helium. -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permit only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Maal, you ae using it without permission4 Solutions Manual for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach 8th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2015 Chapter 4 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL This Manual is the proprietary property of McGraw-Hill Education and protected by copyright and other state and federal laws. By opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the following restrictions, and if the recipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly returned unopened to McGraw-Hill Education: ‘This Manual is being provided only to authorized professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual may not be sold and may not be distributed to or used by any student or other third party. No part of this Manual may be reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill Education. PROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 McGraw-ill Edvation, Limited ditabution pemited onl to teachers and edocatrs fr course preparation, Ifyou are stadt using this Manual, you are using it without permission42 Moving Boundary Work 4-1C The area under the process curve, and thus the boundary work done, is greater in the constant pressure case, 4-2 Nitrogen gas in a cylinder is compressed at constant temperature until its pressure rises to a specified value. The boundary work done during this process is to be determined. Assumptions \ The process is quasi-equilibrium., 2 Nitroge i an ideal gas Analysis The boundary work is determined from its definition to be hg f PAY = A 150 kPa y 5 Lis = (150 kP9,0.2 mf In Wu | 50.243 Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system (work input). 4-3 Helium is compressed in @ piston-cylinder device. The initial and final temperatures of helium and the work required to compress it are to be determined. Assumptions The process is quasi-equiibrium, Properties ‘The gas constant of helium is R = 2.0769 kikg: (Table A-1). Analysis The initial specific volume is Y_ Sm? 3 P Tk SKS cara Using thls uation wf 2d 7 — Fits (080 PANS mg) _ R 20769KWkg-K ince the pressure stays constant, 433.3K | 7 vem) 2m? (433.3K) =173.3K and the work integral expression gives Woo = J) PAY = PU, ~Y,) =(180 kPax2 5) u Pam a) S401 That is, Wyn ~ 5340S -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-Hil Education. Limited distribution permite only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Manual, you are using it without permission43 4-4E The boundary work done during the process shown in the figure is to be determined Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium. Analysis The work done is equal to the the sumof the areas under the process lines 1-2 and 2-3 Weg = Area =F Y, -4,)+ PY V2) 2002156 1921 2 Saoapaia (600 psiay2—3.3)8 5 1Bu ) {5.404psia- =5.14Btu The negative sign shows that the work is done on the system, 4-5 A piston-cylinder device contains nitroge polyttopic expansion of nitrogen. {208 ala specified state, The boundary work is to be determined for the Properties The gas constant for nitrogen is 0.2968 ki/kg:K (Table A-2), Analysis The mass and volume of nitrogen atthe final state are AY, (30KP0.07m) —_g or402kg ™ RT, (O2968kikg.KKI20+273K) 130 KPa 120°C ‘RT, _ (0.07802 kg)(0.2968 kPaven kg. K)(100-4273 K) : MRT _ (OTRO? KeN0.2968 KPa hg 000 + 2731) _ 9 98657 m P, 100KPa The polytropic index is determined from 249 YS = PV! —X130 kP9X0.07 m*)" = (100 kPAX0.08637 m*)” —> The boundary work is determined from PVs —RY, _ (100 kPay(0.08637 m*)— (130 kPay0.07 m*) =1.249 m, 1.86kd =n -ROPRIETARY MATERIAL, © 2015 MeGraw-Hil Education. Limited distribution permite only o teachers and educators for course preparation. Ifyou are stadt using this Manual, you are using it without permission