M.Sc.

PHYSICS
SEMESTER PROGRAMME

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE

H N B GARHWAL UNIVERSITY
(A Central University)
SRINAGAR GARHWAL -246174
(UTTARAKHAND)

As per BOS Recommendations

(UAC-7th September, 2013)

SEMESTER-IV
SOP/FOS/PHY/C016 : Computational

Physics

Unit I
Roots of functions, interpolation, extrapolation, integration by trapezoidal and Simpsons rule,
Runge-Kutta Method, Least square fitting method.
Unit II
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices, power and Jacobi method, solution of simultaneous
linear equations Gaussian elimination, Pivoting, Iterative method, matrix inversion.
Unit III
Flowchart and algorithons-Problem analysics flowchart of some basic problems. The concept and
properties of algorithmic languages, elementary algorithm development algorithm involving
decision and loops.
Unit IV
C-Programming : selection of C and Fortran 90/95 programming loops and control, constructs,
arithmetic and logic operators, Strings, arrays, pointers, floats and other types, input, output,
control constructs, recursion structures, sub programmes and modules.
Reference Books:
1.B.D.Hahn: Fortran 90 for Scientists and engineers.
2.V Rajaraman: Computer Programming in c.
3.Rajaraman: Computer Oriented numerical methods.
4.Wong: Computational methods in Physics and engineering.
5.S.Balachandra Rao: Numerical Methods.
6.Stephen j Chapman: Fortran 90/95 for Scientists and Engineers.

SOP/FOS/PHY/C017: PARTICLE PHYSICS

Section- A
Kinematics of scattering, interaction picture, scattering matrix, Two and three body phase space, Space- time
symmetries, invariance principles, parity, Intrinsic parity, Parity constraints on S-matrix for Harmonic
Reactions, time reversal, Principle of detailed Balance, Nucleon- Nucleon scattering amplitudes,
Unitarity constraints internal symmetries selection rules and Globally conserved Quantum numbers,
Isospin Electromagnetic Interactions and Isospin weak interaction and Isospin, charge conjugation, Gparity, CP and CPT invariance
Section- B
Unitary groups and SU(3) , Isospin: SU(2) Unitary groups and SU(3) particle Representations in
Flavor SU(3) U-spin Irreducible representations of SU(3), SU ( N) , Triality in SU( 3), Applications of
Flavor SU ( 3), Masssplitting in flavor SU (3) Quark Model and Gell-Mann Okubo Mass formula.

Section C
Weak Interactions: Classification of weak interactions; Leptonic, semi-leptonic and nonleptonic
decay Tau-Theta puzzle, parity violation in weak decays, selection rules: S=
Q for
semileptonic Decays, I = rule for hadronic decays, universality of weak interactions.

Section D
Fermi theory and Intermediate vector-Boson hypothesis, Helicity of Neutrino, Two component
theory of neutrino V-A theory, Inverse Beta decay, muon decay, particle mixing and CP violation,
Bo-Bo and KoKo mixing KoKo regeneration, weak decays of strange particles.

Books and References:

1. W.E. Burcham and M.Jobes, Nuclear and Particle Physics, Addison-Wesley.

2. Riazuddin Fayyazudin.,A Modern Introduction to Particle Physics
3. S. Gasiorwicz, Particle physics,
6. M. Leon, Particle Physics : An Introduction (Academic Press)
7. P. Carrathers, Unitary Symmertry ,

SOP/FOS/PHY/C018 : Laboratory Course

List of experiments:
1. Study of computational softwares
2. Study of numerical techniques.
3. Computer programming.
SOP/FOS/PHY/E007: Condensed Matter Physics B
Unit-1
Nearly free electron model,one dimensional free electron case,nearly free electron case,energy bends in one
dimension,tight binding approximation,energy surfaces,wigner seitz cellular method,orthogonalized plane wave(OPW)
method,pseudo potential method,limitations of band theory(Mott transition).
Unit-2
Dielectrics and Ferroelectrics:Polarization,Macroscopic electric field,depolarization field,local electric field aty an
atom,fields of dipoles inside cavity,dielectric constant and polarizability,electronic polarizability,structural phase
trasitions,ferroelectric crystals,classification of ferroelectric crystals,displacive transition,soft optical phonons,Landau
theory of phase transition,second and first order transition,antiferroelectricity,ferroelectric
domains,piezoelectricity,ferroelasticity,optical ceramics.

Unit-3
Superconductivity: Experimental survey,occurrence of superconductivity,destruction of superconductivity by
magnetic fields and temperature.Meissner effect,Type-1 and Type-2 superconductors,Isotope effect

thermodynamics of superconducting transition,London equation,coherence length,BCS theory,cooper

pairs,Josephson superconductor tunneling,A&DC Josephson effect,high temperature superconductors,critical
fields and critical currents.
Unit-4:
Nano Material Science and Technology,Hostory,Origin,quantum dots,Synthesis,Applications and
advantages,quantum wires,quantum well&application,Fullerences,carbon nanobuds,carbon nanotubes as
quantum wires,Areas of
nanotechnology,nanomaterials,nanoeletronics,nanobiotechnology,nanofabrication,microelectromechanical
systems(MEMS).
Refernance Books:
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics-C Kittel
2. Solid State Physics N W Ashcroft&N David Mermin
3. Solid State Physics-Ajay Kumar Saxena
SOP/FOS/PHY/E008 : Electronics B
Unit I
Modulation Amplitude Modulation-Theory, Plate Modulated class C amplifier, Balanced Modulator, Single
Side Band modulation (phase shift method), Frequency modulation Theory, Reactance tube modulator,
transistor reactance modulator, FET reactance modulator.
Demodulation- Envelope diode detector, super regenerative detection, Foster Seely phase discriminator, Ratio
Detector.
Transmitters & Receivers- A.M Transmitter, F.M. transmitter, TRF Receiver, Super heterodyne receiver,
amplitude limiting.
Unit II
Transmission Lines TL Equations and their solutions, characteristic impedance, lossless open and short
circuited lines, standing wave ratio and refection coefficient, stub matching, quarter wave length and half wave
length lines.
Antenna Radioactive field strength, power and radiation patterns of an elementary electric doublet and linear
antenna, effects of ground reflection. Hertz antenna, Marconi antenaa, Yagi antenna, loop antenna, direction
finding, Resonant & Non resonant Antenna, Antenna array (Broad side & End fire arrays), T.V. aerials. Horn
Antenna, Parabolic reflectors, Lens Antenna.
Unit III
Propagation of Radio WavesElectes-Larmor theory, Applecton Hartree theory of sky wave propagation, skip distance and maximum
usable frequency, Chapmanns theory of layer formation.
Pulse method for measuring the height of ionospheric region.

Unit IV
Television SystemsGeneral Principle of Image transmission and reception of signals, pick up instruments (Iconoscope,
Image orthian and Videocon) Image scanning sequence, scanning synchronization, composite video
signal, colour television.
Radar Systems-

Principle of Radar, Basic arrangement of Radar system, Azimuth and Range measurement, operating
characteristics of systems, Radar transmitters and Receivers, Duplexers, Indicator unit, maximum
range of a Radar set.
References Books :
1. F.E. Terman Radio Engineering
2. G. Kennedy & B. Davis Electronic Communication Systems
3. G.K. Mithal Radio Engineering Vol. II
4. G. Keiser Optical Fiber Communication
5. C.K. Sirkar & S.K. Sirkar, Fiber optical Communication Systems.
6. Gupta & Kumar Handbook of Electronics
7. S.D. Parsonick Fiber Opitics
8. Introduction to Fiber optics Ghatak & Thyagarajan.
9. Frenzel Communication Electronics
10. Rody & Coolen - Communication Electronics.
11. L.E. Frenzel Communication Electronics
12. A. Ghatak & K. Tyagrajan Fiber optics & Lasers.
13. M. Satish Kumar Optical Fiber Communication
SOP/FOS/PHY/E009: Laser Physics B
Unit I
Electro optic effect, longitudinal and transverse phase modulation, consideration of modulator designs and
circuit aspects, acousto optic effect, Raman Nath and Bragg regimes, acousto optic modulators, magneto-optic
effect, integrated optics, optical directional couplers and optical switches, phase modulators.

Unit II
Optical sources and detectors: Laser devices, radiation pattern and modulation, LED structures, light source
materials, liquid crystal diodes, photoelectric, photovoltaic and photconductive methods of detection of light,
photodiodes: structure, materials and working, PIN photodiodes, avalanche photodiodes, microchannel plates,
photodetector noise responsivity and efficiency, photomultipliers, image intensifier tubes, Videocon and CCD.
Unit III
Fibre optics: Basic characterstics of optical fibres, fibre structure and fundamentals of waveguides, step and
graded index fibres, signal degradation in optical fibres, absorption scattering, radiation and core cladding
losses, Design considerations of a fibre optical communication system, analogue and digital modulation, optical
fibre amplifiers.
Unit IV
Holography: Basic principles, construction and reconstruction of holograms, applications of holography, laser
interferometry, laser applications in industry and medicines
Reference Books:
1. Ghatak and Thyagrajan :Optical Electronics
2. Hawks : Optoelectronics
3. Keiser : Optical fibre communications
4. Ghatak and Thyagrajan:Introduction to fibre optics
5. I.P. Csorba: Image tubes
6. Ed.L.M.Bibermman and S.Hudelman : Photoelectronics

SOP/FOS/PHY/E010: High Energy Physics B

Section-A
Symmetries and conservation laws, Noethers Theorem, U (1) Gauge Invariance, Baryon and
Lepton number conservation, The concept of gauge invariance; Global and Local gauge
invariance, spontaneous Breaking of Global gauge invariance, Goldstone Bosons, the Higgs
mechanism, Generalized local gauge invariance- Abelian and non Abelian gauge invariance.
Section-B
Weinberg- Salam theory of electroweak unification, The matter fields, the gauge fields, the
gauging of SU (2) XU (1), The vector bosons, The fermion sector, Helicity states, parity, charge
conjugation Fermion masses, Fermion assignments in the electroweak model, spontaneous
symmetry break down, Fermion Mass generation, The color gauge theory of strong interactions.

Section C

Color gauge invariance and QCD, The standard model of fundamental interaction, general mass
terms, Cabibbo Angle, Kobayashi- Maskawa matrix and CP violation, The SU (5) Grand unified
theory, The generators of SU (5), The choice of Fermion representations spontaneous breaking
of SU (5) symmetry Fermion masses and mixing angles.

Section D
The classic predictions of SU (5) Grand Unified, Theory, quark and Lepton masses, The SO(N),
The SO (10) Grand Unified Theory, Fermion Masses in SO (10), Neutrino Mass in SO (10).

References:
1-A Modern Introduction to Particle Physics, Riazuddin and Fayyazudin.
2. Modern Elementary Particle Physics G. L. Kane (Addison- Wesley 1987).
3-Grand Unified theories, Graham Ross.
4-Gauge Theories of Strong, Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions, C. Quigg ( Addison
Wesley)
5-Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics , T.D. Cheng and Ling Fong Li ( Clarendon Oxford)

SOP/FOS/PHY/E011 : Astrophysics B
Unit I
Detectors ,Photometry and Spectroscopy: Detectors for optical and infrared regions. Application of CCD's to
stellar imaging, photometry and spectroscopy. Techniques of observations of astronomical sources from space
in infrared. EUV, X-ray and gamma-ray regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Astronomical photometry. Simple design of an astronomical photometer. Observing technique with a
photometer Correction for atmospheric extinction. Tansformation to a standard photometric system.
Astronomical spectroscopy. Spectral classification. Simple design of astronomical spectrograph. Radial velocity
measurements.Radio Astronomy Techniques. Electro-magnetic spectrum. Radio window. Design and

construction of a simple radio telescope. Receiver systems and their calibration. Design and construction of a
simple radio interferometer.
Unit II
Galactic System: Interstellar Matter:Composition and properties. of interstellar matter. Oort limit. Interstellar
extinction. Estimate of colour excess. Visual absorption. Interstellar reddening law and Polarisation. Spin
temperature. Interstellar magnetic fields. Stromgren's theory of H II regions. Physical processes in planetary
nebulae. Gallastic Structure: General galactic rotational law. Oorts theory of galactic rotation. Determination of
Oorts constants. Spiral structure of our Galaxy from optical and radio Observations. Size and mass of our
galaxy.
.
Unit III
Extragalactic Systems:Classification of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Hubble sequence. Galaxy interactions.
Determination of the masses. Determination of extragalactic distances. Active Galaxies: Active galaxies and
galactic nuclei. Properties of Radio galaxies and Quasars. Their energy problem and accretion discs. Dark
matter in galaxies and clusters of galaxies.
Unit IV
Gravitation & Cosmology: Conceptual foundations of GR and curved spacetime: Principle of equivalence,
Connection between gravity and geometry,Form of metric in Newtonian, limit Metric tensor and its properties,
Einstein's field equations, observational tests of general relativity. Models of the universe : Steady State Models.
Standard Model: The expanding universe, Hubble's law . Microwave background radiation FriedmannRobertson-Walker models, The early universe, Thermodynamics of the early universe Primordial neutrinos.
Elementary ideas on structure formation . Implications of the dark matter in modern cosmology.
References Books :
1. A.Unsold: New Cosmos.
2. Baidyanath Basu: Introduction to Astrophysics.
3. Harold Zirin: Astrophysics of the Sun.
4. Gibson: The Quiet Sun.
5. G.Abell: Exploration of the Universe.
6. K.D. Abhayankar: Astrophysics of the solar system.
7. M.Schwarzschild:Stellar Evolution
8. S.Chandrasekhar:Stellar Structure
9. K.D.Abhyankar:Astrophysics: Stars and Galaxies
10. Menzel,Bhatnagar and Sen:Stellar Interiors.
11. Cox and Guili:Principles of Stellar Interiors - Vol.I and II.
12. Shapiro and Tevkolsky: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars and Black Holes.
13. R.Bowers and T.Deeming:Astrophysics(John and Barlett.Boston).
SOP/FOS/PHY/E012 : Project work for all specializations
This course will be based on preliminary research oriented topics both in theory and experiment. The teachers
who will act as supervisors for the projects will float projects and any one of them will be allocated to the
students. At the completion of the project by the semester end, the student will submit Project Report in the
form of dissertation which will be examined by the examiners. The examinations shall consist of presentation
and comprehensive viva-voce. Marks allotSted for Project =60, Viva=20, Internal assessment=20.