Addition and Subtraction of Hexadecimal Numbers

Simple assembly language programming

Huang, Section 2.2
HC12 Addressing Modes
Huang, Sections 1.6 and 1.7
o The N, Z, C and V bits of the Condition Code Register (CCR)
o Addition and Subtraction of Hex numbers
o Simple 9S12 programs
o Hex code generated from a simple 9S12 program
o Things you need to know for 9S12 assembly language
programming
o HC12 Addressing Modes
o Inherent, Extended, Direct, Immediate, Indexed, and Relative
Modes
o Summary of 9S12 Addressing Modes

Addition and Subtraction of Hexadecimal Numbers

Setting the C (Carry), V (Overflow), N (Negative) and Z (Zero) bits
How the C, V, N and Z bits of the CCR are changed
Condition Code Register Bits N, Z, V, C
N bit is set if result of operation in negative (MSB = 1)
Z bit is set if result of operation is zero (All bits = 0)
V bit is set if operation produced an overflow
C bit is set if operation produced a carry (borrow on subtraction)
Note: Not all instructions change these bits of the CCR
Addition of Hexadecimal Numbers
C bit set when result does not fit in word
V bit set when P + P = N, N + N = P
N bit set when MSB of result is 1
Z bit set when result is 0
7A
+52
CC

2A
+52
7C

AC
+8A
36

AC
+72
1E

C: 0
V: 1
N: 1
Z: 0

C: 0
V: 0
N: 0
Z: 0

C: 1
V: 1
N: 0
Z: 0

C: 1
V: 0
N: 0
Z: 0

Subtraction of Hexadecimal Numbers

C bit set on borrow (when the magnitude of the subtrahend is greater than the minuend)
V bit set when N P = P, P N = N
N bit set when MSB is 1
Z bit set when result is 0
7A
5C
1E

8A
5C
2E

5C
8A
D2

2C
72
BA

C: 0
V: 0
N: 0
Z: 0

C: 0
V: 1
N: 0
Z: 0

C: 1
V: 1
N: 1
Z: 0

C: 1
V: 0
N: 1
Z: 0

Simple Programs for the HCS12

A simple HCS12 program fragment
org $1000
ldaa $2000
asra
staa $2001
A simple HCS12 program with assembler directives
prog: equ
data: equ
org
ldaa
asra
staa
swi
org
input: dc.b
result: ds.b

$1000
$2000
prog
input
result

data
$07
1

HCS12 Programming Model The registers inside the HCS12 CPU the
programmer needs to know about

How the HCS12 executes a simple program

0x1000
0x1000
0x1000
0x1003
0x1004
0x1007

b6 20 13
40
7a 20 14
3f

prog equ $1000

org prog
ldaa $2013
nega
staa $2014
swi

0x2013 6c
0x2014 94

PC=0x1000 Control unit (CU) reads B6

Control decodes B6
PC=0x1001 CU reads address MSB 20
PC=0x1002 CU reads address LSB 13
CU tells memory to fetch contents at
address 0x2013
CU tells ALU to latch value
PC=0x1003 CU reads 40
CU decodes 40
CU tells ALU to negate ACCA
PC=0x1004 CU reads 7A
Control decodes 7A
PC=0x1005 CU reads address MSB 20
PC=0x1006 CU reads address LSB 14
CU fetches value of ACCA from ALU
CU tells memory to store value
at address 0x2014
PC=0x1007

A _________________________

Things you need to know to write HCS12 assembly language programs

HC12 Assembly Language Programming
Programming Model
HC12 Instructions

Addressing Modes
Assembler Directives
Addressing Modes for the HCS12
Almost all HCS12 instructions operate on memory
The address of the data an instruction operates on is called the effective address of that
instruction.
Each instruction has information which tells the HCS12 the address of the data in
memory it operates on.
The addressing mode of the instruction tells the HCS12 how to figure out the effective
address for the instruction.
Each HCS12 instructions consists of a one or two byte op code which tells the HCS12
what to do and what addressing mode to use, followed, when necessary by one or more
bytes which tell the HCS12 how to determine the effective address.
All two-byte op codes begin with an $18.
For example, the LDAA instruction has 4 different op codes, one for each of the 4
different addressing modes.

The HCS12 has 6 addressing modes

Most of the HC12s instructions access data in memory
There are several ways for the HC12 to determine which address to access
Effective address:
Memory address used by instruction
Addressing mode:
How the HC12 calculates the effective address
HC12 ADDRESSING MODES:
INH Inherent
IMM Immediate
DIR Direct
EXT Extended
REL Relative (used only with branch instructions)
IDX Indexed (wont study indirect indexed mode)

The Inherent (INH) addressing mode

Instructions which work only with registers inside ALU
ABA
18 06
CLRA
87
ASRA
47
TSTA
97

; Add B to A (A) + (B) A

; Clear A 0 A
; Arithmetic Shift Right A
; Test A (A) 0x00 Set CCR

The HC12 does not access memory

There is no effective address

The Extended (EXT) addressing mode

Instructions which give the 16bit address to be accessed
LDAA $2000
B6 20 00

; ($2000) A
Effective Address: $2000

LDX $2001
FE 20 01

; ($2001:$2002) X
Effective Address: $2001

STAB $2003
7B 20 03

; (B) $2003
Effective Address: $2003

Effective address is specified by the two bytes following op code

The Direct (DIR) addressing mode

Direct (DIR) Addressing Mode
Instructions which give 8 LSB of address (8 MSB all 0)
LDAA $20
96 20

; ($0020) A
Effective Address: $0020

STX $21
5E 21

; (X) $0021:$0022
Effective Address: $0021

8 LSB of effective address is specified by byte following op code

The Immediate (IMM) addressing mode

Value to be used is part of instruction
LDAA #$17
; $17 A
B6 17
Effective Address: PC + 1
ADDA #10
8B 0A

; (A) + $0A A
Effective Address: PC + 1

Effective address is the address following the op code

The Indexed (IDX) addressing mode

Effective address is obtained from X or Y register (or SP or PC)
Simple Forms
LDAA 0,X
A6 00

; Use (X) as address to get value to put in A

Effective address: contents of X

ADDA 5,Y
AB 45

; Use (Y) + 5 as address to get value to add to

Effective address: contents of Y + 5

More Complicated Forms

INC 2,X
62 3E

; Postdecrement Indexed
; Increment the number at address (X),
; then subtract 2 from X
Effective address: contents of X

INC 4,+X
62 23

; Preincrement Indexed
; Add 4 to X
; then increment the number at address (X)
Effective address: contents of X + 4

INDEXED ADDRESSING MODES

(Does not include indirect modes)

Constant Offset
Constant Offset
Postincrement
Preincrement
Postdecrement
Predecrement
ACC Offset

Example

Effective Addr

Offset

Value in X

Registers to use

LDAA n,x
LDAA n,x
LDAA n,X+
LDAA n,+X
LDAA n,XLDAA n,-X
LDAA A,X
LDAA B,X
LDAA D,X

(X)+n
(X)-n
(X)
(X)+n
(X)
(X)-n
(X)+(A)
(X)+(B)
(X)+(D)

0 to FFFF
0 to FFFF
1 to 8
1 to 8
1 to 8
1 to 8
0 to FF
0 to FF
0 to FFFF

(X)
(X)
(X)+n
(X)+n
(X)-n
(X)-n
(X)

X,Y,SP,PC
X,Y,SP,PC
X,Y,SP
X,Y,SP
X,Y,SP
X,Y,SP
X,Y,SP,PC

Relative (REL) Addressing Mode

The relative addressing mode is used only in branch and long branch instructions.
Branch instruction: One byte following op code specifies how far to branch
Treat the offset as a signed number; add the offset to the address following the
current instruction to get the address of the instruction to branch to
BRA 35
20 35

PC + 2 + 0035 PC

BRA C7
20 C7

PC + 2 + C7 PC
PC + 2 39 PC

Long branch instruction: Two bytes following op code specifies how far to branch
Treat the offset as an unsigned number; add the offset to the address following the
current instruction to get the address of the instruction to branch to
LBEQ 21A
18 27 02 1A

If Z == 1 then PC + 4 + 021A PC
If Z == 0 then PC + 4 PC

When writing assembly language program, you dont have to calculate offset
You indicate what address you want to go to, and the assembler calculates the offset
0x1020

BRA $1030

; Branch to instruction at address $1030

Summary of HCS12 addressing modes

Name
INH Inherent
IMM Immediate
DIR Direct
EXT Extended
IDX Indexed
IDX Indexed
Postincrement
IDX Indexed
Preincrement
IDX Indexed
Postdecrement
IDX Indexed
Predecrement
REL Relative

Example

Op Code

ABA
LDAA #$35
LDAA $35
LDAA $2035
LDAA 3,X
LDAA 3,X+

18 06
86 35
96 35
B6 20 35
A6 03
A6 32

Effective
Address
None
PC+1
0x0035
0x2035
X+3
X (X+3 X)

LDAA 3,+X

A6 22

X+3 (X+3 X)

LDAA 3,X-

A6 3D

X (X-3 X)

LDAA 3,-X

A6 2D

X-3 (X-3 X)

BRA $1050
LBRA $1F00

20 23
18 20 0E CF

PC+2+Offset
PC+4+Offset

A few instructions have two effective addresses:

MOVB $2000,$3000 moves byte from address $2000 to $3000
MOVW 0,X,0,Y moves word from address pointed to by X to address pointed to by Y