Fea2107 Autopilot Operator's Manual BF

OPERATOR'S MANUAL
Electronic Chart Display and

Information System (ECDIS)
FEA-2107
FEA-2107-BB
FEA-2107-D
FEA-2807
MODEL FEA-2807-D
Instructions for use with Autopilots:

FAP-2000
PT-500A(CAT B, CAT C)
PR-6000
www.furuno.co.jp
The paper used in this manual
is elemental chlorine free.
・FURUNO Authorized Distributor/Dealer
9-52 Ashihara-cho,
Nishinomiya, 662-8580, JAPAN
Telephone : +81-(0)798-65-2111
Fax : +81-(0)798-65-4200
All rights reserved. Printed in Japan A : SEP . 2010

B : NOV . 12, 2010
Pub. No. OME-41224-B
(DAMI ) FEA-2x07 AUTOPILOT *00017443611*
*00017443611*
* 0 0 0 1 7 4 4 3 6 1 1 *
Foreword
The purpose of this manual is to provide the instructions for how to use the Autopilots FAP-2000,
PT-500A(CAT B and CAT C)1 and PR-60002 with the FURUNO FEA-2107-D, FEA-2107-BB-D, FEA-2807-D
Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). For ECDIS operating information, see its Operator's
Manual.
1
PT-500A(CAT B and CAT C) are products of YOKOGAWA ELECTRIC CORPORATION.
2
PR-6000 is a product of TOKYO KEIKI INC
Important Notices
• The operator of this equipment must read and follow the descriptions in this manual. Wrong operation can cancel
the warranty or cause injury.
• Do not copy any part of this manual without written permission from FURUNO.
• If this manual is lost or worn, contact your dealer about replacement.
• The contents of this manual and equipment specifications can change without notice.
• The example screens (or illustrations) shown in this manual can be different from the screens you see on your
display. The screens you see depend on your system configuration and equipment settings.
• Save this manual for future reference.
• Any modification of the equipment (including software) by persons not authorized by FURUNO will cancel the
warranty.
• All brand and product names are trademarks, registered trademarks or service marks of their respective holders.
i
Safety Instructions
Safety Instructions
Indicates a condition that can cause death or serious injury if
WARNING not avoided.
Indicates a condition that can cause minor or moderate injury if

CAUTION not avoided.
Warning, Caution Prohibitive Action Mandatory Action
WARNING CAUTION
Do not open the equipment. Do not dissassemble or modify the
equipment.
This equipment uses high voltage that can
cause electrical shock. Fire, electrical shock or bodily injury
Only qualified persons can work inside can result.
the equipment.
Do not operate the equipment with
Turn off power at switchboard if the wet hands.
something is dropped inside the
equipment. Fire or electrical shock can result.
Fire or electrical shock can result if the Keep the equipment away from rain,
power remains on. water and water splash.
Turn off power at switchboard if the Fire or electrical shock can result if water
equipment is emitting smoke or fire. gets into the equipment.
Fire or electrical shock can result if the Use the correct fuse.
power remains on.
Use of a wrong fuse can cause bodily
Do not place liquid filled containers on injury or fire.
the top of the equipment.
The CPU board (PCG820 or 24P0100)
Fire or electrical shock can result if a in the processor unit has a
liquid spills into the equipment. lithium battery. The battery should
only be replaced by a qualified tech-
nician.
WARNING LABEL
A warning label is attached to the The battery may burst if it is the wrong
processor unit. Do not remove the label. type.
If the label is missing or damaged,
contact a FURUNO agent or dealer
about replacement.
WARNING Name: Warning Label (1)

To avoid electrical shock, do not
Type: 86-003-1011-0
remove cover. No user-serviceable Code No.: 100-236-230
parts inside.
ii
Table of Contents
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION .......................................................................................................vii
1. FURUNO Autopilot FAP-2000 ..............................................................................................1-1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2 Control Panel ........................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Steering Modes ........................................................................................................................ 1-3
1.3.1 Hand steering modes .................................................................................................. 1-3
1.3.2 Autopilot steering modes ............................................................................................ 1-3
1.3.3 Route steering modes.................................................................................................. 1-5
1.4 Additional Information About Steering Modes.................................................................... 1-16
1.5 Important Information About Steering Mode Changes ...................................................... 1-18
1.6 Autopilot Display in Sidebar................................................................................................. 1-19
1.7 Expected Steering Performance Under Various Conditions............................................... 1-20
1.7.1 Expected steering performance for going ahead ..................................................... 1-20
1.7.2 Expected steering performance for turns ................................................................ 1-23
1.8 Expected Steering Performance Under Critical Failure..................................................... 1-25
1.8.1 Lost heading from autopilot (ECDIS may also have lost heading)........................ 1-25
1.8.2 Lost heading from ECDIS (autopilot still has heading) ......................................... 1-25
1.8.3 Lost speed .................................................................................................................. 1-26
1.8.4 Low speed .................................................................................................................. 1-26
1.8.5 Lost SOG/COG reference.......................................................................................... 1-27
1.8.6 Total lost position ...................................................................................................... 1-28
1.8.7 Lost differential position .......................................................................................... 1-29
1.8.8 Lost differential position and position discrepancy ................................................ 1-30
1.8.9 Lost communication between ECDIS and autopilot............................................... 1-30
1.8.10 Lost communication between autopilot and ECDIS ............................................... 1-30
1.9 Other Operations ................................................................................................................... 1-31
1.10 Alerts ...................................................................................................................................... 1-31
1.10.1 Alerts generated by autopilot ................................................................................... 1-31
1.10.2 Alerts generated by ECDIS ...................................................................................... 1-32
1.10.3 Error alerts generated by autopilot ......................................................................... 1-37
1.11 How to Use the Curved EBL................................................................................................. 1-38
1.11.1 What is the curved EBL? .......................................................................................... 1-38
1.11.2 Structure of the curved EBL..................................................................................... 1-39
1.11.3 How to design a new turn while the ship is turning............................................... 1-39
1.12 How to Use the Predictor ...................................................................................................... 1-40
2. YOKOGAWA Autopilot PT-500A (category B) .......................................................................2-1

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2 Steering Control Unit.............................................................................................................. 2-1
2.3 Steering Modes ........................................................................................................................ 2-2
2.3.1 Hand steering mode (Mode selector: HAND) ............................................................ 2-2
2.3.2 Autopilot steering mode (Mode selector: AUTO)....................................................... 2-2
2.3.3 Route steering mode (Mode selector: NAVI).............................................................. 2-2
2.5 Alerts Generated by ECDIS.................................................................................................. 2-10
2.5.1 Operational alerts ..................................................................................................... 2-10
2.5.2 Error alerts ................................................................................................................ 2-13
iii
Table of Contents
2.8.3 Lost speed .................................................................................................................. 2-18

2.8.4 Low speed .................................................................................................................. 2-19
2.8.7 Lost communication between ECDIS and autopilot ............................................... 2-22
3. YOKOGAWA Autopilot PT-500A (category C)....................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.2 Steering Control Unit .............................................................................................................. 3-1
3.3 Steering Modes......................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.3.3 Route steering mode (Mode selector: NAVI).............................................................. 3-2
3.5 Alerts Generated by ECDIS .................................................................................................. 3-12
3.5.2 Error alerts ................................................................................................................ 3-12
3.8.3 Lost speed .................................................................................................................. 3-17
3.8.4 Low speed .................................................................................................................. 3-17
3.8.5 Lost SOG/COG reference in GoAW mode ................................................................ 3-18
3.8.7 Lost differential position in GoAW mode................................................................. 3-19
3.8.9 Lost communication between ECDIS and autopilot ............................................... 3-21
4. TOKYO KEIKI Autopilot PR-6000 ....................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 4-1
4.2 Steering Control Unit .............................................................................................................. 4-1
4.3 Steering Modes......................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.3.3 Non-Follow-Up steering mode (Mode selector: NFU) ............................................... 4-3
4.3.4 Remote hand steering mode (Mode selector: RC)...................................................... 4-4
4.3.5 Steering override units ............................................................................................... 4-5
4.3.6 Route steering mode, RC/Nav (Mode: RC)................................................................. 4-6
4.4 HCS Unit Controls................................................................................................................. 4-17
4.5 Alerts Generated by ECDIS .................................................................................................. 4-18
4.5.2 Error alerts ................................................................................................................ 4-18
4.8.1 Lost heading from autopilot (ECDIS may also have lost heading)....................... 4-24
4.8.3 Lost speed .................................................................................................................. 4-25
4.8.4 Low speed .................................................................................................................. 4-25
iv
Table of Contents
4.8.5 Lost SOG/COG reference in GoAW steering mode ................................................. 4-26

4.8.7 Lost differential position in GoAW steering mode .................................................. 4-27
4.8.9 Lost communication between ECDIS and autopilot............................................... 4-28
Index.......................................................................................................................................... IN-1
v
Table of Contents
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vi
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Single workstation
ECDIS ECDIS Monitor CONNING Monitor
FEA-2107/2807
100-230VAC MU-231CE 100-230VAC
or or MU-231CE
MU-201CE MU-201CE
100-230VAC
100-230VAC
Control Head
RCU-018
FAR-2107/2807
ECDIS Processor
or
EC-1000C
Other RADAR
㪪㪼㫉㫀㪸㫃㩷
㪠㫅㫋㪼㫉㪽㪸㪺㪼㩿㪠㪜㪚㪍㪈㪈㪍㪉㪀 Remote Control Unit
POSITIONING FIX1 TB Control Unit
100-230VAC RCU-015FEA RCU-016
100-230VAC POSITIONING FIX3
POSITIONING FIX2
*Note1 ENGINE CONTROL

GYRO COMPASS
㪟㪬㪙㪄㪈㪇㪇
*Note2 LAN LAN
LOG/DUAL AXIS LOG Adapter Adapter ECHO SOUNDER
EC-1010 EC-1010
WIND SENSOR
㪙㪸㪺㫂㫌㫇㩷㪥㪸㫍㫀㪾㪸㫋㫆㫉㩷㪘㫃㪸㫉㫄
Autopilot
㪘㫅㫐㩷㪜㪚㪛㪠㪪㩷㪘㫃㪸㫉㫄
㪦㫇㪼㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㩷㪝㫀㫋㫅㪼㫊㫊
㪧㪩㪄㪍㪉
㪧㪩㪄㪍㪉
ARPA RADARS WATER TEMP. METER

or
AIS AMWSS
24VDC
24VDC
or
100-
㪛㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷㪚㫆㫅㫋㪸㪺㫋㩷 230VAC 100-
㪠㫅㫋㪼㫉㪽㪸㪺㪼 230VAC 㪥㫆㫋㪼㪈㩷㪘㫃㫋㪼㫉㫅㪸㫋㫀㫍㪼㫊㩷㪸㫉㪼㪃㩷㪞㫐㫉㫆㩷
㪘㫅㪸㫃㫆㪾㩷㪠㫅㫋㪼㫉㪽㪸㪺㪼
Steering Gear System 㪺㫆㫄㫇㪸㫊㫊㩷㪹㫐㩷㪠㪜㪚㩷㪍㪈㪈㪍㪉㩷㫆㫉㩷
㪪㫋㪼㫇㫇㪼㫉
Engine 㪥㫆㫋㪼㪉㩷㪘㫃㫋㪼㫉㫅㪸㫋㫀㫍㪼㫊㩷㪸㫉㪼㪃㩷
㪣㫆㪾㩷
GYRO COMPASS *Note1
㪹㫐㩷㪠㪜㪚㩷㪍㪈㪈㪍㪉㩷㫆㫉㩷㪉㪇㪇㫇㪆㫅㫄
B-Adapter
*Note2
㪧㪩㪄㪍㪉
LOG EC-1020
㪘㫅㫐㩷㪜㪚㪛㪠㪪㩷㪘㫃㪸㫉㫄㪑㩷㪤㪘㪥㪛㪘㪫㪦㪩㪰㩷
㪙㪸㪺㫂㫌㫇㩷㪥㪸㫍㫀㪾㪸㫋㫆㫉㩷㪘㫃㪸㫉㫄㪑㩷㪘㪣㪫㪜㪩㪥㪘㪫㪠㪭㪜
㪛㫀㪾㫀㫋㪸㫃㩷㪚㫆㫅㫋㪸㪺㫋㩷㪛㪼㫇㫋㪿㩷㪙㪼㫃㫆㫎㩷㪘㫃㪸㫉㫄㪑㩷㪦㪧㪫㪠㪦㪥㪘㪣
or 㪑㩷㪦㪧㪫㪠㪦㪥㪘㪣㪃㩷㪙㪬㪫㩷㪥㪦㪫㩷㪬㪪㪜㪛㩷㪙㪰㩷
㪠㫅㫋㪼㫉㪽㪸㪺㪼㪥㪸㫍㫀㪾㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪪㪼㫅㫊㫆㫉㩷㪘㫃㪸㫉㫄㪑㩷㪜㪯㪫㪜㪩㪥㪘㪣㩷㪪㪜㪥㪪㪦㪩㩷㫆㫉㩷
㪫㪚㪪
㪮㪸㫐㫇㫆㫀㫅㫋㩷㪘㫇㫇㫉㫆㪸㪺㪿㩷 24VDC 100-
㪘㫃㪸㫉㫄
㪦㫌㫋㫊㫀㪻㪼㩷㪚㪿㪸㫅㫅㪼㫃㩷㪣㫀㫄㫀㫋 230VAC 㪜㪨㪬㪠㪧㪤㪜㪥㪫
㪘㪚㪢㩷㪦㫌㫋
vii
No.1 ECDIS CONNING Monitor ECDIS Monitor No.2 ECDIS ECDIS Monitor CONNING Monitor
viii
FEA-2107/2807 FEA-2107/2807
100-230VAC MU-231CE 100-230VAC 100-230VAC MU-231CE 100-230VAC
MU-231CE or or or or MU-231CE
MU-201CE MU-201CE MU-201CE MU-201CE
100-230VAC 100-230VAC 100-230VAC

100-230VAC
Multi workstation
System Configuration
Control Head Control Head

RCU-018 RCU-018
FAR-2107/2807
ECDIS Processor ECDIS Processor

or Other RADAR or
EC-1000C EC-1000C
100- Serial Serial

100-
Remote Control Unit TB Control Unit 230VAC Interface(IEC61162) POSITIONING FIX1 Interface(IEC61162) Remote Control Unit
230VAC TB Control Unit
RCU-016 RCU-015FEA RCU-015FEA RCU-016
POSITIONING FIX2
POSITIONING FIX3 100-230VAC *Note1 *Note1 100-230VAC POSITIONING FIX3
GYRO COMPASS
ENGINE CONTROL *Note2 *Note2 ENGINE CONTROL

HUB-100 LOG/DUAL AXIS LOG HUB-100
LAN LAN LAN LAN
ECHO SOUNDER Adapter Adapter Adapter Adapter ECHO SOUNDER
EC-1010 ARPA RADARS EC-1010 EC-1010
EC-1010
WIND SENSOR WIND SENSOR
AIS
WATER TEMP. METER WATER TEMP. METER
or
PR-62
PR-62
PR-62
PR-62
or Autopilot
AMWSS AMWSS
24VDC 24VDC
24VDC 24VDC
Any ECDIS Alarm
Operator Fitness
Operator Fitness
Backup Navigator Alarm
or or
100-
Any ECDIS Alarm

100-
100- 230VAC Selector Switch (Yard Supply) 230VAC 100-
230VAC Digital Contact Digital Contact 230VAC
Backup Navigator Alarm

Interface Interface
Analog Interface Analog Interface
Steering Gear System
Engine
*Note1 *Note2
B-Adapter B-Adapter
EC-1020 GYRO COMPASS EC-1020
*Note2 *Note1
LOG
PR-62
PR-62
Any ECDIS Alarm Any ECDIS Alarm
Backup Navigator Alarm Backup Navigator Alarm
or Depth Below Alarm Digital Contact Digital Contact Depth Below Alarm or
Navigation Sensor Alarm Navigation Sensor Alarm
100- 24VDC Waypoint Approach Alarm Interface Interface Waypoint ApproachAlarm 24VDC 100-
230VAC Outside Channel Limit Outside ChannelLimit 230VAC
ACK Out ACK Out
: MANDATORY
Note1 Alternatives are, Gyro compass by IEC 61162 : ALTERNATIVE
or Stepper : OPTIONAL
: OPTIONAL, BUT NOT USED BY TCS
Note2 Alternatives are, Log by IEC 61162 or 200p/nm : EXTERNAL SENSOR or EQUIPMENT
1. FURUNO Autopilot
FAP-2000
1.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the steering functions available with the FURUNO Autopilot FAP-2000.
1.2 Control Panel

This section describes the FAP-2000's control panel.
13
10 FURUNO 7
ALARM GYRO LIGHT
MEDIUM
RESET
LOADED 8
14
MANUAL ECONOMY
SPEED
MEDIUM
11 FUNC. OFF COURSE SET HEADING ON LIMIT PRECISE 9

SETUP
15 ROUTE 16
TRACK
12 TURN
RUD.LIMIT DEG. SPEED KNOTS
HEADING
RAD. ROT.
6 READY 3
N.M. /MIN
PROGRAM AUTO LIMIT SPEED WARN

INCREASE GO TO
HEADING
WAYPOINT
CHANGE 2
5
RADIUS GO TO
CONTROL PORT STBD TRACK
1
4
START
HEADING ACKN. PROGRAM
HEADING
CONTROL WARNING TRACK
CHANGE
DECREASE
FAP-2000 AUTOPILOT
1-6: Steering mode selection

• PROGRAM TRACK: Program Track-controlled heading change using set radius. Also for steering with
selected TT models.
• GOTO TRACK: Track-controlled route steering
• GOTO WPT: Course-controlled route steering
• HEADING CONTROL: Immediate heading-controlled course change using set rudder angle limit
• RADIUS CONTROL: Immediate radius-controlled course change using set radius
• PROGRAM HEADING CHANGE: Program heading-controlled course change using set radius
1-1
1. FURUNO Autopilot FAP-2000
7: Loading condition indicator: Loading conditions, Light, Medium or Loaded
8: Performance indicator: Performance status, Economy, Medium or Precise
9: Status indicator: Shows selected mode and state of readiness:

• FAP-2000 in operation: READY
• FAP-2000 control mode: HEADING/TRACK
• FAP-2000 route steering: ROUTE
• FAP-2000 track-controlled turn: TURN
10: Alert indicator and buzzer cancel
• ALERT lamp for other FAP-2000-related alerts and errors.
• RESET button for acknowledging other FAP-2000-related alerts and errors.
11: Special function keypads
• Manually input speed.
• Adjust panel dimmer.
• Set manual speed value, auto speed, rudder limit function, performance and conditions.
12: Tiller
• Set course and radius.
• PORT and STBD lamps show when the tiller can be used to set course.
• INCREASE. and DECREASE. lamps show when the tiller can be used to set a radius or a rudder angle limit.
13: Gyro reading and a bar graph showing rate of turn
14: Set Heading display includes:

• Off course alert
• Turn side
• Rudder-on limit indication
15: Rudder displays:
• Radius set-point in the Radius Control mode
• Rudder limit in the Heading Control mode
• AUTO LIMIT lamp lights to indicate selection of automatic rudder limit function.
16: Speed displays:
• ROT in the Radius Control mode
• Speed in the Heading Control mode
• Speed warning indicator (LOG FAILURE or LOW)
1-2
1.3 Steering Modes

The FAP-2000 receives position, heading and speed data, compares them with the track section to be steered, and
applies that information to calculate and command the necessary rudder angle.
1.3.1 Hand steering modes

The following hand steering modes are available without the autopilot:
• Steering wheel
• Wing steering control
• Override tiller
While in a hand steering mode, the ECDIS indicates the rudder angle and the hand steering mode.
1.3.2 Autopilot steering modes

The autopilot steering modes are selected from the autopilot control panel.
Heading Control mode

The Heading Control steering mode can be used always because it does not require position data.
• Mode selection: HEADING CONTROL
• The HEADING CONTROL and HEADING lamps are lit.
• Immediate course change when the tiller is used to set the heading.
• Course change is defined as heading controlled by the set rudder angle limit.
Radius Control mode

The Radius Control steering mode can be used always because it does not require position data.
• Mode selection: RADIUS CONTROL
• RADIUS CONTROL and HEADING lamps are lit.
• Course change is radius controlled with the set radius.
• If wind, current, etc. affect the ship, the ship will drift (inside or outside) from the planned turn. This is displayed
on the radar screen.
Program Heading Change mode

The Program Heading Change steering mode can be used always because it does not require position data.
• Mode selection: PROGRAM HEADING CHANGE
• PROGRAM HEADING CHANGE and HEADING lamps are lit.
• The tiller is first used to set a new heading and radius, which are also displayed on the radar screen.
• "START HEADING CHANGE" flashes if the newly set heading is different from the currently used heading.
• Start course change by pushing the START HEADING CHANGE button.
• After activation, control is returned to RADIUS CONTROL.
• If wind, current, etc. affect the ship, the ship will drift away (inside or outside) from planned turn. This is
displayed on the radar screen.
1-3
Program Track mode

The Program Track steering mode requires the Kalman filter and a high-precision sensor such as DGPS:
• Mode selection: PROGRAM TRACK
• PROGRAM TRACK, TRACK and TURN lamps are lit.
• The tiller is first used to set a new heading and radius, which are also displayed on the radar screen.
• "START HEADING CHANGE" flashes if newly set heading is different from currently used set heading.
• Start course change by pushing the START HEADING CHANGE button.
• After activation, the mode becomes PROGRAM TRACK.
• Course change is track controlled with the set radius.
• If wind, current, etc. affect the ship, the system tries to prevent the ship from drifting away (inside or outside)
from the planned designed turn. This is displayed on the radar screen.
Alerts in the Program Track steering mode

The following alerts may appear in the Program Track steering mode.
Alert "488 Track Control Stopped": Internal failure - program track mode is cancelled.
Alert "493 PrgTrack: Needs Filter ON": The Kalman filter is not used with the program track mode. This alert is
repeated every four minutes for the next 10 minutes. If the condition continues, the alert "496 ProgTrack: Stop -
Sensor Fail" is generated and the steering mode is automatically changed to "Radius Control".
Alert "494 PrgTrack: Needs Log sens.": The Kalman filter is used with the program track mode but without
including an independent speed source (separate log sensor or two position sensors). This alert is repeated every four
minutes for the next 10 minutes. If the condition continues, the alert "496 ProgTrack: Stop - Sensor Fail" is
generated and the steering mode is automatically changed to "Radius Control".
Alert "495 PrgTrack: Needs diff Pos.": The Kalman filter is used with the program track mode but without a high-
precision sensor (for example, DGPS). This alert is repeated every four minutes for the next 10 minutes. If the
condition continues, the alert "496 ProgTrack: Stop - Sensor Fail" is generated and the steering mode is
automatically changed to "Radius Control".
Alert "496 PrgTrack: Stop - Sensor Fail": No gyro data or if conditions of alert 493, 494, 495 or 503 have been
valid for the last 10 minutes.
Alert "498 Use manual rudder control": Generated every two minutes to alert the operator to control the rudder
manually, when the FAP-2000 has lost the gyro data and thus cannot control the rudder.
Alert "503 PrgTrack: Need higher Spd": The Kalman filter is used with the program track mode but the speed is
below the limit set for the track steering in the installation parameters. The alert is repeated every four minutes for
the next 10 minutes. If the condition continues, the alert "496 ProgTrack: Stop - Sensor Fail" is generated and the
steering mode is automatically changed to "Radius Control".
Alert "504 PrgTrack: Use Radius ctrl.": Informs the operator to change the steering mode to "Radius Control".
This alert is generated if there are not sufficient conditions to continue the program track (i.e. alert 493, 494, 495 or
503 has been valid two minutes). This alert is repeated every four minutes.
Alert "509 PrgTrack: Need SOG/COG ref": Appears when there is no Speed Over Ground (SOG) and Course
Over Ground (COG) available from the position sensor(s) or bottom track from a dual-axis log. This alert is
repeated every four minutes for the next 10 minutes. If the condition continues, the alert "496 ProgTrack: Stop -
Sensor Fail" is generated and the steering mode is automatically changed to "Radius Control".
1-4
Summary of autopilot steering modes
HEADING RADIUS PROGRAM PROGRAM

CONTROL CONTROL HEADING TRACK
CHANGE
Set heading Yes Yes Yes Yes
Set radius No Yes Yes Yes
Radius control No Yes Yes Yes
Design before execution No No Yes Yes
Full curved EBL on radar screen No Yes Yes Yes
Wind, current, etc. compensation No No No Yes
Needs gyro Yes Yes Yes Yes
Needs log No Yes Yes Yes
Needs high-precision position No No No Yes
Needs direct SOG/COG sensor No No No Yes
1.3.3 Route steering modes

In route steering, you can use either the Goto WPT mode or the Goto Track mode. Route steering is available with a
predefined monitored route and when your ship is located inside a channel of a monitored route.
See the figure below for the differences between Goto WPT and Goto Track. As shown, the ship will always make
way toward the waypoint in Goto WPT, and return to set course in Goto Track.
"Goto WPT" “Goto Track"
WPT WPT
WPT WPT
WPT WPT
Note: If the off track error is more than 100 meters in the Goto Track mode, the system cannot increase the approach
angle towards the center line of the route.
1-5
Goto WPT mode

• Mode selection: Goto WPT
• Goto WPT and ROUTE lamps are lit.
• The tiller can be used to set radius, but not course, which is set automatically.
• Steering is course controlled with set radius.
• If wind, current, etc. affect the ship between waypoints, the system tries to prevent the ship from drifting from
the planned route. The system has three means to prevent drifting from the planned route, and they are most
effective when used together. If cross-track error is used alone, your ship stabilizes typically in a constant off-
track position. The means are:
• Measured cross-track error from the centerline, which is always active.
• Drift compensation available from route parameters
• Gyro error compensation available from route parameters
• If wind, current, etc. affect the ship during turns, the ship will drift (inside or outside) from the planned turn,
which is displayed on the radar screen. This kind of turn is called an "assisted turn".
• Can be used when the ship has an accurate position source available.
• Normally, the Goto WPT mode uses the dynamic location of a waypoint. However, if alert 413 is active, a non-
dynamic waypoint is used. The figure below shows how the location of a dynamic WPT is defined in the Goto
WPT mode.
Planned turn
Planned WPT
DYNAMIC WPT
Wheel over Wheel over

line for line for
non-dynamic WPT dynamic WPT
used by "Goto Track"
Goto Track mode

• Mode selection Goto TRACK
• Available when the ship has a high-precision position source available.
• The GOTO TRACK button and ROUTE and TRACK lamps are lit.
• The tiller can be used to set radius, but not heading, which is set automatically.
• Steering is track-controlled with set radius.
• If wind, current, etc. affect the ship between waypoints, the system tries to prevent the ship from drifting from
the planned route. The system has three means to prevent drifting from the planned route, and they are most
effective when used together. If cross-track error is used alone, your ship stabilizes typically in a constant off-
track position. The means are:
• Measured cross-track error from the centerline, which is always active.
• Drift compensation is available from the route parameters.
• Gyro error compensation is available from the route parameters.
• The Goto Track mode uses non-dynamic waypoint.
1-6
Summary of route steering modes

Goto WPT Goto Track
Set course Automatic Automatic
Set radius Automatic / Manual Automatic / Manual
Radius control Yes Yes
Dynamic waypoint location Yes No
Design before execution Yes Yes
Full curved EBL on radar screen Yes Yes
Wind, current, etc. compensation running straights between WPT Low gain High gain
Wind, current, etc. compensation in turns No Yes
Needs gyro Yes Yes
Needs log Yes Yes
Precision of position equipment Good1 High2
Needs direct SOG/COG sensor No Yes
1
Precision of position is good with LORAN and GPS.
2
Precision of position is high with DGPS and SYLEDIS.
Preconditions for route steering

General preconditions
The Goto WPT and Goto Track modes can be activated when your ship is located inside a channel of a monitored
route.
The difference between actual heading and planned course to approach the "To WPT" must be less than the limit set
in the route steering parameters in order to initiate route steering.
Route steering requires activation of the Kalman filter. If you try to activate a route steering mode without the filter,
you get the alert "470 Disabled: Needs filter on".
If you try to activate any of the route steering modes without an independent speed source, you get the alert "490
Disabled: Needs log sens.". Route steering requires that you have at least either one log and a position receiver or
two position receivers available and in use.
Alert "499 Disabled: Needs good Pos" appears when the Kalman filter did not have high-precision position sensor
for route steering, and position discrepancy limit between primary and secondary sensors is exceeded.
Alert "502 Disabled: Need higher Spd" appears when the speed used by the Kalman filter calculation is below the
limit set for track steering in the installation parameters.
It is recommended to activate the position discrepancy detector (i.e., set position discrepancy limit > 0). This lets the
Kalman filter exclude from position calculation a sensor that has a large position discrepancy. This also influences
the Goto WPT, Goto Track and Program Track steering modes.
If the position discrepancy limit is set very small (0.01 nm), the system will quickly alert you to the discrepancy, but
you may also experience frequent release of the alert.
Goto Track mode preconditions
Route steering with the Goto Track mode requires that you have at least one high-precision position receiver and
direct SOG/COG reference available and in use.
At least one high-precision position is available and in use when the permanent indication FILTER HIGH appears
at the top right corner of the ECDIS display. DGPS, etc. are considered high-precision position receivers. Note that a
standard GPS or a DGPS without differential position available are not acceptable as high-precision position
receivers.
It is also required that the Speed Over Ground (SOG) reference is available either from position sensor(s) or bottom
track from a dual-axis log.
If any of the conditions described above are lost during the Goto Track mode, the system automatically activates the
Goto WPT mode within 10 minutes and you get the alert "489 Route: CHG to Goto WPT".
1-7
How to activate route steering

To activate route steering, push the GOTO WPT or GOTO TRACK button on the FAP-2000's control panel. The
lamp of the pushed button flashes and if the ECDIS accepts the requested route steering mode, the lamp will then
light to indicate the route steering mode in use.
Route steering indications on ECDIS
Goto WPT
The indication "Goto WPT" appears in the route monitor window on the ECDIS
display.
If the planned course to approach a "To WPT" is defined using Great Circle, the
indication "Goto WPT Great" appears in the route monitor window on the ECDIS
display.
Goto Track
The indication "Goto Track" appears in the route monitor window on the ECDIS
display.
If the planned course to approach a "To WPT" is defined using Great Circle, the
indication "Track Great circle" appears in the route monitor window on the ECDIS
display.
When route steering is not used or if the ECDIS did not accept the requested route
steering mode, there is no indication of route steering in the route monitor window,
as shown right.
1-8
Alerts shown when route steering cannot be accepted

There are several reasons why the requested route steering mode could not be accepted:
Alert "464 Route: No selected route" informs you that there is no route selected for route monitoring.
Alert "465 Route: Illegal WPT" informs you that there is a route selected for route monitoring, but the selection of
the next or final waypoint is missing or illegal.
Alert "467 Disabled: Steering off" informs you that the ECDIS didn't have steering controlling permission at the
time of the request. Check that you have properly enabled the FAP-2000 for steering.
Alert "468 Disabled: Out of course" informs you that the difference between the current heading of your ship and
the required set heading to start the route steering are greater than set by the operator in the "Route start limit angle"
of Route Parameters.
Alert "470 Disabled: Needs filter on" informs you that you didn't have the Kalman filter ON at the time of the
request. Route steering requires that you use the Kalman filter, because the filter eliminates sudden jumps of the
position and thus prevents unpredictable maneuvers of your ship. Check your sensor selection.
Alert "477 Disabled: Out of channel" informs you that the current location of your ship is not inside the channel of
the monitored route.
Alert "490 Disabled: Needs log sens." informs you that the Kalman filter did not have an independent speed source.
You need either a log, a dual-axis log or two position receivers. Check your sensor selection.
Alert "491 Disabled: Needs diff Pos" informs you that the Kalman filter did not have high-precision position sensor
for the Goto Track steering mode. Selected sensors must include at least one high-precision sensor.
Alert "499 Disabled: Needs good Pos" appears when the Kalman filter did not have a high-precision position sensor
for route steering, and position discrepancy limit between primary and secondary sensors is exceeded.
Alert "502 Disabled: Need higher Spd" appears when the speed used by the Kalman filter calculation is below the
limit set for track steering in the installation parameters.
Alert "508 Disabled: Need SOG/COG ref" appears when neither Speed Over Ground (SOG) nor Course Over
Ground (COG) is available from position senor(s) or bottom track of a dual-axis log.
Alert "510 Disabled: Out of turn" appears when GOTO WPT or GOTO TRACK button was pressed when the
route monitoring of the system detects that your ship is turning, but your ship's location is out of the turn. Check and
reset correct "To WPT" for route monitoring.
1-9
When you arrive at a waypoint

Route steering navigation tries to keep the ship always inside the channel limits and go to the next waypoint. At the
"pre-warning point", the visual alert "485 Route: WPT prewarning" appears on the ECDIS display and the ACKN.
WARNING button on the FAP-2000 lights.
At the "approach point", the operation that occurs depends on if you acknowledged the preceding acknowledgeable
visual alert "485 Route: WPT prewarning".
When you acknowledged the alert 485 at the approach point, the acknowledgeable visual alert "451 Route: WPT
approach alarm" appears on the ECDIS display and the ACKN. WARNING button on the FAP-2000's control
panel lights. If you do not acknowledge alert 451 before the wheel over point, the alert 451 will be changed from an
acknowledgeable visual indication to an audio alarm.
If you did not acknowledge the alert 485 at the approach point, the alert "451 Route: WPT approach alarm"
appears on the ECDIS display, the ACKN. WARNING button on the FAP-2000’s control lights, and the buzzer
sounds.
TURN IS ALWAYS ENABLED. THE ONLY WAY TO DISABLE THE AUTOMATIC TURN IS TO SELECT
ANOTHER STEERING MODE.
Note that these alerts are programmable (the time before you reach a turn) and it is relative to the starting point of
the maneuver). See the figure below for description.
Prewarning Approach Wheel Over Point

point point (WOP)
WPT
WP prewarning Forwarding
alarm time distance = f
WPT approach
alarm time End of turn
As soon as the ship arrives at the wheel over point, the ECDIS sends a new course command to the autopilot
FAP-2000 and the corresponding maneuver is initiated. During a maneuver, both the radar display and the ECDIS
display show the curved EBL, indicating the planned radius for the maneuver.
Waypoint-related indications on ECDIS
Goto WPT
When the "pre-warning point" is passed in the Goto WPT mode and the
acknowledgeable visual alert "485 Route: WPT prewarning" is acknowledged at the
FAP-2000's control panel, the text "Ass. Appr. Enabled" appears in the route monitor
window on the ECDIS display.
Goto Track
When the "pre-warning point" is passed in the Goto Track mode and the
acknowledgeable visual indication "485 Route: WPT prewarning" is acknowledged at
the FAP-2000's control panel, the text "Track Appr. Enabled" appears in the route
monitor window on the ECDIS display.
1-10
If the acknowledgeable visual indication 485 is not acknowledged, the text in the route
monitor window (Goto Track or Goto WPT) will remain the same as it was before the
prewarning point.
Goto WPT
When the "approach point" is passed and the acknowledgeable visual indication or alert
"451 Route: WPT approach alarm" is acknowledged, the text "Ass. Turn enabled"
appears in the route monitor window on the ECDIS display.
Goto Track
When the "approach point" is passed and the acknowledgeable visual indication or alert
"451 Route: WPT approach alarm" is acknowledged, the text "Track Turn enabled"
Goto WPT
During the turn the text "Assisted Turn" appears in the route monitor window on the
ECDIS display.
Goto Track
During the turn the text "Track Turn" appears in the route monitor window on the
ECDIS display.
Note: When you approach the last waypoint, the acknowledgeable visual indication or alert "458 Route: Last WPT
approach" appears. After you acknowledge the alert 458, the route steering is automatically terminated and the
FAP-2000 goes into the Radius Control mode.
1-11
Route steering alerts

There are two types of alerts relevant to route steering, permanent and intermittent.
Permanent route steering alerts

Permanent alerts are available regardless of the steering mode used:
• Outside channel is indicated by displaying the text "Off track" in orange and its
value in red.
• The text "Out of Gate" is orange. "Out of Gate" indicates that, if the ship continues
using the current course, the ship will be outside of the channel at the wheel over
point.
Intermittent route steering alerts

• Alert number and text are visible at the bottom right corner of the ECDIS display (see example below).
• The ACKN. WARNING button on the FAP-2000's control panel lights to provide a visual alert (see example
below).
• The buzzer sounds from the FAP-2000’s control panel.
• Acknowledge an intermittent alert by pushing the ACKN. WARNING button on the FAP-2000’s control panel.
458 Route: Last WPT

approach
1-12
Alert "410 Filter: POSN source CHG" appears when differential GPS used in filter positioning has changed its
operation mode, either from differential mode to normal mode or normal mode to differential mode. If the steering
mode is Goto Track, alert "492 Route: Needs diff Pos" also appears, if DGPS has changed its mode to normal mode.
Alert "413 SOG&COG unreliable" appears when the system finds that the SOG and COG from sensors are
inaccurate. Speed/Course sensors and position sensors can be the source of SOG and COG.
Alert "455 Route: off course" appears when the system needs more than a set limit (the limit is available in
Installation parameters) to keep the track. This alert is repeated every five minutes, if the condition continues.
Alert "456 Route: WPT approach error" appears, for example, when a decrease in ship speed is more than the
waypoint approach alert time + 100 seconds away from the wheel over point after the user have already
acknowledged alert "451 Route: WPT approach alarm" to enable the next automatic turn. After the alert 456
appears, the next turn is not enabled and the system will generate the alert "451 Route: WPT approach alarm" when
appropriate.
Alert "457 Route: Outside chl limits" appears when your ship goes outside the planned channel.
Alert "460 Pilot: ROT will be exceed" informs you that the set radius value together with the current speed of the
ship-requested rate of turn is over the limit set with " Max. rate of turn" in the route parameters.
Alert "461 Route: ROT will be exceed" informs you that the planned radius for the next waypoint together with the
current speed of the ship-requested rate of turn is over the limit set with " Max. rate of turn" in the route parameters.
This alert is activated if the own ship is within the value set for "WPT approach alert time" (in route parameters)
from the wheel over point.
Alert "469 Autopilot FAP-2000: off course" appears when the FAP-2000 needs more than the set limit. (The limit
is set in the installation parameters for the Goto WPT mode.) The Goto Track mode uses the fixed value of 30
degrees) to keep the track. This alert is repeated every five minutes, if the condition continues.
Alert "475 Route: Needs filter on" appears when the position from the Kalman filter is not available. Alert 475 will
be repeated every four minutes for the next 10 minutes. If the condition still exists, alert "497 Route: Stop - Sensor
Fail" is generated and the steering mode is automatically changed to "Radius Control".
Alert "476 Route: Needs log sensor" appears when the position from the Kalman filter cannot be compared against
an independently operating log. Alert 476 will be repeated every four minutes for the next 10 minutes. If the
condition still exists, alert "497 Route: Stop - Sensor Fail" is generated and the steering mode is automatically
changed to "Radius Control".
Alert "478 Route: Needs good Pos" appears when the Kalman filter did not have high precision position sensor for
route steering and the position discrepancy limit between primary and secondary position or between your ship and
any position is exceeded. The alert is repeated every two minutes for 10 minutes after which alert "497 Route: Stop
- Sensor Fail" appears.
Alert "488 Track Control Stopped" appears when system internal failure has occurred, which prevents
continuation of Goto WPT or Goto Track mode.
Alert "492 Route: Needs diff Pos" appears for any use of Goto Track with Kalman filter but without a high
precision sensor (an example is DGPS). Alert 492 will be repeated every four minutes for the next 10 minutes. If the
condition still exists, alert "489 Route: CHG to Goto WPT" is generated and steering mode is automatically
changed to Goto WPT.
Alert "497 Route: Stop - Sensor Fail" appears when no gyro data is received or if conditions of alert 475, 476, 478,
492 or 501 has been valid for last 10 minutes.
Alert "498 Use manual rudder control" appears every two minutes to advise the operator to manually control the
rudder, when the FAP-2000 has lost gyro and thus cannot control rudder.
1-13
Alert "501 Route: Needs higher Speed" appears for any use of Goto Track with the Kalman filter but speed below
limit set for track steering in the installation parameters. This alert is repeated every four minutes for the next 10
minutes. If the condition still exists, alert "497 Route: Stop - Sensor Fail" is generated and the steering mode is
automatically changed to "Radius Control".
Alert "505 Route: Use Goto WPT" is instruction for the operator to change the steering mode to Goto WPT. This
alert is generated if there are not sufficient conditions to continue Goto Track (i.e. alert 492 or 507 has been valid
two minutes). This alert is repeated every four minutes.
Alert "506 Route: Use Radius ctrl" is instruction for the operator to change the steering mode to "Radius Control".
This alert is generated if there are not sufficient conditions to continue Goto Track (i.e. alert 475, 476 or 501 has
been valid 2 minutes). This alert is repeated every four minutes.
Alert "507 Route: Need SOG/COG ref." appears when any use of Goto Track with the Kalman filter but without
direct Speed Over Ground (SOG) and Course Over Ground (COG) available from position sensor(s) or from bottom
track of a dual-axis log. If the condition still exists after 10 minutes, alert "489 Route: CHG to Goto WPT" is
generated and the steering mode is automatically changed to Goto WPT.
Alert "516 Trackpilot: Drift limit" appears if the trackpilot needs more than a set limit to compensate drift (the
limit is available in Installation parameters for Track mode (max drift compensation)). This alert is repeated every 5
minutes, if the condition continues.
Alert "788 System Frozen" appears as an early warning indication that the system may enter state of freeze. You
need to restart the ECDIS's processor unit.
Collision avoidance maneuver during route steering

Often route steering is interrupted by a collision avoidance maneuver, but there are also several other reasons to
interrupt route steering. You have several options with which to set the collision avoidance or any other maneuver:
• Use override tiller, direct rudder pump operation button or non-follow-up rudder control.
• Use follow-up rudder control.
• Use FAP-2000's HEADING CONTROL.
• Use FAP-2000's RADIUS CONTROL.
• Use FAP-2000's Program Track mode.
To use any of the above autopilot modes, push the desired mode button and follow normal instructions.
Now the route steering is disabled until the GOTO WPT or GOTO TRACK button is pushed again. Note that in
order to return to route steering the ship heading must point to the next waypoint, otherwise the alert "468 Disabled:
Out of course" is generated.
1-14
How to stop or modify an pre-enabled turn in route steering

There are two cases where the automatic route turn must be stopped or modified:
• The turn cannot be performed up to the final value.
• The turn that your ship will perform is outside of the planned turn. (Too fast or too slow.)
You can also during turns use all methods described in the "Collision avoidance maneuver during route steering".
However, you may interrupt a route steering turn and continue it in the manual steering mode.
How to stop a turn

• If the turn has already started, the set course display on the FAP-2000 shows the new course value.
• Push the RADIUS CONTROL button on the FAP-2000's control panel.
• Now the manual steering is enabled and your turn continues with previously set values of course and radius.
• Use the tiller to set the new intended course.
Example:
Actual course = 45°, new course = 120°, route turn was enabled. At the moment the ship’s heading is 60°, the
helmsman wishes to change the course to 90°. The set course already shows 120°. Push the RADIUS CONTROL
button on the FAP-2000's control panel then use the tiller to set the new course to 90°. The turn will be done to that
value.
How to modify a turn

This is used in case the ship is not performing the planned radius and the radius must be modified.
1. If the actual turning is too fast, use the tiller on the FAP-2000's control panel to increase the radius.
2. With some selected radar models you can also use the RADIUS INCR button. Push the button once.
The new situation is shown on the radar screen. The same logic applies for too slow turning.
Accuracy of route steering

Accurate route steering is defined as a small cross-track error when automatically following a route. Two of the
route parameters - drift compensation and gyro error compensation - have a significant effect on the accuracy of
route steering. If you need the most accurate route steering, then both of these parameters should be enabled. .
Before activating the gyro error compensation, see section 19.10 "Gyro Error Correction" in the ECDIS Operator's
Manual to find the possible methods for gyro error compensation.
1-15
1.4 Additional Information About Steering Modes

Use of multiple FAP-2000 control panels
The FAP-2000 system may incorporate several control panels. In this case:
• The active panel is indicated by a light in one of the steering mode buttons (RADIUS CONTROL, COURSE
CONTROL, Goto WPT, Goto TRACK and PROGRAM TRACK).
• Both active and non-active panels indicate the steering mode in use by lamps and displays. See the table below.
• You can transfer control from the active panel to the non-active panel by pushing one of the steering mode
buttons (RADIUS CONTROL, COURSE CONTROL, Goto WPT, Goto TRACK and PROGRAM TRACK).
This action lets you change the steering mode or continue with the previous one. To continue with the previous
steering mode, push the steering mode button corresponding to the previous steering mode. Note that you can
observe the lamp indications to know the current steering mode.
Steering mode Lamp indication Radius/Rudder limit display

Heading Control Heading Rudder limit
Radius Control Heading Radius
Program Track Track Radius
Goto WPT Route Radius
Goto Track Route and Track Radius
1-16
Details of program turns

The FAP-2000 allows the operator to design a turn beforehand and to begin execution of the turn when the START
COURSE CHANGE button is pushed. The table below summarizes the properties of each applicable steering
mode.
Steering Rule Turn Change of Change of Change of Curved Curved

mode applicable control Set course Radius rudder EBL EBL
limit "Start "Start
course course
change" change"
does not flashes
flash
Heading Turn or Rudder Immediate Not Immediate Not Not
control linear angle limit action applicable applicable applicable
PHC + Turn or Rudder No action Not Immediate Not Not
Heading linear angle limit until click of applicable applicable applicable
control Start 1
Radius Turn or Radius Immediate Immediate Not If displayed Not
control linear control action applicable indicates applicable
ongoing turn
PHC + Linear 2, 3 Radius No action Immediate Not If displayed Display
Radius control until click of applicable indicates planned
control Start 1 ongoing turn turn
PHC + Turn 2, 3 Radius No action Not available Not Displays Display
Radius control until click of applicable ongoing turn planned
control Start 1 turn
(executing
a turn)
PTT Linear 2 Not No action Immediate Not If displayed Display
applicable until click of applicable indicates planned
Start1 ongoing turn turn
PTT Turn 2 Position No action Not available Not Displays Display
(executing controlled until click of applicable ongoing turn planned
a turn) radius Start1 turn
1
"Start course change" flashes to indicate immediate execution of the changed set course.
2
"Increase" and "Decrease" lamps indicate "Linear" and "Turn". If those lamps are on, then it is Linear. If the lamps
are off, then it is Turn.
3
If the difference between the heading and set course is less than 10 degrees, then the situation is interpreted as
Linear.
PHC = Program Heading Change
PTT = Program Track
1-17
1.5 Important Information About Steering Mode

Changes
When the FAP-2000 is not used for steering
In addition to the FAP-2000, a ship may have a steering selection unit of some kind that minimally incorporates
HAND and "FAP-2000" functions. HAND can function to override the tiller, direct rudder pump operation buttons,
non-follow-up rudder control or follow-up rudder control. While in the HAND mode, the FAP-2000 always sets a
course equal to the gyro course.
User can change to the HAND mode from any of the FAP-2000 steering modes.
Steady as she goes

If you want the ship to go "steady as she goes" while in the middle of any FAP-2000 operation, switch from any
FAP-2000 steering mode to the HAND mode (and back again to switch back to FAP-2000 control).
About mode changes when using FAP-2000 for steering

The operator can change from any steering mode to any other steering mode. For example, it is possible to leave
route steering and return to route steering during both linear parts and turns.
The new steering mode continues from the previously displayed course, shown on the set course display. The only
exceptions are pending program modes (PROGRAM HEADING CHANGE and PROGRAM TRACK), when the
new mode continues from currently used set course. These pending modes are indicated by flashing the lamp in the
START HEADING CHANGE button.
The diagram below shows all the other possible steering mode changes, but not activation of Goto WPT, Goto Track
or Program Track.
Programmed course
change and Press
Radius control Program Goto WPT
course change
Press
Start Press
course change Radius
control
Radius Goto Track

control
Press
Heading
control
Heading
control
Programmed Track
Press
Press Program
Start course change
course change
Programmed course
change and
Radius control
1-18
1.6 Autopilot Display in Sidebar

You can show the autopilot display in the sidebar on the ECDIS display. This display provides information about
autopilot status.
To show the autopilot display:
1. Put the cursor on the right hand side of the route monitor window to show "Menu/ /Select Sidebar" in the mouse
guidance box.
2. Press the right mouse button to open the Sidebar menu.
3. Select Autopilot from the menu.
Steering mode
Set Course over

ground value CRS
Set value for
Set turning radius heading
NM
TO WPT
Set parameters Calculated R.O.T
at TO WPT
for loading condition
and track steering
accuracy Autopilot warning
(orange text)
Autopilot alarm Off track from
(red text) planned
Autopilot dialog box
1-19
1.7 Expected Steering Performance Under Various

Conditions
The system has many kinds of steering modes. Below is a summary of how various environmental conditions affect
steering performance. The system uses a combination of drift compensation and off track compensation to keep the
ship inside the channel limit.
1.7.1 Expected steering performance for going ahead

Environmental Heading Program Track Goto WPT Goto Track
conditions control
Radius control
Program
heading change
Calm sea, no COG is about Drift compensation ON Drift compensation Drift compensation
wind, no the same as set or OFF: ON or OFF: ON or OFF:
current course in COG is equal to course Ship follows monitored Ship follows monitored
autopilot. set on autopilot. route. route.
Ship accurately follows
imaginary line over
ground.
Moderate wind Ship has a Drift compensation ON Drift compensation Drift compensation
and/or current tendency to or OFF: ON: ON or OFF:
drift. COG is equal to course Ship follows monitored Ship follows monitored
set on autopilot. route. route.
Ship accurately follows
imaginary line over Drift compensation
ground. set as OFF:
Ship follows monitored
route in an off-track
position inside the
channel limit.
High wind Ship is drifting. Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation
and/or current ON: ON: ON:
COG is equal to course Ship follows monitored Ship follows monitored
Ship follows nicely
imaginary line over Drift compensation Drift compensation
ground. OFF: OFF:
Ship may have trouble Ship may have trouble
Drift compensation in following monitored in following monitored
OFF: route inside the route inside the
COG is equal to course channel limit. channel limit.
set on autopilot..
Ship has trouble in
following imaginary line
over ground.
1-20

conditions control
Radius control
Program
heading change
Slow change of There is no Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation

wind and/or compensation ON: ON: ON:
current for change. COG is equal to course Ship follows monitored Ship follows monitored
set on autopilot. route, but may need route.
Ship follows imaginary full channel limit area.
line over ground. Drift compensation
Drift compensation OFF:
OFF: Ship may have trouble Ship may have trouble
COG is equal to course in following monitored in following monitored
set on autopilot. route inside the route inside the
Ship has trouble in channel limit. channel limit.
over ground.
Sudden change There is no Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation

of wind and/or compensation ON: ON: ON:
current for change. COG is equal to course Ship may go outside Ship may go outside
set on autopilot. channel limit and channel limit and
(For example Ship follows imaginary return back inside return back inside
sudden change line over ground, but channel limit. channel limit.
from no current may drift away from
to 5 kn current imaginary line then Drift compensation Drift compensation
perpendicular to return to it. OFF: OFF:
track) Ship may have trouble Ship may have trouble
Drift compensation in following monitored in following monitored
OFF: route inside the route inside the
COG is equal to course channel limit. channel limit.
set on autopilot.
Ship has trouble in
over ground.
1-21

conditions control
Radius control
Program
heading change
Slow change of There is no Drift compensation ON Drift compensation Drift compensation

speed compensation or OFF: ON: ON or OFF:
for change. COG is equal to course Ship follows monitored Ship follows monitored
Ship follows imaginary
line over ground. Drift compensation
set as OFF:
Ship may have troubles
to follow monitored
route inside the
channel limit
Fast change of There is no Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation

speed compensation ON: ON: ON:
for change. COG is equal to course Ship may go outside Ship follows monitored
(For example set on autopilot. channel limit and route, but may need
speed decreased Ship follows imaginary return back inside full channel limit area.
from 20 to 7 line over ground, but channel limit.
kn) may drift away from Drift compensation
imaginary line then Drift compensation OFF:
return to it. OFF: Ship may have trouble
Ship may have trouble in following monitored
Drift compensation in following monitored route inside the
OFF: route inside the channel limit.
COG is equal to course channel limit.
set on autopilot.
Ship may have trouble in
over ground.
1-22
1.7.2 Expected steering performance for turns

conditions control (assisted turn)
Radius control
Program
heading change
Calm sea, no Ship follows Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation ON
wind, no curved EBL. ON or OFF: ON or OFF: or OFF:
current Ship follows curved Ship follows Ship follows monitored
EBL. monitored route. route.
Moderate wind Ship goes inside Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation ON
and/or current or outside of ON or OFF: ON: or OFF:
turn. Ship follows curved Ship follows Ship follows monitored
EBL. monitored route, but route.
may need full channel
limit area.
Drift compensation
set as OFF:
Ship goes inside or
outside of turn.
High wind Ship goes fast Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation
and/or current inside or outside ON: ON: ON:
of turn. Ship follows curved Ship follows Ship follows monitored
may go outside
Drift compensation channel limit area. Drift compensation
OFF: OFF:
Ship goes inside or Drift compensation Ship goes inside or
outside of turn. OFF: outside of turn.
Ship goes fast inside
or outside of turn.
Slow change of Ship goes inside Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation
wind and/or or outside of OFF: ON or OFF: ON:
current turn. Ship has trouble in Ship goes inside or Ship follows monitored
following imaginary outside of turn. route.
line over ground.
Drift compensation
OFF:
Ship may have troubles in
following monitored route
inside the channel limit.
1-23
(Continued from previous page)

conditions control (assisted turn)
Radius control
Program
heading change
Sudden change Ship goes fast Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation
of wind and/or inside or outside ON: ON or OFF: ON:
current of turn. Ship follows curved Ship goes fast inside Ship may go outside
EBL, but may drift or outside of turn. channel limit and return
(For example from curved EBL then back inside channel limit.
sudden change return back to curved
from no current EBL. Drift compensation
to 5 kn current OFF:
perpendicular Drift compensation Ship goes inside or
to track) OFF: outside of turn.
Ship goes inside or
outside of turn.
Slow change of Ship follows Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation ON
speed curved EBL. ON or OFF: ON or OFF: or OFF:
Ship follows curved Ship follows Ship follows monitored
may need full channel
limit area.
Fast change of Ship goes inside Drift compensation Drift compensation Drift compensation ON
speed or outside of ON: ON or OFF: or OFF:
turn. Ship follows curved Ship goes inside or Ship follows monitored
(For example EBL, but may drift outside of turn. route, but may need full
speed decreased from curved EBL then channel limit area.
from 20 to 7 return back to curved
kn) EBL.
Drift compensation
OFF:
Ship drifting away
from curved EBL and
may not return back to
curved EBL.
Note: Drift compensation is turned on or off in the Ship and Route parameters in the Navigation Parameters dialog
box. See section 27.1.4 "Navigation parameters setting" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
1-24
1.8 Expected Steering Performance Under Critical

Failure
This section summarizes how various failures affect steering performance.
Note: The backup navigator alert is activated if an alert is not acknowledged within 30 seconds. For more
information about this alert, see section "30.11 Backup Navigator Alert" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
1.8.1 Lost heading from autopilot (ECDIS may also have lost
heading)
Associated alerts Expected system performance What operator should do
Immediately • Sensor alert "755: Gyro error • If ship is running straight, rudder • Change immediately to
(Autopilot FAP-2000)" is order is frozen for last value in manual control of
generated at ECDIS. order to approximately continue rudder.
• Alert 10 is generated at ahead. • Acknowledge alerts.
the autopilot. • If ship is turning, rudder order is • Monitor situation.
frozen for last value in order to
approximately continue rate of
turn.
Within a • Alert "496 ProgTrack Stop- • Change immediately to
few seconds Sensor fail" or "497 Route manual control of
Stop-Sensor fail." rudder.
• Acknowledge alerts.
• Monitor situation.
Repeat • Alert "498 Use manual • Reminder • Change immediately to
every 2 rudder control" is generated manual control of
minutes at ECDIS. rudder.
1.8.2 Lost heading from ECDIS (autopilot still has heading)

(generated at ECDIS)
• Sensor alert, for example • Acknowledge alerts.
Alert "705: Gyro error" or • Monitor situation.
"706: Gyro error."
Within few • Alert "402 No heading • Steering mode automatically • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds available." changed to Radius Control. • Monitor situation.
• Alert "496 ProgTrack Stop- • If ship is running straight, actual
Sensor fail" or "497 Route heading is used as set heading.
Stop-Sensor fail". If ship is turning, last-set
heading and radius remain.
1-25
1.8.3 Lost speed

Alert "708: Log error", • Monitor situation.
"712…716: Position
equipment error", etc.
Within 30 • Alert "476 Route Needs log • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds sensor" or "494 Progtrack: • Monitor situation.
Needs log sens."
After 2 • Alert "506 Route: Use • Guidance for navigator • Change to local
minutes Radius control" or "504 autopilot control
then every 4 PrgTrack: Use Radius Ctrl." immediately.
minutes
After 4 • Alert "476 Route Needs log • Reminder • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes sensor" or "494 Progtrack: • Monitor situation.
then every 4 Needs log sens."
minutes
Within 10 • Alert "496 ProgTrack Stop- • Steering mode automatically • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes Sensor fail" or "497 Route changed to Radius Control. • Monitor situation.
Stop-Sensor fail." • If ship is running straight, actual
heading is used as set heading.
If ship is turning, last-set
1.8.4 Low speed

• Alert "408 Filter: SPD below • Acknowledge alerts.
xx KN." • Monitor situation.
Within 90 • Alert "410 Filter: POSN • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds source CHG". • Monitor situation.
Within 30 • Alert "503 ProgTrack: Needs • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds higher Speed" or "501 Route: • Monitor situation.
Needs higher Speed."
minutes
After 4 • Alert "503 ProgTrack: Needs • Reminder • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes higher Speed" or "501 Route: • Monitor situation.
then every 2 Needs higher Speed."
minutes
minutes Sensor fail" or Alert "497 changed to Radius Control. • Monitor situation.
Route Stop-Sensor fail." • If ship is running straight, actual
1-26
1.8.5 Lost SOG/COG reference

Goto Track steering mode
• Alert "507 Route: Need • Acknowledge alerts.
SOG/COG ref." • Monitor situation.
After 2 • Alert "505 Route: Use Goto • Instruction for navigator • Change to Goto WPT
minutes WPT." steering mode.
then every 4
minutes
After 4 • Alert "507 Route: Need • Reminder • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes SOG/COG ref." • Monitor situation.
then every 4
minutes
Within 10 • Alert "489 Route: CHG to • Steering mode automatically • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes Goto WPT." changed to Goto WPT. • Monitor situation.
Program Track steering mode

• Alert "509 Progtrack: Needs • Program Track mode requires • Acknowledge alerts.
SOG/COG ref." differential position. • Monitor situation.
After 2 • Alert "504 PrgTrack: Use • Guidance for navigator • Change to local
minutes Radius Ctrl." autopilot control
then every 4 immediately.
minutes
After 4 • Alert "509 Progtrack: Needs • Reminder • Acknowledge alerts.
then every 2
minutes
minutes Sensor fail." changed to Radius Control. • Monitor situation.
• If ship is running straight, actual
1-27
1.8.6 Total lost position

• Alert "712…716: Position • Acknowledge alerts.
equipment error." • Monitor situation.
OR
• Kalman filter detects jump,
etc.
Within 30 • Alerts "400 Filter: POSN • Kalman Filter is turned OFF and • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds unreliable" and "406 Route: system uses dead reckoning for • Monitor situation.
CRS jump possible." positioning.
• If you have log or dual-axis log,
then dead reckoning is based on
them and gyro.
last plausible speed from
position sensors. This is
indicated by showing own ship
position, SOG and COG in red.
The source indication for SOG
and COG is "(LAST)".
minutes
After 4 • Alert "475 Route Needs filter • Reminder • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes ON", or "493 Progtrack: • Monitor situation.
then every 4 Needs filter ON."
minutes
minutes Sensor fail" or Alert "497 changed to Radius Control. • Monitor situation.
Route Stop-Sensor fail." • If ship is running straight, actual
1-28
1.8.7 Lost differential position

Goto Track steering mode
Associated alerts Expected system performance What operator
(generated at ECDIS) should do
• Alert "727…731: Lost • Acknowledge alerts.
DGPS" or "712…716: • Monitor situation.
Position equipment error."
Within 30 • Alert "492 Route: Needs diff • Goto Track requires differential • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds pos." position. • Monitor situation.
After 2 • Alert "505 Route: Use Goto • Guidance for navigator • Change to Goto WPT
minutes WPT." steering mode.
then every 4
• Acknowledge alert.
minutes
After 4 • Alert "492 Route: Needs diff • Reminder • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes pos." • Monitor situation.
then every 4
minutes
Within 10 • Alert "489 Route: CHG to • Steering mode automatically • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes Goto WPT." changed to Goto WPT. • Monitor situation.
Program Track steering mode

Within 30 • Alert "495 Progtrack: Needs • Program Track mode requires • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds diff pos." differential position. • Monitor situation.
After 2 • Alert "504 PrgTrack: Use • Guidance for navigator • Change to local
minutes Radius Ctrl." autopilot control
minutes
After 4 • Alert "503 ProgTrack: Needs • Reminder • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes diff pos." • Monitor situation.
then every 2
minutes
minutes Sensor fail." changed to Radius Control. • Monitor situation.
1-29
1.8.8 Lost differential position and position discrepancy

Precon- If sensors in Filter calculation • Acknowledge alerts.
dition are NOT inside user-selected • Monitor situation.
position discrepancy limit.
• Alert "407 Position
discrepancy"
Position equipment error"
Within 30 • Alert "478 Route: Needs • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds good Pos" • Monitor situation.
minutes Radius control" autopilot control.
then every 4
minutes
After 4 • Alert "478 Route: Needs • Reminder • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes good Pos" • Monitor situation.
then every 2
minutes
Within 10 • Alert "497 Route Stop- • Steering mode automatically • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes Sensor fail" changed to Radius Control. • Monitor situation.
1.8.9 Lost communication between ECDIS and autopilot

should do
Within 15 • Alert "488 Track Control • Steering mode automatically • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds Stopped" generated at changed to Radius Control. • Monitor situation.
ECDIS. • If ship is running straight, actual
• Alert 12 is generated at the heading is used as set heading.
autopilot. If ship is turning, last-set
1.8.10 Lost communication between autopilot and ECDIS

Within 15 • Alert "488 Track Control • Steering mode automatically • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds Stopped" and "480 changed to Radius Control. • Monitor situation.
Trackpilot Receive error" is • If ship is running straight, actual
generated at the ECDIS. heading is used as set heading.
• Alert 05 is generated at the If ship is turning, last-set
autopilot. heading and radius remain.
1-30
1.9 Other Operations

Speed used by
• The FAP-2000 uses the speed from its own log input interface or from the serial line coming from an integrated
computer, and one is selected during the installation. This speed is called the "internal speed reference".
• The operator may select the internal speed reference or manual speed with the MANUAL SPEED button.
Control strategy
• The operator may select among ECONOMY, MEDIUM and PRECISE by using the FUNC. SETUP button and
the ARROW buttons.
• Control strategy (economy, medium, precise) selects course-keeping accuracy.
Load conditions
• The operator may select among LIGHT, MEDIUM and LOADED by using the FUNC. SETUP button and the
ARROW buttons.
• Rudder gain is selected according to load condition (light, medium, loaded).
1.10 Alerts
1.10.1 Alerts generated by autopilot
• The ALARM lamp on the FAP-2000's control panel goes on.
• An alert is displayed on the FAP-2000's control panel as OFF COURSE/SPEED WARNING or as an alert
number "AL: NN", where NN is the number of an alert.
• Acknowledge an alert by pushing the RESET button on the FAP-2000's control panel.
OFF COURSE The ship is not following set course.

SPEED WARNING The speed is below 20% or above 120% of MCR speed (max. cruising speed). For
further details, see the Autopilot’s operator’s manual.
Another reason is that the FAP-2000 has lost speed data from the ECDIS. In this case,
the FAP-2000 uses its backup speed source or last plausible speed.
ON LIMIT FAP-2000 uses rudder up to its set limit value. Normally this is only an indication, but if
it continues for a long period and the heading of the ship doesn't turn, it is an indication
of failure of the steering system. For further details, see the Autopilot’s operator’s
manual.
AL 04 Rudder servo: Leak detected or no movement when valve is on.
AL 05 Navigation computer has cancelled a remote mode.
AL 06 24 VDC alert system supply failure.
AL 07 Navigation computer didn't accept a request to go for a remote mode.
AL 10 Missing working gyro.
AL 11 Compass comparison alert or reference gyro missing.
AL 12 Messages from the navigation computer were missing while FAP-2000 was in remote
mode.
A central alert system outputs these and other alerts: low voltage alert, stop alert (track control), position differential
alert, heading differential alert, course error alert, cross-track error alert, sensor alert, low speed alert, destination
arrival alert, track control loss alert, etc. For more information about the alerts the central alert system displays see
its Operator’s Manual.
1-31
1.10.2 Alerts generated by ECDIS

• The ACKN. WARNING lamp of the FAP-2000's control panel flashes.
• The type of alert is displayed on the ECDIS display as number and text.
• An alert is acknowledged by pushing the ACKN. WARNING button on the FAP-2000's control panel.
Alert number 451: ROUTE: WPT APPROACH ALARM /1 or /7

------------------------------------
WAYPOINT IS NOW BEING APPROACHED.
CLICK 'ACKN. WARNING' TO ACCEPT THE
TURN.
Alert number 452: ROUTE: TURNING DISABLED /1

------------------------------------
WHEELOVER POINT HAS BEEN PASSED
WITHOUT 'ACKN. WARNING* 'RADIUS
CONTROL' MODE HAS THEN AUTOMATICALLY
BEEN INITIATED
Alert number 454: ROUTE: END REACHED /3

------------------------------------
END OF ROUTE STEERING.
Alert number 455: ROUTE: OFF COURSE /6/13

------------------------------------
REQUIRED 'SET COURSE' FOR NEXT
WAYPOINT EXCEEDS THE 'LOWER
OFFCOURSE' OR 'HIGHER OFF COURSE'
LIMIT OF PLANNED COURSE. ACCEPT THE
SITUATION BY CLICKING 'ACKN. WARNING'
Alert number 456: ROUTE: WPT APPROACH ERROR /5

------------------------------------
'TIME TO WOP' HAS CHANGED SINCE 'WPT
APPROACH' ALERT WAS ACKNOWLEDGED,
POSSIBLY DUE TO A POSITION JUMP.
VERIFY POSITION AND SPEED SEN SORS
IN 'SENSORS' PAGE
Alert number 458: ROUTE: LAST WPT APPROACH /1 or /7

------------------------------------
FINAL WAYPOINT OF THE ROUTE IS
REACHED. AUTOMATICALLY INITIATE
'RADIUS CONTROL' MODE, AND CANCEL
THE ROUTE.
Alert number 460: PILOT: ROT WILL BE EXCEED /6/13

------------------------------------
THE RADIUS SENT TO AUTOPILOT IS
EXCEEDING THE MAXIMUM LIMIT FOR
TURNRATE. INCREASE THE RADIUS, OR
REDUCE SPEED.
1-32
Alert number 461: ROUTE:ROT WILL BE EXCEED /6/13

------------------------------------
WAYPOINT IS BEING APPROACHED WITH
TOO HIGH SPEED FOR THE PLANNED
RADIUS, CAUSING MAX. TURNRATE TO BE
EXCEEDED. REDUCE THE SPEED OR
INCREASE RADIUS BY OVERDRIVING WITH
'MAN. SET COURSE'.
Alert number 464: ROUTE: NO SELECTED ROUTE /4

------------------------------------
NO ROUTE HAS BEEN SELECTED, AND
ROUTE STEERING CANNOT BE INITIATED.
SELECT A ROUTE AND NEXT WAYPOINT
THROUGH 'ROUTE MONITOR' PUSHBUTTON.
Alert number 465: ROUTE: ILLEGAL WPT /4

------------------------------------
ROUTE STEERING CANNOT START FROM
WAYPOINT 1. USE 'ROUTE MONITOR'
PUSHBUTTON TO SELECT "TO WPT" TO BE 2
OR HIGHER.
Alert number 467: DISABLED: STEERING OFF /3

------------------------------------
TRACKPILOT IS IN 'STEERING OFF'
MODE, AND STEERING COMMANDS CANNOT
BE EXECUTED. STEERING MUST BE ENA-
BLED AT THE MAIN STEERING SELECTOR
Alert number 468: DISABLED: OUT OF COURSE /3

------------------------------------
ROUTE STEERING CAN ONLY BE INITIATED
WHEN SHIPS COURSE IS WITHIN THE
'Goto WPT LIMIT' FOR 'Goto WPT' OR
WITHIN THE 'Goto TRACK LIMIT' FOR
'Goto TRACK'. USE 'RADIUS CONTROL'
MODE TO STEER WITHIN THE LIMITS.
Alert number 469: TRACKPILOT: OFF COURSE /6/13

------------------------------------
TRACKPILOT DOES NOT STEER WITHIN
LIMITS OF 'COURSE TO STEER' COMMAND'.
VERIFY TRACKPILOT FUNCTIONS.
Alert number 470: DISABLED: NEEDS FILTER ON /3

------------------------------------
'ROUTE STEERING' MODE CAN BE USED
ONLY WHEN 'FILTER' IS ON AND THERE
ARE ENOUGH SPEED, HEADING AND
POSITION SENSORS. VERIFY AND SELECT
POSITION SENSORS IN 'SENSORS’ PAGE
Alert number 475: ROUTE: NEEDS FILTER ON /3/10

------------------------------------
THIS IS A WARNING THAT YOU ARE USING
ROUTE STEERING WITHOUT FILTERED
POSITION AVAILABLE. VERIFY AND
SELECT POSITION SENSORS IN 'SENSORS'
1-33
Alert number 476: ROUTE: NEEDS LOG SENSOR /3/10

------------------------------------
ROUTE STEERING WITH ONE POSITION
DEVICE AND WITHOUT ANY LOG DEVICE.
VERIFY AND SELECT SENSORS IN'SENSORS'
Alert number 477: DISABLED: OUT OF CHANNEL /3

------------------------------------
'Goto WPT' OR 'Goto TRACK' CAN ONLY
BE INITIATED WHEN SHIP IS WITHIN
CHANNEL LIMIT OF MONITORED ROUTE.
Alert number 478: ROUTE: NEEDS GOOD POSIT. /3/10

------------------------------------
THIS IS WARNING THAT YOU ARE USING
Goto WPT STEERING MODE WITHOUT
DIFF. POSITION AND POSITION
DISCREPANCY LIMIT BETWEEN PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY SENSORS IS EXCEEDED.
THIS IS REPEATED EVERY 2 MINUTES
UNTIL AFTER 10 MINUTES "ALERT 497"
APPEARS.
Alert number 485: ROUTE: WPT PREWARNING /5/7

------------------------------------
WAYPOINT IS SOON BEING APPROACHED.
Alert number 489: ROUTE: CHG TO GOTO WPT /5

------------------------------------
SYSTEM CANNOT CONTINUE Goto TRACK
MODE BECAUSE KALMAN FILTER POSITION
IS LOST OR NO LOG SENSOR IS
AVAILABLE KALMAN FILTER
Alert number 490: DISABLED: NEEDS LOG SENS. /3

------------------------------------
ONLY WHEN THERE IS AN INDEPENDENT
SPEED SOURCE. ALTERNATIVES ARE A
LOG OR TWO POSITION RECEIVERS
Alert number 491: DISABLED: NEEDS DIFF POS. /3

------------------------------------
'Goto TRACK' MODE CAN BE USED ONLY
IF A HIGH-PRECISION POSITION SENSOR
IS IN USE WITH KALMAN FILTER.
Alert number 492: ROUTE: NEEDS DIFF POS. /5/12

------------------------------------
'Goto TRACK' MODE CANNOT CONTINUE
WITHOUT A HIGH-PRECISION POSITION
SENSOR. STEERING MODE IS
AUTOMATICALLY CHANGED "Goto WPT" WITH
ALERT 489:ROUTE: CHG TO GOTO WPT
Alert number 493: PROGTRACK: NEEDS FILTER ON /3/10

------------------------------------
A WARNING THAT YOU ARE USING PROGRAM
TRACK WITHOUT FILTERED POSITION
AVAILABLE.
1-34
Alert number 494: PROGTRACK: NEEDS LOG SENS. /3/10

------------------------------------
TRACK WITHOUT A LOG SENSOR OR
WITHOUT TWO POSITION SENSORS
Alert number 495: PROGTRACK: NEEDS DIFF POS. /5/12

------------------------------------
TRACK WITHOUT A HIGH-PRECISION
POSITION SENSOR
Alert number 496: PROGTRACK: STOP-SENSOR FAIL /3

------------------------------------
GYRO, SPEED AND/OR POSITION DATA IS
NOT RECEIVED CORRECTLY.
Alert number 497: ROUTE: STOP-SENSOR FAIL /3

------------------------------------
Alert number 498: USE MANUAL RUDDER CONTROL /5/12

------------------------------------
CHANGE IMMEDIATELY TO DIRECT CONTROL
OF RUDDER. THIS ALERT IS REMINDER
THAT TRACKPILOT HAS LOST GYRO
HEADING. IT IS REPEATED EVERY TWO
MINUTES.
Alert number 499: DISABLED: NEEDS GOOD POS /5

------------------------------------
'ROUTE STEERING' MODE CANNOT BE
ACTIVATED WITHOUT DIFF. POSITION AND
IF POSITION DISCREPANCY LIMIT IS
EXCEEDED.
Alert number 501: ROUTE: NEED HIGHER SPEED /3/10

------------------------------------
THIS IS WARNING THAT SPEED IS BELOW
LIMIT SET FOR KALMAN FILETER. IT IS
AVAILABLE TOGETHER "ALERT 408".
"ALERT 501" IS REPEATED EVERY 2
MINUTES UNTIL AFTER 10 MINUTES
"ALERT 497" APPEARS.
Alert number 502: DISABLED: NEED HIGHER SPD /3

------------------------------------
LIMIT SET FOR KALMAN FILTER. IT IS
AVAILABLE TOGETHER "ALERT 2008"
TO ACTIVATE ROUTE STEERING USE
HIGHER SPEED .
1-35
Alert number 503: PROGTRACK: NEED HIGHER SPD /3/10

------------------------------------
LIMIT SET FOR KALMAN FILETER. IT IS
AVAILABLE TOGETHER "ALERT 408".
"ALERT 503" IS REPEATED EVERY 2
MINUTES UNTIL AFTER 10 MINUTES
"ALERT 496" APPEARS.
Alert number 504: PRGTRACK: USE RADIUS CTRL. /5/12

------------------------------------
THIS IS INSTRUCTION TO CHANGE
STEERING MODE. THIS ALERT IS
GENERATED IF THERE ARE NOT
SUFFICIENT SENSORS AVAILABLE TO
CONTINUE PROGRAM TRACK
Alert number 505: ROUTE: USE GOTO WPT /5/12

------------------------------------
CONTINUE Goto TRACK
Alert number 506: ROUTE: USE RADIUS CTRL. /5/12

------------------------------------
CONTINUE Goto WPT OR Goto TRACK
Alert number 507: ROUTE: NEED SOG/COG REF. /5/12

------------------------------------
'Goto TRACK' MODE CANNOT CONTINUE
WITHOUT SOG/COG REFERENCE AVAILABLE
FROM POSITION SENSOR OR BOTTOM TRACK
OF DUAL AXIS LOG.
Alert number 508: DISABLED: NEED SOG/COG REF. /3

------------------------------------
Goto TRACK STEERING MODE CANNOT BE
ACTIVATED WITHOUT SOG/COG REFERENCE
AVAILABLE FROM POSITION SENSOR OR
BOTTOM TRACK OF DUAL AXIS LOG
Alert number 509: PROG TRACK: NEED SOG/COG REF. /5/12

------------------------------------
'PROGRAM TRACK' MODE CANNOT CONTINUE
WITHOUT SOG/COG REFERENCE AVAILABLE
FROM POSITION SENSOR OR BOTTOM TRACK
OF DUAL AXIS LOG.
1-36
Alert number 510: DISABLED: OUT OF TURN /3

------------------------------------
Goto TRACK OR Goto WPT STEERING MODE
CANNOT BE ACTIVATED IF THE ROUTE
MONITORING OF THE SYSTEM DETECTS
THAT ROUTE MONITOR IS in TURN, BUT
OWN SHIP LOCATION IS OUT OF TURN.
CHECK AND SET CORRECT "TO WPT" AGAIN
FOR ROUTE MONITORING.
Alert number 516: TRACKPILOT: DRIFT LIMIT /5/12

------------------------------------
IF THE TRACKPILOT NEEDS MORE THAN A
SET LIMIT TO COMPENSATE DRIFT(THE
LIMIT IS AVAILABLE IN INSTALLATION
PARAMETERS FOR TRACK MODE (MAX DRIFT
COMPENSATION). THIS ALERT IS
REPEATED EVERY 5 MINUTES, IF THE
CONDITION CONTINUES.
1.10.3 Error alerts generated by autopilot

Errors that occur during normal operation are related to internal problems. An internal problem is announced as
follows:
• The ALERT lamp on the FAP-2000's control panel lights.
• An error is displayed on the FAP-2000's control panel as error number type ERR NN, where NN is the number
of an error.
• An error is acknowledged by pushing the RESET button on the FAP-2000's control panel.
• Typical error alerts:
ERR 01 Restart (cold start)
ERR 06 Parameter checksum error
ERR 07 Code checksum error
ERR 08 RAM error
ERR 12 Autopilot FAP-2000 processor failure
480 Autopilot FAP-2000 receive error
1-37
1.11 How to Use the Curved EBL

1.11.1 What is the curved EBL?
The curved EBL is a design and control tool that functions to start a turn at the correct position and to monitor
behavior of your ship during a turn. The curved EBL is available on the ECDIS display and on some radar displays.
Before you make a turn, you can use the curved EBL to select the best position to initiate the intended turn. In this
so-called design phase, your ship "pushes" the curved EBL in front of the ship. This design phase is available in the
following conditions:
• Program Track of the FAP-2000
• Program Course Change of the FAP-2000
The curved EBL is locked to its position when your ship initiates a turn by
• Route steering: Goto WPT or Goto Track
• Program Track of the FAP-2000
• Program Course Change of the FAP-2000
During the turn you can monitor how your ship performs the intended maneuver against the plan by comparing the
curved EBL position and your current your ship's position.
Curved EBL, at wheel over point
Curved EBL, locked during turn
1-38
1.11.2 Structure of the curved EBL

The curved EBL consists of a straight part at its beginning called "forwarding distance". Then an arc with selected
radius and finally an EBL in the direction of the newly requested set course. See the figure below.
Wheel Over Point

(WOP)
Forwarding
distance = f
Radius
Next course
You may adjust forwarding distances to suit your ship’s characteristics. See Chapter 27 in the ECDIS Operator's
Manual.
1.11.3 How to design a new turn while the ship is turning

The Program Course Change and Program Track steering modes allow you to design turns before you execute them.
The system displays only one curved EBL. A newly designed turn takes priority over the currently displayed turn. If
turn design is available from the Program Heading Change or Program Track steering mode, the curved EBL shows
it. If no turn design is available, the curved EBL shows current turn.
1-39
1.12 How to Use the Predictor

The Predictor is a tool for estimating your ship’s future positions and behavior, and it is located in the information
area. Put the cursor on the text "Predictor" then use left mouse button to toggle the predictor ON/OFF. The current
setting is shown in the mouse functions area. To set the time for the predictor, put the cursor on the time indication
next to Predictor, spin the scrollwheel to select a time then push the scrollwheel. The time from current position to
the last of the predicted position may be selected between 30 and 180 seconds, in 30-second intervals. The on-screen
Predictor graphic consists of five pieces of your ship, drawn in true scale to successive future positions.
The predictor is calculated using current speed and rate of turn:

• Docking speed components:
• Transversal bow speed
• Transversal stern speed
• Longitudinal center speed
• Rate of turn
These components are assumed to be stable during the prediction period.
The predictor can be used in every steering-state, even when steering without the autopilot.
Predictor shows drift Predictor in a turn
1-40
2. YOKOGAWA Autopilot
PT-500A (category B)
2.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the steering functions available with the YOKOGAWA Autopilot PT-500A (category B).
2.2 Steering Control Unit

Below is the layout of the Steering Control Unit.
Steering Repeater
Compass
Auto Unit
Steering Mode
Selector
Non-Follow Up
Steering Lever
System Selector
Switch
Steering Handle
2-1
2. YOKOGAWA Autopilot PT-500A (category B)
2.3 Steering Modes

All steering related functions are available only if the ECDIS system is also connected to the PT-500A (category B)
autopilot processor. To use any steering mode, the System Selector switch must be in the FU (Follow Up) position.
2.3.1 Hand steering mode (Mode selector: HAND)

Set the Steering Mode Selector switch to HAND. The ECDIS displays the rudder angle and indicates the steering
mode.
2.3.2 Autopilot steering mode (Mode selector: AUTO)

• The operator sets the required heading of the ship using the "Heading Setting Dial".
• The rudder limit controls all turns.
• The operator initiates all turns.
In the autopilot steering mode, the ECDIS system displays the rudder angle and the steering mode. The curved EBL
is not available because the use of it requires radius-controlled turns.
2.3.3 Route steering mode (Mode selector: NAVI)

Route steering can be used with a predefined monitored route, and activated when the ship is located inside the
channel of the monitored route.
WPT
WPT
Performance of route steering
• The ECDIS system will follow the planned track to the next waypoint but with moderate accuracy, in order to
have more economic sailing (sailing in ocean areas).
• When approaching the next waypoint, the system pre-alerts the operator well before the turn and just before the
turn a second acknowledge is given. (See section 2.4.5 in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.)
• The ECDIS system performs turns using planned radius.
2-2
Originally planned turn
Originally planned WPT
DYNAMIC WPT
Wheel over Wheel over

line for line for
non-dynamic WPT dynamic WPT
used by "Goto Track"
How the location of a Dynamic WPT is defined when the NAVI steering mode is in use
Characteristics of route steering

Steering is course-controlled with set radius between waypoints. If wind, current etc. affects the ship, the system
tries to prevent the ship from drifting away from the planned route. The system has three means to prevent drifting
away from the planned route. They are most effective when used together. If cross-track error is used alone, then
your ship stabilises typically in a constant off-track position. The means are:
• Measured cross-track error from the center line, which is always active.
• Drift compensation available from Route Parameters
• Gyro error compensation available from Route Parameters
If wind, current etc. affects the ship during turns, the ship will drift away (inside or outside) from the planned
designed turn that is displayed on the radar screen.
Summary of route steering

Item Goto WPT
Set heading Automatic
Set radius Automatic
Radius control Yes
Dynamic waypoint position Yes
Design before execution Yes
Full curved EBL on radar screen Yes
Wind, current etc. compensation running straight between WPT Low gain
Wind, current etc. compensation in turns No
Needs gyro Yes
Needs log Yes
Precision of position equipment Good1
1
Precision of position is good with LORAN and GPS.
2-3

Route steering requires activation of the position filter. For details, see Kalman Filter in section 19.8 "Filter
Operation" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
If you try to activate any of the route steering modes without the filter, you get alert "470 Disabled: Needs filter on"
and "471 AP mode Conflict - Use AUTO". First change the Steering Mode Selector switch back to AUTO or
HAND at the Steering Control Unit, then turn ON the Kalman filter. Select NAVI mode again.
Ship's heading must point to the next waypoint and ship must be located inside the channel limits of the route,
otherwise the alert "468 Disabled - out of course" or "477 Disabled: Out of channel" appears.
If you loose the filter position in route steering, you first get the alert "475 Route: Needs filter on" then alert "506
Use Heading Control".

To activate route steering, set the Steering Mode Selector switch on the Steering Control Unit to the NAVI
position.
Route steering indications on ECDIS
When NAVI is selected, the indication "Track" appears in the

route monitor window on the ECDIS display.
If the ECDIS did not accept the requested route steering mode,
the indication "Autopilot Conflict" appears in the route monitor
Also alerts "470 Disabled: Needs filter on" and "471 AP mode
Conflict - Use AUTO" appear.
At the Steering Control Unit, the text "Caution-01 CHANGE

TO AUTO" appears and the buzzer sounds.
When route steering is not used, there is no indication in the

route monitor window in the ECDIS.

There are several reasons why the requested route steering mode cannot be accepted.
Alert "468 Disabled: Out of course" informs you that the difference between the current heading of your ship and
the required set heading to start the route steering are greater than set by the operator in the "Route start limit angle"
of Route Parameters.
2-4
Alert "470 Disabled: Needs filter on" informs you that you didn't have the Kalman filter activated and selected to
ON at the time of the request. Route steering requires that you use the Kalman filter, because the filter eliminates
sudden jumps of the position and thus prevents unwanted movement of your ship. Check your selection of the
sensors.
Alert "471 AP mode Conflict - Use AUTO" informs you that ECDIS and the PT-500A cannot perform route
steering mode. First change the mode from NAVI to AUTO then check that the preconditions for route steering are
fulfilled.
Alert "477 Disabled: Out of channel" informs you that the current location of the ship is not inside the channel of
the monitored route.
You need either a log, a dual-axis log or two position receivers. Check your selection of the sensors.

Route steering navigation tries to keep the ship always inside the channel limits and going to the next waypoint.
Well before the next waypoint, the alert "485 Route WPT prewarning" appears. As soon as the alert appears,
verify that the maneuver is safe and there are no dangerous targets. If the maneuver is safe, press the ALARM ACK
key on the ECDIS control unit. If the maneuver is not safe, quit the route steering by setting the mode to AUTO or
HAND from the Steering Control Unit.
ANOTHER STEERING MODE EXCEPT NAVI FROM THE AUTOPILOT.
Note that alert 485 is programmable (the time before the turn) and it is relative to the starting point of the maneuver.
See the figure below.
At the moment your near the next waypoint, the alert "451 Route: WPT approach alarm" appears.
Note also that alert 451 is programmable (the time before turn) and it is relative to the starting point of the
maneuver. See the figure below.

point point (WOP)
WPT
WPT approach
As soon as the ship arrives at the wheel over point, the ECDIS sends a new course command to the autopilot and the
maneuver is started. During a maneuver, the radar display and the ECDIS display show the curved EBL that shows
the planned radius for a maneuver.
2-5
Waypoint-related indications on ECDIS

After acknowledging the alert "485 Route: WPT Note: When you approach
prewarning" the text "Ass. Appr. enabled" appears in the last waypoint, the alert
the route monitor window on the ECDIS display. "458 Route: Last WPT
approach" appears. Leave
the NAVI mode before
performing acknowledge
of the alert 458. This will
terminate the route
After acknowledging the waypoint approach alert, the correctly. If you
text "Ass. Turn enabled" appears in the route monitor acknowledge alert 458
window on the ECDIS display. when the autopilot is still
in the NAVI mode, the
route steering is
automatically terminated
and the system generates
alert "471 AP mode
During the turn, the text "Assisted Turn" appears in the Conflict - Use AUTO".
route monitor window on the ECDIS display.

There are two types of alerts relevant to automatic steering, permanent and intermittent.
Permanent alerts below are available regardless of the used
steering mode.
• "Off track" value in red
• "Outside Channel" in orange
• Out of Gate is orange. Out of gate indicates that, if the ship

continues using the current course, the ship will be outside of
the channel at wheel over point.
The permanent alert shown right is available only during route

steering mode:
• "Rate of Turn Limit" is orange.
2-6

• Visual alert and buzzer are generate from the ECDIS.
• Alert number and text are visible at the bottom right corner of the ECDIS screen (see example below).
Alert "455 Route: off course" informs you that the system needs more than the set limit (the limit is available in
Installation parameters) to keep the track. This alert is repeated every 5 minutes, if the condition continues.
Alert "456 Route: WPT approach error" appears, for example, when a decrease in ship speed is more than the
waypoint approach alert time + 100 seconds away from the wheel over point after the user have already
acknowledged alert "451 Route: WPT approach alarm" to enable the next automatic turn. After the alert 456
appears, the next turn is not enabled and the system will generate the alert "451 Route: WPT approach alarm" when
appropriate.
Alert "457 Route: Outside chl limits" appears if the ship is outside the planned channel.
Alert "460 Pilot: ROT will be exceed" informs you that the set radius value together with the current speed of the
ship-requested rate of turn is over the limit set with " Max. rate of turn" in the route parameters.
Alert "461 Route: ROT will be exceed" informs you that the planned radius for the next waypoint together with the
current speed of the ship-requested rate of turn is over the limit set with " Max. rate of turn" in the route parameters.
This alert is activated if the own ship is within the value set for "WPT approach alert time" (in route parameters)
Alert "469 Autopilot: off course" informs you that the autopilot needs more than the set limit. (The limit is set in
the installation parameters for the Track mode.) This alert is repeated every 5 minutes, if the condition continues.
Alert "471 AP mode Conflict - Use AUTO" informs you that that ECDIS and autopilot cannot activate the Track
steering mode. First change mode from NAVI to AUTO then check that the preconditions for route steering are
fulfilled.
Alert "475 Route: Needs filter on" informs you that the position from the Kalman filter is not available. This alert
is repeated every 15 seconds, if the condition continues.
Alert "476 Route: Needs log sensor" informs you that the position from the Kalman filter cannot be compared
against an independently operating log. This alert is repeated every 15 seconds, if the condition continues.
Alert "488 Integrated Steering lost" informs you that the connection to the autopilot is lost during route steering
and the used integrated steering mode cannot be continued. (Normally, you get the alert "480 Autopilot Receive
error" first.)
Alert "497 Route: Stop - Sensor Fail" informs you that no gyro data is received or the conditions of alert 475 or
476 have been valid for the last minute.
Alert "506 Route: Use AUTO control" is instruction for the user to change the steering mode to AUTO. This alert
is generated if there are not sufficient conditions to continue the Track mode (i.e. alert 475 or 476 has been valid 10-
15 seconds).
Alert "511 Route: Auto resume disable" appears if alert 471 has been generated and later the condition for alert
471 is resolved without changing the steering mode from NAVI to AUTO or HAND. First change the steering mode
to AUTO or HAND then check that the preconditions for route steering are fulfilled.
Alert "512 Use NFU rudder control" appears if the rudder servo unit cannot be controlled by the Steering Control
Unit. This alert is generated to request a change to Non-Follow-Up control of rudder(s). First use the System
Selector Switch from "FU" to NFU then use Non-Follow Up steering lever to control the rudder(s).
2-7
Alert "514 Route: Complete turn" is generated if there are not sufficient conditions to continue the Track mode
during a turn (i.e. alert 475 or 476 has been valid 10-15 seconds). Ship will complete the turn with planned
conditions.
Alert "515 Conflict - NAVI compl. turn" informs you that ECDIS and the autopilot cannot activate the Track
steering mode after a turn. The autopilot uses the planned radius to complete the turn. After the turn is completed,
change the steering mode from NAVI to AUTO then check that the preconditions for route steering are fulfilled to
start the Track steering mode again.
Alert "516 Trackpilot: Drift limit" informs you that the trackpilot needs more than a set limit to compensate drift.
(The limit is available in the installation parameters for the Track mode (max drift compensation)). This alert is
repeated every 5 minutes, if the condition continues.
need to restart the ECDIS EC1000C processor.

Route steering is often interrupted by a collision avoidance maneuver, but there are also several other reasons to
interrupt route steering.
There are several possibilities to set the collision avoidance or any other maneuver:
• Use the Non-Follow Up steering lever to control directly rudder pumps.
• Use the Follow Up rudder control (Change mode from NAVI to HAND).
• Use the local Autopilot Heading control (Change mode from NAVI to AUTO).
Now route steering is disabled until the NAVI mode is reselected at the autopilot. To return to route steering, the
ship heading must point to the next waypoint and the ship must be located inside the channel limits, otherwise an
alert is given.
How to stop or modify a pre-enabled turn in route steering

There are two cases that the automatic route turn must be stopped or modified.
• Because the turn cannot be performed up to the final value.
• Because the turn that the ship performs goes outside of the planned turn. (Too fast or too slow).
How to stop a turn
To stop a turn, change the steering mode from NAVI to AUTO at the Steering Control Unit.
2-8
What to do How to do it
Use different final value The problem is that Radius Control is only available in the NAVI steering mode. As
of set course soon as you change the steering mode to something other than NAVI, the ship stops
following the radius. Below is what you can do:
• Change the steering mode from NAVI to AUTO. This stops the turn completely
and the current gyro heading is selected as the new set course for the autopilot.
Then set a new final value for the set course and select a suitable max. rudder angle
to prevent too fast turning.
• Turn the steering wheel to a suitable angle to continue with a new radius (i.e. to
equal previous rudder angle). Then change the steering mode from NAVI to
HAND. Continue manual steering.
• Change the steering mode from NAVI to NFU, then use the NFU steering lever.
Manually steer the ship.
Compensate too fast As soon as you change the steering mode to something other than NAVI, the ship
turning stops following the radius. Below is what you can do:
Then set a final value for the set course and select a suitable max. rudder angle to
prevent too fast turning.
• Set the steering wheel to a suitable angle to continue with a larger radius (i.e.
smaller than previous rudder angle). Then change the steering mode from NAVI to
HAND. Manually steer the ship.
• Change the steering mode from NAVI to NFU. Manually steer the ship.
Compensate too slow As soon as you change the steering mode to something other than NAVI, the ship
• Set the steering wheel to a suitable angle to continue with a smaller radius (i.e.
higher rudder angle than before). Then change the steering mode from NAVI to

Accurate route steering is defined as small cross-track error when automatically following the route. Two of the
Route Parameters - Drift compensation and Gyro error compensation - have a significant effect on the accuracy of
route steering. If you need very accurate route steering, then both of these parameters should be enabled. Before
activating the gyro error compensation, see section 19.10 "Gyro Error Correction" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual
to find the possible methods for gyro error compensation.
2-9

Speed used by autopilot
• NAVI Mode: Speed Data(serial) from ECDIS only.
• AUTO Mode: Direct input(LOG Speed) to Autopilot or Manual Speed set in Autopilot.
• HAND Mode: N/A
Control strategy
• The operator may select among ECONOMY, PRECISION 1 and PRECISION 2 by using the OPERATION
MODE button.
• Control strategy (ECONOMY, PRECISION 1 and PRECISION 2 ) selects course-keeping accuracy.
Load conditions
• The operator may select among BALLAST, MIDDLE and FULL with the DRAFT MODE button.
• Load condition (BALLAST, MIDDLE and FULL) selects rudder gain.
2.5 Alerts Generated by ECDIS

2.5.1 Operational alerts
• The lamp in the ALARM ACK key on the ECDIS control unit goes on.
• An alert is acknowledged by pushing the ALARM ACK key on the ECDIS control unit.
Alert number 451: ROUTE: WPT APPROACH ALARM /1 or /7

------------------------------------
WAYPOINT IS NOW BEING APPROACHED.
TURN.
Alert number 452: ROUTE: TURNING DISABLED /1

------------------------------------
WHEELOVER POINT HAS BEEN PASSED
WITHOUT 'ACKN. WARNING* 'RADIUS
CONTROL' MODE HAS THEN AUTOMATICALLY
BEEN INITIATED
Alert number 455: ROUTE: OFF COURSE /6/13

------------------------------------
SYSTEM NEEDS MORE THAN A SET LIMIT TO
KEEP THE TRACK. THIS ALERT IS REPEATED
EVERY 5 MINUTES.
Alert number 456: ROUTE: WPT APPROACH ERROR /5

------------------------------------
'TIME TO WOP' HAS CHANGED SINCE 'WPT
APPROACH' ALERT WAS ACKNOWLEDGED,
POSSIBLY DUE TO A POSITION JUMP.
VERIFY POSITION AND SPEED SEN SORS
IN 'SENSORS' PAGE
2-10
Alert number 458: ROUTE: LAST WPT APPROACH /1 or /7

------------------------------------
FINAL WAYPOINT OF THE ROUTE IS
REACHED. LEAVE NAVI MODE BEFORE
ACKNOWLEDGED ALERT.
Alert number 460: PILOT: ROT WILL BE EXCEED /6/13

------------------------------------
THE RADIUS SENT TO AUTOPILOT IS
EXCEEDING THE MAXIMUM LIMIT FOR
TURNRATE. INCREASE THE RADIUS, OR
REDUCE SPEED.
Alert number 461: ROUTE: ROT WILL BE EXCEED /6/13

------------------------------------
WAYPOINT IS BEING APPROACHED WITH
TOO HIGH SPEED FOR THE PLANNED
RADIUS, CAUSING MAX. TURNRATE TO BE
EXCEEDED. REDUCE THE SPEED OR
INCREASE RADIUS BY OVERDRIVING WITH
'MAN. SET COURSE'.
Alert number 468: DISABLED: OUT OF COURSE /3

------------------------------------
ROUTE STEERING CAN ONLY BE INITIATED
WHEN SHIPS COURSE IS WITHIN THE
'TRACK LIMIT' FOR 'TRACK. USE 'AUTO'
OR 'HAND' MODE TO STEER WITHIN
THE LIMITS.
Alert number 469: AUTOPILOT: OFF COURSE /6/13

------------------------------------
AUTOPILOT DOES NOT STEER WITHIN
LIMITS OF 'COURSE TO STEER' COMMAND'.
VERIFY TRACKPILOT FUNCTIONS.
Alert number 470: DISABLED: NEEDS FILTER ON /3

------------------------------------
ONLY WHEN 'FILTER' IS ON AND THERE
ARE ENOUGH SPEED, HEADING AND
POSITION SENSORS. VERIFY AND SELECT
POSITION SENSORS IN 'SENSORS’ PAGE
Alert number 471: AP MODE CONFLICT - USE AUTO/4/11

------------------------------------
YOU HAVE TRIED TO ACTIVATE TRACK
STEERING OR YOU HAVE REACHED THE END
OF THE ROUTE, BUT YOU HAVE NOT LEFT
'TRACK' MODE CHANGE IMMEDIATELY TO
AUTO' MODE
Alert number 475: ROUTE: NEEDS FILTER ON /3/10

------------------------------------
ROUTE STEERING WITHOUT FILTERED
POSITION AVAILABLE. VERIFY AND
SELECT POSITION SENSORS IN 'SENSORS'
2-11
Alert number 476: ROUTE: NEEDS LOG SENSOR /3/10

------------------------------------
ROUTE STEERING WITH ONE POSITION
DEVICE AND WITHOUT ANY LOG DEVICE.
VERIFY AND SELECT SENSORS IN'SENSORS'
Alert number 485: ROUTE: WPT PREWARNING /5 or /7

------------------------------------
WAYPOINT IS SOON BEING APPROACHED.
Alert number 497: ROUTE: STOP-SENSOR FAIL /3

------------------------------------
Alert number 506: ROUTE:USE AUTO CONTROL /5/12

------------------------------------
CONTINUE TRACK MODE
Alert number 511: ROUTE:AUTO RESUME DISABLE /3

------------------------------------
IF ALERT 471 HAS BEEN GENERATED
AND LATER CONDITION FOR ALERT 471
DISAPPEARS WITHOUT CHANGING STEERING
MODE FROM NAVI TO AUTO OR HAND.
FIRST CHANGE STEERING MODE TO AUTO
OR HAND AND CHECK THAT PRECONDITIONS
FOR ROUTE STEERING ARE FULFILLED.
Alert number 512: USE NFU RUDDER CONTROL /3/10

------------------------------------
RUDDER SERVO UNIT CANNOT BE
CONTROLLED BY YOKOGAWA STEERING
CONTROL UNIT, THIS ALERT IS GENERATED
TO CHANGE NON FOLLOW UP CONTROL OF
RUDDER(S). FIRST CHANGE USING SYSTEM
SELECTOR SWITCH FROM "FU" TO NFU AND
THEN USE NON-FOLLOW UP STEERING LEVER
TO CONTROL RUDDER(S).
Alert number 514: ROUTE: NAVI COMPLETE TURN /5/12

------------------------------------
CONTINUE TRACK MODE AFTER TURN.
2-12
Alert number 515: CONFLICT-NAVI COMPL. TURN /5/12

------------------------------------
STEERING MODE FROM NAVI TO AUTO.
THIS ALERT IS GENERATED IF AUTOPILOT
CANNOT CONTINUE TRACK MODE. TURN IS
COMPLETED WITH PLANNED RADIUS.
CONTINUE AUTO MODE AFTER TURN.
Alert number 516: TRACKPILOT: DRIFT LIMIT /5/12

------------------------------------
IF THE TRACKPILOT NEEDS MORE THAN A
SET LIMIT TO COMPENSATE DRIFT(THE
LIMIT IS AVAILABLE IN INSTALLATION
PARAMETERS FOR TRACK MODE (MAX DRIFT
COMPENSATION)). THIS ALERT IS
REPEATED EVERY 5 MINUTES, IF THE
CONDITION CONTINUES.
2.5.2 Error alerts

Errors that occur during normal operation are related to internal problems. An internal problem is announced as
follows:
• The type of alert is displayed on the ECDIS screen with a number and text.
• Acknowledge an alert by pushing the ALARM ACK key on the ECDIS control unit.
480 Autopilot receive error
488 Integrated steering lost
2-13

autopilot status.

1. Put the cursor on the right hand side of the route monitor window to show "Menu/ /Select Sidebar" in the
mouse guidance box.
Steering mode
Set COG
Set heading
Set turning radius
at TO WPT
Calculated ROT
Set parameters at TO WPT
for loading condition
and track steering
Autopilot warning
accuracy
(orange text)
Autopilot alarm Distance off track
(red text) from planned track
2-14

Conditions
steering performance. The system uses a combination of drift compensation and off track compensation to keep the
ship inside the channel limit.

Environmental conditions Heading control = AUTO Track = NAVI
Calm sea, no wind, no current COG is about the same as Set Drift compensation ON or OFF:
Course in autopilot Ship follows monitored route.
Moderate wind and/or current Ship has a tendency to drift. Drift compensation ON:
Ship follows monitored route.
Ship follows monitored route in an off-track
position inside the channel limit.
High wind and/or current Ship is drifting. Drift compensation ON:
Ship may have troubles to follow monitored
route inside the channel limit.
Slow change of wind and/or There is no compensation for Drift compensation ON:
current change. Ship follows monitored route, but may need
full channel limit area.
Sudden change of wind and/or There is no compensation for Drift compensation ON:
current change. 1) Ship follows monitored route, but may
(For example sudden change need full channel limit area.
from no current to 5 kn current 2) Ship may go outside channel limit and
perpendicular to track) return back inside channel limit.
Slow change of speed There is no compensation for Drift compensation ON:
change. Ship follows monitored route.
Fast change of speed There is no compensation for Drift compensation ON:
(For example speed decreased change. 1) Ship follows monitored route, but may
from 20 to 7 kn) need full channel limit area.
2) Ship may go outside channel limit and
return back inside channel limit.
2-15

Environmental conditions Heading control Track
Calm sea, no wind, no current There is no position control of turn. Drift compensation ON or OFF:
Turn is controlled by rudder angle Ship follows monitored route.
limit.
Moderate wind and/or current There is no position control of turn. Drift compensation ON:
Turn is controlled by rudder angle Ship follows monitored route, but
limit. may need full channel limit area.
Ship goes inside or outside of
turn.
High wind and/or current There is no position control of turn. Drift compensation ON:
limit. may go outside channel limit area.
Ship goes fast inside or outside of
turn.
Slow change of wind and/or current There is no position control of turn. Drift compensation ON or OFF:
Turn is controlled by rudder angle Ship goes inside or outside of
limit. turn.
Sudden change of wind and/or current There is no position control of turn. Drift compensation ON or OFF:
Turn is controlled by rudder angle Ship goes fast inside or outside of
(For example sudden change from no limit. turn.
current to 5 kn current perpendicular to
track)
Slow change of speed There is no position control of turn. Drift compensation ON or OFF:
limit. may need full channel limit area.
Fast change of speed There is no position control of turn. Drift compensation ON or

Turn is controlled by rudder angle OFF:
(For example speed decreased from 20 limit. Ship goes inside or outside of
to 7 kn) turn.
Note: Drift Compensation is set ON/OFF in Ship and Route Parameters of Navigation Parameters setting. For more
information, see section 27.1.4 "Navigation parameters setting" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
2-16

Failure
Below is a summary of system behavior in various failures when NAVI steering mode is selected to be used.
heading)
Associated alert Expected system performance What operator should do
Immediately • Autopilot Alert • If ship is turning, rudder order is • Change immediately to
"EMERGENCY-05 Gyro frozen for last value in order to manual control of
Compass" is generated on approximately continue ahead. rudder.
Auto pilot control panel. • If ship is turning, rudder order is • Acknowledge alerts.
• Sensor alert "755: Gyro error frozen for last value in order to • Monitor situation.
(PT-500A)" is generated at approximately continue rate of
ECDIS. turn.
Within few • Alert "497 Route Stop- • Change immediately to
seconds Sensor fail. manual control of
• Alert "471 AP mode conflict rudder.
- Use AUTO" on ECDIS" • Acknowledge alerts.

"706: Gyro error."
Within few • Alert "402 No heading • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds available" and alert "400 • Monitor situation.
Filter: POSN Unreliable". •
• Alert "497 Route Stop-
Sensor fail"
After Alert • Alert "471AP mode conflict - • If ship is running straight, actual • Acknowledge alerts
"497 Route Use AUTO" in ECDIS is heading is used as set course. • Study situation.
Stop-Sensor generated. CAUT ALM lamp • If ship is turning, last-set course • Change steering mode
fail." turns on at the autopilot and radius are used to complete to AUTO.
Steering Control Unit. the turn.
2-17
2.8.3 Lost speed

• Sensor alert, for example Alert • Acknowledge alerts.
"708: Log error", "712…716: • Monitor situation.
Position equipment error", etc.
seconds sensor" • Monitor situation.
After 2 • If ship is in running straight, • Guidance for navigator • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes route alert "506 Route: Use • Monitor situation.
then every 4 AUTO control" appears.
minutes • If ship is in turning part
• If ship is turning, alert "514 then either keep steering
Route: NAVI complete turn" mode NAVI to complete
appears. the turn or change to
steering mode AUTO to
stop turning.
minutes sensor" • Monitor situation.
then every 4
minutes • If ship is in turning part
then either keep steering
mode NAVI to complete
the turn or change to
steering mode AUTO to
stop turning.
Within 10 • Alert "497 Route Stop-Sensor • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes fail." • Monitor situation.
After Alert • Alert "471AP mode conflict - • If ship is running straight, • Acknowledge alerts
"497 Route Use AUTO" in ECDIS is actual heading is used as set • Study situation.
Stop-Sensor generated. CAUT ALM lamp course.
fail." turns on at the autopilot • Change steering mode to
• If ship is turning, last-set AUTO.
Steering Control Unit. course and radius are used to
complete the turn.
2-18
2.8.4 Low speed

xx KN." • Monitor situation.
Within 90 • Alert "410 Filter: POSN source • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds CHG". • Monitor situation.
Within 30 • Alert "501 Route: Needs higher • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds Speed." • Monitor situation.
After 2 • If ship is running straight, alert • Guidance for navigator • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes "506 Route: Use AUTO • Monitor situation.
then every 4 control" appears. • If ship is in turning part
minutes • If ship is turning, route alert then either keep steering
"514 Route: NAVI complete mode NAVI to
turn." complete the turn or
change to steering mode
AUTO to stop turning.
After 4 • Alert "501 Route: Needs higher • Reminder • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes Speed." • Monitor situation.
then every 4
• If ship is turning, either
minutes
keep the NAVI steering
mode to complete the
turn or change to
AUTO steering mode to
stop turning.
Within 10 • Alert "497 Route Stop-Sensor • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes fail." • Monitor situation.
After Alert • Alert "471AP mode conflict – • If ship is running straight, actual • Acknowledge alerts
"497 Route "Use AUTO in ECDIS is heading is used as set course. • Study situation.
Stop-Sensor generated." CAUT ALM lamp • If ship is turning, last set course • Change steering mode
2-19

• Alert "712…716: • Acknowledge alerts.
Position equipment error" • Monitor situation.
OR
• Kalman filter detects jump, etc.
Within 30 • Alerts "400 Filter: POSN • Kalman Filter is turned OFF • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds unreliable" and "406 and system uses dead • Monitor situation.
Route: CRS jump reckoning for positioning.
possible." • If you have log or dual-axis
log, then dead reckoning is
based on them and gyro.
• If you have log or dual-axis
based on last plausible speed
from position sensors. This is
indicated by showing own ship
After 2 • If ship is running straight, • Guidance for navigator • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes route alert "506 Route: • Monitor situation.
then every 4 Use AUTO control" • If ship is turning, either keep
minutes appears. the NAVI steering mode to
• If ship is turning, route complete the turn or change
alert "514 Route: NAVI to AUTO steering mode to
complete turn" appears. stop turning.
After 4 • Alert "475 Route Needs • Reminder • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes filter ON" • Monitor situation.
then every 4 • If ship is turning, then either
minutes keep steering mode NAVI to
complete the turn or change
to steering mode AUTO to
stop turning.
Within 10 • Alert "497 Route Stop- • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes Sensor fail." • Monitor situation.
After Alert • If ship is running straight, • If ship is running straight, • Acknowledge alerts.
"497 Route alert "471 AP mode actual heading is used as set • Monitor situation.
Stop-Sensor conflict - Use AUTO" in heading. • If ship is running straight,
fail." ECDIS and alert • If ship is turning, last-set change steering mode to
"CAUTION-01 heading and radius are used to AUTO.
Navigation" on Autopilot complete the turn as long as the • If ship is turning, either keep
control panel. steering mode is kept at NAVI. the NAVI steering mode to
• If ship is turning, alert complete the turn or change
"515 Conflict-NAVI to AUTO steering mode to
compl. turn" in ECDIS stop turning.
and alert "CAUTION-01
NAVI COMPL TURN"
in the autopilot Steering
Control Unit. After the
turn is completed, the
alert changes in ECDIS to
"471 AP mode conflict -
Use AUTO" and at the
autopilot Steering Control
Unit as "CAUTION-01
Navigation".
2-20

Precondition If sensors in Filter • Acknowledge alerts.
calculation are NOT inside • Monitor situation.
user-selected position
discrepancy limit.
discrepancy"
After 2 • If ship is running straight, • Guidance for navigator • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes then route alert "506 Route: • Monitor situation.
every 4 Use AUTO control"
minutes appears. • If ship is in turning part
then either keep steering
• If ship is turning, route mode NAVI to complete
alert "514 Route: NAVI the turn or change to
complete turn." Appears. steering mode AUTO to
stop turning
minutes then good Pos" • Monitor situation.
every 4
minutes • If ship is turning, either
keep steering mode NAVI
to complete the turn or
change to steering mode
AUTO to stop turning.
minutes Sensor fail" • Monitor situation.
After Alert • Alert "471AP mode • If ship running straight, actual • Acknowledge alerts
"497 Route conflict - Use AUTO" in heading is used as set course. • Study situation.
Stop-Sensor ECDIS is generated. • If ship is turning, last set • Change steering mode to
fail." CAUT ALM lamp turns course and radius are used to AUTO.
on at the autopilot complete the turn.
Steering Control Unit.
2-21

Within 15 • Alert "488 Steering: Stop- • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds system fail" generated at • Study situation.
ECDIS.
After Alert • Alert "471AP mode • If ship is running straight, actual • Acknowledge alerts
"488 conflict - Use AUTO" in heading is used as set course. • Study situation.
Steering: ECDIS is generated. • If ship is turning, last-set course
Stop-system CAUT ALM lamp turns • Change steering mode to
and radius are used to complete AUTO.
fail" on at the autopilot the turn.
Steering Control Unit.

seconds system fail" and "480 • Study situation.
Autopilot FAP-2000
Receive error" is
generated at the ECDIS.
After Alert • Alert "471AP mode • If ship is in running straight, • Acknowledge alerts
"488 conflict - Use AUTO" in actual heading is used as set • Study situation.
Steering: ECDIS is generated. course.
Stop-system CAUT ALM lamp turns • Change steering mode to
• If ship is turning, last set course AUTO.
fail" on at the autopilot and radius are used to complete
2-22

The curved EBL is a control tool to monitor automatic operation of the Track (=NAVI) steering mode. This EBL is
available on the ECDIS display and selected radar displays.
After approaching a waypoint, but before the start of a turn, the curved EBL appears next to the intended turn. When
your ship starts a turn initiated by route steering, the curved EBL is locked to its position.
During the turn you can monitor how your ship performs the intended maneuver against the planned turn by
comparing the curved EBL position and your current your ship's position.
2-23

The Predictor is a tool for estimating your ship’s future positions and behavior, and it is available in the information
area. Put the cursor on the text "Predictor" then use the left mouse button to toggle the predictor ON/OFF. The
current setting is shown in the mouse functions area. To set the time for the predictor, put the cursor on the time
indication next to Predictor, spin the scrollwheel to select a time then push the scrollwheel. The time from current
position to the last predicted position may be selected between 30 and 180 seconds, in 30-second intervals. The on-
screen Predictor graphic consists of five pieces of your ships drawn in true scale to successive future positions.
AUTO AUTO
MAN MAN
SINGLE SINGLE

• Rate of turn
2-24
3. YOKOGAWA Autopilot
PT-500A (category C)
3.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the steering functions available with the YOKOGAWA Autopilot PT-500A (category C).

Below is the layout of the Steering Control Unit.
Steering Repeater
Compass
Auto Unit
Steering Mode
Selector
Non-Follow Up
Steering Lever
System Selector
Switch
Steering Handle
3-1
3. YOKOGAWA Autopilot PT-500A (category C)
3.3 Steering Modes

All steering-related functions are available only if the ECDIS system is also connected to the PT-500A (category C)
autopilot processor. To use any steering mode, the System Selector switch must be in the FU (Follow Up) position.

Set the Steering Mode Selector switch to HAND. The ECDIS displays the rudder angle and indicates the steering
mode.

Autopilot steering mode:
• The operator sets the required heading of the ship using the "Heading Setting Dial".
• The rudder limit controls all turns.
• The operator initiates all turns.
In this mode, the ECDIS system displays the rudder angle and the steering mode. The curved EBL is not available
because the use of it requires radius-controlled turns.
3.3.3 Route steering mode (Mode selector: NAVI)
GoSEA mode (Open Sea mode)

In the GoSEA mode, the planned track is followed at moderate and "economical accuracy" between waypoints and
also during turns (position-controlled turn).
When approaching the next waypoint, the ECDIS alerts the operator both well before the turn and just before the
turn.
GoAW Mode (All Waters mode)

In the GoAW mode, the planned track is followed at the "maximum accuracy" between waypoints and also during
turns (position-controlled turn).
turn.
3-2

GoSEA GoAW
Set radius Automatic Automatic
Wind, current, etc. compensation in turns Yes Yes
Needs gyro Yes Yes
Needs log Yes Yes
Precision of position equipment Good(GPS) High(DGPS)

Route steering requires that the position filter be active. For details see section 19.8 "Filter Operation" in the ECDIS
Operator's Manual.
If you try to activate any of the route steering modes without the filter, you get alert "470 Disabled: Needs filter on"
and "471 AP mode Conflict - Use AUTO". First change the steering mode to AUTO or HAND at the autopilot,
then turn ON the Kalman filter. Switch to the NAVI steering mode again.
The ship's heading must point to the next waypoint and the ship must be located inside the channel limits of the
route, otherwise the alert "468 Disabled - out of course" or "477 Disabled: Out of channel" appears.
If you loose the filter position during route steering, first the alert "475 Route: Needs filter on" appears then the
alert "506 Use Heading Control" appears.

Do the following to activate route steering.
1. First select a route from the monitor mode on the ECDIS then open the route monitor dialog box.
2. Activate route steering by selecting mode NAVI from the autopilot.
3-1
Route steering related indications on ECDIS

GoSEA
When GoSEA is activated, the indication

"GoSEA" appears in the route monitor window
on the ECDIS display.
If the planned course to approach a To WPT is

defined using Great Circle, the indication
"GoSEA GC" appears in the route monitor
GoAW
When GoAW is activated, the indication

"GoAW" appears in the route monitor window on
the ECDIS display.
If the planned course to approach a To WPT is

defined using Great Circle, the indication
"GoAW GC" appears in the route monitor
3-2
Missing preconditions for route steering
When route steering is not used or the ECDIS did not accept the
requested route steering mode, there is no indication of the
route steering mode in the route monitor window, as shown
right.
There are several requirements necessary to start route steering. When you make a selection in the route monitor
window in ECDIS, user guidance may appear if preconditions are not fulfilled. The user guidance window may
appear when you try to start any route steering mode or if you try to change one route steering mode to another. See
section 19.8 "Filter Operation" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
When you attempt to activate route steering without fulfilling preconditions, an appropriate user guidance dialog
box appears:
Reason: You tried to activate a route steering mode Reason: You tried to activate route steering outside of
without the Kalman filter. channel limits.
Remedy: Turn ON the Kalman filter and try again. Remedy: Steer ship inside channel and try again.
Reason: You tried to activate a route steering mode

without an independent speed source. You need either a
when the selection of the TO or FINAL waypoint is
log, a dual-axis log or two position receivers.
missing or illegal.
Remedy: Check your selection of the sensors.
Remedy: Check the TO and FINAL waypoints.
Reason: You tried to activate a route steering mode Reason: You tried to activate a route steering mode
when the system detects that your ship is turning, but when there is a difference between current heading and
your location is not within the turn. the required set heading that is greater than set with
Remedy: Check and reset correct To WPT for route Route start limit angle in the Route Parameters dialog
monitoring. box.
Remedy: Steer ship heading inside the limit of the
required set heading.
3-3
without SOG/COG reference. when your ship's speed is less than defined for route
Remedy: Check your selection of the sensors. steering.
Remedy: Raise speed over the set limit then try again.
Reason: You tried to activate the GoAW steering mode Reason: You tried to activate a route steering mode
without a high-precision positioning device (GPS in when Alert 407 Position discrepancy is active.
differential correction mode). Remedy: Switch off "bad" sensor in the Sensors page to
Remedy: Check that GPS in differential mode is remove alert 407.
selected in the Sensors menu.
Reason: If alert 471 has been generated and later the

condition for alert 471 is resolved without changing
steering mode from NAVI to AUTO or HAND.
Remedy: First change the steering mode to AUTO or
HAND then check that the preconditions for route
steering are fulfilled before changing back to NAVI.
Alerts when route steering cannot be accepted

When you select GoSEA or GoAW and change the steering mode to NAVI to activate route steering, but
preconditions have not been fulfilled, one of the following alerts occur:
Alert "468 Disabled: Out of course" informs you that there is a difference between the current heading of your ship
and the required set heading (set by the operator in the Route start limit angle of route parameters).
Alert "470 Disabled: Needs filter on" informs you that the Kalman filter was not ON at the time of the request.
Route steering requires that you use the Kalman filter, because the filter eliminates sudden jumps of the position and
thus prevents unwanted movement of your ship. Check your selection of the sensors. See section 19.8 "Filter
Alert "471 AP mode Conflict - Use AUTO" informs you that ECDIS and the autopilot cannot start the route
steering mode. First change the steering mode from NAVI to AUTO then check that preconditions for route steering
are fulfilled.
3-4
a monitored route.
You need either a log, a dual-axis log or two position receivers. Check your selection of the sensors. See section
19.8 "Filter Operation" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
Alert "510 Disabled: Out of turn" informs you that your ship is located outside of the graphical area of turning (i.e.
is linear part of track) and the Track Control System steering mode is GoSEA Turn or GoAW Turn. Reselect correct
TO WPT for monitoring.
Alert "518 Disabled: Not accepted" informs you that the 30-second timeout has passed before you changed the
mode to NAVI at the autopilot. After you select GoSEA or GoAW at the ECDIS, you have 30 seconds to change the
mode to NAVI, otherwise alert 518 is given.

Route steering navigation tries to keep the ship always inside the channel limits and going to the next waypoint.
Well before the next waypoint, the alert "485 ROUTE WPT prewarning" appears. As soon as the alert appears,
key on the ECDIS control unit. If the maneuver is not safe, quit the route steering by change the steering mode to
NAVI to AUTO or to HAND mode at the autopilot.
ANOTHER STEERING MODE EXCEPT NAVI FROM YOKOGAWA AUTOPILOT.
Note that alert 485 is programmable (the time before turn) and it is relative to the starting point of the maneuver. See
the figure below.
At the moment the next waypoint is about to be reached, there will be a second alert "451 Route: WPT approach
alarm".
Note that also alert 451 is programmable (the time before turn) and it is relative to the starting point of the
maneuver. See the figure below.

point point (WOP)
WPT
WPT approach
3-5
As soon as the ship arrives at the wheel over point, the ECDIS sends a new course command to the autopilot and the
maneuver is started. During a maneuver, the radar display and the ECDIS display show the curved EBL, which
indicates the planned radius for the maneuver.
Waypoint-related indications at ECDIS
After acknowledging alert "485 Route: WPT prewarning", the

text "GoSEA Appr. enabl." or "GoAW. Appr. enabled"
After acknowledging the waypoint approach alert, the text

"GoSEA Turn enabled" or “GoAW Turn enabled” appears
in the route monitor window on the ECDIS display.
During the turn, the text "GoSEA Turn" or "GoAW Turn"

Note: When you approach the last waypoint, the alert "458 Route: Last WPT approach" appears. If you
acknowledge alert 458 when the autopilot is still in the NAVI mode, route steering is automatically terminated and
the system generates alert "471 AP mode Conflict - Use AUTO".

There are two types of alerts relevant to automatic steering, permanent and intermittent.
Permanent alerts are available regardless of the steering mode.

• "Off track" value is red.
• "Outside Channel" is orange.
• "Out of Gate" is orange. Out of gate indicates that, if the ship continues using the
current course, then the ship will be outside of the channel at the wheel over point.
The permanent alert shown right is available only during the route steering mode:
• "Rate of Turn limit" is orange.
3-6

• Visual alert and buzzer are generated from the ECDIS.
• Alert number and text are shown at the bottom right corner of the ECDIS screen (see example below).
Alert "455 Route: off course" appears if the system needs more than the set limit to keep the track. (The limit is set
in the installation parameters.) This alert is repeated every 5 minutes, if the condition continues.
Alert "456 Route: WPT approach error" appears if; for example, ship speed is decreased more than the waypoint
approach alert time + 100 seconds away from the wheel over point after the user has already acknowledged alert
"451 Route: WPT approach alarm" to enable the next automatic turn. After the alert 456 appears, the next turn is not
enabled and the system will generate a new alert "451 Route: WPT approach alarm" when appropriate.
Alert "457 Route: Outside chl limits" appears if the ship is outside the planned channel.
Alert "460 Pilot: ROT will be exceed" appears if the set radius value together with the current speed of the ship-
requested rate of turn is over the limit set with Max. rate of turn in the route parameters.
Alert "461 Route: ROT will be exceed" appears if the planned radius for the next waypoint together with the
current speed of the ship-requested rate of turn is over the limit set with Max. rate of turn in the route parameters.
This alert is activated if the own ship is within the value of WPT approach alert time, set in the route parameters,
Alert "469 Autopilot: off course" appears if the autopilot needs more than the set limit. (The limit is set in the
installation parameters for the route steering mode.) This alert is repeated every 5 minutes, if the condition
continues.
Alert "471 AP mode Conflict - Use AUTO" informs you that the ECDIS and autopilot cannot start the Track
steering mode. First change the steering mode from NAVI to AUTO then check that the preconditions for route
steering are fulfilled.
Alert "475 Route: Needs filter on" appears if the position from the Kalman filter is not available. This alert is
repeated every 15 seconds, if the condition continues.
Alert "476 Route: Needs log sensor" appears if the position from the Kalman filter cannot be compared against an
independently operating log. This alert is repeated every 15 seconds, if the condition continues.
Alert "488 Integrated Steering lost" appears if the connection to the autopilot is lost during route steering and the
used integrated steering mode cannot be continued. (Normally you get the alert "480 Autopilot Receive error" first.
Alert "489 Route: Changed to GoSEA" appears when alert 492 or 507 has been valid 10 minutes. The steering
mode is automatically changed to GoSEA.
Alert "497 Route: Stop - Sensor Fail" appears if no gyro data is received or if conditions of alert 475 or 476 has
been valid for last minute.
Alert "505 Route: Use GoSEA" is instruction for the operator to change the steering mode to GoSEA. This alert is
generated if there are not sufficient conditions to continue GoAW (alert 492 or 507 has been valid two minutes).
This alert is repeated every four minutes.
Alert "506 Route: Use AUTO control" is instruction for the user to change the steering mode to AUTO. This alert
is generated if there are not sufficient conditions to continue the Track mode (i.e. alert 475 or 476 has been valid 10-
15 seconds).
3-7
Alert "511 Route: Auto resume disable" appears if alert 471 has been generated and later the condition for alert
471 is resolved without changing the steering mode from NAVI to AUTO or HAND. First change the steering mode
to AUTO or HAND then check that the preconditions for route steering are fulfilled.
Alert "512 Use NFU rudder control" appears if the rudder servo unit cannot be controlled by the Steering Control
Unit. This alert is generated to request a change to Non-Follow-Up control of rudder(s). First use the System
Selector Switch from "FU" to NFU then use Non-Follow Up steering lever to control the rudder(s).
Alert "514 Route: Complete turn" is generated if there are not sufficient conditions to continue the Track mode
during a turn (i.e. alert 475 or 476 has been valid 10-15 seconds). Ship will complete the turn with planned
conditions.
Alert "515 Conflict - NAVI compl. turn" informs you that ECDIS and the autopilot cannot activate the Track
steering mode after a turn. The autopilot uses the planned radius to complete the turn. After the turn is completed,
change the steering mode from NAVI to AUTO then check that the preconditions for route steering are fulfilled to
start the Track steering mode again.
Alert "516 Trackpilot: Drift limit" informs you that the trackpilot needs more than a set limit to compensate drift.
(The limit is available in the installation parameters for the Track mode (max drift compensation)). This alert is
repeated every 5 minutes, if the condition continues.
need to restart the ECDIS EC1000C processor.

Often route steering is interrupted by a collision avoidance maneuver, but there are also several other reasons to
interrupt route steering.
• Use the Non-Follow-Up steering lever to control directly rudder pumps.
• Use the Override steering.
• Use the Follow-Up rudder control (Change mode from NAVI to HAND).
• Use the local Autopilot Heading control (Change mode from NAVI to AUTO).
Now route steering is disabled until the NAVI mode is reselected at the autopilot. To return to route steering, the
ship's heading must point to the next waypoint and the ship must be located inside the channel limits, otherwise an
alert is given.
3-8

There are two cases that the automatic route turn must be stopped or modified.
• The turn that the ship is to perform goes outside of the planned turn. (Too fast or too slow).
How to stop a turn
To stop turn, change steering mode from NAVI to HAND on the Steering Control Unit.
Use different final value of The problem is that Radius Control is only available in the NAVI steering mode. As
set course soon as you change the steering mode to something other than NAVI, the ship stops
Then set a new final value for the set course and select a suitable max. rudder angle
to prevent too fast turning.
• Change the steering mode from NAVI to NFU, then use the NFU steering lever.
Then set a final value for the set course and select a suitable max. rudder angle to
• Change the steering mode from NAVI to NFU". Manually steer the ship.
3-9
How to change the route steering mode

The route steering mode can be changed as follows:
1. Open the route monitor window.
2. Select either GoSEA or GoAW from the list box that is located in the "To WPT" field.
If you try to change the route steering mode without fulfilling preconditions, an appropriate User guidance dialog
boxes appears.
Reason: Change of route steering modes without the Reason: Change of route steering mode without
filter. independent speed source. You need either a log, a dual-
Remedy: Turn ON the Kalman filter and try again. axis log or two position receivers.
Reason: Change of route steering mode without

SOG/COG reference. Reason: Changed steering mode from GoSEA to GoAW
Remedy: Check your selection of the sensors. steering without high precision positioning device (GPS
in differential correction mode).
Remedy: Check that there is a GPS in differential mode
available and selected to be used.
Reason: Change of route steering mode when speed of Reason: Change of route steering mode when Alert
ship is less than defined for route steering. "407 Position discrepancy" is active.
Remedy: Raise speed of ship over set limit then try Remedy: Switch off "bad" sensor in the Sensors page to
again. remove alert 407.
3-10

Accurate route steering is defined as small cross-track error when automatically following a route. One of the Route
Parameters - Drift compensation - has a significant effect for accuracy of route steering.
If you need more accurate route steering, then turn on "Drift comp".

Speed used
• In NAVI Mode: Speed Data (serial) from ECDIS only.
• In AUTO Mode: Direct input (LOG Speed) to Autopilot or Manual Speed that set in Autopilot.
• In HAND Mode: N/A
Control strategy
• The operator may choose among ECONOMY, PRECISION 1 and PRECISION 2 by using the OPERATION
MODE button.
• Control strategy (ECONOMY, PRECISION 1 and PRECISION 2) chooses course-keeping accuracy.
Load conditions
• The operator may choose among BALLAST, MIDDLE and FULL by using the DRAFT MODE button.
• Load condition (BALLAST, MIDDLE and FULL) chooses rudder gain.
3-11

451 Route: WPT approach alarm
452 Route: Turning disabled
455 Route: Off course
456 Route: WPT approach error
458 Route: Last WPT approach
460 Pilot: ROT will be exceed
461 Route: ROT will be exceed
468 Disabled - out of course
469 Autopilot: Off course
470 Disabled: Needs filter ON
471 AP mode Conflict - Use AUTO
475 Route: Needs filter ON
476 Route: Needs log sensor
485 Route: WPT prewarning
489 Route: Changed to GoSEA
497 Route: Stop - Sensor Fail
505 Route: Use GoSEA
506 Route: Use AUTO control
511 Route: Auto resume disable
512 Use NFU rudder control
515 Conflict TC Stop – Use AUTO.
516 Trackpilot: Drift limit
3.5.2 Error alerts

Errors that occur during normal operation are related to internal problems.
• Acknowledge an alert by pushing the ALARM ACK key on the ECDIS control unit..
488 Track control stopped.
3-12

autopilot status.
guidance box.
Radius control steering mode
GoSEA steering mode GoAW steering mode
3-13

Conditions
steering performance. The Control System uses a combination of drift compensation and off track compensation to
keep the ship inside the channel limit.

Environmental Heading control = GoSEA+NAVI GoAW+NAVI
conditions AUTO
Calm sea, no wind, COG is about the Drift compensation ON or Drift compensation ON or
no current same as Set Course in OFF: OFF:
Autopilot. Ship follows monitored route. Ship follows monitored route.
Moderate wind Ship has a tendency Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON or
and/or current to drift. Ship follows monitored route. OFF:
Drift compensation set as
OFF:
Ship follows monitored route,
but may need full channel limit
area.
High wind and/or Ship is drifting. Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
current 1) Ship follows monitored 1) Ship follows monitored
route.* route*.
2) Ship may have trouble in 2) Ship may have trouble in
following monitored route inside following monitored route inside
the channel limit. the channel limit.
Drift compensation OFF: Drift compensation OFF:

Ship may have trouble in Ship may have trouble in
Wind and/or There is no compen- Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
current changes sation for change. Ship follows monitored route, Ship follows monitored route.
slowly. but may need full channel limit
area.

Sudden change of There is no compen- Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
wind and/or current sation for change. 1) Ship may go outside channel 1) Ship may go outside channel
(For example limit and return back inside limit and return back inside
sudden change channel limit.* channel limit.*
from no current to 5 2) Ship may have trouble in 2) Ship may have trouble in
kn current following monitored route inside following monitored route inside
perpendicular to the channel limit. the channel limit.
track)
Fast change of Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON or Drift compensation ON or
speed autopilot turn under OFF: OFF:
(For example, this condition. Ship follows monitored route, Ship follows monitored route,
speed decreased but may need full channel limit but may need full channel limit
from 20 to 7 kn) area. area.
* The Track Control System is able to compensate drift up to 25 degrees depending on the installation parameters. If
the drift is larger, your ship may go outside the channel limit.
3-14

Environmental Heading control = GoSEA+NAVI GoAW+NAVI
conditions AUTO
Calm sea, no wind, Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON or Drift compensation ON or
no current Autopilot turn under OFF: OFF:
this condition. Ship follows monitored route. Ship follows monitored route.
Moderate wind Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON or
and/or current autopilot turn under this Ship follows monitored route. OFF:
condition. Ship follows monitored route.
Ship follows monitored route,
area.
High wind and/or Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
current autopilot turn under this 1) Ship follows monitored route, 1) Ship follows monitored
condition. but may go outside channel limit route.*
area.* 2) Ship may have trouble
2) Ship may have trouble in following monitored route
following monitored route inside inside the channel limit.
the channel limit.

Ship goes inside or outside of Ship goes inside or outside of
turn. turn.
Slow change of Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
wind and/or current autopilot turn under this Ship follows monitored route Ship follows monitored route.
condition.
Ship may have troubles in Ship may have troubles in
following monitored route inside following monitored route
the channel limit. inside the channel limit.
Sudden change of Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
wind and/or current autopilot turn under this 1) Ship may go outside channel 1) Ship may go outside
(For example condition. limit and return back inside channel limit and return back
sudden change channel limit.* inside channel limit.*
from no current to 5 2) Ship may have trouble in 2) Ship may have trouble in
kn current perpen- following monitored route inside following monitored route
dicular to track) the channel limit. inside the channel limit.

Ship goes inside or outside of Ship goes inside or outside of
turn. turn.
Slow change of Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON or Drift compensation ON or
speed autopilot turn under this OFF: OFF:
condition. Ship follows monitored route, Ship follows monitored route.
area.
(For example, condition. Ship follows monitored route, Ship follows monitored route,
speed decreased but may need full channel limit but may need full channel limit
from 20 to 7 kn) area. area.
box. For further details, see section 27.1.4 "Navigation parameters setting" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
* The Track Control System is able to compensate drift up to 25 degrees depending on the installation parameters. If
the drift is larger, your ship may go outside the channel limit.
3-15

Failure
Below is a summary of the system behavior in various failures when the GoSEA or GoAW steering mode is in use.
Note: The backup navigator alert is activated if the alert is not acknowledged within 30 seconds. For more
information about this alert, see section 30.11 "Backup Navigator Alert" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
3.8.1 Lost heading from autopilot (ECDIS may also have lost heading)
Immediately • Sensor alert "706: Gyro • If ship is running straight, rudder • Change immediately to
error" is generated at ECDIS. order is frozen at last value in manual control of
order to approximately continue rudder.
ahead. • Acknowledge alerts.
• EMRG ALARM lamp turns • If ship is turning, rudder order is • Monitor situation.
on autopilot control panel. frozen at last value in order to
approximately continue rate of
turn.
• Alert "471 AP mode conflict rudder.
- Use AUTO" on ECDIS" • Acknowledge alerts.

"706: Gyro error. "
seconds available". • Monitor situation.
Sensor fail".
After Alert • Alert "471 AP mode conflict • If ship is running straight, actual • Acknowledge alerts
"497 Route - Use AUTO" in ECDIS is heading is used as set course. • Study situation.
Stop-Sensor generated. CAUT ALM lamp • If ship is turning, last-set course • Change steering mode
3-16
3.8.3 Lost speed

• Log error", "712Sensor alert, • Acknowledge alerts.
for example Alert …716: • Study situation.
Position equipment error",
etc.
seconds sensor". • Study situation.
After 2 • Alert "506 Route: Use • Guidance for navigator. • Change immediately to
minutes AUTO control". local autopilot control.
then every 4
minutes
minutes sensor". • Study situation.
then every 4
minutes
minutes Sensor fail". • Study situation.
Stop-Sensor generated. CAUT ALM lamp • If ship is turning, last set course • Change steering mode
3.8.4 Low speed

xx KN." • Study situation.
seconds source CHG". • Study situation.
seconds higher Speed". • Study situation.
After 2 • Alert "506 Route: Use • Guidance for navigator • Change immediately to
minutes AUTO control". local autopilot control.
then every 4
minutes
minutes higher Speed". • Study situation.
then every 2
minutes
3-17
3.8.5 Lost SOG/COG reference in GoAW mode

Associated alerts Expected system What operator
(generated at ECDIS) performance should do
After 2 • Alert "505 Route: Use • Instruction for navigator • Change to GoSEA
minutes GoSEA." steering mode.
then every 4 • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes
then every 4
minutes
Within 10 • Alert "489 Route: Changed • Automatic change of steering • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes to GoSEA" mode to GoSEA mode. • Monitor situation.

performance should do
equipment error" • Monitor situation.
OR
etc.
Within 30 • Alerts "400 Filter: POSN • Kalman Filter is turned • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds unreliable" and "406 Route: OFF and system uses dead • Monitor situation.
CRS jump possible." reckoning for positioning.
based on them and gyro.
based on last plausible
speed from position
sensors. This is indicated
by showing own ship
position, SOG and COG in
red. The source indication
for SOG and COG is
"(LAST)".
After 2 • Alert "506 Route: Use AUTO • Guidance for navigator • Change immediately to local
minutes control." autopilot control.
then every 4
minutes • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes ON." • Monitor situation.
then every 4
minutes
minutes Sensor fail. " • Monitor situation.
After Alert • Alert "471AP mode conflict - • If ship is running straight, • Acknowledge alerts
"497 Route Use AUTO" in ECDIS is actual heading is used as • Study situation.
Stop-Sensor generated. CAUT ALM lamp set course. • Change steering mode to
fail." turns on at the autopilot • If ship is turning, last set AUTO.
Steering Control Unit. course and radius are used
to complete the turn.
3-18
3.8.7 Lost differential position in GoAW mode

seconds source CHG." • Monitor situation.
Within 30 • Alert "492 Route: Needs diff • GoAW requires differential • Acknowledge alerts.
After 2 • Alert "505 Route: Use • Guidance for navigator • Change to GoSEA
then every 4
minutes
then every 4
minutes
minutes to GoSEA." mode to GoSEA mode. • Monitor situation.
3-19

Precon- • If sensors in Filter • Acknowledge alerts.
dition calculation are NOT inside • Study situation.
operator chosen position
discrepancy limit.
discrepancy"
DGPS" or "712…716: • Study situation.
seconds source CHG." • Study situation.
seconds good Pos" • Study situation.
minutes Radius control" autopilot control.
then every 4
minutes
minutes good Pos" • Study situation.
then every 2
minutes
3-20

seconds system fail" generated at • Study situation.
ECDIS.
"488 Use AUTO" in ECDIS is heading is used as set course. • Study situation.
Steering: generated. CAUT ALM lamp • If ship is turning, last-set course • Change steering mode
Stop-system turns on at the autopilot and radius are used to complete to AUTO.
fail" Steering Control Unit. the turn.

seconds system fail" and "480 • Study situation.
Autopilot FAP-2000 Receive
error" is generated at the
ECDIS.
"488 Use AUTO" in ECDIS is heading is used as set course. • Study situation.
Steering: generated. CAUT ALM lamp • If ship is turning, last set course • Change steering mode
Stop-system turns on at the autopilot and radius are used to complete to AUTO.
fail" Steering Control Unit. the turn.

The curved EBL is a control tool to monitor automatic operation of Track (=NAVI) steering mode. This EBL is
available on the ECDIS display and selected radar displays.
After the near the WPT, but before the start of the turn the curved EBL displays next intended turn. When your ship
starts a turn initiated by Route steering the curved EBL is locked to its position.
During the turn you can monitor how your ship performs the intended maneuver against the plan by comparing the
curved EBL position and your current your ship's position.
Curved EBL, at wheel over point Curved EBL, locked during turn
3-21
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3-22
4. TOKYO KEIKI
Autopilot PR-6000
4.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the steering functions available with the TOKYO KEIKI Autopilot PR-6000.

Below is the control layout of the Steering Control Unit.
PR-6000 Steering Control Unit
1. Mode selection unit
2. Mode selection switch
3. Non-Follow-Up unit
4-1
4. TOKYO KEIKI Autopilot PR-6000
4. Non-Follow-Up steering lever
5. Auto steering control knobs
6. Auto unit
7. Course setting knob
8. Remote control steering selection unit
9. Repeater unit
10. Repeater synchronising knob
11. Repeater switch
12. Helm unit
13. Steering wheel
14. System selection unit
15. System selection switch
16. Order rudder angle indicator
17. PS display lamps
18. Alert unit
19. Max rudder angle selection unit
20. Max rudder angle selection switch
4.3 Steering Modes

Set the Mode selection switch to HAND.
In this mode the ECDIS system displays the rudder angle and steering mode.
4-2

The operator sets the required heading of the ship by operating the Course Setting knob. Turns are controlled by the
rudder limit or rate of turn and are initiated by the operator.
Turn the Mode selection switch to the AUTO position, and the set course is shown in the SET. COURSE display.
The initial value of the set course is the ship's heading at that time. To change the course, press the Course setting
knob and release it when desired course appears. At this time, the course deviation (CO.DEV: COURSE
DEVIATION) is shown in the bar graph and AUTO is lit. AUTO goes off when the ship is on the new course. See
the figure below.
When the loading condition changes remarkably, yawing may be large at the departure. In this case, perform auto
course changing by 20º of port and starboard two or three times, and observe the state for approx. 15 minutes.
Bar graph Steering

Power System selection Data selection Bar graph display mode
indicator indicator indicator indicator Data display
Data display indicator
No.1 AUTO
SET COURSE
Group
display
alarm
Rudder limit
indicator
angle indicator
Individual
alarm
indicator
Turn controlled by rudder angle

When a new course is set, turns are controlled by the rudder angle. You can set the desired rudder angle limit using
the Rudder limit knob. For more information, see section 4.4 Auto Steering Adjustments.
Turn controlled by rate of turn

Pressing the AUTO unit <-SEL switch a number of times lights the data selection indicator R.O.T. and shows the
rate of turn (unit deg/min). At this time, pressing the DATA CHANGE switch (located at the lower right) shows the
turn rate order and the displayed value can be changed by pressing - or + while pressing the DATA CHANGE
switch.
This value becomes the turn of rate order during automatic course changing. The setting, however, cannot be
changed during automatic course changing.
4.3.3 Non-Follow-Up steering mode (Mode selector: NFU)

The operator sets the steering mode selector to NFU, then he can use steering with the Non-Follow-Up lever. While
in the NFU steering mode the ECDIS system displays the rudder angle and indication of the steering mode.
4-3
4.3.4 Remote hand steering mode (Mode selector: RC)

When the Mode selection switch mode is set to RC, the
mode becomes RC, not the selected condition. (The Steering mode
steering mode indicator RC blinks. The hand steering is indicator
in use as long as RC blinks; the operation is same as in Steering location
HAND mode.) At this time pressing the Enable switch selection switch
button while pressing the Steering location selection (P/W, W/H, S/W)
switch moves the mode to the remote steering mode and Nav entry switch
the lamp of the steering location comes on. The state of Enable switch
the steering mode indicator RC changes from blinking to
Remote control
lighting.
selection unit
Turn the Remote control steering position knob to
steer.
Steering mode
selection switch
Remote control
steering position
4-4
4.3.5 Steering override units
FU override unit
Starting steering override
1. Confirm that the Ready lamp in the FU

unit is ON.
Override steering
2. Press the Override steering switch to knob
enable control of the steering from this
unit, by the Override steering knob. At
this time a beeps sound intermittently Ready lamp
from the steering then the selected Override steering
steering mode indicator blinks. switch
Servo loop
fail lamp
Buzzer
Dimmer knob
FU override unit
Stopping steering override
Override indi
1. Push the ON/OFF switch to show ON in Override indicator
the FU override unit or push the RESET
switch on the Override reset unit in the Ready
Ready lamp
lamp Override steering
steering stand to return to the previous reset switch
steering mode.
Dimmer knob
2. If the steering mode was AUTO, the Dimmer knob
heading at the time override steering
became active is set as heading. Auto
resume is disabled if the steering mode
was RC/NAV. In this case, you have to Override reset unit
turn the mode selection switch to another
steering mode and select the RC mode
again.
4-5
Override NFU controller

Starting steering override
1. Confirm that the Ready lamp in the NFU

Override steering level
controller is ON.
2. Pull out the pin stopper inserted in the

override NFU controller and turn the lever to Pin stopper
the desired direction. At this time, beeps
sounds from the steering then the selected
steering mode blinks. The ON lamp in the
Override indicator
override reset unit is lit.
Ready lamp
3. The rudder is taken when the lever is turned,
Override steering
and the rudder stops when the lever is reset switch
returned to the neutral position.
Dimmer knob
Stopping steering override
1. Push the Override steering reset switch on

the override reset unit in the steering stand to Override NFU controller
return to the previous steering mode.
2. If the steering mode was AUTO, the heading

at the time the override steering became
active is set as heading. Auto resume is
disabled if the steering mode was RC/NAV.
In this case, you have to turn the mode
selection switch to the other steering mode
and select the RC mode again.
4.3.6 Route steering mode, RC/Nav (Mode: RC)

There are two types of route steering modes: GoSEA and GoAW. Route steering can be used with a predefined
monitored route.
The GoSEA and GoAW steering modes can be activated when your ship is located inside a channel of a monitored
route and in the linear part of a monitored route.
GoSEA mode
In the GoSEA mode, the planned track is followed at moderate and economical accuracy between waypoints and
also during turns (position-controlled turn). When approaching the next waypoint, the ECDIS alerts the operator
both well before the turn and just before the turn.
• Select GoSEA at the route monitor dialog box in the ECDIS.
• Set the Mode selection switch on the Steering Control Unit to RC.
• Press the NAV and Enable buttons together on the remote control steering unit to activate the automatic steering
mode.
• Available for use when the position source is outputting accurate position.
4-6
GoAW mode
In the GoAW mode, the planned track is followed at the maximum accuracy between waypoints and also during
turns (position-controlled turn).
turn.
• Select GoAW at the route monitor dialog box in the ECDIS:
• Set the Mode selection switch on the Steering Control Unit to RC.
• On the autopilot, press the NAV and Enable switch buttons together on the Remote Control Steering unit to
activate the automatic steering mode.
• This mode is available when the position source is outputting accurate position.

GoSEA GoAW
Set radius Automatic Automatic
Wind, current, etc. compensation in turns Yes Yes
Needs gyro Yes Yes
Needs log Yes Yes
Precision of position equipment Good High

Do the following to activate route steering.
1. First select a route in the monitor mode on the ECDIS then open the route monitor window.
4-7
2. Select either GoSEA or GoAW from the list box, which is located in the To WPT field. After you have selected
a route in the monitor mode and desired steering mode (GoSEA or GoAW), the NAV-Ready lamp comes on.
Remote control
selection unit
NAV-Ready NAV
lamp
Enable switch
Mode selection
switch
3. Turn the Mode selection switch to RC.
4. On the Steering Control Unit, press the NAV and Enable switch buttons together.
Note that before you press the NAV and Enable switch buttons, the HAND mode is active. Therefore it is
important that before turning the Mode selection switch to RC, check that the wheel is in the center position
(mid ship).
5. The steering mode indicator RC on the autopilot panel lights continuously.
Route steering related indications on ECDIS

GoSEA
When GoSEA is activated, the indication

"GoSEA" appears in the route monitor
If the planned course to approach a To WPT

is defined using Great Circle, the indication
"GoSEA GC" appears in the route monitor
4-8
GoAW
When GoAW is activated, the indication

"GoAW" appears in the route monitor
If the planned course to approach a To WPT

is defined using Great Circle, the indication
"GoAW GC" appears in the route monitor
Missing preconditions for route steering

When route steering is not used or the ECDIS
did not accept the requested route steering
mode, there is no indication of route steering
mode in the route monitor window, as shown
right.
There are several requirements necessary to start route steering. When you make a selection in the route monitor
window in ECDIS, user guidance may appear if preconditions have not been fulfilled. The user guidance window
may appear when you try to start any route steering mode or if you try to change one route steering mode to another.
See section 19.8 "Filter Operation" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
When you attempt to activate route steering without fulfilling preconditions, an appropriate user guidance dialog
box appears:
Reason: You tried to activate a route steering mode Reason: You tried to activate route steering outside of
without the Kalman filter. channel limits.
Remedy: Turn the Kalman filter ON and try again. Remedy: Steer ship inside channel and try again.

without an independent speed source. You need either a
when the selection of the TO or FINAL waypoint is
log, a dual-axis log or two position receivers.
missing or illegal.
Remedy: Check the TO and FINAL waypoints.
4-9
when the system detects that your ship is turning, but when there is a difference between current heading and
your location is not within the turn. the required set heading that is greater than set with
Remedy: Check and reset correct To WPT for route "Route start limit angle" in the Route Parameters dialog
monitoring. box.
Remedy: Steer ship heading inside the limit of the
required set heading.
without SOG/COG reference. when your ship's speed is less than defined for route
Remedy: Check your selection of the sensors. steering.
Remedy: Raise speed over the set limit then try again.
Reason: You tried to activate the GoAW steering mode Reason: You tried to activate a route steering mode
without a high-precision positioning device (GPS in when Alert 407 Position discrepancy is active.
differential correction mode). Remedy: Switch off "bad" sensor in the Sensors page to
Remedy: Check that GPS in differential mode is remove alert 407.
selected in the Sensors menu.
Reason: If alert 471 has been generated and later Reason: You tried to start a route steering mode when
condition for alert 471 disappears without changing your ship is making a turn in a monitored route.
steering mode from NAVI to AUTO or HAND. Remedy: Steer ship to straight part of the monitored
Remedy: First change the steering mode to AUTO or route then try again.
HAND then check that the preconditions for route
steering are fulfilled before changing back to NAVI.
4-10

If the precondition exists when GoSEA or GoAW is selected, but are missing when you pressed the NAV and
Enable switch buttons, one of the following alerts appears.
Alert "468 Disabled: Out of course" informs you that there is a difference between the current heading of your ship
and the required set heading than that set by the operator in the Route start limit angle of route parameters.
Alert "470 Disabled: Needs filter on" informs you that the Kalman filter was not ON at the time of the request.
Route steering requires that you use the Kalman filter, because the filter eliminates sudden jumps of the position and
thus prevents unpredictable maneuvers of your ship. Check your selection of the sensors. See section 19.8 "Filter
Alert "471 RC/NAV - TC STOP - Use AUTO" informs you that the ECDIS and the autopilot cannot start the route
steering mode. First change the mode from RC to AUTO then check that preconditions for route steering are
fulfilled.
a monitored route.
You need either a log, a dual-axis log or two position receivers. Check your selection of the sensors. See section
19.8"Filter Operation" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
Alert "510 Disabled: Out of turn" informs you that your ship is located outside of the graphical area of turning (i.e.
is linear part of track) and the Track Control System steering mode is Ass. Turn or Track Turn. Reselect correct TO
WPT for monitoring.
Alert "517 Disabled: In turn" informs you that the current location of your ship is in a turn of a monitored route.
Steer to a linear part of the monitored route to activate the Track steering mode.
Alert "518 Disabled: Not accepted" informs you that the 30-second timeout has passed after you pressed the NAV
and Enable buttons on the Control Steering Unit. After you select GotoOS or GotoAW at the ECDIS, you have 30
seconds to press the NAV and Enable switch buttons on the Control Steering Unit, otherwise alert 518 is given.
Another reason can be that your ship has moved into a turning part of a monitored route before you pressed the
NAV and Enable switch buttons on the Control Steering Unit.

Route steering navigation tries to keep your ship inside the channel limits and going to the next waypoint. Well
before arriving at the next waypoint, the alert "485 Route: WPT prewarning" appears. As soon as the alert appears,
key on the ECDIS control unit. If the maneuver is not safe, quit the route steering by changing RC to AUTO or to
HAND mode at the Steering Control Unit.
ANOTHER STEERING MODE FROM THE AUTOPILOT, FOR EX. RC OR AUTO, ETC.
Note that alert 485 is programmable (the time before turn) and it is relative to the starting point of a maneuver. See
the figure below.
At the moment you are about to arrive at the next waypoint, a second alert "451 Route: WPT approach alarm"
appears. If you have acknowledged alert 485, then alert 451 is indicated (silent).
Note also that alert 451 is programmable (the time before turn) and it is relative to the starting point of a maneuver.
See the figure below:
4-11

point point (WOP)
WPT
WPT approach
As soon as your ship arrives to a wheel over point, the ECDIS sends a new course command to the autopilot and the
maneuver is started. During a maneuver, the radar display and the ECDIS display show the curved EBL, indicating
the planned radius for maneuver.
After the waypoint approach alert is acknowledged, the text

"GoOS Appr. enabled" appears in the route monitor window on
the ECDIS display, when the steering mode is GoSEA.
After you acknowledge the waypoint approach alert, the text

"GoAW Appr. enabled" appears in the route monitor window
on the ECDIS display, when the steering mode is GoAW.
During the turn, the text "GotoOS Turn" appears in the route
monitor window on the ECDIS display, when the steering mode
is GoSEA.
During the turn, the text "GotoAW Turn" appears in the route
monitor window on the ECDIS display, when the steering mode
is GoAW.
Note: When you approach the last waypoint, the alert "458 Route: Last WPT approach" appears. Leave the RC
mode before acknowledging the alert 458. This will terminate the route correctly. If you acknowledge alert 458
when the autopilot is still in the RC mode, route steering is automatically terminated, steering control is transferred
to the autopilot, and ECDIS indicates the alert "471 RC/NAV - TC STOP - Use AUTO". Change the steering mode
from RC to AUTO. When alert 471 occurs, the current heading value is used for set course value.

There are two types of route steering alerts, permanent and intermittent.

Permanent alerts are available regardless of the steering mode.
• "Off track" value is red.

• "Outside Channel" is orange.
• "Out of Gate" is orange. Out of gate indicates that, if your

ship continues using the current course, then your ship will be
outside the channel at the wheel over point.
4-12
The permanent alert shown right is available only during the

route steering mode:
• "Rate of Turn Limit" is orange.
Intermittent audiovisual alerts appear as follows:

• Visual alert and buzzer are generated from the ECDIS.
• Alert number and text are visible at the bottom right corner of the ECDIS screen (see example below).
Alert "455 Route: off course" compares the planned course and actual heading, if the TCS (Track Control System)
requires a high attack angle towards the planned course to perform track control. This alert is repeated every five
minutes, if the condition continues.
Alert "456 Route: WPT approach error" appears when, because of a decrease in speed, the time to the waypoint
approach alert is more than 100 seconds away from the wheel over point after the operator has already
acknowledged alert "451 Route: WPT approach alarm" (to enable the next automatic turn). After the alert 456, the
next turn is not enabled and the system generates a new alert "451 Route: WPT approach alarm" when appropriate.
Alert "457 Route: Outside chl limits" appears when your ship is outside the planned channel.
Alert "460 Pilot: ROT will be exceed" appears when the set radius value together with the current speed of the rate
of turn is over the limit set with Max. rate of turn in the Route Parameters dialog box.
Alert "461 Route: ROT will be exceed" appears when the planned radius for the next waypoint together with the
current speed of the rate of turn is over the limit set with Max. rate of turn in the Route Parameters dialog box.
This alert is activated if your ship is within the value set for WPT approach alert time, which is in the Route
Parameters dialog box.
Alert "471 RC/NAV-TC STOP - Use AUTO" informs you that neither the ECDIS nor the autopilot can activate the
Track steering mode. In this case, change the mode from RC to AUTO then check that the preconditions for route
steering are fulfilled.
Alert "475 Route: Needs filter on" appears when the position from the Kalman filter is not available. This alert is
repeated every 15 seconds, if the condition continues.
Alert "476 Route: Needs log sensor" appears when the position from the Kalman filter cannot be compared against
an independently operating log. This alert is repeated every 15 seconds, if the condition continues.
Alert "488 Steering Stop-System Fail" appears when the connection to the autopilot is lost during route steering
and the used integrated steering mode cannot be continued. (Normally you get alert "480 Autopilot Receive error"
first.)
Alert "489 Route: Changed to GoSEA", appears when alert 492 or 507 has been valid 10 minutes. The steering
mode is automatically changed to GoSEA.
4-13
Alert "492 Route: Needs diff Pos" appears for any use of GoAW with the Kalman filter but without a high-
precision sensor (example: DGPS). Alert 492 will be repeated every four minutes for the next 10 minutes. If the
condition continues, alert "489 Route: Changed to GoSEA" is generated and the steering mode is automatically
changed to GoSEA.
Alert "497 Route: Stop - Sensor Fail" if no gyro data is received or if conditions of alert 475 or 476 have been
valid for last minute.
Alert "505 Route: Use GoSEA" is instruction for the operator to change the steering mode to GoSEA. This alert is
generated if there are not sufficient conditions to continue GoAW (alert 492 or 507 has been valid two minutes).
This alert is repeated every four minutes.
Alert "506 Route: Use AUTO control" is instruction for the operator to change the steering mode to AUTO. This
alert is generated if there are not sufficient conditions to continue the Track mode (alert 475 or 476 has been valid
10-15 seconds).
Alert "507 Route: Need SOG/COG ref." appears when GoAW is used with the Kalman filter but without direct
Speed Over Ground (SOG) and Course Over Ground (COG), available from position sensor(s) or from bottom track
of a dual-axis log. If the condition continues after 10 minutes, alert "489 Route: Changed to GoSEA" is generated
and the steering mode is automatically changed to GoSEA.
Alert "511 Route: Auto resume disable appears when alert 471 has been generated and later the condition for alert
471 disappears without changing the steering mode from RC to AUTO or HAND. First change the steering mode to
AUTO or HAND then check that the preconditions for route steering are fulfilled.
Alert "512 Use NFU rudder control" appears if the rudder servo unit cannot be controlled by the autopilot's
Steering Control Unit. This alert is generated to request a change to Non-Follow-Up control of the rudder(s). First
use the System Selector Switch to switch to NFU then use the Non-Follow-Up steering lever to control the
rudder(s).
Alert "514 Route: Use AUTO control" informs you that there are not sufficient conditions to continue the Track
mode during turn (i.e. alert 475 or 476 has been valid 10-15 seconds). Your ship will complete the turn with planned
conditions.
Alert "515 RC/NAV-TC STOP - Use AUTO" informs you that the ECDIS and the TOKYO KEIKI autopilot
cannot activate the track steering mode. First change the mode from RC to AUTO then check that the preconditions
for route steering are fulfilled.
Alert "517 Disabled: In turn" informs you that the current location of your ship is in a turn of a monitored route.
Steer to a linear part of the monitored route to activate the Track steering mode.
Alert "518 Disabled: Not accepted" informs you that the 30-second timeout has passed after you pressed the NAV
and Enable switch buttons on the autopilot control panel. After you select "GotoOS" or "GotoAW" at the ECDIS,
you have 30 seconds to press the NAV and Enable switch buttons on the autopilot control panel, otherwise alert
518 is given. Another reason can be that your ship has moved into a turning part of a monitored route before you
pressed the NAV and Enable switch buttons on the control panel.
Alert "519 Trackpilot: XTE comp.LIM" warns you if the TCS is unable to get your ship to approach the track. An
alert is triggered if your ship is outside the channel limit and if the cross-track error is still increasing.
Alert "788 System Frozen" appears as an early warning indication that the system may freeze. In this case, restart
the ECDIS EC1000C processor.
4-14

Route steering is often interrupted by a collision avoidance maneuver, but there are also several other reasons to
interrupt the route steering.
• Use the HAND steering control. (Change mode from RC to HAND).
• Use the local Autopilot Heading control. (Change mode from RC to AUTO).
• Use the Non Follow Up steering lever to control the rudder pumps directly. (Change mode from RC to NFU).
Now the route steering is disabled until the RC mode in Autopilot panel is selected again. Then, press the NAV and
Enable switch buttons together. To go back to route steering, the ship heading must be pointed toward the next
waypoint and the ship must be located inside the channel limits, otherwise an alert is given.

There are two reasons that an automatic route turn must be stopped or modified.
• The turn that the ship is to perform goes outside of the planned turn. (Too fast or too slow.).
How to stop a turn
To stop a turn, change the steering mode from RC to HAND on the Steering Control Unit.
Use different final value of The problem is that Radius Control is only available in the NAVI steering mode. As
set course soon as you change the steering mode to something other than NAVI, the ship stops
• Change the steering mode from NAVI to AUTO. This stops the turn completely as
the current gyro heading is selected as the new set course for the autopilot. Then
set a new final value for the set course and select a suitable max. rudder angle to
• Change the steering mode from NAVI to NFU then use the NFU steering lever.
• Change the steering mode from NAVI to AUTO. This stops the turn completely as
the current gyro heading is selected as the new set course for the autopilot. Then
set a final value for the set course and select a suitable max. rudder angle to prevent
too fast turning.
4-15
How to change route steering mode

The route steering mode can be changed as follows:
1. Open the route monitor window.
2. Select either GoSEA or GoAW from the To WPT window.
If you try to change the route steering mode without fulfilling preconditions, an appropriate User guidance dialog
box appears.
Reason: Change of route steering mode without the Reason: Change of route steering mode without
filter. independent speed source. You need either a log, a dual-
Remedy: Turn ON the Kalman filter and try again. axis log or two position receivers.
Reason: Change of route steering mode without

SOG/COG reference. Reason: Change steering mode from GoAW to GoSEA
Remedy: Check your selection of the sensors. without high precision positioning device (GPS in
differential correction mode).
Remedy: Check that there is a GPS in the differential
mode available and selected for use.
Reason: Change of route steering mode when speed of Reason: Change of route steering mode when Alert
vessel is less than defined for route steering. "407 Position discrepancy" is active.
Remedy: Raise speed of ship over set limit then try Remedy: Switch off "bad" sensor in the Sensors page to
again. remove alert 407.
4-16
4.4 HCS Unit Controls

ADPT control (course-keeping mode, OPN, CNF)
WEATHER control (PID weather adjustment) RUDDER LIMIT control
(Rudder angle limit)
RATE control (rate of turn)
RUDDER control PILOT WATCH control

(Rudder ratio) (Pilot watch)
ADPT control: Select OPN (Open Sea) when economic condition is preferred. Course is kept with the least
necessary steering, permitting a little meandering such as when sailing on the open sea. The CNF (Confined)
position keeps the ship straight on course, for better route steering accuracy. Large rudder may be necessary. ADPT
and CNF/OPN lights are turned on.
WEATHER control: The weather adjustment becomes necessary when weather or sea state changes. It is a
desirable condition that the ship goes straight with a rudder angle as small as possible (a lower angle than 5 degrees
is desirable) and few rudder operations (less than six times a minute is desirable). The PID lamp goes on when the
manual PID is active.
RUDDER control: Set the optimum value of the rudder ratio changes according the ship's speed.
RATE control: Set the optimum value of the rate of turn changes according to the loading condition.
PILOT WATCH control: During auto steering, when the course deviation exceeds the value set as the pilot watch,
this alert sounds.
RUDDER LIMIT control: Limit the rudder motion to the least necessary rudder angle during AUTO steering.
4-17

451 Route: WPT approach alarm

452 Route: Turning disabled
455 Route: Off course
456 Route: WPT approach error
458 Route: Last WPT approach
460 Pilot: ROT will be exceed
461 Route: ROT will be exceed
468 Disabled - out of course
470 Disabled: Needs filter ON
471 RC/NAV - TC STOP - Use AUTO
475 Route: Needs filter ON
476 Route: Needs log sensor
485 Route: WPT prewarning
489 Route: Changed to GoSEA
492 Route: Needs diff Pos
497 Route: Stop - Sensor Fail
505 Route: Use GoSEA
507 Route: Need SOG/COG ref
510 Disabled: Out of Turn
511 Route: Auto resume disable
512 Route: Use NFU rudder control
515 RC/NAV - TC STOP - Use AUTO
517 Disabled: In turn
518 Disabled: Not accepted
788 System Frozen
4.5.2 Error alerts

Errors that occur during normal operation are related to internal problems.
488 Steering Stop-System Fail
4-18

autopilot status.
guidance box.
Radius control steering mode
GoSEA steering mode
4-19
GoAW steering mode
The steering modes:

HAND: Hand steering
AUTO: Autopilot steering
NFU: NFU Steering
OVERRID: Override steering
RC/NAV-GoSEA: Track steering in GoSEA mode
RC/NAV-GoAW: Track steering in GoAW mode
RC/NAV-TC STOP: Track steering stopped. Change the steering mode from RC to some other steering mode.
Failure texts shown on autopilot sidebar:
Missing gyro: Gyro data is missing or not received correctly at autopilot.
Rudder servo: Rudder feedback signal is missing or the rudder servo unit is not working correctly.
TC Stop: Track Steering (RC/NAV) cannot be continued and it has been stopped.
Caution texts shown on autopilot sidebar:
Rudder on limit: The autopilot has determined that a larger rudder angle is needed to reach set course but rudder
is already on limit.
Off course: The autopilot has detected that ship heading deviates from set course more than the set limit.
OffCrs Rud Limit: Combination of two cautions above.
Manual speed: Manually entered speed is used by the autopilot.
Speed warning: Ship's speed is less than half of the service speed during ADPT auto steering mode.
4-20

Conditions
steering performance. The Track Control System uses a combination of drift compensation and off track
compensation to keep the ship inside the channel limit.
Note: The backup navigator alert is activated if the alert is not acknowledged within 30 seconds. For more
information about this alert, see section 30.11 "Backup Navigator Alert" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
The Track Control System uses a combination of drift compensation and off track compensation to keep your ship
inside the channel limit. During a turn and after a turn for first 4 minutes this Track Control System uses drift
compensation based on the drift situation before the turn. If drift situation changes a lot during the turn (current or
wind) then ship may sail outside the channel if the off track compensation cannot compensate the non-ideal drift
compensation decided before the turn.

Environmental Heading control GoSEA + RC GoAW + RC
conditions = AUTO
Calm sea, no COG is about the Drift compensation ON or OFF: Drift compensation ON or
wind, no current same as set Ship follows monitored route. OFF:
course in Ship follows monitored route.
autopilot.
Moderate wind Ship has a Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON or
and/or current tendency to drift. Ship follows monitored route. OFF:
Drift compensation set as OFF:
Ship follows monitored route, but may
need full channel limit area.
High wind and/or Ship is drifting. Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
current Ship follows monitored route.1 Ship follows monitored route.1
Ship may have trouble following Ship may have trouble following
monitored route inside the channel monitored route inside the
limit. 2 channel limit.2

Ship may have trouble following Ship may have trouble following
monitored route inside the channel monitored route inside the
limit.2 channel limit.2
Wind and/or There is no Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
current changes compensation for Ship follows monitored route, but may Ship follows monitored route.
slowly. change. need full channel limit area.
Drift compensation OFF: Ship may have trouble following
Ship may have trouble following monitored route inside the
monitored route inside the channel channel limit.
limit.
4-21

Environmental Heading control = AUTO GoSEA + RC GoAW+ RC
conditions
Sudden change of There is no compensation Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
wind and/or for change. Ship may go outside channel Ship may go outside channel
current limit and return back inside limit and return back inside
channel limit.1 channel limit.1
(For example Ship may have trouble in Ship may have trouble in
sudden change following monitored route following monitored route
from no current inside the channel limit.2 inside the channel limit.2
to 5 kn current
perpendicular to Drift compensation OFF: Drift compensation OFF:
track) Ship may have trouble in Ship may have trouble in
following monitored route following monitored route
inside the channel limit. inside the channel limit.
Slow change of There is no compensation Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
speed for change. Ship follows monitored route. Ship follows monitored route.
Drift compensation set as Drift compensation set as
OFF: OFF:
Ship follows monitored route, Ship follows monitored route,
but may need full channel limit but may need full channel
area. limit area.

condition. Ship follows monitored route, Ship follows monitored route,
(For example but may need full channel limit but may need full channel
speed decreased area. limit area.
from 20 to 7 kn)
1
The Track Control System is able to compensate drift up to 45 degrees. If the drift is larger, your ship may go
outside the channel limit.
2
The Track Control System is able to compensate cross-track error up to 30 degrees. However, the full
compensation is not available immediately. Two alerts will warn the operator if the Track Control System estimates
that it is not able to keep your ship within channel limits. Alert "519 Trackpilot: XTE comp.LIM" informs you that
no further cross-track error based compensation is possible. Alert "455 Route: Off course" informs you that the
Track Control System cannot use a higher attack angle towards the track.

Environmental Heading control = GoSEA + RC GoAW + RC
conditions AUTO
Calm sea, no wind, Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON or OFF: Drift compensation ON
no current autopilot turn under this Ship follows monitored route. or OFF:
condition. Ship follows monitored
route.
Moderate wind Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON
and/or current autopilot turn under this Ship follows monitored route. or OFF:
condition. Ship follows monitored
Drift compensation set as OFF: route.
Ship follows monitored route, but
may need full channel limit area.
4-22

Environmental Heading control = GoSEA + RC GoAW + RC
conditions AUTO
High wind and/or Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
current autopilot turn under this Ship follows monitored route, but Ship follows monitored
condition. may go outside channel limit area.1 route.1
Ship may have trouble in following Ship may have trouble in
monitored route inside the channel following monitored route
limit.2 inside the channel limit.2
Ship goes inside or outside of turn. Ship goes inside or outside
of turn.
Slow change of Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
wind and/or current autopilot turn under this Ship follows monitored route Ship follows monitored
condition. route.
Ship may have troubles in following Drift compensation OFF:
monitored route inside the channel Ship may have troubles in
limit. following monitored route
inside the channel limit.
Sudden change of Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON: Drift compensation ON:
wind and/or current autopilot turn under this Ship may go outside channel limit Ship may go outside
condition. and return back inside channel channel limit and return
(For example limit.1 back inside channel limit.1
sudden change Ship may have trouble in following Ship may have trouble in
from no current to 5 monitored route inside the channel following monitored route
kn current limit.2 inside the channel limit.2
perpendicular to
track) Drift compensation OFF: Drift compensation OFF:
Ship goes inside or outside of turn. Ship goes inside or outside
of turn.
Slow change of Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON or OFF: Drift compensation ON
speed autopilot turn under this Ship follows monitored route, but or OFF:
condition. may need full channel limit area. Ship follows monitored
route.
Fast change of Ship performs normal Drift compensation ON or OFF: Drift compensation ON
speed autopilot turn under this Ship follows monitored route, but or OFF:
(For example speed condition. may need full channel limit area Ship follows monitored
decreased from 20 route, but may need full
to 7 kn) channel limit area.
1
The Track Control System is able to compensate drift up to 45 degrees. If the drift is larger, your ship may go
outside the channel limit.
2
The Track Control System is able to compensate cross-track error up to 30 degrees. However, the full
compensation is not available immediately. Two alerts will warn the operator if the Track Control System estimates
that it is not able to keep your ship within channel limits. Alert "519 Trackpilot: XTE comp.LIM" informs you that
no further cross-track error based compensation is possible. Alert "455 Route: Off course" informs you that the
Track Control System cannot use a higher attack angle towards the track.
box. For further details, see section 27.1.4 "Navigation parameters setting" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
4-23

Failure
Below is a summary of the system behavior in various failures when the GoSEA or GoAW steering mode is in use.
Note: The backup navigator alert is activated if the alert is not acknowledged within 30 seconds. See section 30.11
"Backup Navigator Alert" in the ECDIS Operator's Manual.
heading)
Immediately • Sensor alert "755: Gyro error • If ship is running straight, • Change immediately to
(Trackpilot)" is generated at Rudder order is frozen for last manual control of
ECDIS. value in order to approximately rudder.
• Warning lamp RC turns on. continue ahead. • Acknowledge alerts.
Mode lamp indicators AUTO • If ship is turning, rudder order is • Monitor situation.
and RC start flashing in the frozen for last value in order to
autopilot Steering Control approximately continue rate of
Unit. turn.
• Alert "471 RC/NAV-TC rudder.
STOP - Use AUTO" on • Acknowledge alerts.
ECDIS". • Monitor situation.
Repeated • Alert "498 Use manual • Reminder • Change immediately to

"4006: Gyro error."
seconds available". • Monitor situation.
Sensor fail".
After Alert • Alert "471 RC/NAV-TC • If ship is running straight, actual • Acknowledge alerts
"497 Route STOP - Use AUTO" in heading is used as set course. • Monitor situation.
Stop-Sensor ECDIS is generated. • If ship is turning, last-set course • Change steering mode
fail." Warning lamp RC turns on and radius are used to complete to AUTO.
and steering mode indicator the turn.
lamp RC start flashing in the
Unit.
4-24
4.8.3 Lost speed

Alert "708: Log error", • Monitor situation.
"712…716: Position
equipment error", etc.
seconds sensor". • Monitor situation.
After 2 • Alert "506 Route: Use • Guidance for navigator. • Change to local
minutes AUTO control". autopilot control
minutes
minutes sensor". • Monitor situation.
then every 4
minutes
minutes Sensor fail". • Monitor situation.
Stop-Sensor ECDIS is generated. • If ship is turning, last set course • Change steering mode
lamp RC starts flashing in
the autopilot Steering
Control Unit.
4.8.4 Low speed

• Alert "408 Filter: SPD • Acknowledge alerts.
below xx KN." • Monitor situation.
seconds higher Speed". • Monitor situation.
minutes AUTO control". autopilot control
minutes
minutes higher Speed". • Monitor situation.
then every 2
minutes
Unit.
4-25
4.8.5 Lost SOG/COG reference in GoAW steering mode

After 2 • Alert "505 Route: Use • Instruction for navigator • Change to GoSEA
minutes GoSEA" steering mode.
minutes
then every 4
minutes
minutes to GoSEA" mode to GoSEA mode. • Monitor situation.

equipment error" • Monitor situation.
OR
etc.
Within 30 • Alerts "400 Filter: POSN • Kalman Filter is turned OFF and • Acknowledge alerts.
seconds unreliable" and "406 Route: system uses dead reckoning for • Monitor situation.
CRS jump possible." positioning.
them and gyro.
last plausible speed from
position sensors. This is
indicated by showing your ship's
minutes AUTO control" autopilot control
minutes • Acknowledge alerts.
minutes ON" • Monitor situation.
then every 4
minutes
minutes Sensor fail." • Monitor situation.
Unit.
4-26
4.8.7 Lost differential position in GoAW steering mode

Within 30 • Alert "492 Route: Needs diff • GoAW requires differential • Acknowledge alerts.
After 2 • Alert "505 Route: Use • Guidance for navigator • Change to GoSEA
then every 4 • Acknowledge alert.
minutes
then every 4
minutes
minutes to GoSEA." mode to GoSEA mode. • Monitor situation.

Precon- • If sensors in Filter • Acknowledge alerts.
dition calculation are NOT inside • Monitor situation.
operator selected position
discrepancy limit.
discrepancy"
seconds source CHG!. • Monitor situation.
After 2 • Alert "506 Route: Use Auto • Guidance for navigator • Change to local
minutes control" autopilot control.
minutes
minutes good Pos" • Monitor situation.
then every 2
minutes
Unit.
4-27

seconds system fail" generated at • Monitor situation.
ECDIS.
"488 STOP - Use AUTO" in heading is used as set course. • Monitor situation.
Steering: ECDIS is generated. • If ship is turning, last set course • Change steering mode
Stop-system Warning lamp RC turns on
fail" and radius are used to complete to AUTO.
Unit.

seconds system fail" and "480 • Monitor situation.
Trackpilot Receive error" is
generated at the ECDIS.
"488 STOP - Use AUTO" in heading is used as set course. • Monitor situation.
Steering: ECDIS is generated. • If ship is turning, last set course • Change steering mode
Stop-system Warning lamp RC turns on
fail" and radius are used to complete to AUTO.
Unit.
4-28

The curved EBL is a control tool to monitor automatic operation of GoSEA and GoAW (="RC/Nav") steering
modes. The curved EBL is available on the ECDIS screen and on some selected radar displays.
After nearing a WPT but before the start of a turn, the curved EBL displays the next intended turn. When your ship
starts a turn (initiated by the route steering) the curved EBL is locked to its position.
During the turn you can monitor how your ship performs the intended maneuver against the planned maneuver by
comparing the curved EBL position and your current position.
4-29

The Predictor is a tool for estimating your ship’s future positions and behavior, and it is in the information area. Put
the cursor on the text "Predictor" then use left mouse button to toggle the predictor ON/OFF. The current setting is
shown in the mouse functions area. To set the time for the predictor, put the cursor on the time indication next to
Predictor, spin the scrollwheel to select a time then push the scrollwheel. The time from current position to the last
of the predicted position may be selected by the between 30 and 180 seconds, in 30-second intervals. The on-screen
Predictor graphic consists of five pieces of your ships drawn in true scale to successive future positions.
AUTO AUTO
MAN MAN
SINGLE SINGLE

• Rate of turn
4-30
Index
Autopilot FAP-2000 Autopilot PR-6000
alerts, error, 1-37 alerts, error, 4-18
alerts, generated by autopilot, 1-31 alerts, operational, 4-18
alerts, generated by ECDIS, 1-32 autopilot display in sidebar, 4-19
autopilot display in sidebar, 1-19 autopilot steering mode, 4-3
control panel, 1-1 curved EBL, 4-29
control strategy, 1-31 error alerts, 4-18
curved EBL, 1-38 FU override unit, 4-5
error alerts, 1-37 GoAW mode, 4-7
Goto Track mode, 1-6 GoSEA mode, 4-6
Goto WPT mode, 1-6 hand steering mode, 4-2
hand steering mode, 1-3 HCS unit, 4-17
heading control mode, 1-3 non-follow-up steering mode, 4-3
load conditions, 1-31 override NFU controller, 4-6
multiple control panels, 1-16 pilot watch, 4-17
predictor, 1-40 predictor, 4-30
program heading change mode, 1-3 rate of turn, 4-17
program track mode, 1-4 remote hand steering mode, 4-4
program track mode alerts, 1-4 route steering, activating, 4-7
program turns, 1-17 route steering, alerts, 4-12, 4-13
radius control mode, 1-3 route steering, alerts for non-acceptance of,
route steering, accuracy of, 1-15 4-11
route steering, activating, 1-8 route steering, arrival at WPT, 4-11
route steering, alerts, 1-12 route steering, changing mode, 4-16
route steering, alerts for non-acceptance of, route steering, collision avoidance in, 4-15
1-9 route steering, indications on ECDIS, 4-8
route steering, arrival at WPT, 1-10 route steering, missing preconditions for, 4-
route steering, collision avoidance in, 1-14 9
route steering, indications on ECDIS, 1-8 route steering, pre-enabled turn operations,
route steering, overview, 1-5 4-15
route steering, preconditions for, 1-7 route steering, summary of modes, 4-7
route steering, pre-enabled turn operations, rudder, 4-17
1-15 rudder limit, 4-17
route steering, summary of modes, 1-7 steering control unit, 4-1
route steering, waypoint-related indications steering override, 4-5
on ECDIS, 1-10 steering performance, going ahead, 4-21
speed used by, 1-31 steering performance, lost communication,
steering performance, going ahead, 1-20 4-28
steering performance, lost communication, steering performance, lost differential
1-30 position, 4-27
steering performance, lost differential steering performance, lost differential
position, 1-29 position, position discrepancy, 4-27
steering performance, lost differential steering performance, lost heading, 4-24
position, position discrepancy, 1-30 steering performance, lost position, 4-26
steering performance, lost heading, 1-25 steering performance, lost SOG/COG
steering performance, lost position, 1-28 reference, 4-26
steering performance, lost SOG/COG steering performance, lost speed, 4-25
reference, 1-27 steering performance, low speed, 4-25
steering performance, lost speed, 1-26 steering performance, turns, 4-22, 4-23
steering performance, low speed, 1-26 weather, 4-17
steering performance, turns, 1-23
IN-1
Index
Autopilot PT-500A (category B) Autopilot PT-500A (category C)

alerts, error, 2-13 alerts, error, 3-12
alerts, operational, 2-10 alerts, operational, 3-12
autopilot display in sidebar, 2-14 autopilot display in sidebar, 3-13
autopilot steering mode, 2-2 autopilot steering mode, 3-2
control strategy, 2-10 control strategy, 3-11
curved EBL, 2-23 curved EBL, 3-21
error alerts, 2-13 error alerts, 3-12
hand steering mode, 2-2 GoAW mode, 3-2
load conditions, 2-10 GoSEA mode, 3-2
predictor, 2-24 hand steering mode, 3-2
route steering, accuracy of, 2-9 load conditions, 3-11
route steering, activating, 2-4 route steering, accuracy of, 3-11
route steering, alerts, 2-6, 2-7 route steering, activating, 3-1
route steering, alerts for non-acceptance of, route steering, alerts, 3-6, 3-7
2-4 route steering, alerts for non-acceptance of,
route steering, arrival at WPT, 2-5 3-4, 3-5
route steering, characteristics of, 2-3 route steering, arrival at WPT, 3-5
route steering, collision avoidance in, 2-8 route steering, collision avoidance in, 3-8
route steering, overview, 2-2 route steering, mode change, 3-10
route steering, preconditions for, 2-4 route steering, mode indications, 3-2
route steering, pre-enabled turn operations, route steering, preconditions for, 3-1
2-8, 2-9 route steering, preconditions missing for, 3-
route steering, summary of, 2-3 3
speed used by, 2-10 route steering, pre-enabled turn operations,
steering control unit, 2-1 3-9
steering performance, going ahead, 2-15 route steering, summary of modes, 3-1
steering performance, lost communication, speed used by, 3-11
2-22 steering control unit, 3-1
steering performance, lost differential steering performance, going ahead, 3-14
position, position discrepancy, 2-21 steering performance, lost differential
steering performance, lost heading, 2-17 position, 3-19
steering performance, lost position, 2-20 steering performance, lost differential
steering performance, lost speed, 2-18 position, lost communication, 3-21
steering performance, low speed, 2-19 steering performance, lost differential
steering performance, turns, 2-16 position, position discrepancy, 3-20
steering performance, lost heading, 3-16
steering performance, lost position, 3-18
steering performance, lost SOG/COG
reference, 3-18
steering performance, lost speed, 3-17
steering performance, low speed, 3-17
steering performance, turns, 3-15
IN-2

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OPERATOR'S MANUAL

Electronic Chart Display and

Instructions for use with Autopilots:

・FURUNO Authorized Distributor/Dealer

All rights reserved. Printed in Japan A : SEP . 2010

Indicates a condition that can cause minor or moderate injury if

Warning, Caution Prohibitive Action Mandatory Action

WARNING Name: Warning Label (1)

1. FURUNO Autopilot FAP-2000 ..............................................................................................1-1

2. YOKOGAWA Autopilot PT-500A (category B) .......................................................................2-1

2.8.3 Lost speed .................................................................................................................. 2-18

3. YOKOGAWA Autopilot PT-500A (category C)....................................................................... 3-1

4. TOKYO KEIKI Autopilot PR-6000 ....................................................................................... 4-1

4.8.5 Lost SOG/COG reference in GoAW steering mode ................................................. 4-26

This page intentionally left blank.

*Note1 ENGINE CONTROL

ARPA RADARS WATER TEMP. METER

MU-201CE MU-201CE MU-201CE MU-201CE

100-230VAC 100-230VAC 100-230VAC

Control Head Control Head

ECDIS Processor ECDIS Processor

100- Serial Serial

ENGINE CONTROL *Note2 *Note2 ENGINE CONTROL

Any ECDIS Alarm

Backup Navigator Alarm

ACK Out ACK Out

1.2 Control Panel

ALARM GYRO LIGHT

11 FUNC. OFF COURSE SET HEADING ON LIMIT PRECISE 9

PROGRAM AUTO LIMIT SPEED WARN

1-6: Steering mode selection

7: Loading condition indicator: Loading conditions, Light, Medium or Loaded

8: Performance indicator: Performance status, Economy, Medium or Precise

9: Status indicator: Shows selected mode and state of readiness:

14: Set Heading display includes:

1.3 Steering Modes

1.3.1 Hand steering modes

1.3.2 Autopilot steering modes

Heading Control mode

Radius Control mode

Program Heading Change mode

Program Track mode

Alerts in the Program Track steering mode

Summary of autopilot steering modes

HEADING RADIUS PROGRAM PROGRAM

1.3.3 Route steering modes

"Goto WPT" “Goto Track"

Goto WPT mode

Wheel over Wheel over

Goto Track mode

Summary of route steering modes

Preconditions for route steering

Goto Track mode preconditions

How to activate route steering

Route steering indications on ECDIS

Alerts shown when route steering cannot be accepted

When you arrive at a waypoint

Prewarning Approach Wheel Over Point

Waypoint-related indications on ECDIS

ENGINE CONTROL Note2 Note2 ENGINE CONTROL