01/09/2016

Course Outline
Bridge & Tunneling 10 marks
1. Introduction to bridge and Tunneling
1.1 Introduction and basic of Bridge
1.2 Hydrological. analysis of river and related structures
1.3 Introduction and detail of Tunnel

2. Structural analysis and design of bridge

Amit Kumar Varma

Geotechnical Engineer
Department of Road

2.1 Basic description of Bridge

2.2 Calculation of various load on Bridge structure
2.3 General design requirement
3. Design of Aqueduct and Box culvert

Bridge

Bridge
Bridges are an integral part of the road network, which
serves as the lifeline of road network as well as of
nation development.

A bridge is a structure providing passage over an

obstacle without closing the way beneath. The required
passage may be for a road, a railway, pedestrians, a
canal, or a pipeline. The obstacle to be crossed may be
a river, a road, railway, a valley or ocean bodies.
In other words, bridge is a structure for carrying the
road traffic or other moving loads over a depression or
obstruction such as channel, road or railway.

Components of Bridge

Bridge
The bridge crossing carrying a road or railway over
another road or railway is called a grade separator or
FLY OVER.
Bridge structure. can be for passage/carriage of: Persons,
Cattle, Vehicles, Water or Other material. When they
used for carriage of water, called AQUEDUCTS.
It is surmised that earliest construction of permanent
bridges started around 4000 B.C. Oldest 1100m long
wooden bridge about 3306 B.C. (England). Oldest
pedestrian (stone slab) bridge across River Meles in
Turkey 2500 yrs old (still standing)

SteelTruss
ApproachSlab

RCGirder

Bearing

RoadWay

Floodlevel

Abutmentwith
PileFoundation

River
Training

Pierwith
openfoundation
RiverBed

PierwithWellFoundation

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Components or Parts of Bridge

Superstructure

The components or parts of bridge are defined

under three groups named as
Superstructure (structure above the bearing)
consists of .deck slab, Longitudinal and cross
girder, wearing coat, Crash barrier, Railings,
Footpath etc.
Substructure (structure below the bearing)
consists of Abutment, Pier, Steel column.
Foundation (structure below the substructure)
consists of open, well, pier, pile foundations.

The structural components above the level of

bearing
are
classed
as
superstructure.
Superstructure provides base for moving vehicles,
trains and pedestrians.
.
Wearing surface: It is that portion of deck,
which resists traffic wear. In most instances this
is a separate layer made of bituminous material.
Deck Slab: It is the physical extension of the
roadway across the obstruction to be bridged. In
most instances this is a Reinforced Concrete
Slab.

Superstructure

Bearing:

Main Beam: Main beams are those, which

distribute bridge loads longitudinally. Primary
members consists of beam, truss, arch or frame.
Cross Beam:
. Cross beams are provided mainly
to stiffen the girders and to reduce torsion in the
exterior girders. These are essential over the
supports to prevent lateral spread of the girders
at the bearings.
Crash Barrier: It is a safety barrier provided at
the edge of a road or between the lanes of a
highway.

It is a structural device placed between

superstructure and substructure to transmit vertical
and horizontal load to substructure, allowing some
translational and. rotational movements.
These include tarfelt, rockers, rollers, pots and
elastomeric pads. Of all the bearings mentioned,
the reinforced elastomeric bearing (introduced in
1955) has been the most widely used the past four
decades.

Substructure

Bearing

The structural components below the bearing level

are classed as substructure. Substructure provides
support for superstructure and transfers the load
from superstructure to the soil. It consists of
abutments, piers. and foundations.
Pier: Piers provide vertical supports for spans
at intermediate points and perform two main
functions: transferring superstructure vertical
loads to the foundations and resisting horizontal
forces acting on the bridge. Pier is an
intermediate support of bridge , which provides
support for superstructure.

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Substructure
There are several ways of defining pier types.
One is by its structural connectivity to the superstructure: monolithic or cantilevered. Another is
by its sectional shape: solid or hollow; round,
.
hexagonal or
rectangular. It can also be
distinguished by its framing configuration: single
or multiple column bent; hammerhead .
Abutment: The abutment provides the vertical
support to the bridge superstructure at the bridge
ends, connects the bridge with the approach
roadway, and retains the roadway base materials
from the bridge spans.

Foundation
Foundation are those structures, which support the
piers and abutments and transfer loads from pier and
abutment to the subsoil.
A shallow foundation may be defined as one in
which the foundation
depth (D) is less than or on
.
the order of its least width (B).
Commonly used types of shallow foundations
include spread footings, combined footings, and
mat or raft footings.
Shallow foundations or footings provide their
support entirely from their bases, whereas deep
foundations derive the capacity from two parts,
skin friction and base support, or one of these two.

Appurtenances
Appurtenances is the part of a bridge or bridge site,
which are non structural components and serve in the
overall functionality of the structure.
Approach Slab:- to provide smooth transition of
.
load from flexible
road surface to rigid bridge
surface.
River training Structure:- to guide and regulate
the river channel in the appropriate direction as
well as to protect foundation and river bank from
scouring.

Various Types of Bridge

According to the Materials used:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

According to the profile of Bridge:

1. Straight Bridge
2. Skewed Bridge
3. Curved Bridge

Various Types of Bridge

According to the span length (Nepal
Bridge Standard-2067):
1. Culvert (Length < 6m)
2. Minor Bridge (Length
50 m (with span 25 m ))
.
3. Major Bridge (span >25 m or length >50 m(with
smaller spans) )
4. Special Bridge Bridges that require special
design
considerations,
whose construction
features(e.g. concrete girder bridges with >50m
span, steel trusses > 100m span, arch bridges,
suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges and other
non-standard bridges

Timber Bridge
Masonry Bridge
RCC Bridge
Steel Bridge .
Composite Bridge
Pre-stressed Concrete Bridge
Floating Bridge (Pantoon bridge)

Various Types of Bridge

According to the type of Superstructure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Slab Bridge
T-beam Bridge
Box Girder Bridge
Frame Bridge.
Truss Bridge
Arch Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Cable Stayed Bridge

According to the type of Service:

1. Permanent Bridge
2. Temporary Bridge

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Various Types of Bridge

According to the transportation means:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Highway Bridge
Railway Bridge
Pedestrian Bridge
Utility Bridge .

According to the Support Conditions:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Simply Supported Bridge

Cantilever Bridge
Continuous Bridge
Rigid Frame Bridge

According to the Grade separator:

1. Road-over (Fly over) Bridge
2. Road-under (Sub way) Bridge

Choice of location of Bridge Site

There are various factors for the selection of
bridge site such as geological condition,
sociological, ecological as well as technoeconomical aspect
etc.
.
Therefore, the sites was chosen such that it
should be laid on the very stable foundation at
the bed of river as far as possible and not affect
the ecological balance of the flora and fauna of
the site area. The characteristics of an ideal site
for a bridge are as:

Choice of location of Bridge Site

Choice of location of Bridge Site

A straight reach of the river

Steady regimes of the river and absence of serious
whirls or cross currents;
A narrow and well defined channel
Suitable high. bank above high flood level of each
side;
Rock or other compact and fairly un-erodable
foundations close to the bed level.
Reasonable proximity to a direct alignment of the
road to be served, i.e. avoidance of long detours;
Absence of sharp curves in the approaches,
Avoidance of excessive construction work under
water.

Absence of costly training works and, where such

works are unavoidable, the possibility of executing
them largely in the dry;
Where there are islands in the river channel, spans
in front of . them will not be fully effective.
Therefore, sites having such islands should be
removed.
For the purpose of the shortest span, the stations
were set perpendicular to the river flow direction.
The chance of change of direction of river on the
selected axis line should be nominal.
Bridge sited immediately downstream of a junction
of two big rivers should be avoided strictly.

Choice of location of Bridge Site

Choice of location of Bridge Site

Secure and economical approaches which should

not be very high, long or liable to flank of the
river and its spills during floods, nor should the
.
approaches involve
obstacles, e.g. hills, frequent
drainage crossings, sacred places, graveyards,
congested or built-up areas needing viaducts or
troublesome land acquisition.
Site should be selected in such a way so that the
starting point of bridge axis should not in any way
lie or touch the curve of the road.

It is hardly necessary to mention that the ideal site

never exists in reality. At every site, one or more of
the ideal conditions is lacking and the object of a
reconnaissance (Recce
for short) is to select the
.
least objectionable site.
In brief, the Recce officer is to select the best site, not
only the best site technically but the best site having in
view the long-term prosperity of the country i.e.
Socio-techno-economical.

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Data Collection during Site selection

General Data :
Alignment of the proposed road along with the new
bridge.
Information about dams, weirs on u/s and d/s of the
proposed bridge..
Sufficient points are considered while surveying so
that a clear contour plan can be prepared. This is very
important since it gives better idea about location site.
Nearness of villages on u/s and d/s sides (Traffic
detail)
Trial pits for sufficient depth or trial bores should be
plotted to show different strata below bed to decide
type of foundation.

Data Collection during Site selection

Hydraulic Data :
The river cross section should be truly
representative. The cross section should not be
vitiated by artificial cuts etc.
.
Size and shape of catchment.
Intensity of rainfall in cms per hour and per day
and its frequency in the catchment.
Longitudinal and cross wise slope of catchment. LSection of the river is required to give an idea
about the bed slope, nature of the riverbed, and the
variation in the elevations of the different points
along the length of the river.

Data Collection during Site selection

Hydraulic Data :
Nature of catchment - Whether under forests, under
cultivation or urban etc.
Storage, artificial or natural, in the catchment.
.
The possibility of subsequent changes in the
catchment like a forestation, deforestation, urban
development, extension of or reduction in
cultivated area etc.
HFL (High Flood Level), OFL (Ordinary Flood
Level), LBL (Low Bed Level) recorded accurately.

THANK YOU