Definition:: ,.... 2, 1, 0, Sin Cos 9 9
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Ammar AjmalDefinition:: ,.... 2, 1, 0, Sin Cos 9 9
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Ammar AjmalComplex Variables 3.
6 Complex Exponentials
Start from: what is z1 z 2 ? (so far we know what is ez !)
So, we follow the standard way: When - Imz = 0: all real numbers.
x log x
In real numbers: x1 2 e 2 1
x
DEFINITION:
z1 e z
z2
log z1
x1 0
z1 0
logz is multi-valued so z1 2 is also multi-valued complex number.
This definition is consistent with z n m
EXAMPLE 1 : Compute 91/2
Solution.
9 91 2 e 1 2 log9 e1 2Log9 i 2 k e1 2 Log9 ik e1 2 Log9 cos k i sin k , k 0,1,2,....
or
91 2 e1 2 Log9 1 3
Two numerically distinct values
Complex Variables
If we keep ONLY the PRINCIPAL VALUE of log
we obtain the PRINCIPAL VALUE of z1
z2
EXAMPLE 2 Compute 9.
Solution.
i sin2k
9 e log 9 e Log9 i 2 k eLog9 cos 2k 2 i sin 2k 2
995.04 cos 2k 2
principal value 995.04
k 0,1,2,...
No repetitions, because the functions cos 2k 2 and sin 2k 2
with k changes. Suppose k1 k2 and :
have no repetitions
cos 2k i sin2k cos 2k i sin2k
2
or
2k1 2 2k 2 2 m
m even
integer .
Which leads to
m
rational ????
2k1 k 2
So, we have infinite set of numerically distinct values of 9.
2
Complex Variables
f ( z ) z c is ANALYTIC where Log z is ANALYTIC
DERIVATIVE:
d c d c log z cec log z cec log z
z e
log z cec 1log z cz c 1
dz
dz
z
e
Or:
d c cz c
z
dz
z
Warning: at the same branch as for z c , not at the branch cut
Example:
z1 2 Log z z 0; branch cut along nagativereal axis
c z e z logc
Function:
d z
c log c e z logc log c c z
dz
d 23
z at z = -8i within the principal branch.
EXAMPLE 5 Find
dz
Solution.
1
d 2 3 2 3 2 3 Log z 2 3 Log8i 2 3 Log8 i 2
2
z z e
e
e
cos
i
sin
dz
3
3
3
3
3 2
6
6
1
cis
3
6
1
Complex Variables
d z
i
dz
EXAMPLE 6 Find
Solution.
In addition:
d z
i log i i z i z Log1 i i i z
dz
2 2
h z
g z
e h z logh z
and
d
d h z logg z
h z
h z d
hz logg z
g z
e
g z
dz
dz
dz
