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2 Pass Assembler: - Apeksha Gopale

This document describes the process of a two-pass assembler. It contains descriptions of the steps for Pass 1 and Pass 2. In Pass 1, the assembler reads each card, assigns location counters and symbol values, and writes an output file for Pass 2. In Pass 2, it reads the output file from Pass 1, performs instruction assembly by evaluating operands and inserting binary codes, and prints the assembled program listing. It also includes descriptions of data types like registers, index registers, pointers, and segment registers in x86 assembly.

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40 views6 pages

2 Pass Assembler: - Apeksha Gopale

This document describes the process of a two-pass assembler. It contains descriptions of the steps for Pass 1 and Pass 2. In Pass 1, the assembler reads each card, assigns location counters and symbol values, and writes an output file for Pass 2. In Pass 2, it reads the output file from Pass 1, performs instruction assembly by evaluating operands and inserting binary codes, and prints the assembled program listing. It also includes descriptions of data types like registers, index registers, pointers, and segment registers in x86 assembly.

Uploaded by

saqibmubarak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2 pass Assembler

- Apeksha Gopale

Sample program Pass 1


Relative add.
Mnemonic inst.

Pass 2
Relative add. Mnemonic
inst.

PG3 START

USING *,BASE

SR

SR 2,2

SR 2,2

2,FOUR

L 2,_ (0,_)

L 2,18(0,12)

2,FIVE

A 2,22(0,12)

2, = F 7

10

A 2,_(0,_)

10

A 2,30(0,12)

ST

2,TEMP

14

ST 2,_(0,_)

14

ST 2,26(0,12)

FOUR DC

F, 4

18

18

0100

FIVE DC

F, 5

22

22

0101

BASE EQU

12

26

26

TEMP DS

1F

26

26

30

30

END

2,2

A 2,_(0,_)

SYMB
OL

VAL
UE

LENGT RELATIVE/ABSOLUTE
H

PG3

FOUR

18

FIVE

22

BASE

12

TEMP

26

LITER
AL

VALU
E

LENGT RELATIVE/ABSOLUTE
H

=F 7

30

Br NO

Availability indicator

NO

NO

12

YES

00

15

NO

R
content of BR

1.Pass 1.
2.LC = 0.
3.Read Card.
4.Search POT ,
IF found GOTO step 11 ,
ELSE Search MOT & GOTO step
5.
5.L= length.
6.Process if any literal present, enter
it in LT.
7.IF symbol present Assign current
value of LC to symbol
8. LC=LC+L.
9.Write copy of card to use in pass 2
10.GOTO STEP 3.
11.Find type of pseudo-op code.

12. IF USING/DROP GOTO step 9.

13. IF EQU , evaluate operand field


and assign value to symbol in label
field. GOTO step 9.
14. IF DC / DS, Adjust LC and
L=length of data field, GOTO step 7.
15. IF END, assign storage locations
to literals and refresh copy file. On to
Pass 2.

1.Pass 2.
2.LC = 0.
3.Read Card from file copy.
4.Search POT ,
IF found GOTO step 13 ,
ELSE Search MOT & GOTO step
5
5.Get bin op code, format, L= length.
6.Find instruction type
(RR/RX/SS/SI/RS)
7.IF RR, evaluate both reg. exp. &
insert into 2nd byte, GOTO step 9
8.IF RX, evaluate reg. & index exp.
And insert in 2nd byte, Calc. EA of
operand, Determine
displacement(D) and base reg(B),
put B in 3rd byte & D in 4th byte,
GOTO step 9
9.Punch assembled instruction.

1.Print assembly listing line


2. LC=LC+L.
3.Goto step 3
4.Find type of pseudo-op code.
5.IF USING/DROP , evaluate
operand, entry in BT, GOTO 18.
6.IF EQU/START , GOTO step 18.
7.IF DC / DS, Adjust LC, for DC
form const. to insert in assembled
prog. and L=length of data field,
GOTO step 10.
8.IF END, generate literals for
entries in LT, STOP.
9.Print listing, GOTO step 3.

Single pass assembler

l
l
l

Data :AX BX CX
DX (16 bit)
Index: SI DI
Pointer:SP BP
Segment: CS DS
SS ES

l
l
l
l
l

DB 1
DW 2
DD 4
DQ 8
DT 10

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