Exp. No.

: 01

Date:

IDENTIFY THE BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VARIOUS ANTENNA ELEMENTS, CLASSIFY

THEM AND DISCUSS HOW THEY RADIATES.
OBJECTIVE:
To give an introduction of the different types of antennas and classify them.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
[1] Various antennas like dipole antenna, monopole antenna, microstrip antenna, Yagi-Uda
antenna, reflector antenna, horn antenna, etc.
THEORY:
Introduction to different types of antenna.
Antennas are basic components of any electric system and are connecting links between the
transmitter and free space or free space and the receiver. Thus antennas play very important
role in finding the characteristics of the system in which antennas are employed. There are
several definitions of antenna, and are as follows:
The IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms (IEEE Std. 145-1983): A means for
radiating or receiving radio waves
An antenna is any device that converts electronic signals to electromagnetic waves
(and vice versa) effectively with minimum loss of signals
An antenna is basically a transforming device that will convert impedance of
transmitter output (50/75 Ohm) into free space impedance (120pi or 377 Ohm).
Region of transition between guided and free space propagation
Concentrates incoming wave onto a sensor (receiving case)
Launches waves from a guiding structure into space or air (transmitting case)
Often part of a signal transmitting system over some distance.
Antenna can be classified on the basis of:
i.

Frequency - VLF, LF, HF, VHF, UHF, Microwave, Millimeter wave antenna

ii.

Aperture - Wire, Reflector, Microstrip Patch antenna, Aperture and others

iii.

Polarization - Linear (Vertical/Horizontal), Circular polarization antenna

iv.

Radiation - Isotropic, Omnidirectional, Directional, Hemispherical antenna

The following is a brief introduction to different types of antenna:

i.

Wire Antenna
a. Dipole antenna: As the name suggests the dipole antenna consists of two
terminals or "poles" into which radio frequency current flows. This current
and the associated voltage causes and electromagnetic or radio signal to be
radiated.

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Basic dipole antenna

As seen the antenna consists of a radiating element that is split, normally in

the centre to allow a feeder to apply power to it from a transmitter, or to take
power from it to a receiver. The length of the radiating element determines
many of the properties of the dipole antenna from its impedance, centre
operating frequency, etc. As such this is an important feature of the antenna.
b. Monopole antenna: It is half a dipole placed in half space, with a perfectly
conducting, infinite surface at the boundary. A monopole over an infinite
ground plane is theoretically the same as the dipole in free space. In practice,
a ground plane cannot be infinite, but a ground plane with a radius
approximately the same as the length of the active element, is an effective,
practical solution.

Monopole antenna

c. Folded antenna: In its basic form the folded dipole antenna consists of a
basic dipole with an added conductor connecting the two ends together to
make a complete loop of wire or other conductor. As the ends appear to be
folded back, the antenna is called a folded dipole. The basic format for the
folded dipole aerial is shown below. As can be seen from this it is a balanced
antenna, like the standard dipole, although it can be fed with unbalanced
feeder provided that a balun of some form is used to transform from an
unbalanced to balanced feed structure.
One of the main reasons for using the folded dipole aerial is the increase in
feed impedance that it provides. If the conductors in the main dipole and the
second or "fold" conductor are the same diameter, then it is found that there
is a fourfold increase (i.e. two squared) in the feed impedance. In free space,
this gives an increase in feed impedance from 73 to around 300 ohms.
Additionally the RF antenna has a wider bandwidth.

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Half-wave folded dipole antenna

d. Loop antenna: Loop antennas can be placed into two categories: Small loop
antennas and Large loop antennas. The terms refer to the size of the Rf
antenna when compared to a wavelength of the frequency in use. The main
advantages of loop antennas are their size and directivity. Often a single turn
small loop antenna is much smaller than a wavelength by its definition. They
are also quite directive, and this can be used to direct the radiated power in
the required direction. They find uses for transmitting and receiving,
particularly on the MF and HF or short wave bands. It has a very low radiation
resistance, and this results in very high levels of current flowing in the RF
antenna. In turn this means that even small levels of 'DC' resistance can result
in significant levels of power being lost as heat.

Loop antenna

e. Yagi Uda antenna (Traveling wave antenna): Another antenna design that
uses passive elements is the Yagi antenna. This antenna is inexpensive and
effective. It can be constructed with one or more (usually one or two) reflector
elements and one or more (usually two or more) director elements. Generally,
the more elements a Yagi has, the higher the gain, and the narrower the
beamwidth. This antenna can be mounted to support either horizontal or
vertical polarization and is often used for point-to-point applications, as
between a base station and repeater-station sites.

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Yagi Uda antenna

f. Helical antenna (Traveling wave antenna): A helical antenna is a

specialized antenna that emits and responds to electromagnetic fields with
rotating (circular) polarization. These antennas are commonly used at earthbased stations in satellite communications systems. This type of antenna is
designed for use with an unbalanced feed line such as coaxial cable. The
center conductor of the cable is connected to the helical element, and the
shield of the cable is connected to the reflector. To the casual observer, a
helical antenna appears as one or more "springs" or helixes mounted against
a flat reflecting screen. The reflector is a circular or square metal mesh or
sheet. If the helix or reflector is too small (the frequency is too low), the
efficiency is severely degraded. Maximum radiation and response occur
along the axis of the helix.

ii.

Aperture Antenna
a. Slot antenna: Slot antenna is complementary of a dipole antenna. They are
used at frequencies between 300 MHz and 24 GHz. The slot antenna is
popular because they can be cut out of whatever surface they are to be
mounted on, and have radiation patterns that are roughly omnidirectional
(similar to a linear wire antenna). The polarization of the slot antenna is
linear. The slot size, shape and what is behind it offer design variables that
can be used to tune performance.

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

b. Horn antenna: Horn antennas are highly suitable for frequencies where
waveguides are the standard feed method, as they consist essentially of a
waveguide whose end walls are flared outwards to form a megaphone-like
structure. The dimensions of the aperture are chosen to select an appropriate
resonant mode, giving rise to a controlled field distribution over the aperture.
The best patterns (narrow main lobe, low side lobes) are produced by making
the length of the horn large compared to the aperture width, but this must be
chosen as a compromise with the overall volume occupied. A common
application of horn antennas is as the feed element for parabolic dish antennas
in satellite systems.

Horn antenna

c. Vivaldi antenna: A Vivaldi-antenna is a co-planar broadband-antenna,

which is made from a dielectric plate metalized on both sides. Vivaldi
antennas can be made for linear polarized waves or - using two devices
arranged in orthogonal direction-for transmitting / receiving
both polarization orientations. If fed with 90 degree phase shifted signals,
orthogonal devices can transmit/receive circular oriented electromagnetic
waves. Vivaldi antennas are useful for any frequency, as all antennas are
scalable in size for use at any frequency. Printed circuit technology makes
this type antenna cost effective at microwave frequencies exceeding 1 GHz.
Advantages of Vivaldi antennas are their broadband characteristics (suitable
for ultra-wideband signals), their easy manufacturing process using common
methods for PCB production, and their easy impedance matching to the
feeding line using microstrip line modeling methods.

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Vivaldi antenna

iii.

Microstrip Antenna
a. Patch antenna: The basic configuration of a micro strip antenna is a metallic
patch printed on a thin, grounded dielectric substrate. Originally, the element
was fed with either a coaxial line through the bottom of the substrate, of by a
coplanar microstrip line. The advantages of the microstrip patch antenna
includes low weight, low volume, low cost, conformal configuration,
compatibility with integrated circuits, and so have led to many diversified
applications.

Microstrip patch antenna

b. Planar Inverted F-Antenna: The Planar Inverted F-Antenna is increasingly

used in the mobile phone market. It consists of a ground plane and a metallic
patch separated by dielectric and a shorting pin/plate other than feed. The
antenna is resonant at a quarter wavelength, thus reducing the required space
needed on the phone. It also has good SAR properties. This antenna
resembles an inverted F, which explains the PIFA name. The PIFA is popular
because it has a low profile and an omnidirectional pattern.

Planar Inverted F-Antenna

iv.

Reflector
a. Corner reflector: An antenna comprised of one or more dipole elements in
front of a corner reflector, called the corner-reflector antenna. This antenna

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

has moderately high gain, but its most important pattern feature is that the
forward (main beam) gain is much higher than the gain in the opposite
direction. This is called the front-to-back ratio.

Corner Reflector

b. Parabolic dish antenna: A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a

parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross-sectional shape of a
parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is shaped like a
dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main
advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions
similarly to a searchlight or flashlight reflector to direct the radio waves in a
narrow beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction only.
Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains i.e. they can produce the
narrowest beam widths, of any antenna type.

Parabolic Dish Antenna

CONCLUSION:

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

QUIZ:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

How does an antenna radiate?

Specify five applications of antennas.
Why should we study antenna theory?
What does an efficiency of -10dB means? What is 1mW in dBm?
What is the difference between Directivity and Antenna gain?

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Exp. No.: 02

Date:

TO VERIFY THAT THE ANTENNA RADIATION VARIES INVERSELY WITH

THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE BY MEASURING RADIATION AWAY FROM A
DIPOLE ANTENNA
&
TO VERIFY THAT THE TRANSMIT AND THE RECEIVE DIRECTIONAL
PATTERNS OF AN ANTENNA ARE IDENTICAL (RECIPROCITY THEOREM)
BY MEASURING BOTH PATTERNS
OBJECTIVE:
i.

To measure the variation of field strength of radiated wave with distance from the
transmitting antenna.
To confirm the reciprocity theorem of antennas by demonstrating that the
transmitting and receiving radiation patterns are equal.

ii.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
i.

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

TX Antenna

ii.

RX Antenna

Transmitter
Input
Source
(RF Output)

Receiver
Output
Detector
(RF Input)

Cable

Receiver
Output
Detector
(RF Input)

Cable

SMA to SMA
Cable

RECIPROCITY THEOREM

TX Antenna

RX Antenna

Transmitter
Input
Source
(RF Output)

SMA to SMA
Cable

PROCEDURE (INVERSE SQUARE LAW):

1. Turn ON the module and select control mode.
2. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
3. Select the PROOF OF THEOREM and then select the experiment of INVERSE
SQUARE LAW.
4. Then select the RX antenna and click on START button.
5. A Pop-Up window will appear asking user to keep the distance between TX and RX
as 10cm then click on NEXT button.
6. After completion of one reading again a popup window will appear asking to increase
the TX and RX distance by 10cm.
7. Repeat the procedure up to a distance of 100cm at an interval of 10cm; click on
NEXT to plot the graph.

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

8. After that it will plot the radiation pattern in inverse square law graph (i.e. Distance
in cm V/S power in dBm).
9. While taking the readings, ensure that no scattering objects are in the vicinity of the
antenna, this could reradiate and distort the field pattern and consequently the
readings. Avoid any movement of persons while taking the readings.
10. Plot these readings manually on graph paper with distance between antennas on X
axis and signal level in dB at Y-axis.
PROCEDURE (RECIPROCITY THEOREM):
1. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter.
2. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
4. Select the PROOF OF THEOREM and then select the experiment of RECIPROCITY
THEOREM.
5. Then select the RX antenna and click on START button.
6. After completing, it will plot the readings.
7. Now interchange the antenna and again take the next reading.
8. Compare both the plots. They must be same, hence reciprocity theorem is proved.
CONCLUSION:

QUIZ:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What do you mean by reciprocity theorem?

Is reciprocity applicable for any particular antenna?
What are the far field conditions for an antenna?
What is Fresnel and Fraun-hauffer zone and how it can be classified?
Why measurements are always taken in Fraun-hauffer zone?

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Exp. No.: 03

Date:

UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES OF CO-POLARIZATION I.E. DESIRED

POLARIZATION AND CROSS-POLARIZATION I.E. UNDESIRED USING
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION OF DIPOLE / MONOPOLE
ANTENNAS
OBJECTIVE:
To observe the effect of the co-polarization and cross-polarization using vertical and
horizontal polarization of antennas
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
TX Antenna

RX Antenna

Transmitter
Input
Source
(RF Output)

Receiver
Output
Detector
(RF Input)

Cable
SMA to SMA
Cable

PROCEDURE (CO-POLARIZATION):
1. Set transmitting as well as receiving antenna in same polarization i.e
VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL
2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna then
click on START
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved.
PROCEDURE (CROSS-POLARIZATION):
1. Set transmitting as well as receiving antenna in opposite polarization i.e
VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL
2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CROSS-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna
then click on START
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved.
CONCLUSION:

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

QUIZ:
1. What is polarization and explain the different types of polarizations.
2. Differentiate between linear and circular polarization using appropriate examples.
3. Why does, in general, horizontal antenna do not receive signals from vertical
antenna?
4. Can circularly polarized antenna receive signals from linearly polarized antenna?
Justify your answer.
5. Why circular polarized antenna is always used in satellite communication?

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Exp. No.: 04

Date:

MEASURE THE RADIATION PATTERN IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL

PLANES OF A DIPOLE AND A MONOPOLE AND COMPARE THEM WITH
THE THEORETICAL RESULTS WITH REASONING
OBJECTIVE:
To plot the radiation pattern of the Dipole and Monopole antenna and observe its parameters
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
TX Antenna

RX Antenna

Transmitter
Input
Source
(RF Output)

Receiver
Output
Detector
(RF Input)

Cable
SMA to SMA
Cable

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter.
2. Turn ON the module and select the control mode.
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
4. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna and
then click on START.
5. The readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
6. Now repeat the procedure for the CROSS-POLARIZATION of antenna and observe
the plot.
7. From the SAVE option, the plot can be saved. Take the printout whenever required.
8. Repeat the same experiment for monopole antenna at the receiver side.
CONCLUSION:

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

QUIZ:
1. Write a MATLAB code to design a dipole antenna and a monopole antenna. (Attach
the program and the output)
2. Differentiate between the dipole antenna and the monopole antenna.
3. Why does an antenna radiate at /2 length?
4. What is the effect of change in the length and the diameter of a dipole antenna?
5. Suppose a switch is used between two dipole antennas. What is the effect on the
resonating frequency if the switch is in ON position and OFF position?

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Exp. No.: 05

Date:

UNDERSTAND HOW AN ARRAY OF ANTENNA OFFERS BETTER

DIRECTIVITY USING THE EXAMPLES OF BROADSIDE AND THE ENDFIRE
ARRAY, AND ALSO JUSTIFY RADIATION PATTERNS OF BOTH ARRAYS
OBJECTIVE:
To compare the radiation pattern of the Broadside and the Endfire array
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
TX Antenna

RX Antenna

Transmitter
Input
Source
(RF Output)

Receiver
Output
Detector
(RF Input)

Cable
SMA to SMA
Cable

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter.
2. Turn ON the module and select the control mode.
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
4. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna and
then click on START.
5. The readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
6. Now repeat the procedure for the CROSS-POLARIZATION of antenna and observe
the plot.
7. From the SAVE option, the plot can be saved. Take the printout whenever required.
CONCLUSION:

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

QUIZ:
1. Differentiate between the Broadside array and the Endfire array.
2. State five applications of antenna array.
3. A person changes the orientation of the broadside array antenna from horizontal to
vertical and says that the broadside array can now be used as endfire array. What do
you think, is the person correct? Justify your answer.
4. A receiver is fed by an array antenna. The array consists of a broadside arrangement
of 8 identical elements connected with equal weights and the same phases to the
receiver. Each element has boresight gain of 6 dBi perpendicular to the plane of the
broadside array. The frequency of the link is 200MHz. Calculate the array pattern
gain, the total gain, and the effective area of the receive antenna array.
5. Define the term "uniform array" as applied to a linear array antenna.

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Exp. No.: 06

Date:

VERIFY THAT THE YAGI-UDA ANTENNA YIELDS A UNI-DIRECTIONAL

RADIATION PATTERN AND ALSO MEASURE ITS FRONT-TO-BACK RATIO
OBJECTIVE:
To study the radiation pattern of the Yagi-Uda antenna and measure its parameters
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
TX Antenna

RX Antenna

Transmitter
Input
Source
(RF Output)

Receiver
Output
Detector
(RF Input)

Cable
SMA to SMA
Cable

PROCEDURE:
8. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter.
9. Turn ON the module and select the control mode.
10. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
11. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna and
then click on START.
12. The readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
13. Now repeat the procedure for the CROSS-POLARIZATION of antenna and observe
the plot.
14. From the SAVE option, the plot can be saved. Take the printout whenever required.
CONCLUSION:

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

QUIZ:
1. What is parasitic array?
2. Is Yagi-Uda antenna an omnidirectional or directional antenna? Justify your answer.
3. What effect will be produced by increasing the number of reflectors in Yagi-Uda
antenna?
4. What are others parasitic array antennas?
5. For a three element Yagi-Uda antenna explain why the element lengths are not the
same?

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Exp. No.: 07

Date:

INVESTIGATE HOW A LOOP ANTENNA CAN BE USED IN A RADIO

DIRECTION-FINDING APPLICATION
OBJECTIVE:
To observe the radiation pattern of the Loop antenna and measure its parameters
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
TX Antenna

RX Antenna

Transmitter
Input
Source
(RF Output)

Receiver
Output
Detector
(RF Input)

Cable
SMA to SMA
Cable

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter.
2. Turn ON the module and select the control mode.
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
4. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna and
then click on START.
5. The readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
6. Now repeat the procedure for the CROSS-POLARIZATION of antenna and observe
the plot.
7. From the SAVE option, the plot can be saved. Take the printout whenever required.
CONCLUSION:

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

QUIZ:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Explain the application of loop antenna as direction finder.

Specify the different applications of loop antenna.
Draw the different types of loop antenna.
Will you get any difference in radiation pattern if you use different structure of loop
antenna with same loop area? If yes/no. why?
5. Explain how a loop antenna in combination with a dipole, may be used to generate
omnidirectional circular polarization in a horizontal plane?

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Exp. No.: 08

Date:

UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS OF HELICAL ANTENNA, ITS MODE OF

TRANSMISSION AND FINDING PARAMETERS
OBJECTIVE:
To plot the radiation pattern of the Helical antenna and measure its parameters
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
TX Antenna

RX Antenna

Transmitter
Input
Source
(RF Output)

Receiver
Output
Detector
(RF Input)

Cable
SMA to SMA
Cable

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter.
2. Turn ON the module and select the control mode.
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
4. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna and
then click on START.
5. The readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
6. Now repeat the procedure for the CROSS-POLARIZATION of antenna and observe
the plot.
7. From the SAVE option, the plot can be saved. Take the printout whenever required.
CONCLUSION:

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

QUIZ:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Write a MATALB program to design a helical antenna

Specify the applications of helical antenna
What is the polarization of helical antenna.
Can we obtain circular polarization using Helical antenna?
What is Axial Ratio (AR)? What it indicates?

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Exp. No.: 09

Date:

CHARACTERIZE THE RADIATION PATTERN OF A HORN ANTENNA BY

MEASURING VARIOUS PARAMETERS
OBJECTIVE:
To measure the vital parameters of the Horn antenna
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
TX Antenna

RX Antenna

Transmitter
Input
Source
(RF Output)

Receiver
Output
Detector
(RF Input)

Cable
SMA to SMA
Cable

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter.
2. Turn ON the module and select the control mode.
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
4. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna and
then click on START.
5. The readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
6. Now repeat the procedure for the CROSS-POLARIZATION of antenna and observe
the plot.
7. From the SAVE option, the plot can be saved. Take the printout whenever required.
CONCLUSION:

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

QUIZ:
1. What is the difference between E- and H- Horn antenna?
2. Why is the directivity of horn antenna high?
3. What is the required aperture area for an optimum rectangular horn antenna operating
at 2 GHz with 12 dBi gain?
4. Specify the applications of Horn antenna.
5. Specify the designing steps of Horn antenna.

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

Exp. No.: 10

Date:

JUSTIFY WHY THE MICROSTRIP (I.E. PATCH) ANTENNA FINDS THE BEST
APPLICATION IN THE HANDSETS USED IN MOBILE TELEPHONY AND
PLOT ITS PATTERN.
OBJECTIVE:
To study the radiation pattern of the microstrip patch antenna and measure its parameters
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
TX Antenna

RX Antenna

Transmitter
Input
Source
(RF Output)

Receiver
Output
Detector
(RF Input)

Cable
SMA to SMA
Cable

PROCEDURE:
8. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter.
9. Turn ON the module and select the control mode.
10. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and click on Run.
Now the software will be in running mode.
11. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna and
then click on START.
12. The readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
13. Now repeat the procedure for the CROSS-POLARIZATION of antenna and observe
the plot.
14. From the SAVE option, the plot can be saved. Take the printout whenever required.
CONCLUSION:

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.

QUIZ:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Write a MATLAB program to design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna.

List the applications of microstrip patch antenna.
Specify the advantages and disadvantages of microstrip patch antenna.
What are the different feeding methods in patch antenna?
Design a rectangular microstrip antenna using a substrate with dielectric constant of
2.2, h = 0.1588 cm (0.0625 nches) so as to resonate at 10GHz.

2EC311 Antenna Theory

Nirma University, Institute of Technology, Ahmedabad.