Writing

Programme
Notes
A guide for diploma candidates

Nigel Scaife

Contents

3 Introduction

4 Overview
4 Marking criteria

5 Research

7 Detailed advice
7 Structure and content
8 Prose style and format
9 The use of technical language
10 Presentation
10 Headings and performer lists
11 The use of quotation and plagiarism
11 Notes for singers

12 Practical help
12 Top tips
12 Test yourself
13 Two examples of good programme notes

15 Conclusion

2001 by The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music

Introduction
This guide has been written to give music diploma candidates some advice to help with
the research, preparation and writing of programme notes for DipABRSM and LRSM
exams in Music Performance and Music Direction. The writing of programme notes is an
important part of these exams and reflects the fact that most performers and directors are
asked at some point to write programme notes for a recital or concert. It also allows
examiners to assess how well you understand the musical and historical context of the
repertoire you are performing and provides a starting point for discussion in the Viva
Voce. It is important to remember, though, that the programme notes are reviewed by the
examiner during the exam and do not receive a separate mark but contribute to the
overall mark given to the Viva Voce.
The importance of this task should not be underestimated, as informative and clearly
presented notes can significantly enhance the listening experience of your audience.
Many musicians find writing programme notes not just a powerful tool in increasing their
audiences appreciation and enjoyment of the concert, but also a useful way to clarify
their thoughts about the music that they are to perform. In a similar way, music critics
have often found writing them a valuable activity and it is no coincidence that some of
the greatest writers on music have also written quantities of programme notes. The
writing of what used to be called the annotated programme has a history extending
back to the eighteenth century, and old books of collected programme notes can be
found in bookshops and libraries. Programme notes can also be found in music
magazines, on CD inserts and record sleeves, as well as on the internet.

The guide is in four sections:

Overview
This section briefly reiterates the main points made in the Diploma Syllabus about the
basic form your programme notes should take and the marking criteria against which they
will be assessed.
Research
This covers what you should do before you actually start writing. It is important that you
give sufficient time to research and preparation. This will not only help you to write better
notes but will also increase your background knowledge so that you are better prepared
for the Viva Voce.
Detailed advice
Here there is more detailed guidance about the structure and content of your programme
notes, as well as some helpful advice about conventions of writing style and format.
Practical help
This includes some top tips and examples of good programme notes plus an opportunity
for you to test yourself by spotting the good notes among the not so good!

Overview
At DipABRSM level you are required to write programme notes of 1,100 words (+
- 10%),
while for LRSM the length is 1,800 words (+
- 10%).
Your programme notes should illuminate the programme/recital content in an interesting
and relevant way. At DipABRSM level, imagine that you are writing for a generalist
audience; at LRSM level you can angle them towards a more musically literate audience.
Look at programme notes written for professional concerts and CDs to help you get an
idea of what is required.
You need to bring two copies of your programme notes along to the exam, which the
examiners will retain. The examiners will refer to them as the exam takes place and may
ask you questions about them.
The Viva Voce is designed to enable you to show that the programme notes are definitely
your own work by enlarging on and, where necessary, clarifying what you have written. It
is also an opportunity for you to discuss your approach to putting together and matching
the demands of the programme.
For a full list of regulations please refer to the Diploma Syllabus.

Marking criteria
When writing your programme notes, bear in mind the criteria against which your work
will be assessed.
DipABRSM
LRSM
Distinction Excellent. Candidate has
demonstrated exemplary
standards in most areas
examined.

Notes are pertinent and

persuasively written, with
thoroughly researched and
well-balanced commentary.

Notes are highly perceptive

and persuasively written,
with a high level of research
and excellent organization
of material.

A high pass Very good. Candidate has

demonstrated commendable
standards in most areas
examined and may have
shown excellence in some.

Notes provide an interesting

and relevant commentary on
the items performed. The
material is well-organized
and logically researched.

Notes are pertinent and

persuasively written. The
material is well-organized
and logically researched.

A clear pass Good. Candidate has

demonstrated a good overall
standard in most areas
examined.

Notes provide well-chosen

detail on items performed,
and firm evidence of helpful
analysis based on sound
research. Good presentation,
structure, level of literacy
and grammatical accuracy.

Notes provide well-chosen,

detail on items performed,
and firm evidence of helpful
analysis based on sound
research. Good presentation,
structure, level of literacy
and grammatical accuracy.

Notes give background on

items performed with some
evidence of appropriate
analysis and research. Acceptable level of presentation,
literacy and accuracy,
avoiding unexplained
technical language.

Notes give background on

items performed with some
evidence of appropriate
analysis and research. Acceptable level of presentation,
literacy and accuracy,
avoiding unexplained
technical language.

Notes fail to give

background on items
performed or sufficient
evidence of appropriate
analysis and research.
Inadequate presentation
and grammatically weak.

Notes fail to give

background on items
performed or sufficient
evidence of appropriate
analysis and research.
Inadequate presentation
and grammatically weak.

Pass Candidate has shown

competence in most areas
examined and has satisfied
the requirements for the
award.

Fail Candidate has not satisfied

the basic requirements for
the award.

Research
Significantly, one word that appears in each of the criteria statements is research.
Background research can provide fascinating insights into the composers intentions, and
an understanding of the wider context of the music to be performed can sometimes quite
radically affect its interpretation. The time you invest in research for programme note
writing and the Viva Voce may well end up having a beneficial effect on the Section 1
requirements of your diploma exam and is certainly time well spent. But just how should
this process of research be approached?
Structure, content and context of the music
The first step is to consider how the piece works on its own terms by considering all
aspects of its structure and content. This is something that generally happens
automatically during the learning of the piece, but putting it into its wider context and
relating it to the musical developments of its period demands a separate study. You may
need to consider issues of performance practice. For example, was the piece originally
written for a different instrument from the one on which you are performing?
A description of the type of instrument for which the work was originally written,
together with any conventions related to the style of performance on that instrument,
may enhance the listeners appreciation of the music. Reading a book such as The
Historical Performance of Music by Colin Lawson and Robin Stowell (Cambridge University
Press, 1999) may deepen your understanding of research into musical performance.
Listen to other works by the composer and his contemporaries
Listening to other works by the composer and to works of a similar kind is also a valuable
activity. For example, it would be useful for a pianist at DipABRSM level preparing
Chopins Nocturne in E to play through and listen to other nocturnes by Chopin. This will
establish what the Nocturne in E has in common with the others, and those features that
make it unique, as well as help with stylistic understanding and identification. The
nocturnes of John Field (which gave Chopin the stimulus and inspiration to write his own)
might also be investigated; you may wish to consider the differences between Chopins
piano and the modern instrument; perhaps the view that Bellini was an important
influence on Chopins melodic style might lead to an investigation of one of Bellinis
operas, and so on. These kinds of practical activities will help you to place the piece in a
broad historical and musical context. But before that, you will need to learn that Field and
Bellini are two composers worth researching in relation to Chopins nocturne. Your
teacher may point you in the right direction, but you may also discover this kind of
information through your own research of written sources.
Background reading
Written sources fall loosely into two categories primary and secondary. Broadly
speaking, primary sources are documents such as manuscripts and letters that have a
direct bearing on the work, while secondary sources include other materials such as
biographies, dictionaries and histories. General history books, such as Grouts A History of
Western Music (Norton, 2001 with C.V. Palisca), are useful in providing a broad overview
of a musical period or composer. More detailed information can be found in The New
Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition (Macmillan, 2001) referred to
as New Grove II, which is an invaluable and essential tool for the researcher. The
bibliographies contained in Grove will lead to further information, such as biographies
and books on specific works. If your library does not have a particular book that you are
looking for, it is usually possible for the library to order it from elsewhere. As part
of its diploma support material, the Associated Board publishes a list of reading
suggestions which is continually updated and available on the Boards website
(www.abrsm.org/exams/diplomas). Candidates without internet access can request
a copy from the Associated Boards diploma office in London.
Thematic catalogues, such as Kchels catalogue of the works of Mozart or Schmieders
Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis, should not be regarded as just the domain of serious, academic
researchers. While only specialist music libraries tend to have copies, if you can gain access

to them it is usually very helpful because entries for individual works often include a
bibliography on that specific work a terrific short-cut to the core material! Many
scholarly and good quality editions of music contain introductions, written by the
editor or a specialist, and these can also provide detailed information relevant to a
programme note.
Contact the publisher
For works that are either fairly contemporary and about which little may have been
written, or perhaps are less well known or infrequently performed, it may be a good idea
to contact the publisher. Often publishers keep files of material relating to works in their
catalogue which they are happy to share with interested parties.
Use reliable, up-to-date sources
It is vitally important to be critical of all sources of information. Try to use up-to-date
books that are reliable and contain the results of serious scholarship. Much musical
information on the internet is poorly presented and contains errors. Always double-check
factual information using a reliable source. Similarly, some CD inserts are written by
experts and are based on thorough historical study, while others are badly organised and
misleading. While gathering information, take notes and keep a record of all the sources
you use so that you can refer back to them at a later date if necessary. Keeping your work
well organized will ensure that vital information is not forgotten or mislaid.
Gathering together the appropriate materials is only the start. Research is not simply a
matter of stringing together a group of relevant quotations, or paraphrasing a couple of
writers. The information needs to be ordered, interpreted and personalised in the light of
your own experience of the music. Facts will lead to ideas and conclusions should be
drawn from the information gathered.

Detailed advice
Structure and content
Allow content to determine structure
Many programme notes are written in three sections:

a brief introduction to the composer

a section about the works historical context and the circumstances surrounding
its composition

a description of the work itself

This may sometimes be the best way to present the information, but the structure of any
programme note will be determined by its content. A different degree of emphasis will be
given to the various kinds of information, such as historical, social, biographical, as well as
musical and analytical, within each note.
Historical background
All programme notes need to provide a balance between background information and
more musical information related to the specific work performed. Many programme notes
will briefly recount the circumstances of composition, including details of commission, the
first performance of the work and, if useful, brief information on its publication.
Dont use too much technical language
Unlike painting, music does not keep still while you study it and the concert-goer has
only one chance of identifying important points in the performance. In attempting to
describe in detail the actual progress of the music, the programme note writer risks losing
communication with a majority of the audience through inappropriate use of technical
language (see page 9). The programme note should therefore be an interesting,
stimulating and relevant commentary on the items performed and not an anatomical
breakdown of their structure. Sentences along the lines of In the recapitulation, the
chromatic second theme of the first subject group starts in the relative major and
modulates through G minor... are inappropriate. Discussion of the progress of the music
should be limited to generally recognizable features rather than the finer details of its
inner workings. Most kinds of analysis tend in any case to make for fairly difficult reading
and are more appropriately placed in educational textbooks and musicological essays
aimed at a specialist readership.
Avoid poetic description
There is a danger in programme note writing that description is used as a substitute for
analysis. While some descriptive terminology may be used to good effect, poetic or
picturesque descriptions of musical events along the lines of The fiery theme that had led
to a series of blazing major chords in the exposition now leads to an air of resignation
from which no spark of hope can rekindle the dying embers are generally inappropriate
to an understanding of the music! The poet and music critic W. J. Turner amusingly
identified two extremes of approach in his volume of essays Facing the Music: Reflections
of a Music Critic (Bell, 1933):
There are two diametrically opposite kinds of programme notes the purely descriptive
and the purely technical-analytical. In my opinion, both are equally objectionable and
useless. The descriptive programme note offers great opportunities for bad writers and
poor musicians to show what havoc they can make of English prose. The writers who
describe symphonies as if they were sunsets or battles, or election conflicts between the
good and evil parties in the Universe, are useless to everybody, and positively harmful to
those who are seriously trying to understand the art of music. But those who eschew all
descriptions of this sort and give merely a dry technical analysis are, in my opinion, just as
remote from the useful function of the annotator and critic.

Keep the information relevant and interesting

The main function of a programme note is to help the reader develop an understanding
of the music. Relevant biographical and historical information is important in this process,
especially when linked to the musics conception. Placing the work against the background
of what the composer set out to achieve is a good starting point. Topics such as the impact
a particular work made on its earliest audiences and whether the work was written for a
particular performer may also be of interest. Certainly those features of the work that
make it unusual or particularly innovative should be discussed. Alternatively, if the
composer was working within an established tradition, some well-chosen details of how
the work reflects that tradition might contextualise the work in an interesting and helpful
way. While it is important not to be afraid of telling the human story behind a piece of
music, provided it is directly relevant, it is not appropriate to write long passages on the
personal life and lifestyle of the composer. All biographical information should be directly
linked to the music presented. It is the music itself that must form the main focus of
attention. Crucially, writers should consider what the audience wants to read, not simply
what they want to write about.

Prose style and format

Whilst poor grammar can be a reason for failure (see marking criteria, page 4) the most
important aspect of your programme note is its content. The following advice will help
you polish the presentational aspects of your programme notes.
Programme notes should be written in clear and direct prose that informs and enlightens
the reader. Clarity is essential. While avoiding subjectivity and the first person pronoun (in
my opinion or I like this because), you should aim to be neither invisible nor too
intrusive. The use of language and the principles of good writing can be found in many
books on those subjects. Below are some general guidelines that focus on areas peculiar
to writing about music. More detailed information can be found in Music in Words by
Trevor Herbert (ABRSM Publishing, 2001).
Use of capitals
Capitals should be used for musical periods such as the Renaissance, but not adjectivally
(e.g. romantic expression, galant style, or classical elegance). Capitals should also be used
for adjectives derived from proper names (e.g. Mozartian), specific titles such as First Piano
Concerto (but Beethovens piano concertos) as well as titles of movements such as Adagio
or Rondo. Names of sonata-form sections usually do not require a capital.
Use of italics
Italics should be used for titles of books and musical works such as operas and symphonic
poems, for dynamics and their abbreviations, and also for any foreign terms or short
phrases which have not become adopted into the English language (assuming English is
the familiar tongue of the writer). Hence, use italic for musical terms such as con sordino
and lamentoso, but normal type for pizzicato, ostinato and legato. Use normal type with
single quotation marks for titles of single songs, motets, madrigals, and similar works, and
for nicknames applied to instrumental works (e.g. Moonlight Sonata). If in doubt, refer
to New Grove II.
In general, keep punctuation to a minimum. Short sentences are often best.

The use of technical language

DipABRSM
At DipABRSM level, you should write your programme notes for a general concert
audience that is, an audience of non-musicians who are interested in music and are fairly
knowledgeable. If your programme contains standard repertoire works, the generalist
audience will probably already know something about them and may have heard either
live or recorded performances of them before. Writing about very well-known pieces may
initially seem a daunting task (what more can there be left to say about Bachs Cello Suites
or Beethovens Moonlight Sonata?). But the audience will still appreciate being
reminded, or told for the first time, of the background to the pieces, the composers
intentions, and other relevant information about the works and what makes them
popular. Some technical but universally common language may be helpful and necessary,
but its meaning should always be clear. The following examples show the style of writing
you are aiming for at DipABRSM level:

The defining features of the chaconne are a triple metre and an ostinato (repeating) bass
line, which often begins with a descending scale. The repeated bass line of this chaconne
is simply a series of four descending notes, which can be heard very clearly in the
introduction.

Like the majority of Scarlattis arias, Ergiti, amor uses the da capo aria form that
dominated eighteenth-century Italian opera. It consists of three sections (ABA), in which
the repeated A section is usually sung with additional ornamentation.

Towards the end of the movement there is the conventional cadenza passage which
provides an opportunity for the performer to improvise using themes from the
movement. The cadenza played today is not an improvisation, but has been written
by the performer in a Mozartian style.

The composer now introduces a short bridge-passage, using the brass and woodwind in
question-and-answer style. He ingeniously uses this section as a link from the agitated
and dramatic first theme to the more flowing and lyrical second idea. The melody here
is played by the lower woodwind, saxophones and French horns, creating a warm
atmosphere, accompanied by rich harmonies in the trombones and basses.

The third movement is based on a Hebridean song and evokes the Scottish landscape.
Whereas, in the version for full orchestra, the flute plays the melody, in this chamber
arrangement it is given to the oboe. The harp plays an important accompanying role in
this movement, helping to create a highly dreamlike atmosphere.
LRSM
At LRSM level, you need to discuss the musical content in more detail and with more
technical language. Write as though your programme notes are going to be read by an
intelligent, informed reader. Here are some examples:

The third variation combines the characteristic dotted rhythm of the main theme with a
revision of the original melodic contour, now based on the dissonant interval of an
augmented fourth the diabolus in musica (devil in music) of medieval music theory.
While the basic binary (AB) structure of the theme is maintained, the second section is
much extended with contrapuntal elaborations of the melodic material.

In the Adagio, effective use is made of many of the violins tone-colours, for example
through the use of the mute and harmonics at the end of the piece which produce a pure
and ringing sound. This contributes to one of the essential features of the composers style
his unique adaptation of French impressionism. The oriental-influenced harmonic and
melodic language is in complete contrast to the previous movement, with its emphasis on
tonal melody and conventional triadic harmony.

10

The serene rondo theme of the finale is anchored to a deep pedal note and has the
character of a folksong. The spacious layout of the movement allows for two episodes
easily discernible since the tension increases as each plunges into strident and energetic
octave passages in minor keys as well as a good deal of development besides. The rondo
theme becomes the focus of the brilliant prestissimo coda in which long trills decorate the
penultimate appearance, anticipating Beethovens most mature style of piano writing.

The interweaving contrapuntal lines contrast with chordal textures, particularly at the
words and the glory of the Lord. Here, Handel often makes use of the hemiola, whereby
a duple or two-time feel is superimposed on the 3/4 metre at the cadential points.

Hans Keller has suggested that C major is Brittens own key, the significance of which for
the composer lies in the fact that it probably represents a state of naturalness. At one
level, the opening 54 bars do seem excessively economical and repetitive, but might it not
be the case that Britten here is suggesting that the worship of God is indeed humankinds
natural state?

Presentation
You must present two copies of your programme notes to the examiners at the start of
the exam. They should be either typed or printed in black, and the title page must contain
the following information:

the full title of the diploma and, for performance diplomas, your instrument

the date of the exam

the word count (excluding title page)

the works in your programme in the order in which you are to perform them
In addition, all pages must be consecutively numbered. Please remember that for the
exam you must not identify your name anywhere on or inside your programme notes.
You are not expected to cite sources of information in detail, but should refer the reader
to the authors name. It is not appropriate to include a bibliography, although you should
be prepared to discuss your sources in the Viva Voce.
Part of the challenge of writing good programme notes is to pare the text down to
essentials and make sure that every word is important. It can be more difficult to write
about a piece in a couple of paragraphs than it is to discuss it at length. Stick to the word
limit which at DipABRSM level is 1,100 words (+
- 10%) and at LRSM level 1,800 words (+
- 10%).
Dont forget to include your declaration form with your programme notes. Details
relating to this are to be found on the diploma entry form as well as at the Associated
Boards website (www.abrsm.org/exams/diplomas).

Headings and performer lists

There are various ways in which a work can be listed in a programme note. The heading
should normally give a formal title with key, catalogue identifier (e.g. Op.3 or K.414)
where appropriate, the composers name (including first name if it is a living composer or
if there is more than one composer with that surname e.g. J .S. Bach), and the composers
dates. Each movement or song should be listed. Below is one way in which this can be
done, although there are other equally valid ways of doing it. The main thing is that
there is consistency.

11

Sonata in C minor (Pathtique), Op.13

Grave; Allegro di molto e con brio
Adagio cantabile
Rondo: Allegro

Beethoven (1770 1827)

For a movement with a title and separate tempo indication, use a colon after the
title (e.g. Rondo: Allegro). If a movement has a major change of tempo in a clearly
differentiated section, then a semicolon should be used (e.g. Grave; Allegro di molto
e con brio).
For vocal performances, individual songs are normally grouped together on the page
whenever possible, to avoid unnecessary duplication of information and to alert the
audience to appropriate places for applause.
It is common to find within the programme a list of performers and their instruments or
voices, together with brief biographies. Inclusion of this information is not a diploma
requirement but will perhaps be appropriate for recitals which contain chamber music.
How and where a list of performers is incorporated will depend upon the chamber
repertoire performed and its extent and position within the recital. Short biographies are
usually printed at the end of the programme, but there is considerable flexibility about
how this information is presented. Biographical information on the performers should not
be counted within the word allowance for each diploma.

The use of quotation and plagiarism

Keep quotations brief and credit the author
Literary quotations from composers or commentators can sometimes throw light on
important aspects of a piece. However, such quotations must be brief and fully identified
as a quotation. Short quotations should be presented in the text within single quotation
marks; longer quotations of more than two lines of prose should be indented without
quotation marks. A full citation for the source of the quote is unnecessary, but candidates
should refer the reader to the authors name. It is not usually appropriate to include music
quotations in programme notes.
Always write in your own words
It can be tempting to paraphrase or copy material from published collections of
programme notes or from other sources such as CD inserts without acknowledgement
of the author. While diploma candidates are encouraged to look at programme notes
written for professional concerts, as well as CDs, plagiarism must be avoided. (There is
a note in the Diploma Syllabus about plagiarism and the necessity for all written
submissions to be accompanied by a declaration form.) Some published programme notes
will be written in a particular style that would be difficult to pass off successfully as your
own work, and will be familiar to the examiners, while others will be poorly written or
inaccurate. Doing your own research and analysis will reap rewards as your enthusiasm
and personal insight will communicate itself to the reader. It will usually be clear to the
examiners during the course of the Viva Voce whether the work is your own or not.

Notes for singers

Programme notes should normally contain the texts of vocal music. When a translation is
necessary, the text and its translation should be presented in facing columns to allow the
reader to cross-refer and due credit should be given to the translator. The texts will not be
counted towards the required number of words of the programme notes.
Recitals of vocal music will normally contain more items than those in instrumental
programmes. Singers are therefore not expected to provide as much detail in their
programme notes as instrumentalists. However, they must still fulfil the marking criteria.

12

Practical help
Top tips
Read aloud
Try reading your programme notes aloud. Sometimes a sentence that appears good on
paper sounds convoluted, confusing or just plain boring when spoken.
Practise your Viva Voce
Have some practice sessions where the examiner (perhaps your teacher) questions you
and searches a little more deeply. The examiners will base many of their questions in the
Viva Voce on the issues raised in your programme notes, so practise explaining your points
and providing examples to support your responses. Getting lots of practice before the day
will give you extra confidence in the exam.
Be self-critical
Ask yourself: Do the notes bring the music alive? Do they give the reader relevant
information about the composer and the circumstances of composition? Do they provide
an enriching insight into the music? Do they encourage the audience to listen? Will they
stimulate, entertain and interest the audience? Will they increase enjoyment of the
performance?

Test yourself
If you can spot the four examples of quality work in amongst the less useful material
below, then you are well on the way to writing good programme notes! Turn to page 15
for the answers.
1 It is well worth noting that in contrast to the two movements sandwiching it, the laidback character of this movement, with its long hairpins and relaxed feel, is a bit like one
of those nocturnes by the likes of Chopin.
2 Exactly when, why and for whom Bach originally wrote his cello suites remains unknown.
The earliest known source for them is a copy made about 1730 by Bachs second wife
Anna Magdalena, but they almost certainly date from his years (171723) at the court of
Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cthen.
3 In the first movement the four percussion instruments are used to create what the
composer has described as a spray of sound, with a soft attack and slow decay. In the solo
clarinet part, groups of three or four pitches are used to highlight the specific qualities of
timbre and register in the accompanying instruments, creating a fascinating dialogue
between them.
4 The trombone is always difficult to play with a rounded sound, owing to the
predominantly straight tubing, and with such long melodic lines requiring a huge lung
capacity, excellent breath control and a strong embouchure, this piece is very challenging
and demands a totally secure and virtuosic technique.
5 The model for Part 1 of Johann Sebastian Bachs Das Wolhtemperirte Clavier was
J.C.F. Fischers (1670 1746) Ariadne musica, which contained twenty preludes and fugues
in nineteen different keys, and which was reissued in 1715. Early versions of twelve of the
preludes are found in the Clavierbchlein for Wilhelm Friedmann Bach (Bachs eldest
and favourite son) of 1720. Part 2 dates from the 1740s: the manuscript made by Bachs
son-in-law, J.C. Altnickol, is dated 1744 but bears later amendments in Bachs own hand
(www.greatcomposers/german/keyboard).

13

6 It opens with a meno vivo melody which is developed and repeated before leading into a
section which increases in speed as a sequence of flowing quavers descends through the
range of the instrument to its bottom B flat. This is followed by a rubato section that
gradually increases in intensity leading to the climax of the piece where a passage of quavers
rises up dramatically to a high and sustained semibreve. A section for solo piano is heard
before moving into the second main section of the piece where a new melismatic melody is
developed, before the original melody is repeated leading us to the end of the movement.
7 The Three Sonatas for Violin and Piano, opus 30, were composed in 1802 and published
the following year. While the title page of the set implies a subordinate role for the violin
in its wording (Three sonatas for the pianoforte with the accompaniment of a violin),
Beethoven treats the two instruments as equal partners throughout.
8 In his article on the composer contained in Groves Dictionary (1954), Eric Blom wrote that
Rachmaninovs music is well constructed and effective, but monotonous in texture, which
consists in essence mainly of artificial and gushing tunes accompanied by a variety of
figures derived from arpeggios.
9 I think that although this song explores the nature of the human condition in general
terms, in my opinion it also expresses Schuberts own individual sense of loneliness and I
try to portray this in my interpretation.
10 Although Ravel first began work on his Piano Trio in 1908, it was not completed until the
summer of 1914. Despite the greater part of it having been composed under the
emotional pressures generated by the crisis that led to the outbreak of the First World
War, there is no trace of grim events in the music.

Two examples of good programme notes

Sonata in E flat minor: 1.10.1905
Presentiment: Con moto
Death: Adagio

Jancek
(1854 1928)

Written In memory of a worker bayonetted during the demonstrations calling for the
university in Brno this sonata is prefaced by a brief prose poem by the composer:
The white marble staircase of the House of Artists in Brno...
A simple worker Frantis ek Pavlk falls, stained with blood...
He came only to plead for a university... and was killed by cruel murderers.
Deeply affected by this tragic event of October 1905, Jancek
composed a piano sonata
subtitled A Street Scene which consisted at first of three single movements: Presentiment,
Death and Death March. The only copy of the third movement was burnt by the composer in
a moment of extreme self-criticism during the final rehearsal for the premiere. In desperation
he even threw the remaining movements into a river, but the foresighted performer had
by that time made a copy and in 1924 Jancek
gave permission for its publication.
The first movement, in sonata form, opens with a mournful theme which is starkly
interrupted by a strident ostinato (repeating) motif. This motif is always connected to the
main theme and in its diminutive version supplies the momentum for the development
section. The second subject provides reflective calm in an otherwise tempestuous
movement. It is likely that the composer was recalling the crowd scenes and events of the
poem while writing this highly-charged music, which contains much anger and frustration.
The dirge-like theme of the Adagio is directly related to the ostinato motif of the first
movement and is characterised by avoidance of accents on the main metric beat. This
imbues the music with the quality of Czech speech-rhythms, a subject Jancek
studied
with great interest.
The piano writing has an idiosyncratic originality and an almost unidiomatic pianistic
quality. Nevertheless, it is always richly expressive and passionately creative in its fervent
poetry. This sonata is indeed, as Hans Hollander has put it, a heroic epitaph in sound.

14

La vie anterieure

Duparc (1848 1933)

[Accompanied by the text and a translation.]

La vie anterieure was originally written in 1884 for voice and orchestra. It is a throughcomposed setting of a poem by Baudelaire, from Les fleurs du mal (1857), in which the
poet recollects, with aching nostalgia and sadness, a wonderful former life in a distant
country. This is beautifully reflected in Duparcs setting which moves from passionate
excitement in the middle section to intense sadness and introspection in the piano
postlude. The composer responds with highly chromatic harmony (influenced by Wagner
and Franck, his teacher) and long, flexible melodic lines that sensitively suggest the
natural inflection and mood of the words.
Many of the hallmarks of Duparcs style are here, including the use of long-held pedal
notes in the accompaniment (he uses a drone in the bass throughout the first stanza),
rhythmic flexibility, subtle modulations, a recognition of the different tonal qualities
within each vocal range and above all an intense lyricism. The piano part is not simply an
accompaniment but eloquently interacts with the voice, with internal counterpoints and
melodies of its own.

15

Conclusion
The quality of your programme notes should reflect the quality aimed for in every other
aspect of the diploma exam. Try to write programme notes that are interesting and
relevant, and which demonstrate your knowledge and personal research. Informative and
well-written programme notes will significantly enhance the listening experience of your
audience, so the investment of time spent on their preparation will certainly pay
dividends!

Test yourself answers

1 Uses inappropriate slang (sandwiching, laid-back, hairpins, the likes of).
2 A good, informative comment.
3 A good, analytical comment which usefully incorporates the composers own description
of the music.
4 Rather than discussing the music, the writer seems to be arrogantly suggesting that we
will be impressed by a great trombone technique.
5 Superficially academic and rather pretentious. Uses too much irrelevant factual
information, especially dates. Also, a website is not the place to establish facts.
6 Boringly descriptive this leads to that, before leading to this, and so on. Assumes the
reader knows what the terms meno vivo, bottom B flat, rubato, quaver, semibreve and
melismatic mean.
7 Good, factual and relevant comment.
8 Bloms subjective comment, which damns Rachmaninov with faint praise, is of no
relevance to todays audience. The source is very dated and has now been superseded.
9 Uses the first person pronoun, which could be avoided.
10 Good background material which usefully contextualises the piece.

Writing Programme Notes is intended as a guide for Music

Performance and Music Direction diploma candidates and their
teachers, although it is relevant to all those involved in writing
concert programmes. It contains practical advice and information
on all aspects of the process, from background research to
conventions of writing style and presentation.

Nigel Scaife, DPhil (Oxon), MMus RCM, GRSM, studied the piano at
the Royal College of Music and the University of California before
completing a doctorate in musicology at Oxford University. He has
wide experience as a performer, teacher and writer on music.
As Syllabus Principal at the Associated Board he has been closely
involved in the development of the Diploma Syllabus.

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WPN 04/2005