PHS_Algebra_2_Chapter_08 3/20/06 1:10 PM Page 192

Answers for Lesson 8-1

1.

200

Exercises

2.

100

x

2 O

300

30

4000

200

2000

100

2 O

x
2

x

2 O

4.

3.

5.

6.

f (x )

s (t )

40
2

20
20
10

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x

2 O

7.

2 O

x

2 O

8.

y
12

2 O

x

1 O

9. a. 1.0126
b. y = 6.08(1.0126)x, where x = 0 corresponds to 2000
10. y = 0.5(2)x

11. y = 2.5(7)x

13. y = 5(0.6)x

14. y = 3(0.5)x

12. y = 8(1.5)x

16. exponential growth

15. y = 24 Q 13 R
17. exponential decay

18. exponential growth

19. exponential decay

20. exponential decay

21. exponential growth

22. exponential growth

23. exponential decay

Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-1

24.

Exercises (cont.)

25.

26.

60

6
20

1
4

2 O

2 O

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100

30

10

2 O

1 O

30.

28.

12

x
2

29.

f (x )

100
50

2 O

31.

s (t )

2

2 O

27.

y
6

50
4

2 O

x

4

2 O

32. y = 100(0.5)x; 1.5625

33. y = 12,000(0.9)x; 6377
34. y = 12,000(0.1)x; 0.012
35. a. y = 6500(0.857)x
b. $4091.25
36. 63% increase

37. 30% increase

38. 35% decrease

39. 70% increase

40. 87.5% decrease

41. 75% decrease

42. D

Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-1

Exercises (cont.)

43. a. about 5.6%

b. about 0.0017%
44. a. Answers may vary. Sample: y = 30,000(0.7)x for car 1
y = 15,000(0.8)x for car 2; car 2 will be worth more.
b. Check students work.
45. a. y = 80(0.965)x
y
b.
60
20
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20

40 x

about 47 years
46. 1.70

47. 6

48. 0.25

49. 0.45

50. 1.125

51. 0.999

52. 1.001

53. 2

54. y = 34(1.22)x, where x represents the number of

years since 1995.
55. Check students work.
56. about $42,140
57. C
58. B; the graph shows a decreasing function, so b , 1, which
eliminates A. The y = values are all positive, which eliminates C.
59. a. A negative growth rate would be represented by adding
the negative rate to 1.
b. Armenia: y = 11.8(1.099)x, Canada: y = 958.7(1.017)x,
Germany: y = 2271(0.999)x, Venezuela: y = 117.9(0.908)x.
x in each equation represents the number of years
since 2003.
c. Armenia: $18.9 billion, Canada: $1043 billion, Germany:
$2260 billion, Venezuela: $72.8 billion
Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-2

Exercises

1-8. Asymptote is y = 0.
1.

y

2 O

3.

10

2

20

20

4

40

O y

5.

y
O

20

4

40

8

60

12

O y

8.

2
4

6.

2

25

11.

1

9.

10

15

x

2

5

O y

30

4

20

8

10

y
O

100

12

10.

2
20

O y

12

Algebra 2

y

2 O

2

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y

2 O

4.

7.

2.

2 O

12.

y O

x
1

1500

3000

4500

Chapter 8

195

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Answers for Lesson 8-2

13.

Exercises (cont.)

14.

1200

12

800

400

8

15. y =

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17. y =

4 O

1 14.3x
50 Q 2 R
; 0.85 mg
1
1 5730x
24 Q 2 R
; 0.64 mg

16. y =

1 8.14x
200 Q 2 R
; 0.43

mg

18. 20.0855

19. 403.4288

20. 0.1353

21. 1

22. 12.1825

23. 15.1543

24. $2330.65

25. $448.30

26. $1819.76

27. 0

28. 1

29. If c , 0, the graph models exponential decay. If c = 0, the

graph is a horizontal line. If c . 0, the graph models
exponential growth.
30. $6168.41
31. a. Answers may vary. Sample: y = -2(1.3)x
b. Answers may vary. Sample: I am in debt for $2 and my
debt is growing at a rate of 30% per year.
c. The graph of exponential decay approaches the
asymptote y = 0 as x increases. The graph of negative
exponential growth approaches the asymptote y = 0 as x
decreases.
32. y = 4 Q 12 R ; y = 4 Q 12 R
x

Algebra 2

x14

+3

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-2

Exercises (cont.)

33. y = -3x; y = -3x-8 + 2

34. y = 21 (2) x; y = 12 (2) x26 - 7

35. y = 23 Q 13 R ; y = 23 Q 13 R

-1

x15

36. 75.0 pascals

37. 8.7 yr

38. A deficit that is growing exponentially is modeled by

y = abcx, where a , 0, and either b . 1 and c . 0 or
0 , b , 1 and c , 0.
39. B

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40. a. $2501.50
b. $3.15 more
41. $399.97

42. exponential growth

43. exponential growth

44. exponential decay

45. exponential growth

46. exponential decay

47. exponential growth

48. a. y = 8001 - 3x, where y is the number of uninfected
people and x represents days.
b. 5814 people
c. about 9 days
49. a. about 10 names; about 24 names
b. Graphically, it will never happen; the graph has y = 30 as
an asymptote. (In reality, you would be close to knowing
all the names in about 21 days.)
c. Answers may vary. Sample: I learn names pretty quickly;
my learning rate might be 0.4.
50. a. 2928 m3
b. V = 2928 - 15(2x - 1)
c. ninth weekend
Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-3

Exercises

1. The earthquake in Missouri released about 1.97 times more

energy.
2. The earthquake in Chile released about 231 times more
energy.
3. The earthquake in Missouri released about 8,759,310 times
more energy.
4. The earthquake in Missouri released about 30 times more
energy.

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5. The earthquake in Alaska released about 83 times more

energy.
6. log7 49 = 2
1
9. log 10
= -1

7. 3 = log 1000

8. log5 625 = 4

10. 2 = log8 64

11. log1 4 = -2

1
12. 3 = log1 Q 27
R
3

13. -2 = log 0.01

14. 4

15. 21

16. 1

17. 23

18. 3

19. 12

20. undefined

21. 2

22. 5

23. 1

24. 4

25. 3

26. 6.3 3 10-6

27. 6.3 3 10-3

28. 1.0 3 10-8

29. 7.9 3 10-4

30. 5.0 3 10-7

31. 1.3 3 10-5

32. 1.0 3 10-4

33. 4.0 3 10-6

34. 2.5 3 10-4

35.

36.

O

2

Algebra 2

x
16

O

2

37.

10

x
20

32

x
64

2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-3

38.

Exercises (cont.)

39.

40.

10

x
20

2

4
2

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41. 0.6990; 0

42. -4.2147; -5

43. -1.0969; -2

44. 2.3010; 2

45. -0.7782; -1

46. 1.2435; 1

47. 7.1139; 7

48. 0.5119; 0

49. apple juice: 3.5, acidic; buttermilk: 4.6, acidic; cream: 6.6,
acidic; ketchup: 3.9, acidic; shrimp sauce: 7.1, basic; strained
peas: 6, acidic
50. The error is in the second line. It should read 3 = 27x; the
correct answer is 13.
51. First rewrite y = log1 x as 1y = x. For any real number y,
x = 1.
52. Answers may vary. Sample: y = log3 x; y = 3x
y y  3x

8
4

y  log3 x

O

2

Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-3

Exercises (cont.)

53. 128 = 27
54. 0.0001 = 10-4
55. 16,807 = 75
56. 6 = 61
57. 1 = 40
58. 19 = 3-2

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59. 12 = 2-1
60. 10 = 101
61. 8192 = 213
62. a. buffalo bone: 9826 to 10,128 years old,
bone fragment: 9776 to 10,180 years old,
pottery shard: 0 to 183 years old,
charcoal: 9718 to 10,242 years old,
spear shaft: 9776 to 10,263 years old
b. The pottery shard; answers may vary. Samples: the
pottery may be from a later civilization, or the mass or
the beta radiation emissions may have been measured
incorrectly.
63. C
64. y = 4x

65. y = 0.5x

66. y = 10x

67. y = 2x-1

68. y = 10x - 1

69. y = 10x-1

70. y = 10x + 2

71. y = 52

73.

74.

y
x

O

2

72. y = ax + b

20

y
2

40

x
O

2
Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-3

75.

Exercises (cont.)

y
x

2

76. domain {xx . 0}, range: all reals

77. domain {xx . 0}, range: all reals
78. domain {xx . 3}, range: all reals
79. domain {xx . 0}, range: all reals

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80. domain {xx . 2}, range: all reals

81. domain {xx . -1}, range: all reals
82. domain {xx . 0}, range: all reals
83. domain {x x . 0}, range: all reals
84. domain {xx . t}, range: all reals
85. 100

86. 70

88. 20

89. 10

87. 60

90. a. II
b. III
c. I

Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-4

Exercises

1. Product Property
2. Quotient Property
3. Power Property
4. Power Property
5. Power Property, Quotient Property
6. Power Property
7. Power Property, Quotient Property

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8. Power Property, Product Property

9. Power Property, Quotient Property
10. Power Property, Product Property
11. log 14

12. log2 3

13. log 972

16. log 5k

17. log6 5x

15. log mn

14. log 23
xy
18. log7 z

19. 3 log x + 5 log y

20. log7 22 + log7 x + log7 y + log7 z
21. log4 5 + 21 log4 x
23. log5 r - log5 s

22. log 3 + 4 log m - 2 log n

25. log3 7 + 2 log (2x - 3)

26. 2 log a + 3 log b - 4 log c

27. 12 log 2 + 12 log x - 12 log y

29. log s + 12 log 7 - 2 log t

28. 1 + 12 log8 3 + 25 log8 a

30. -logb x

31. 9 dB

32. 13 dB

33. -2

34. 1

35. 6

36. 2

37. 2

38. 1

39. 1

40. -2

41. 1

Algebra 2

24. 2 log3 2 + 2 log3 x

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-4

Exercises (cont.)

42. The coefficient 12 is missing in log4 s; log 4 st = 12 log4 st =

1
1
1
2(log4 t - log4 s) = 2 log4 t - 2 log4 s.

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43. Answers may vary. Sample: log 150 = log 15 + log 10

44. 1.3803

45. 1.4772

46. 1.2042

47. 2.097

48. 0.1761

49. -0.0969

50. -0.6021

51. -1.398

52. 1.398

53. -0.7782

54. 1.5564

55. 0.3495

56. 12 dB

57. 0.00001

58. True; log2 4 = 2 and log2 8 = 3.

1

59. False; 12 log3 3 = log3 32 , not log3 32.

60. True; it is an example of the Power Property since 8 = 23.
61. False; the two logs have different bases.
62. False; this is not an example of the Quotient Property.
log (x - 2) 2 log x - log 2.
63. False; logbxy = logb x - logb y.
64. False; the exponent on the left means the log x, quantity
squared, not the log of x2.
65. False; log4 7 - log4 3 = log4 73, not log4 4.
66. True; log x + log (x2 + 2) = log x(x2 + 2), which equals log
(x3 + 2x).
67. False; the three logs have different bases.
68. True; the power and quotient properties are used correctly.
69. True; the left side equals logb Q 18 ? 43 R , which equals logb 8.
Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-4

Exercises (cont.)

70. 102 dB
71. No; the expression (2x + 1) is a sum, so it is not covered by
the Product, Quotient, or Power properties.
72. The log of a product is equal to the sum of the logs. log
(MN) = log M + log N. So log (5 ? 2) = log 10 = 1,
log 5 ? log 2 < (0.7)(0.3) = 0.21, which is not equal to 1.
4
73. log3 !
2x

74. logx

75. log 27
2

76.

"x2"y3
77. logb
z5
79. 3 log 2 + 23 log x - 3 log 5

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2 !y

z3
x 1>y
log4 m pn

78. log 4 "z 5

"3"x
4

80. 3 log m - 4 log n + 2 log p

81. log 2 + 12 log 4 + 21 log r - log s
82. 21 logb x + 23 logb y - 52 logb z
83. 52 log4 x + 27 log4 y - log4 z - 4 log4 w
84. 12 log (x2 - 4) - 2 log (x + 3)
85. 12 log x + 41 log 2 - log y
86. log3 x + log3 y - 6 log3 z
87. 12 log7 (r + 9) - 2 log7 s - 13 log7 t
88. v = logb N
bv = N
MN = bu ? bv = bu+v
logb MN = u + v
logb MN = logb M + logb N

Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-4

Exercises (cont.)

89. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

u = logb M (Given)
bu = M (Rewrite in exponential form.)
(bu)x = Mx (Raise each side to x power.)
bux = Mx (Power Property of exponents)
logb bux = logb Mx (Take the log of each side.)
ux = logb Mx (Simplify.)
logb Mx = x ? logb M (Substitution)

90. 1.
2.
3.
4.

u = logb M (Given)
bu = M (Rewrite in exponential form.)
v = logb N (Given)
bv = N (Rewrite in exponential form.)

bu = bu-v (Quotient Property of Exponents)

5. M
=
N
bv
u-v (Take the log of each side.)
6. logb M
=
log
b
b
N
M
7. logb N = u - v (Simplify.)
8. logb M
N = logb M - logb N (Substitution)

Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-5

Exercises

1. 1.5850

2. 2.1240

3. 2.7320

4. 3.0101

5. 3

6. 3.4650

7. 0.9534

8. 1.330

9. 0.3579

10. 3.2056

11. 0.2720

12. 2.1073

13. 0.5690

14. 1.2871

15. 4.7027

16. 14.4894

17. 6

18. 4.89

19. 0.64

20. 009, 5.86

21. -0.73

22. 2.41

23. about 7.1 years

24. about 2018

25. 3.1699; log8 729

26. 1.5; log8 22.627

27. 3.6309; log8 1901.3

28. 2.5643; log8 206.93

29. 3.1827; log8 748.56

30. 2.8074; log8 343

31. 3.8737; log8 3149.6

32. 0.0792; log8 1.1790

33. 0.05

34. !10
10 , or < 0.3162

35. 33

36. 10,000

1
37. 60
, or <0.0167

38. 12

39. !10, or < 3.1623

41. 2

40. 100!10 - 1, or < 315.2

42. 3 3 108

43. 100,000!5, or < 223,606.8 44. 5

45. 14

46. 1357.2

47. 7
48. a. 18.9658
b. 18.9658
c. Answers may vary. Sample: You dont have to use the
Change of Base formula with the base-10 method, but
there is less algebra with the base-2 method.
Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-5 Exercises (cont.)

50. 20 = 8(1.2)x, 5 years

49. 5.1
x

51. 2 =

10 Q 12 R 1.17, about

2.7 min 52. A

53. -1

54. 3

55. 21

56. 3

57. 31

58. -2

59. 3

60. 212

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61. a. Let x equal the number of years after 2000. Florida

growth factor = 1.0213, y = 15,982,378 (1.0213)x; New
York growth factor = 1.0054,
y = 18,976,457 ? (1.0054)x
b. 2011
62. a. Texas growth factor = 1.0208, y = 20,851,820 (1.0208)x;
California growth factor = 1.013, y =
33,871,648 ? (1.013)x
b. 2063
63. Since Floridas growth rate is larger than Texass growth
rate, in theory, given constant conditions, Florida would
exceed Texas in about 543 years. However, since no state has
unlimited capacity for growth, it is unrealistic to predict over
a long period of time.
64.

log 102
1

log 10

2 log 102-1

65. Answers may vary. Sample: log x = 1.6

101.6 = x, x < 39.81
66. Answers may vary. Sample: A possible model is
y = 1465(1.0838)x where x = 0 represents 1991; the growth
is probably exponential and 1465(1.0838)10 < 3276; using
this model, there will be 10,000 manatees in about 2015.

Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-5

Exercises (cont.)

log b

67. a. x = log a
log b
b. x = loga b = log a
c. Substituting the result from part (a) into the results from
log b
part (b), or vice versa, yields loga b = log a. This justifies
the Change of Base Formula.
log 2

68. log 7
log 3.3

71. log 9
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log 5

74. log x

log 8

69. log 3

70.

log 3x

72. log 4

73.

log 140
log 5
log (1 2 x)
log 6

log (x 1 1)
log x
1) W/m2, 104 W/m2

75.

76. a. 100 (or

b. 10,000 times more intense

77. a. top up: 10-5 W/m2, top down: 10-2.5 W/m2

b. 99.68%
78. a. 10-3 W/m2, 106 W/m2
b. 109 times more intense
79. 2.9315

80. 0.2098

81. 0.6225

82. 625

83. 2.3094

84. 10

85. 0.8505

86. 1.5

87. 7.4168

88. 200.8

89. 2.9615

90. 2.7944

91. 1

92. 500

93. 1.0451

94. 114.3

95. 1.3063
97. a.
b.
c.
d.

Algebra 2

96. 3.0417

bassoon, guitar, harp, violin, viola, cello

bassoon, guitar, harp, cello, bass
harp, violin
harp, violin

Chapter 8

208

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Answers for Lesson 8-5

Exercises (cont.)

98. 478,630 times

99. no; solving 0.65 =

x
(0.5) 5430

for x, the age in years of the

sample, yields an age of about 3561 yrs.

100. 5

101. -4, 2

102. -9, 9

103. 1

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104. 20,031 m above sea level

105. a. 91 hours or 4 days
b. 0.928 mg or 1.061 mg
c. Estimate in hours is more accurate; the days have a
larger rounding error.

Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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PHS_Algebra_2_Chapter_08 3/20/06 1:10 PM Page 210

Answers for Lesson 8-6

1. ln 125

2. ln 18

3. ln 4

4. ln 40,960

1
5. ln 81

6. ln 1

7. ln

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Exercises

m5
3
n

!xy

9. ln a !c
2

8. ln

10. 20.92

11. 24.13

12. 7.79 km/s; yes

13. 25 s

14. 134.476

15. 0.135

16. 1.078 3 1015

17. 1488.979

18. 5.482, -3.482

19. 411.588

20. 110.196

21. 42.241

22. 40.908

23. 2.890

24. 1.151

25. 2.401

26. 5.493

27. 1.242

28. 23.752

29. 6 years

30. 78%

31. 1

32. 2

33. 10

34. 10

35. 0

36. 14

37. 1

38. 83

39. 301

40. 10.8

41. sometimes

42. never

43. always

44. about 5.8% per hour

45. 19.8 h

46. about 40,000 bacteria

47. 3.6

48. 6.7

49. 9.4

50. 11.8

51. 13.9

52. 15.8

53. 17.5

54. 19.1

55. 542.31

56. 1

57. 0.0794

58. 81.286

59. 1.2639

60. no solution

61. 27,347.9

62. 78.342

Algebra 2

Chapter 8

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Answers for Lesson 8-6

Exercises

63. No; using the Change of Base Formula would result in one
of the log expressions being written as a quotient of logs,
which couldnt then be combined with the other expression
to form a single logarithm.
64. a. y = 300e0.241t
b. 2002
c. 2006
y

ln Q 300 R

e. Substitute the number of users found in (b) and (c) into

the equation in (d). Determine whether your answers in
years are the same as t for each.
65. a. about 43 min

2 72
21
b. t = 0.041
ln Q T 164
R
120

t (min)

Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

d. t = 0.241 , where y is the number of Internet users in

millions and t is time in years.

80
40

50

100 150 200

T (F)

1.7, 6.0, 11.3, 18.1, 27.6, 43.1, 97.6

66. Check students work.

Algebra 2

Chapter 8

211