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Orthographic Projections

This document provides an overview of engineering graphics and orthographic drawing by Professor Naman M. Dave. It discusses how drawings offer a better representation of objects than verbal or written descriptions. It outlines different types of drawings used in fields like engineering, botany, zoology, and architecture. The document focuses on orthographic projections as a way of projecting views of an object onto planes. It explains first and third angle projections, principal planes, patterns of views, and the glass box method for creating orthographic views. Examples of orthographic projections of objects are provided to illustrate front, top, and side views according to first angle projection standards.

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Naman Dave
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537 views37 pages

Orthographic Projections

This document provides an overview of engineering graphics and orthographic drawing by Professor Naman M. Dave. It discusses how drawings offer a better representation of objects than verbal or written descriptions. It outlines different types of drawings used in fields like engineering, botany, zoology, and architecture. The document focuses on orthographic projections as a way of projecting views of an object onto planes. It explains first and third angle projections, principal planes, patterns of views, and the glass box method for creating orthographic views. Examples of orthographic projections of objects are provided to illustrate front, top, and side views according to first angle projection standards.

Uploaded by

Naman Dave
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Graphics

Orthographic
Drawing

By Prof. Naman M. Dave


Assistant Prof. (Mech Dept.)
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology

DRAWINGS:
( A Graphical Representation)
The Fact about:
If compared with Verbal or Written Description,
Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size &
Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a
less time.
Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication
not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.

Drawings
(Some Types)

Botanical Drawings
( plants, flowers etc.)

Nature Drawings
( landscape,
Geographical
scenery etc.)
Drawings
( maps etc.)

Building Related Drawings.

Orthographic Projections
(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type)

Portraits
( human faces,
expressions etc.)

Zoological Drawings
(creatures, animals etc.)

Engineering Drawings
(projections.)

Machine component Drawings

Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)
or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Actual Object Drawing 3-D)

Prof. Naman M. Dave

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
It is a technical drawing in which different views of an object
are projected on different reference planes
observing perpendicular to respective reference plane

Different Reference planes are


Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)

&
Different Views are
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.

IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:

1 Planes.
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections
Prof. Naman M. Dave

PLANES

1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane


(A.V.P.)

Auxiliary Inclined Plane


(A.I.P.)

Profile Plane
( P.P.)

A.V.P.
to Hp & to Vp

Prof. Naman M. Dave

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)


This is a pictorial set-up of all three planes. Arrow direction is a normal way
of observing the object. But in this direction only vp and a view on it (fv) can
be seen. The other planes and views on those can not be seen.

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:To make those planes also visible from the arrow direction,
A) hp is rotated 900 dounward
B) pp, 900 in right side direction.
This way both planes are brought in the same plane containing vp.
Click to view Animation

On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is
safe for your pc.

PP

VP

FV

LSV

X
X

TV
HP

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900


AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.

PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900


AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.

Actual pattern of planes & views


Of orthographic projections
Drawn in
First angle method of projections

Projection Symbol
United States = 3rd angle projection
Europe = 1st angle projection

Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method


Here views are drawn
by placing object

Third Angle Projections Method


Here views are drawn
by placing object

in 1st Quadrant

in 3rd Quadrant.

Symbolic
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) Presentation
( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
Of both methods
With an object
Standing on hp ( ground)
TV
FV
On its base.
NOTE:Y
X
Y
X
TV

HP term is used in 1st Angle method


&
For the same
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections

FV
G

The Glass Box Method


How do we create the 6 principal views?
The Glass Box Method

Glass Box Method


The object is
placed in a
glass box.
The sides of
the box
represent the 6
principal
planes.

Glass Box Method


The image of
the object is
projected on
the sides of the
box.

Glass Box Method


Things to
notice!
The projection
planes.
The projectors.
How surfaces
A and B are
projected.

Glass Box Method


The box is
unfolded creating
the 6 principal
views.

FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION

FOR T.V.

In this method,
The object is assumed to be
Situated in first quadrant
Means
Above HP & in front of VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
PP

VP
FV

LSV

X
TV
HP

Prof. Naman M. Dave

THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT


AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV

Y
LSV

FV

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }
OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.
THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL
TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.
AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.
THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.
FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )
TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP )
SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )

FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE


PROJECTION METHODS
AND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULLY.
TRY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES
PERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS
Prof. Naman M. Dave

Exercise 1-1
Principal Views

What are the differences between


the Right Side and Left Side
views?
Top

Left Side
They are mirror
images with one
different line type.

Right Side

Rear

Bottom

Prof. Naman M. Dave

What are the differences between


the Top and Bottom, and Front
and Rear views?

Top

Left Side

Right Side

Rear

They are mirror images


with different line types.
Bottom

Prof. Naman M. Dave

Which view(s) have the least


amount of hidden or dashed
lines?

Top

Left Side

Front and top views.

Right Side

Rear

Bottom

Prof. Naman M. Dave

FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION

FOR T.V.

IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
PP

VP
FV

LSV

X
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS

Prof. Naman M. Dave

THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT


AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV

Y
LSV

FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS

FOR T.V.

FOR T.V. (1) Elevation (2) Top View (3) Right hand side view.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW
R.H.SIDE VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN


DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
TOP VIEW

(1) Front View (2) Top view (3) L.H. S.V.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

(1) Front View (2) Top view (3) L.H. S.V.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

(1) Front View (2) Top view (3) L.H. S.V.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

Next Slides shows manual drawing which are drawn by previous students
Please do not follow it blindly it may some mistakes there.
These are just for your reference or as guidance.
Please go to some theory section also. Kindly use textbooks and reference books to
cover theory section rather than blindly concentrate to ppt

(1) Front View (2) Top view (3) L.H. S.V.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

Prof. Naman M. Dave

(a) Sectional Front elevation at arrow X


(b) Top view
(c) Side view from left.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

(I) front view,


8
(II) top view&
(III) full sectional Side view.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

Prof. Naman M. Dave

(1) Sectional Elevation from X (2) Top view (3) Right hand side view.

Prof. Naman M. Dave

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