School of Distance Education

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1
Common course in Malayalam
for
BCom/BBA
I SEMESTER
CUCBCSS - 2014 Admision

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

508
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

School of Distance Education

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Study Material
COMMON COURSE IN MALAYALAM
I SEMESTER

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1
Prepared by :

tUm.-cm[ ]n.-sF.
Atkm.-s{]m-^k
- ,
sI.-F.-F-v.-Fw.-bq-Wnn hnakv tImtfPv, atcn
Scrutinized by

tUm. sI.-Fw. \ko

Atkm.-s{]m-^k
- ,

ae-bm-f- ]T\ hn-`mKw,

^mdqJv tImtfPv
Type settings & Lay out
Computer Section, SDE

Reserved

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

School of Distance Education

DffS--w
samUyq-1

KZyw

samUyq 2

hnh\w

17

samUyq -3-

t\mh

22

samUyq 4

bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw

32

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

School of Distance Education

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

School of Distance Education

samUyq-1
KZyw
kmlnXyw-, kmaq-ln-Iw, kmwkvIm-cnIw Fo Xe--fnse teJ-\--fmWv Cu samUyqfn Dsmn-n-p--Xv. Fn-s\-gp-Xp-p, Fgp-ns ]Wn-p-c-bn cN\ Fs\ cq]w
sImpp Fo hnj-b--sf-n {]ikvX IYm-Ir-mb Fw.-Sn.bpw Ih-bn{Xn kpK-X-Ip-amcnbpw Fgp-Xnb teJ-\- CXn-ep-v. kz-amb ZpxJfpw Bm-Z-fpw hnlz-e-X-Ifpw
kz]v\-fpw Iog-S-p-tm Fgp-Xnsb ]q. Fgpv kzmX-{y-amWv , Bm-Z-am-Wv, \ne-\nev]p-amWv. CXmWv Fw.-Sn. Fn-s\-gp-Xpp F teJ-\
- n hniZo-Ic
- n-p-X
- v. A\-iz-c-Xbn-te-p a\p-jys ssI\o-e
- mWv kmlnXy cN-\s
- bv kpK-XI
- p-amcn Is-pp. Bscmstbm ]dp Ign-X
- v, ]dp sImn-cn-p-X
- v, C\nbpw ]d-bm-\p-Xv CXmWv Ihn-X.
Ae-dn-p-g--Sn-p km--I-X-bpsS sImSp-m-n Xt-Xmb {]mW-hmbp IqSn CXmWv
Ih-bn-{Xn-bpsS ]w.
Imnse Infn-qw F F. F. \ko-dns teJ\w h\-tem-I-t-p Hcp IqSnm-gvNbvv hI-sbm-cp-p-p. \n_-\
- I
- fpw D]m-[n-If
- p-an-msX ImSn-s\, AXns Fm {]Wn
k-sSpw at\m-lm-cn-X-tbmSpw IqSn Bt-jn-p k hym]n-bmb Zi\w Cu teJ-\n-ep-v. ]n-tem-I-tmSpw ImSn-t\m-Sp-ap a\p-jys lrZ-b-Im-Tn-\y-ns ImgvN-Ifpw
ChnsS ImWmw. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IYm temIns khn-ti-jX
- I
- f
- mWv ]cn-Xy-c
- psS cmjv{Sobw
F teJ-\-n N-sN-p--Xv. qe-cm-jv{Sobw At-l-ns cN-\-I-fn-en-. IY GXp
]m--e-n \S-mepw X\np kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb IqS-q-cmWv Fw.-Sn. Bcq-V-ambn Icp-Xp-Xv. ]e Xc-n-ep GIm-In-X-I A\p-`-hn-p--hcpw s]mXp-hmbn kaq-ltam IpSpw-_tam
]cn-Xy-Pn--h-cp-amWv At-l-ns IYm-]m-{X- Fv teJ-I \nco-n-p-p. Ihn-Xt- bmS-Sp-p-h-cp Cu `mh- Bhn-jv-cn-m-\mbn Fgp-p-Im-cs `mj `mh-Ko-Xm--I-am-bn.
Fw.-Sn.-bpsS ka-Im-en-Ic
- mb `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-Im-cam CtX coXn ]nXp-S-Xmbn ImWmw.
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf Bkv]Z- -amn kn\na \nn-p coXn ae-bm-f-n Ipd-p-hc
- p-Xns Nn{X-amWv ae-bm-fk
- n-\n-ab
- psS kmln-Xy-_w F teJ-\
- n a[p Cd-h
- c AhX-cn-n-p--Xv. ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS IYm-]-c-amb D-cp-n-s\bpw BJym-\-ssi-en-tbbpw
\psS kmlnXyw hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o-\n-n-p-v. Ne-n-{X-am-[y-at- mSv kmlnXyw Iqdp ]pen.
A\p-h-\- {]tXy-Ik
- r-jvSn-If
- mbn ]e-tmgpw amdn. Ne-n{Xw F am[y-a-n-\-\p-cq-]ambn BJym\w F{X-tmfw ku-cym--I-ambn FXv C\nbpw ]Tn-t taJ-e-bm-Wv.
hnNm-cs ac-hn-n-p-Ibpw hnIm-cs Cf-n-hnSp-Ibpw sNbvXv A[n-Im-c-m-\
-
a\p-jy-cm-inv hcp-n-sh hn\-I-fmWv ^mkn-k-ns a\x-mkv{Xw F teJ\w N
sNp--Xv. \mkn XS- ]mf-b--fnse Zpc--Zr-iy-sf Nn{Xo-I-cn-p bqsP tImtKmWns Xnbdn B v {]mIvSokv Hm^v sl F ]pkvXIw ^mkn-k-ns `oI-cX Xpdp
Imp-p. Hcp htc-Wy-h-s ]cn-io-e\w sNbvXp hfn-sb-Sp-p-I, h--ssP-h]
- -c-ambn
Xmgv-hsc Dq-e\w sNpI F Xz-imkv{Xw BZi-ambn Icp-Xp--XmWv AXnse {]Xntcm-[t- k-\b
- mb Cu akvXn-jv{- ]-m-f\
- t- av ItTm-cl
- r-Zb
- a
- p-h
- c
- m-Ip-p. Ic-Sn-Iv XS-hp]p-n-Isf Fdn-p-sIm-Spv AXp-Ip ckn-p-I, ISp NqSnepw XWp-nepw XS-hp-Imsc
amdn-am-dn-bppw ]n-Wn-npw sImpI Fn-s\ k-ev]n-m-\m-Im ImTn-\y- ZrIvkmn
hnh-c-W-ambn ]pkvXIw Ah-X-cn-n-p-p. t{Im[-nepw hntZz-j
- nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb XXzim-kv{X- {]--ambn B[p-\n-I-Im-epw \ne-\npp Fv teJ\w \nco-n-p-p.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

School of Distance Education

Fgp-p-Im-c-s\-p-dnv :
Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h \mb
{]apJ IYm-Ir-v, t\mh-en-v, Xnc--Ym-Ir-v, kn\n-am-kw-hn-[m-b-I
cN\-I :
(t\m-h)
\mep-sI-,v av, Imew, Akp-ch
- n-,v cm-aq-gw, Ad-_n-sm-,v ]mXn-cmhpw ]I shfn-hpw
(I-Y-I)
_-\w, \ns Hm-bvv, Ccp-ns Bm-hv, Ifn-ho-Sv, Fs {]nb-s IY-I, Fw.Sn.-bpsS sXc-s-Sp IY-I
(te-J-\-)
ImYn-Is Ie, ImYn-Is ]Wn-p-c, Infn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS, GIm-In-I-fpsS i_vZw
(_m-ek
- m-ln-Xyw)
amWn-Iy--v, X{-m-cn, Zb F s]Ipn
(Xn-c--Y)
Fw.-Sn.-bpsS Xnc--Y-I, Hcp sNdp-]p-ncn
\ Xnc--Y-bvp \mj-\ ^nenw AhmUv
Hcp h-S- hoc-KmY
1989
IShv
1991
kZbw
1992
]cn-Wbw
1994
m\-]oTw
1995
]-`q-j
2005
sP.-kn.-Um-\n-b AhmUv
2013

kn-Zm-\-
{]apJ aebm-f-I-hn, \ncq-]-I, hnh-I
cN-\-I (I-hn-X)
Ap kqcy, B-Ko-X, Ihn-X, Cy kvsIp-I, Fgp-
- s
- \-gp-Xp-tm, ]qR-\Im-ew, tkm{I-okpw tImgn-bpw, Ch-s\-q-Sn, hoSp-amw, Ib-w, Ihn-_p-, tZim-S-\w, sXcs-Sp Ihn-X-I, hnv, kmy-, ad-p-sh hkvXp-, _lp-cq-]n, XYm-KXw
\mS-I
-
i Xp-cm, Kmn
KZy-te-J\
-
-
Ipcp-t-{Xw, kwhm-Z
- , kao-]\
-
- , kwkvm-c
- ns cmjv{So-bw, kw`m-jW
-
- ,
s{_lvXns Ie
ae-bm-I-hn-Xm-]T-\-
At\z-j-W-, ]S-hp-I, ku-cyhpw A[n-Im-chpw aplq-, kmln-Xyhpw {]Xn-tcm[hpw
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

School of Distance Education

a[p Cd-h-c
kn\n-am-Kt- h-jI
- , kwhn-[m-bI
- , Pqdn, \ncq-]I
- k
- w-LS- \
- I
- f
- nse apJymw-Kw, tIc-ft- v
^nenw sUh-e
- vsa v tIm-td-js ]m\ Ub-d-IvS, kn\nam kmln-Xy-s-p-dn-p ]T\-v {]tXyI AwKo-Im-cw.
cN-\-I :
kv\m\-L-- (I-YI
- ), ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-Xy-hpw, Aen-hns am-c
- (kn\n-am-]-T\
- -), ie-`-bm-{X-I (bm-{X), kwkvIm-cw, bpn, kaqlw (A-aXy-sk hnh\w), ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse Ahn-kvac
- -Wo-b, Ime-ns AS-cp-I (kn-\n-am-N-cn-{Xw), temI-kn\n-a-bpsS aqmw Iv, \qcw (^o- ^nenw), \njmZw (Xn-c--Y)

hotc-{-Ip-am
{]apJ Nn-I\
- pw, Fgp-p-Im-c\pw cmjv{So-b{- ]-h-I\
- pw, hb-em AhmUv, kmlnXy
Am-Zan AhmUv, HmS-p-g AhmUv, \me-m-S ]pc-kvImcw XpSn \nc-h[n AwKo-Im-c e`n-n-pv.
ka-\z-b-ns hk-w, _ps Nncn, Kmpw ImWm--c-Sp-I-fpw, Bm-hn-tesmcp
Xo-bm{X, {]Xn-`-bpsS thcp-I tXSn, N-pg : hn[n-bpsS th-arKw, Xncn-p-t\m-ptm, tcmj-ns hnp-I, A[n-\n-th-i-ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I, cmas ZpxJw, sslah-X`- q-hn (h-b-em AhmUv), Ba-tkmWpw Ipsd hymIp-eX
- -Ifpw.

kpK-X-Ip-amcn
{]kn-I
- -hb
- n-{Xn, kmaq-ly-{]-h-I, ]cn-nXn {]h-I, {]Ir-Xn-kw-c
- W kan-Xnbp-sSbpw A`-bm-bp-tSbpw m]I sk{I-dn
cN-\-I :
app-nn

kmaq-ly-tk-h-\
- n-\p `mnb AhmUv, tk{Iv tkm A tZiob
]pc-kvImcw, hr-an{X AhmUv, ]{io Fo AwKo-Im-c- Inn-bnp-v.
kz]v\-`p-an, Ccpn-d-Ip-I
]mXn-cm-q-
(km-lnXy {]hI AhmUv)
A-ea
- Wn
(h-b-em AhmUv)
Ipdn-n-q- , Xpem-hj- (hniz-Zo]w AhmUv), cm[-sb-hnsS (A-_p-Zm_n ae-bmf
kamPw AhmUv), IrjvW-I-hn-X-I (P-m-jvSan ]pc-kvII
- m-cw), tZh-Zm-kn, aW-se-gpv

F.-F.-\-ko
{]apJ h\y-Pohn t^mtm-{Km-^, ]cn-n-Xn-kw-c
- W
- {- ]-h-I, t_mws_ \mNz-d
lndn skmssk-n-bpsS ncmw-Kw, Sanctury Asia, Frontline, Outlook Traveller XpS-nb {]kno-I-c-W--fn t^mtm-k-lnXw Fgp-Xp-p. \oe-Kncn amn-s\-p-dnpw \nc-h[n A]q
kky-P-p-h-s
- f-p-dnpw Poh XpSn-p Nn{X-t- fmsS lrZ-b-kv]in-bmbn Fgp-Xn-bnp-v. amXr-`qan BgvN--Xn-n ]c--c-bmbn h teJ-\- ImSns at\m-l-c-amb Bhnjv-cW
- --fm-Wv. ImSns\ sNp sXmSp-tm F t]cn AXv ]pkvX-Ia
- m-bn.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

School of Distance Education

bp.-sI.-Ip-am-c
IYm-Irv, t\mh-en-v, ]{X-{]-h-I.
cN-\-I (t\m-h)
he-bw, Hcn-Spw Fm--h, t]meo-kp-Im-cs s]a-, XIpv kzcq-]w,
Bk-n, Fgp-X-s--Xv, H-hm-n Hcp Pohn-Xw, ImWp--X ImgvN-I
IY
]pXnb Ccn-n-S-, ]mhw I, sdbnm-f-n Hcp IpSpw_w [ym\n-p-p. Hbvsmcp kv{Xo HmSp--Xns cl-ky-sav? hoSp kwkm-cn-p-p, Hcm-sf-tSn Hcm, aXn-{`-a-fpsS Imew, k-cn-p tKmh-Wn, hf Imep IpS

Fkv.-sI.-s]m--mSv (i--cIpn s]m-m-Sv) (1913-1982)

{]ikvX IYm-Ir-v, t\mh-en-v, km-c-km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-bn Gsd {]i-kvX
cN-\-I (t\m-h)
\mSt{]-aw, hnj-I-\y-I, Hcp tZi-ns IY
IY
bh-\n-Ibvp ]nn
aIs\ sIm aZyw (I-hn-X).
Fkv.sI.s]msm-Sns km-ck
- m-lnXyw
tIc-f-km-lnXy Am-Zan AhmUv (hn-j-I-\y-I-1962)
tI{ kmlnXy Am-Zan AhmUv (Hcp tZi-ns IY) (1972)
kmln-Xy-{]-hI kl-Ic
- W
- k
- wLw AhmUv (1977)
m\-]oT ]pc-kvImcw 1980
Fn-s\-gp-Xpp Fw.-Sn.
1.
Fgp-p-Im-c\v Xm Pohn-n-cn-p Imev Inp Bcm-[-\bpw {]kn-nbpw Pohn-Xns ap ]e a-e--fnepw {]hn-p--h-tcmSv Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-p-tm hfsc
\nm-camWv. hni-Zo-Ic
- n-p-I.
Fn-s\-gp-Xpp Fp Nnn-p-I-bmWv Fw.-Sn. Fgpv BZm-b-I-c-amb sXmgnem-sWp shn-
- , al-mb Imcy- temI-tmSp ]d-bm-tamp Icp-Xn-bn- {]knnbpw Ipd-hp-X-s. Hcp ^pSvt_m Ifn-m-c-\v, cmjv{So-b-m-c-\v As-n kn\n-am-\S\v Inp ssIb-Snbpw A\p-tamZ-\-fpw Bq-hpw Hcn-epw Fgp-p-Im-c\v Innbn-n- Inm-\n-Sb
- p-an-. Fnepw Fgp-p-Im-c\v Ahym-tJy-b-amb Hcp {]tNm-Z-\-n-\-Snsv Fgp-tXn hcp-IX
- s sNp-p.
2.

CsXmcp {]IrXn \nb-a-am-bn-cnmw Fw.-Sn. kqNn-n-p-s

- Xv?
Fp-sImv Fgp-p-Im-c\
- mbn F tNmZy-n\v IrXy-amb Dcw Akm-y-amWv. ss__n-fnse Irjn-m-c Fdn-bp hnp-Isf Hmmw. ]te-Spw hoW
hnp-I-fpse hn[n ]e Xc-n-em-Wv. Nne hn[n him ]m-f-mcpw I-h-S-mcpw
Hs Bhp--Xp-t]mse ap Nne Fgp-p-Imcpw Bhp-p. Fw.-Sn.-]-d-bp \nK-a\w
CXm-Wv. BZyw apXt Rm asm-p-am-bn-cp-n Fv.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

School of Distance Education

3.

4.

5.

Fw.-Sn.-F Fgp-p-Im-cs _meyw

]mS-ns Ic-bnse XI Xd-hm-Sns apI-fn Ac shfn--n Fgp-Xnbh hopw Ab-hn-dn, Fgp-Xm-\p-t-in-p-h
- s
- b-p-dnv kz]v\
- Iv _me-\mb
Fw.-Sn. Ign-p. kmlnXyw sXmgn-em-m-satm Fgp-n\p {]Xn-^e
- a
- p-stm Adn-hnm-bn-cp-p. Bcpw ImWmsX, t\mp-]p-kvX-I--fn \np Iodn-sb-Sp Xmfp-I-fn
Ah Fgp-Xn-q-n. kmln-Xy-n IpSpw-_]
- m-c
- c
- y-an-m-bn-cp-p. Hmtcm ]pXnb hmb\-bnepw kzw temIs hn]p-e-am-n-smv k-th-Z-\-b-dn _mey-am-bn-cpp
AXv.
Fgp-Xp-Xv Hcp Is- IqSn-bm-Wv. hni-Z-am-pI?
Fgp-Xp-tm Xs apn ]{X-mcpw {]km-[I
- cpw hmb-\
- m-cp-an-sv Fw.-Sn.
]d-bp-p. IY-bpsS Bo-bP
- o-hnXw Xn-s-bm-Wv. ZpxJ-fpw Bm-Z
- f
- pw-kz]v\
- fpw a\-ns\ Iog-S
- p-tm Fgp-XmsX h. Fgp-Xp-Xv B\-m-t\z-jW
-
- nse
Is-e
- m-Wv. B\--ns A\--amb At\z-j-W-amWv Pohn-Xw. Hmtcm hyn-papv Hc-t\z-j-W-]-Yw. Xs taJe Fgp-n-t-Xm-sWv Fw.-Sn. Adn-bp-p.
Fgp-nse kzmX{yw
cp ]pXnb IY B-kw-Xr-]vXn-tbmsS Fgp-Xn--gn-m Fgp-p-Im-c
B\w A\p-`h
- n-p-p. a[p-tcm-Zm-ca
- mb B A\p-`h
-
- n-\p-thn Xm F{X thZ-\bpw
kln-p-sav Fw.-Sn.-]-d-bp-p. Pohn-X-ns bmsXmcp taJ-ebpw Xcm kzmX-{yamWv Fgpv Xcp-X
- v. honepw tPmen-e
- pw kaq-l
- nepw ]c-X{- -\mb Fgp-pIm-c, Fgp-ns temIs {]Pbpw cmPm-hp-am-Wv. B kzmX-{y-amWv \ne-\n-ev]v.
Akw-Xr-]X
v a- mb Bm-hn\p hoWp-In-p Bm-Z
- ns Akp-e`- \
- n-an-j
- pw kzmX{y-n\pw thn-bmWv Fw.-Sn.-Fg- p-Xp-X
- v.

]cn-Xy--cpsS cmjv{Sobw kn-Zm-\-

1.

2.

3.

Fw.-Sn.-bpsS cN-\m-tem-Is apgp-h Dn-j-m-p kqva-cm-jv{So-b-n-te-p

Infn-hm-Xn-emWv Cu {]kvXmhw GXv?
NneXp ]d-bm tXmp-X
- p-sIm-mWv Hcm Fgp-Xp-X
- v. Nne tNmZy- a\n-ep-Xp sImpw. tNmZy- Xtm-Sp-Xs
- -bm-hmw. kaq-lt- m-tSm, Ime-L- t- mtSm, a\p-jy-cm-in-tbmtSm {]Ir-Xn-tbm-tSm, Cuiz-c-t\mtSm Bhmw. Ihn-Xbpw IYbpw
\mS-I-hp-samw ]nd-p-Xv C-s\-bm-sWv ImYn-Is Ie bn Fw.-Sn.-Fg- p-Xp-p.
sshbn-I-amWv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS cmjv{Sobw hni-Z-am-pI
cmjv{S-f
- p-sSbpw `c-WI
- q-S
- f
- p-sSbpw hn[n \n-bn-p qe-cm-jv{So-b
- n
Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IY-I {]tNm-Z\w Is-p-n-. kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb {Kmaw, a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xnbnse sshNn-{X-b- CsX-m-am-W-t-l-ns \nXy-{]-tNm-Z-\w. \-bpsS \nd-Ip-Samb hyn `oI-c\pw sImSpw-{Iq-c arZp-e-lr-Z-b-\p-am-Ip EXp-t`-Z- At-ls
\nc-cw BI-jn-pp.
Cu ann-n-n-m-cn-bpsS hmp-I Xs-bm-Wtm Fv Fw.-Sn.-A-Zv`p-X-s-Sp-p-v.
hni-Za
- m-p-I.
Ata-cn- Fgp-p-Im-cn-bmb bqtUm\ shn Hcp {]mtZ-inI Fgp-p-Im-cnbmbn Adn-b-s-Sp--Xn {]iv\-an-m--h-fm-Wv. FXp {]tZ-is-n Fgp-X-W-sav
Fgp-p-Im-c-t\mSv \ncq-]-I ]d-tb--Xn-. X\n--dn-bm-hp {]tZ-i-sbpw a\p-jyscbpw ]n Xm Fgp-Xn-sm-n-cn-pp Fv bqtUm\ A`n-am-\]
- qw ]d-bp-p. Cu
hmp-I XtXp Xs-bm-Wtm Fv Fw.-Sn. AZv`p-X-s-Sp-p. Ata-cn--bp-tSbpw
hmcm-Wk
- n-bp-tSbpw ]m-e
-
- n IY-Is
- f-gp-Xp-tmgpw At-l
- ns BcqVw IqSq Xs-bm-Wv.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

School of Distance Education

4.

Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IYm-tem-I-ns ASn-m-\

-
\mep-sI-p-If
- psS XI, km-nI {]Xn-k
- n-I, Ah a\p-jy-a\
-
- n krjvSn-p
A\y-Xm-t_m-[w, GIm-In-X, ]I, {]Xn-Imcw B \n CsXmw Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IYm-tem-In-sepw ]Sp-Im-Wmw. apJy IYm-]m-{X- Pon Xd-hm-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw Zcn{Z
]m--e--fp-tSbpw Akz-X
- I
- t]dp--h-cm-Wv. kzmn-bmb Imc-Wh
- cpw \nlm-b-\mb Cf-ap-d-m-c\pw As hen-sbmcp bmYmy-ambncpp. Zpc-tZ-i--fntebvv c-sp t]mb-h-cmWv ]e IYm-]m-{X--fpw.

5.

Cu coXn-bn Ah apKm-an-I-fn \nv hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cns ]nKm-an-I-sf {]h-Nnp-Ibpw sNpp hni-Z-am-p-I.

Fw.-Sn-bpsS ka-Im-en-Ic
- mb Cy Fgp-p-Im-cpsS temI-ns sshIm-cn-IL
- S- \-I Atlw Xs kzw coXn-bn ]n-Sp-X
- mbn ImWmw. Ch-cpsS IYm-]m-{X-
kzw tZi-Ime _-f
- n thcp-h
- c
- m-Wv. Ah-cpsS GIm-X
- bvpw A\y-Xm-ssh-[n\pw kaq-l
- n thcp-If
- pv; X-sfbpw kaq-ls
- bpw Hn-p-\nn hnNm-cW
- sN-p-X
- n \np-fh
- m-Ip-X
- mWv Ah-cpsS B-\n-. Cu coXn-bn ]gb Fgp-p-Imcn\nv Ah hyXy-kvXc
- m-Ip-p; ]nKm-an-If
- n--te-bvv hgn Xpd-p-Ibpw sNp-p.

6.

GtX-Xp-X-c-n-ep GIm-In-X-I-fmWv Fw.-Sn.-bpsSbpw kam-\-cmb Fgp-p-Im-cp-tSbpw

IYm-]m-{X- A\p-`-hn-p-Xv?
]gb {Kma-n-\m-bp Krlm-Xp-c-Xzw, ]pXnb kaq-l-ns `mK-am-Im-\m-Im-Xn-ep ss\cmiyw, kzw ico-c
- ns sshIr-Xs
- -p-dn-p B-]o-UI
- a
- mb Nncwt_m-[w, ]nXr-ta-[m-hn-]
- c
- a
- mb kap-Zm-b
- ns hne-p-If
- n ]nS-bp cXn-hmRvOw,
]nd \mSp-hn-Sm t{]cn-n-p Zmcn-{Zyw, t{]a-]-cm-P-bw, kmm-m-c-ns aqclqw Xs hyXm t_m[-ns aplqhp-am-Ip {]Xn-Im-c-tamlw C{X
Xo{h-amb Hcp sshIm-cnI aew Bhn-j
v c- n-m Ihn-Xt- bm-SS- p-p-hc
- p Hcp `mjbpw
Ah Is-n. Cu`m-h- `mc-Xob `mj-I-fnse ]e IYm-Ir-p--fnepw kam-\-amsWp ImWmw.

7.

Fw.-Sn.p tij-ap Fgp-p-Im-cpsS \ne-]mSv

Fw.-Sn. Xs {Kma-n Is-nb ]miz-hn-I-fmb a\p-jy-cpsS Ah-Isf km-P-\o-\-am-p-Ibpw AhnsS At-l-ns {]ta-b-`m-h-sf ]pXnb IYm
hyh-lm-c
- ns A\n-hm-cy-amb ]cn-kc
-
- f
- mbn \ne-hm-cs
- -Sp-p-Ib
- pamWv ]nX-ea
- pd
sNbvX-Xv. tIh-e`- m-hm-hn-jvm-c
- n-te-p Cu \ow am[-hn-p-n-bnepw Sn.-]-Zva-\m-`\nepw Bcw-`n Im-\m-S, tkXp, k-dnbamcn XpS-cp-Xv ImWmw. bYm k` ]nhm-p-Ibpw a\p-jym-h
- b
- psS \ne-\n-ev]n-sbpw ]pXnb ImgvN
- m-Sp-I cq]w
sImp-Ibpw sNp-X
- n\v DZm-l-cW
- -amWv k-dn-b-bpsS Hcn-Sv t]msemcp IY.

8.

B[p-\n-IX
- s
- b-p-dnv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS ImgvN
- mSv
B[p-\n-IX Hcp Pqhn-X-ssN-X-\y-n-\m-bp Zml-am-Wv, {]Xo--bm-Wv. kzw
sIp-]m-Sp-I-fn\nv tamN\w t\Sm-\p sh-em-Wv. B-ssN-X-\y-am-W-Xv. am\-h-cminsb apgp-h IW-n-se-Spv sImp Hcp Xz-im-kv{X-ns t_m[-t{]-c-W-IfpsS klm-bt- msS t\Sp hnim-ea
- mb ImgvN
- m-Sm-Wv. Imcq-cns ac-m-hI
- Cc-n-ep Hcm-[p-\n-II
- Y
- b
- m-sWv Fw.-Sn.-k-an-p-p.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

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9.-

\m-b-I\pw {]Xn-\m-b-I-\p-am-Im `mKy-an-m-sX-t]mb CS--c-m-c-s\-p-dnv Fw.-Sn.-]-dbp hmp-I

CS-c
-
- m-cs\ kw_-n-n-St- mfw Pohn-pI F-Xp-Xs Hcp alm-Xym-Ka
- mWv. AXXp Imes Nn-h-
- sm-nv \ne-\nm _m[y-\
- m-Wb
- m. Ah\v
t]td `mc- cm-Wv Pohn-pI F-Xm-sW-m-sWm-v. asmv Ahs s]cp-am--
- sf BsI kzm-[o-\n aqey-t_m-[w. apI-fn-tebvp t\mn-bmepw Xmtgp t\mnbmepw s\Sp-hon-Smt\ Ah\v hgn-bp-q. Cu CS--c-m-c-\mWv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS Ftbpw IYm-]m-{Xw.

10.

Fw.-Sn.-I-Y-I-fnse Xnc-kvIr-Xc
- p-am-bp-X
-
- b
- o-`mhw
Fw.-Sn.-bpsS BZys {]i-kvX-I-Y-bmb hfp-ar-K- apXt Xnc-kvIrXcpw ]oUn-X-cp-amb IYm-]m-{X-sf ImWmw. ]e-hn-[-n NqjWw sN-s-Sp-Ibpw
D]-tbm-Knp hen-s-dn-b-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp Fm apjy-cp-tSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Pm\. Ccp-ns Bm-hnse them-bp-[\pw Ipty-Sn bnse Ipty-S
- nbpw Hmtmfn
se Hmtmfpw \mep-sI-nse Ap-nbpw t]mse At\-Iw. IYm-]m-{X- A]-am-\hpw
GIm--Xbpw sImv hop-ap-p-h
- -cm-Wv.

11.

hniv Fw.-Sn. IY-If-- n

Imcq-cn-sbpw _jo-dn-sbpw (hn-i
- v, ssSK, P-Zn\w (_-jo) Ime-N{Iw s]mXntmdv (Im-cq)) IY-If
- n hni-ns XovW{- ]-Im-i-\- \mw In-p-v. Fw.-Sn.-IY
- I-fnepw AXv Xo{hhpw ko-hp-amb Hcp hnIm-ca
- m-Wv. `qX-Im-ea
- l
- na ]d-n-cp Xdhm-Sp-Isf AXv ITn-\-ambn _m[n-p. \mSp-hm-gnw _mn-sh Zpc-`n-am-\hpw ham\ bmYmy-amb hnipw Xn-ep kwLjw Am-es IY-I-fn s]mXp-hmbn-cp-p. Fw.-Sn-.bn-eXv A]-Ij-Xm-t_m-[hpw A]-am-\hpw IqSn-e
- Hm-bn-o-cpp. Ipdp-s Ieym-W-nse Ipnbpw kzw Xpd-p kab nse Ipn-\m-cm-bW\pw InS-I-nse Dnbpw -Hcp ]nd-m-fns Hm-- bnse Ipnbpw ]n-hmfnse tIma-chpw hni-ns At\Iw am\-fpw k`-fpw Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.

12.

]cn-Xy--cpsS cmjv{So-b-amWv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS cN-\-I-fnse cmjv{Sobw-hni-Z-am-pI (D-]\ymk amXr-I)

(te-J-\-ns kw{Klw eLp-]-\ym-k-fpw Ipdn-p-Ifpw DZm-l-cn-h IqSntm D-c-ambn Ah-K-Wn--s--hcpw GIm-In-Ifpw A\y-Xm-t_m[w t]dp--hcp-amb IYm-]m-{X-sf DZm-l-cn-W
- w)
ae-bm-f-kn-\n-ab
- psS kmln-Xy-_w

1.

a[p Cd-h-c
ae-bm-fk
- n-\n-a-bnse kmln-Xy-_--ns Bcw-`I
- m-e-s-p-dnv Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.
kn.-hn.-cm-a]n-b
- psS Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-Ib
- mb amm-h
- -tbmsS-bmWv aebmf kn\n-ab
- nse kmln-Xy-_w Bcw-`n-p--Xv. \n`m-Ky-h-im Cu kn\na {]Zinn-m-\m-bn-. BZys i_vZN
- n-{X-amb _me\pw ASp-X
- mbn h m\mw-_n-Ibpw
bYm-{Iaw IY-sbbpw t\mh-en-s\bpw B{i-bn-p--Xm-bn-cp-p. 1928 apX 50 hscbp
{]kn kmln-Xy-Im-c-m IYbpw Xnc--Y-bp-sa-gpXn kn\n-asb k--am-n. kn\n-abpsS t]cp-I BZy-Ime ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-ap-h Bbn-cp-p.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

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2.

BZy-Im-ek
- n-\n-aI
- -fn \oe-p-bnen-\p {]mamWyw
\oe-p-bn (1954) ae-bmf kn\n-abvv kz-amb apJ-mb \In. bYm
]m--e-n-ep Hcp IY-bm-bn-cpp Cu kn\n-a-bp-tS-Xv. kmaqly bmYmy-sf
Dsm-m {ian BZy-kn-\n-abpw CXm-bn-cp-p. {]ikvX kmln-Xy-Im-c\
- mb Ddq_v
IY-sb-gpXn ]n.-`m-kvc
- \pw cmap-Im-cympw IqSn kwhn-[m\w sNbvXX
- mWv \oe-p-bn]pd-n-d
- n-bX
- v.

3.

ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse A\p-h-\--fpsS kph-Imew GXm-bn-cpp?

Adp-]X
- p-If
- m-bn-cpp \psS kn\n-a-bnse A\p-h-\
- f
- psS kph-Im-ew.
sI.-F-kv.-tk-Xp-am-[h
- -\mWv Cu Imev Ghpw IqSp-X kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I kn\n-a-bmn-bX
- v. Ctlw ssIImcyw sNbvX {]ta-b
- v {it-ba
- mb sshhn-y-ap-v. t\mhep-Ifpw IY-Ifpw \mS-I-fpw Xs kn\n-a-Iv Ah-ew-_-ambn Atlw kzoI-cn-p.
XIgn, tIi-h-tZ-hv, {ioIp-am-c \mb, ap-p-hn, Fkv.sI s]m-m-Sv, ae-bm-q
cma-Ir-jvW, sI.-Sn.-ap-l--Zv, tXmn `mkn Fn-h-cp-tS-sbmw cN-\-Isf B{i-bnv
tkXp-am-[h
- kn\n-aI
- \nn-p. m\ kp-cn, Hma-\-p-, HmS-bn \nv, A\, duUn, m\mn kmdm, \mSs]-v, bn, ASn-aI
- , Iqp-Ip-Spw-_w, ISmew
Fnh At-l-ns {]kn--amb A\p-h-\--fm-Wv.

4.

kmln-Xy-_--n\v \ndw ap F]-Xp-Ifpw XpSbpw Npcpn hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.

F]-Xp-I-fnse Nn{X- ]cn-tim-[n-m-e-dnbmw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-tf-m
t_mIvtkm-^okv hnPbw sImp IY-I-fmWv kn\na cq]-s-Sp-m kwhn-[m-b-I
kzoI-cn-s
- X-v. ASq tKm]m-eI
- r-jvWs kzsb-h-c-amWv ae-bm-f-kn-\n-ab
- n \h-X-cwK-n\v XpSw Ipdn--Xv. Iem-kn-\n-a, hmWn-Py-kn-\n-a, Hp-Xop-kn-\na Fn-s\
\psS kn\na Xcw-Xn-cn-s
- -Xpw Cm-e
- m-Wv. hmWn-Py-kn-\n-am-cw-Kv A\p-h\-f
- p-m-bn-.
Hmtm, tIme-, Hcn-Ss
- mcp ^bhm, hmcn-p-gn, NnZw-_c
- w, ]pcp-jmw,
cpIvanWn Fn-h Cu Zi-I--fnse Ghpw i-amb A\p-h-\--fm-bn-cp-p.
sXmq-dp-I-fn-se-n-bt- m-tgpw hfsc Ipd-p-c-N-\I
- am{X-amWv Ne-n-{X-cq-]n-senbXv. aXn-ep-I, hmkvXp-lm-c, C-se, s]mam-S, H-b-Sn-m-X-I, ssZhns hnIr-Xn-I, An-kmn Fo Nn{X- A\p-h-\--sf \ne-bn DX-\n-e-hmcw ]pep-h
- b
- m-Wv. ImWn-Isf ckn-n-p-X
- n-\p ]pXnb t^map-eI
- f
- pambn kn\na At\z-jWw XpS-cp-tm kmln-Xy-n\v m\-an-m-Xm-Ipp F-XmWv
kXyw.
ae-bmf kn\na {]I-Sn-n kmaq-lym-ht- _m-[hpw bYm-XY Pohn-XN
- n-{Xo-Ic
- -Whpw
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn \npw kzmwio-I-cn KpW--fm-bn-cp-p. kn\n-asb Kuc-h-X-c-ambn-I kwhn-[m-bI
- s
- cmw sNdp-IY
- I
- t- ftbm t\mh-se-p-It- ftbm Ah-ew-_nv Ne-n{X
cN-\bvp apXnp. A\p-h-\
- -fpsS Xnc-o-eb
- n-tev ]Ip--Xn-e
- . am[y-ans kt-X-fpw ku-cy-in--W-hp-ap-]t- bm-Knv BJym\w F{X-tmfw Ne-n-{X]-c-amn F-Xn-em-sWv \nco-n-t-X
- p-v.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

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^mkn-k-n-s a\x-mkv{Xw
Fw.-]n.-ho-tc-{-Ip-am
1.-

^m-kn-k-ns `oI-c-ap-J-sf teJ-I hnh-cn-p--sX-s\?

P-\n-bnse \mkn XS- ]mf-b--fpsS Nn{X- ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p--XmWv
^mkn-k
- ns a\x-mkv{Xw F teJ-\w. ]pcm-X\ {Koknse knn tp-If
- psS amXrI-bn Hcp `c-WI
- q-Sa
- mWv Fkv.F
- k
- v.F
- \mknv kwL-S\ hn`m-h\w sNp-X
- v. P\kw-Jy-bpsS Ap iX-am-\
- n \nv Ah-cpsS Ghpw \ ]pjv]
- `cWw \S-pIbpw ap-h
- A\p-kc
- n-p-Ibpw Azm-\n-p-Ibpw sNp-I. CXmWv Hcp hiw. asmcp-h-i-am-Is h-ssU-h-]-c-ambn Xmgv-hsc Dq-e\w sN-em-Wv. Fkv.-F-kv.-F
k kwL-S\ Hcp h[-b{- -am-bn-cp-p; tImSn-W
- -n\v a\p-jysc ]oUn-n-p-Ibpw
kwl-cn-p-Ibpw sNm-\p Hcp b{w. ISp NqSnepw ISp XWp-nepw XS-hpImsc InS-p-I, ]n-Wn-np sImp-I, kl-X-S-hp-Imsc ]oU-\a
- p-dbvv kmn-If
- m-pI, arK-im-e-bnse Ic-Sn-If
- psS CS-bn-tebvv XS-hp-Imsc Fdn-p-sIm-Sp-pI Ccw
ss]im-NnI IrXy--fm-bn-cpp ta[m-hn-I \n-ln-p-sIm-n-cp--Xv. hnth-N-\hpw
]oU-\hpw bqWn-th-gvkn-n-I-sf-hsc _m[n-n-cp-p. hnip cw, ]pWy-`q-an, hnip
bpw Fn-hbvv hnIm-c-]-cn-thjw \Ip-Ibpw AtXm-sSmw Dq-e\w sNt-p
i{Xp-ka
- q-ls k-ev]n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. CXv Fm Imepw temIpw ImW-sSp-p-sv teJ-I hne-bn-cp-p-p.

2.

akvXnjvI {]m-f\w \mkn-k-ns {][m\ am-am-bn-cp-p. Fp-sImv ?

hniz-kn-m-\p a\p-jy-s {]h-W-Xsb D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-bmWv ^mknkw
kmwkvIm-I-cn-Ihpw `uXn-I-hp-amb taJ-eI
- sf Iog-S-p--Xv. a\p-jy-cpsS akvXn-jvI-{]m-f\w A\m-bm-ka
- msWv FtUzUv Hmhnk At-lns tkmtjym-ht- bmfPn- F {K-n ]d-bp-p-v. Adn-bm {ian-p--Xn-te-sd-hn-iz-kn-m-\mWv a\pjy\v Xm-cyw. tZiob- imkv{X--m tZio-b-c-m--hsc ]oUn-n-pI F
kmwkvIm-cnI ^mknkw D-X-]m-c-c
- y-ap tKmn bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bnIqSn {]I-S-ambn-cp-p. Fm tkzm `c-W-Iq-S-fpw kzX-{-a-\-p-Isf ASn--ap-p. Xn-jvS-\p-k-cnv kwlm-cm--I-amb Xz-im-kv{X- \nn-sSp-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
\ymb-hm-Z
- tm [-nt\m CS-bn-m-h
- n[w GIm-[n-]X
- y- akvXnjv {]mf-\
- f
- n-eqsS Imcyw t\Sp-p.

3.

\mknkw hnizm-k
- f
- n-tepw kzmX-{y-n-tepw ISp Ib-dnb tkzm-[n-]Xy {]hW-X-bm-bn-cpp hnh-cn-pI (D-]-\ym-ka
- m-Xr-I)
(\mkn XS- ]mf-b
- f
- nse Zpc-Z- r-iy-f
- psS ZrIvkmn hnh-cW
- a
- mb tImtKmWns ]pkvXIw Fkv.-F-kv.-`-Ss kw ]pXn-b`- c
- W
- {- Iaw \ ]pjv]
- f
- psS
`c-Whpw cm-jv{S-ns sIn-S- p- Hcp ]pXnb a\p-jy-kr-jvSnbpw AXns\ FXnp-hc
- psS Dq-e\
- h
- pw-a
- r-Zp-kz-`m-hI
- ]oU-II
- c
- m-hp-p. a\p-jysc (X-Sh
- p-Im-sc) shpsIm-p \n-ba
- mb ]co-W
-
- -t- Km-n bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bnse kmkvIm-cnI ^mknkw-k
- zw cmjv{S-ttbm tZi-s-tbm, hwi-stbm am{Xw hniz-kn-p ^mknpw
]nim-Np-ambn a\p-jy amdp X{w-t- {Im-[
- nepw hntZz-j
- nepw A[n-jT
v n-Xa- mb Xzim-kv{X--sfmw \mi-n-tep \bn-p-p)

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

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Fs Ihn-X-sb-n
kp-K-X-Ip-amcn
1.

Hcp IhnX P\n-p {]{In-bsb kpK-X-Ip-amcn F-s\-bmWv hn-p-Xv ?

]qtam-p-hn-cn-bpw-t]m-se, Xnc-ame Db-cpw-t]mse A{X-ta kzm`m-hn-ambmWv Xs
Ihn-X-sb-gp-sv kqK-X-Ip-amcn ]d-bp-p. apIqn Nnn-p-d-n hnj-btam cq]-tcJtbm ]Xn-hn-. B-cn-I-amb GtXm Hc-kw-Xr-]vXn-bpsS k-amWv Fgp-Xn-p--Xv.
hmp-I Bi-b--fmbn cq]w sImp-Ibpw hnjbw \n-bn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNpp. Hmtcm ]cnbpw ASp hcnbvv cq]w \Ip-p. As\ IhnX P\n-p-p.

2.

kqK-X-Ip-amcn Xs cN-\-If
- psS ]m-ew Hmp-h
- n[w
Pnhn-X-nse thZ-\m-I-chpw AkzmyP\-I-hp-amb Ime-L--am-bn-cpp AXv.
Fs-nepw Fgp-Xntb Xocq Fp tXmn-bI
- m-ew. I-S-t- m Dn IXv IS-emWv. ]-n-c-am-e-I-fm-Wv. Gen-b-ns hcn-I-fpsS Hm-bn
IpXn-p-s]mpw Xnc-am-eI
- -fpsS
]pd-p-tI-dn-tm-Ip-tm
Fs-gpXn
QW QW QW \mZ-ap-Xnpw
aWn-n-e apg-p-tm
F cm-as CucSn BZy-t-Xn-t\mSv s]mcp--s-n-. BZys CucSn
shn hopw Fgp-Xn-b-tm s]sp cq]-ap-m-bn. \r-am-Sp Is ]mZ-tfp Imfn-b-\mbn ]oUn-X-\mb a\p-jym-m-hv. thZ-\-Isf Cuiz-cm-\p-{K-l-ambn
kzoI-cn-p Ip\n-bm inc-p a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-ns ImgvN ]no-Sp-h hcn-I
apgp-an-n-p. t_m[-a-\-n-s\-m-tfsd At_m-[-a-\-mWv cN-\-bn-sev Ih-bn-{Xnp
tXmp-p. ]cn-Nn-Xa
- mb hcn-Ifpw aX-hn-izm-k
- fpw kaq-la
- \
-
- ns t{]c-WI
- f
- p-samw
Cu {]{In-bb
- n-ep-v. Hcp i-amb hn-Imcw sIm-en Ch-sbmw Hcp at\m-l-c-Nn-{Xambn, Ihn-Xb
- mbn cq]w sImp-p. asmv ky- F Ihn-X-bpsS ]m-e
- a
- m-Wv.
sImSpw-Nq-Sp Hcp Znhkw ITn-\a
- mb Xe-th-Z\
- b
- p-ambn ]I apgp-h Ih-bn{Xn Ign-pIqn kqcy-\-kvX-an--tm sXm-izmkw tXmn. sNdnb Pohn-X-ns \nc--c-t-i D-`m-jn-Wn-bn-se--t]mse apg-n-sm-n-cp-Xv AS-n. ]pds ky-bpsS
{]im-X lrZy-am-bn.
Fp shbn-em-bn-cpq! ]Xp-th
An hs-p-I-bm-bo.......
Fpw
a\-ns Nm Nn-sm-n
emZy \-{X-ap-Wp aW-p-I-bmbo
Fpw
Ihn-Xb
- psS Icp-Wm-io-X-f-amb amdn-S
- n a\v A`bw tXSn. Ccp-ns ]n
X\n-p-ta s]mcp-b
- n-cn-p--Xd- n-p. FgpXn Xo-tm Bizmkw A\-ev]a
- m-bncp-p. ti-amb PohnXw [ochpw Biz-kvXh
- p-am-Ip Hcp ]cn-Wmaw an Ihn-XI
- f
- n-epap-m-bn.

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3.

kqK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS Imhy Pohn-X-nse {][m-\-s Nne hyn-I

Ihn-Xsb kvt\ln-p-hm ]Tn-n-Xv ]nXmhpw Ihn-bp-amb t_mt[-iz-c-\m-Wv.
hnh[ `mjm kmln-Xy--en-eqsS ssI]n-Snp \S-n-Xv A-bm-Wv. Ccp hj-ky-If
- n IpSpw-_k
- Z-
- p-If
- n A Xs apg-p i_vZ
- n tIc-fK
- m-\hpw HmWmpw sNmp-am-bn-cp-p. Hfn-hn Ihn-Xb
- b
- v ]cn-{`-an-p-\n Xs amXr-`q-an-bn-tepw
Ihn-X-bpsS cmP-ho-Yn-bn-te#vIpw kzmKXw sNbvX F.-hn.-IrjvW hmcn-b-cmWv asmcm. B t{]mm-l-\-amWv Xs Ih-bn-{Xn-bm-n-bXv Fv kpK-X-Ip-amcn Icp-Xp-p.
alm-I-hnPn. s{]m^.-F.-tKm-]m-e-]n-, _mem-a-Wn-b-, sshtem-nn apX-emb Kpcp-P\-sf Ah IrX--Xt- bmsS kvacn-p-p.

4.

Imhy Pohn-X-n Ih-bn{Xn ]pen-tm-cp ImgvN-mSv

PohnX kwKo-X-ns ASn-m-\-{ipXn hnjm-Z-n-t-Xm-Wv. shp Hmtcm
lrZ-b-_-hpw ZpxJ-ns \ndw amd-ep-I-fm-Wv. ayw Aev]-ap-b he-bm-Im-c-amWv
{]]-
- n\pw AXnse k-Im-cy-pw Fv teJn-Ibvp tXmp-p. \n-lm-bX-bn-em-cw-`nv AXns Ah-km-\n-p a\pjy ico-cm-h
- I
- , Zo]-\m-fs Npgep ie-`
- . kqcys\ hew shbvp `pan, \nXy-\q-X\
- a
- mb Pohn-XN
- {- Iw Fnepw
Fm {]mkz--X-Ifpw Hgp-In-hoWp ebn-p-Xv imn-bpsS alm-k-ap-{Z-n-em-sWv
hniz-kn-t-p-h-cp-p. \psS ssIbn, Adn-hn Cu h-am\ \nan-j-ta-bp-q.
AXns\ kvt\lw sImpw shfnw sImpw \nd-bvpI A{Xsb sNm-\pq Fv
Ih-bn{Xn Icp-Xp-p.

5.

A\-iz-c-X-bn-tev \op ssIbmWv Ihn-Xbpw hni-Z-am-p-I.

Pohn-X-Nn-{X- \iz-cX
- -bp-tS-Xm-Wv. ]psm-Sn-p-nse ap-Xp-n, hogp
]qhv , Ipanf Fmw Wn- I- am- Wv . ad- hn- b psS alm- - Im-c - n- e m-gm-X n- cn- m
shsImv a\p-jy inem-kvXw-`-epw XmPva-l-ep-Ifpw IpSo-c-fpw krjvSn-pp. kmln-Xy-c-N\
- bpw A\-iz-cX
- -bn-te-p ssI\o-e
- m-Wv.
Hsc-gp-p-Im-ct\m Fgp-p-Im-cntbm Fgp-Xp-Xv kzw hmp-I am{X-a
- . Bscmstbm ]d-bm {ian--Xv, ]dp Ign--Xv, C\nbpw Bsm-stbm ]d-bm-\p-Xv
kmlnXyw ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. A\p-`q-Xn-I hmp-I-fn-sem-Xp-p-n-. ]d-bp
hmp-Ifpw tIp ImXp-Ifpw kzoI-cn-m k--amb a\-p-Ifpw tNmte
km^-ey-ap-q. B Adn-thmsS `bm-m-Z-fpw hn\-bhpw B\-hpw Dsmv kpKX-Ip-amcn Fgp-Xp-p. D.#n-cn Hcp Km\-ka
- p{Zw Cc-pXn Bm-Zn-p-sIm-mWv B
Fgp-v.

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Imnse Infn-qw
1.

F.-F.-\k
- o
Imnse Infn-q-a
- mbn \ko ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-p ]n-Ifpw Ah-bpsS {]tXy-IX
- I
- fpw
Ien--e-n-m-fn, amS-, In-cn-ssa-\, sImIp-bn, \o-n-I Hmtcmn-sbpw Hm\-a-a
- m cq]w, BIj-I-amb tNjvSI
-

2.

]n-Ifpw {]Ir-Xnbpw Xn-ep _w teJ-\-n ]cm-ain-p--sX-s\?

]n-If
- psS Ne-\-fpw AwK-hn-t-]
- fpw a\p-jy-t-sX-t- ]mse IuXp-II
- c-am-Wv. amXr-Xz-ns at\m-l-c-amb Bhn-jvm-c-, {]Ir-Xnsb sXpw Atem-k-cs-Sp-m-sX-bp PohnXw Fmw hfsc lrZy-ambn Bhn-jv-cn-s
- -n-cn-p-p.

3.

\ko-dns _mey-Ime kvac-W-I-fn hoSp-ambn _-sv {]Xy--s-Sp Infn-I

sXmn--e-n, I\ym-kv{Xo-n-fn, Xpm-c ]n

4.

Fs Fm hgn-Ifpw Imn-te-m-bn-cpp- hni-Zo-I-cn-pI

_mey-Ime IuXp-I- {]Ir-Xn-bn-tebvv IqSp-X {i ]Xn-n-m t{]cn-np. Hmtcm Nnd-IS- n-\m-Zhpw ]qm-b
- psS hm-`a
- mb ]d-epw ImSns hiy-`w-Kn-bp-tep W-ambn A\p-`-hs
- -p.

5.

]n-\n-co-W
- -K-th-j-W-cw-K- Bn-]n-Sn--Xmbn Fp ]d-bm Imc-W-sav?
Cv ]n-\n-co-Ww a-cm-[n-jvTn-Xa
- m-Wv. Hcm Hcp ]nsb ]pXp-Xmbn Isn-bm BZyw HmSn Iyq-d- ns apn-sen AXv kzw t]cn Ah-Im-is
- -Sm-\mWv
{ian-p--Xv. ap-h
- -cpsS Ip-]n-Sp-- X-fp-Xm-p-h
- cpw [mcm-f-ap-v.

6.

aps]-gp-Xn-bXv Hcn-IqSn Fgp-Xn-tm-Ipp- Fm-WXv? Imc-W-sav?

]n-Ifpw ]qm-I
- fpw Ipn-Iv {]Ir-Xn-bn-te-p Nhn-p-]S- n-If
- m-Wv. Ahsc
Ahn-sS-s Xf-n-SmsX ImSns hnim-e-X-bn-tebvv Xpdp hnSp-I. Ah-cpsS hgnI AhXs Is-n-smpw- CXm#v hop-sa-gp-Xp--Xv. Imn ]n-I am{Xsa- Dq F Ah-b
- n-tebvv ]pXnb Xe-apdsb hgn \S-p kml-N-cy-n-emWv
Cu hmp-I Fgp-Xn-tm-Ip--Xv.

7.

imkv{X-tK-hjW ]e-tmgpw ]n-Isf hwi-tmsS Cm-Xmn hni-Zo-Ic

- n-p-I.
kvs]kn-sa tiJ-c-W- Kth-j-W-n\v D]-I-cn-t-mw. Fm ]n-IfpsS Fw KWy-ambn Ipd-p-X
- n\pw CXp Imc-Wa
- m-hmw.

8.

]n-I t^mtm-{Km-^amsc `b-s-Sm-\n-Sb

- m-b-sX-p-sImv ?
Hfn-p-sh ]n-q-Sp-I hrn-bmn- t^mtm-sb-Sp-p-I, ASp t^mtm{Km-^amv Nn{Xw Inm-Xn-cn-m-\mbn IqSv \in-n-p-I, ]n-I tNt-dp Nn
shn-f
- b
- p-I, ]n-qSv s]mfnv Iymad shbvp-I, IqSv XpWn-If
- nv ad-p-shv BInfn-bp-sSbpw s]-In-fn-bp-sSbpw ]cn-{`aw Iyma-d-bn-em-p-I, Nnd-Ip-ap-f-bvm Ippsf Iqn \nv amn-shv t^mtm FSp-pI XpS-nb {Iqc-XI
- ImcWw ]n-I
t^mtm-{Km-^amsc `b-s-Sm-\n-Sb
- m-bn.

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samUyq 2
hnh\w
hnh-\
- ns apJymw-i
- s
- f-p-dn-p eLp-hmb ]cn-Nb
- a
- mWv samUyq sImpt-in-p-X
- v.
1.

hnh\w Fm-sev ?
aqe-Ir-Xnsb asmcp IrXn-bn-tebvv kw{I-an-n-pI FmWv hnh\w sImpt-in-p-X
- v. {]kvXpX ]Z-n\p ]pd-sa, ]cn-`mj `mjm--cw, Xa Fo ]Z-fpw
AtX A-n {]N-cn-p-p. s]mcp \jvSs
- -SmsX Hcm-ibw Hcp `mj-bn \npw
asmcp `mj-bn-tebvv amp {]{In-b-bm-W-Xv.

2.

hnh-\w {][m\ \n-N\

- -
Hcp `mj-bnse ]mTy-hk
- vXp-sImv BtZsi sNpI F-XmWv hnh\w (sP.kn.-Iymv t^mUv) BZy-ambn A-nepw cm-a-Xmbn ssien-bnepw aqe-`m-j-bnse
kt-it- mSv Ghpw ASp-a
- p Xpy-]mTw ey-`m-jb
- n krjvSn-e
- mWv hnh\w. (bq-Pn-ss\-U)
Aw ap\nn-sImv asmcp `mj-bn-tebvv amp-X
- mWv hnh-\w. (kmap-h tPmk)

3.

t{kmX-`mj (Source Language) Fm-sev ?

GXp-`m-j-bn \nmtWm hnh\w sNp-Xv AXmWv t{kmX-`mj AYhm
aqe-`m-j. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Xan-gn \nv ae-bm-f-n-tebvv hnh\w sNp-tm
Xangv t{kmX-`m-jbpw ae-bmfw ey-`m-j-bp-am-Wv.

4.

ey-`mj (Target Language) Fm-sev ?

GXp `mj-bn-te-bvmtWm hnh\w sNp-Xv AXmWv ey-`m-j.

5.

hnh-\-n-eq-sS-bp Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bw.
hnh-\-n\v Ccp-`m-j-I-fnepw {]mhoWyw Bh-iy-am-Wv. cp `mj-I-fnepw
icn-bmb Adnhpw kzm[o-\hpw D Bp-am-{Xta Da hnh-I-\m-Im Ign-bq.
t{kmX-`m-jb
- n-ep ]cn-m-\-t-m ey-`m-j-bn-ep kzm[o-\
- n\v hnh-\n {]m[m\yw IqSpw. k`-a-\p-k-cnv Imcyw {Kln-m\pw AXn\p ]nb coXn-bn
hnh\w \S-m\pw Ign-b-Ww. \o km[-\bpw A\p-`-hhpw hym]-I-amb hmb\bpw Ds-nte ]Z-k--p-m-hq. Hcp inev]w sa\-s-Sp-pw-t]mse F{X ]cn-{ian-mtam A{Xbpw `wKn-h-cp Hcp {]hr-n-bmWv hnh-\w.

6.

hnh-t\m-]I
- -cW
- - Gh?
_rl-mb t{kmX-`mjm \nL-p, Zzn`mjm \nL-p, ]cym-b]
- Z- t- Im-iw, sYkmdkv (Hcp tI{o-Ir-Xm-i-b-ns hnhn-[-cq-]- {]I-S-am-p ]Z--fpsS kw{Klw
Hcp ]Z-ns Iogn sImSp-p coXn. DZm :- kvt\lw, hm-eyw, {]W-bw, CjvSw
etc.) Dm-cW \nL-p, {]mtZ-inI i_vZ-t_m-[n\n, Awi-t_m-[n\n Fn-h-bmWv apJyamb hnh-t\m-]I
- c
- -W-

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7.

{]kw-K]
- c
- n-`mj
{]kw-K
- ns ]cn-`mj X-ab
- a- m-tbm, {]mkw-Kn-I sXp-\np-tmtgm sNmdp-v. {]kw-K-ns Ay-n-tem, \nn-X-amb CS-th-f-I-fntem ]cn-`m-j-I AXphsc ]d--Xns Hcp kw{Klw sImSp-m-dp-v. Cs\ A{]-k--am-bXp hnv {]k-am-bXp ]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-p-X
- n\v khn-cm-ah
- n-h\w Fp ]d-bp-p. {]kwKw hncan-p-tm sNp--Xm-Wn-Xv. Hpw hyXym-k-an-msX BZyw hnh\w sNp-XmWv Ahn-cm-a-hn-h-\w. A-tm sNp hnh\w Xs Nne-tm khn-cmahpw ap Nne-tm Ahn-cm-ahpw BImw.

8.

b{-hn-h\w Fm-sev ?
Iyq--dns klm-b-tmsS hnh\w sN-emWv b{-hn-h\w. CXn\v
t\cs Iyq--dns\ k-am-t--Xp-v. hnh-\-n-\m-h-iy-amb Zzn`m-jm-\n-Lp, hymI-c-W- \nba, XpS-n-bh t\c-s- tkm^vv shbdn Xm-dmn Iyq-dn ^oUv sN-Ww. t{]m{Km-anMv hnZ-Kv\pw `mjm-]
n-X\pw Hcp-an-n-cpv t{]m{Kmw
Xm-dm-W
- w. Iyq-d- n\v kzbw Nnn-mt\m `mh-\m-tem-I
- p-\nv ]pXnb Imcy-
sImp-hc
- mt\m km[n-p-Ib
- n-m-X
- p-sImv a\p-jy-bX
- v\a
- mWv apJyw. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak F Cwojv hmIyw Iyq- djy-\n-tebvv hnh\w sNbvXtm The Vodka is agreeable but the meat has gone bad F A-n-ep djy hmIyamWv Inn-b-Xv. Ccw A_-- Hgn-hm-m ey-`mjm hnZvKv-cpsS CS-s]-S
thn-hc
- pw.

9.

hnh-\- ]p-\x-krjvSn Fm-sev ?

kzX-{-ambn hnh\w sNp coXn-bmWv hnh\ ]p\x-kr-jvSn. Bibs kzoI-cn-p-sImv hnh-I ChnsS kzmX{y]qw s]cp-am-dp-p. I-m-scbpw aqe-`m-j-tbbpw B{i-bn-p-sh-nepw Fgp--s cmam-bW alm-`m-c-X-
]p\x-kr-jvSn-I-fm-bn-cn-p-p. ]--fnepw Iev]-\-I-fnepw h-\-I-fnepw kzX-{-ambmWv Fgp--s `mh\ hn--Xv.

10.

en]y-c
- Ww Fm-sev ?
Hcp `mj asmcp `mj-bpsS en]n-bn Fgp-Xp {]{In-bb
- mWv en]y-c
- Ww AYhm
Translation. How old are you? FXv lu HmUv B bq? Fm-p-Xv en]y-c
- W
- a
- mWv. CXn en]n am{Xsa amdp-p-q. `mj amdp-n-.
Ing-h\pw ISepw GIm--Xb
- psS \qdv hj-, ]mtY ]mm-en, Ipn-Ir-jvWam-cm-cpsS ]cn-`m-j-I Fn-hb
- psS `mK- {]tbm-K-am-Xr-I-I-sf \nebvv hmbnp
]cn-Nb
- s
- -tS-X
- m-Wv.
ssien-I, ]g-sm-p-I, \ntXym-]-tbmKw thn-hc
- p ]Z- Fn-hb
- psS
CwK-o-jv--a-e-bmf hnh-\- kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s-S-Ww.

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X-a-bn hcm-hp A]m-I-X-I

hnjvWp \mcm-b-W \q-Xncn
1.

Hcp amXrIm hnh-\-n\v Dm-tI KpW-

kmc-fyw, IrXy-X, hnh-\`- m-jb
- psS Po\n-b
- p-ambn CWw Fnh Hcp amXrIm-hn-h-\-n\p th KpW-f
- m-Wv. (Ch Hmtcmpw eLp-hmbn hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I)

2.

hnh\w sN-s ]pkvXIw Xs `mj-bn-ep IrXn F \nebvv hmb-\-m-ct\mSv kwhmZw sNp-s

- X-tm
`mj-bn Ir{Xn-a-ap-m-h-cpXv. hmIy-f
- n \npw hmIy-f
- n-tebvpw JnIIfn \nv JnIIfn-tebvpw Aym-b-\
- n \nv A[ym-b-n-tepw {Ia-ambp hf Dm-bmte `mj-bpsS Po\n-b
- p-ambn CW-a
- p-m-hq. Atmtg ]pkvXIw
kz`m-j-bn-ep IrXn-sb \nebvv hmb-\-m-c-t\mSv kwhmZw sNq.

3.

imkv{X-{K hnh-\-n {]tXy-I-ambn {in-t Imcy-

IrXy-Xb
- mWv A`n-Im-ayw. `mj kc-fa
- m-hW
- w. GXp imkv{X-hn-jb
- a
- msW Xa
sNt-Xv B hnj-b-n hnh-I\v \ Adn-hp-m-bn-cn-t--Xm-Wv. aqe-{K-Im-c Dt-in-s
- Xtm AXns\ icn-bmb Xq-nepw Af-hnepw Dsm-m hnhI\v km[n--Ww. `n imkv{X-im-J-I-fn kmt-XnI kw-Iv `n hnh-\ thWw. ]Zm-\p-]Z Xa `mjsb ko-am-pw. thj-n-se-t- ]mse `mjbnepw B`mSw s]m-c
-
- ns eWat{X hnh-\h
- n-jb
-
- n CXns {]kn-sbv ?
hnh-I Xs ]mnXyw apgp-h shfn-hm-m-s\ an FSp-m
s]mm hmN-I
- \nc-p-Ibpw kmlnXyw- Ipn-\n-db
- vm {ian-p-Ibpw XtXmb {]I-S\
- h
- y-{K-XI
- apgp-h ImWn-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv aqe-{K-
- ns kmc-s-sbpw amn-a-dn-pw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs hmp-I sImp B`mSw hnhI Hgn-hm-t--Xm-Wv.

4.

hnh-Is ]mn-Xy-ns ]e apJ-

hnj-bt- _m-[w, aqe-`m-jm-]c
- n-Nbw, kz`m-jm-]Z- t- _m-[w, kz`mjm ssieo-]c
- n-Nbw Cs\
hnh-Is ]mn-Xy-n\v ]e apJ- Dv.

5.

hnj-bt- _m[w F-Xp-sImv Dt-in-p-s

- Xv ?
GXp hnj-b-ns {K-amtWm hnh\w sNp-Xv B hnj-b-n
Dm-bn-cn-t ASn-m-\]
- c
- a- mb Adn-hmWv hnj-bt- _m-[w. ]q-amb Adnhv hnhI\v Dm-hW
- s
- a-n-. Fm aqe-{K-
- nse hmp-Iv X-ab
- n A-tem]-tam, A-t`-Ztam hcm-Xn-cn-m hnh-I\v hnj-bt- _m[w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. sIankv{Sn-bnse Hcp {Kw Xa sNp Hcmv cmk-hn-Im-cw, aqe-I- XpS-nb
auen-I-Im-cy--fn Dd Adn-hp-m-I-Ww.

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6.

`n-im-kv{X-im-J-I-fn ]Z-v `n A-amWv hni-Zo-I-cn-pI

kmt-XnI kw-Iv hyXykvX imkv{X-im-JI
- f
- n hyXykvX A-am-Wp-Xv. AXn-\m `n hnh\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. DZm-lc
- W
-
- n\v abnormal F ]Zn\v
At[m-ew_w-Fm-Wv KWn-X-imkv{X X-a. Fm abnormal temperature F
]Zw At[m-ew-_a- mb ]\n F
- v hnh\w sNm-dn-. Akm-[mcWw- FmWv ChnsS
Aw Iev]n-t--Xv. Standard, Unit, Force, Fuction, Objectives XpS-nb kmt-XnI
kw-Iv hyXykvX imkv{X-im-JI
- f
- n hyXy-kvXm- {]tbm-Kn-tn hcpw.

7.

Cwo-jnse ssien, AtX-]Sn ae-bm-f-n-em-p-Xv Atcm-N-I-am-Wv. hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.

Cwo-jn-sebpw ae-bm-f-n-sebpw ssien-I XnIpw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. AXpsIm-p-Xs hmn\p hmv \nc-n-bp Xa Atcm-NI
- a- m-Ipw. Cwo-jnse Bibw
hnh\w sNt-n-h-cp-tm thn-Sv tg Du sImSpv Xpy-amb hmIy-fn ]I-cp-I-bmWv th-Xv. hymI-c-W-]-c-amb kXy-k--X-bm-I-cpXv eyw. PohPm-e- InW-n hf-cp-Xv \ntcm-[n-Ww-F {]tbmKw Atcm-N-I-am-Wv. Prevent
F hmn\v XS-bWw-F {]tbm-Ka
- mWv \ntcm-[n-Ww-F Xa sNt-nbn-cp-Xv.

8.

X-a-bn hcm-hp A]m-IX

- -I GsX-m-am-sW-mWv teJ-Is ]w
(D-]-\ym-ka
- m-XrI hnh\ \n-N\w hnh-Is tbmKy-X-I AtcmN-I-amb coXn-I DZm-c-l-W-)

hmWnPy imkv{Xw
Fw. Fw. hmkp-tZ-h \q-Xn-cn-mSv
1. hmWn-Py-im-kv{X-n\v Cm-e
- p-ff {]m[m-\yw.
hyh-km-b-nsbpw hmWn-Py-n-sbpw hf at-Xp-Im-e-s-mfpw IqSp-X-em-Wv.
AXpsImp-Xs ]mTy-hn-j-b-sa \nebvv G-hp-a-[nIw {]m[m\yw hmWn-Py-im-kv{X-n\pv. DtZym-K-k
- m-Z\
- I
- m-cy-nepw CXp-X-s-bm-Wh
-- -.
2. hmWn-Py-im-kv{X-n Ds-Sp-m-hp hnj-b
- .
h

P
-

i
-

k
-

v{

[
-

b
-

(commerce)am{X-a Df-f-Xv.

IhStbpw AXns\ klm-bn-p _mn-v, Cjp-dkv, KXm-K-Xw, ]c-kyw, hnem-]\

Fnh hmWn-Py-n-eps-Sp-p.

hyh-km-bk
- w-Lm-S\w (Business Organisation), AIu-nv, nXn hnh-c
- W
-
- ,v _mn-

v, hyh-km-ba
- m-t\-Pvsa v, sk{I-t-dn-b {]mIvSo-kv, Fgp-p-Ip-p-I, hyh-kmb hmWnPy
cwKv hp-tN-cp {]iv\
- t- fbpw ]cn-lm-ca
- m-t- fbpw hyh-km-b\
- S-
- n-ns coXn-tbbpw
]cn-KW
- n-t-X
- p-v.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

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School of Distance Education

3. mn-n-Ivkv, sImtagvkv XpS-nb ]Z- Xa sNp-tm {]Xy--am-hp {]iv\

]pXp-Xmbn ]e kmt-XnI]Z-fpw Cu hnj-b
- f
- n thn-hc
- pw. ]e hmp-Ipw
ae-bm-f-n kam-\-amb hyXykvX]Z--fn. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "mn-nIvkv' F hmv
cp Imcy-sf kqNn-nmw (1) mn-n- kbkv, (2) nXn hnh-c--W-p-I.
ae-bm-f-n nXn hnh-c-W
- -p-I Fp ]d-m CXn GXmWv Dtinp-sXv a\-n-em-hn-. sImtagvkv F ]Zw hmWnPyw F A-nepw hmWn-Py-imkv{Xw
F A-nepw hcmw. s]mXp-km-t-XnI]Zm-hen hyh--tbmsS Dm-p-I, D]-tbm-KnpI Fn-h-bmWv hmWnPy imkv{X-hn-h\w t\cn-Sp shp-hn-fn.
4. Au-nvt]mep-ff hnj-b- hn-h-n-ep-m-p {]iv\-.
hmWnPy imkv{Xkw_-n-bmb hnj-b
- f
- n ae-bm-f
- n-eh
- X
- c
- n-n-m Ghpw _pnap-p-f-fXv Au-kn-bm-Wv. CS-]m-Sps IS-[-\h
- -i
- kqNn-n-p Un F{Sn aebm-f-n\v A\y-am-Wv. hyXy-kvX-Xcw Au-p-I,se-UvP-dp-I, kvkn-Unbdn ]pkvXI, tPWep-I Fn-h-sbmw s]mXp-km-t-XnI ]Z- D]-tbm-K-s-Sp--Ww. {Kov
C

(X, Y, Z, Q, )XpS-nbh AtX-]Sn XpS-cp-X

- mWv \-Xv. Bh-iy-am-bn-Sv

Cwojv ]Z--fmhmw; Xa DNn-Xa

- m-bn-Sv AXp-amhmw FmhWw \bw.

km-I kmln-Xy-n-sbpw imkv{X kmln-Xy-n-sbpw hnh\w t\cn-Sp {]iv\ eLp-hmbn Adn-n-cn-Ww.

IqSp-X hmb-\bvv
1. hnh\w

`mjm Cn-yv

2. hnh-\-hn-Nmcw

F. C. hniz-\m-Y-

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

21

School of Distance Education

samUyq 3 t\mh
ImWp-X
- ImgvN-I bp. sI. Ipam-c
Hmtcm hyn Pohn-X-nhpw hp-tN-cm-hp amdn-a-dn-bp ImgvN-Ifpw A\p`-h-fpw
ImenI {]k-n-tbmsS Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-Ib
- mWv Cu t\mh-en Hcp sdbnth-j
- ]-cn-kc
- s
]p-kvX-I-hn-ev]-\-m-c\mWv \; ]qkvX-I-sf kvt\lnpw Bhp-{X ap-f-f-hv D]-Icpp efn-XP
- o-hnXw \bn-p Hcm, aI amf-hnI Abm-fpsS A`n-am-\a
- m-Wv. \mbn ]Tn-pIbpw _pn-bnepw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw apn-p-\n-evp-Ibpw sNp amf-hn-I-bpsS A
F-dn-b-s-Sm Abm CjvS-s-p. Fm Pohn-Xs
- -p-dpv Abmp-m-Ip [mc-WIsf anYy-bmnsmv amf-hnI Hcp-\m sIm-s-Sp-p. Ah ama-s\p hnfn-n-cp
kpKp-W Ahsf ]oUn-np sImp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. \s hnhm-l-n\pw amf-hn-I-bpsS ]ndhn-p-samw kmnbpw Abm-fpsS D-kp-lr-p-am-bn-cp kpKp-W Cs\ sNbvX-tXmsS
\s Pohn-X-ns eyw- F-n-\n-s\ sNbvXp Fv Abm-tfmSp tNmZn-pI am{X-am-bn.
Pohn-X
- ns kpK-aa
- mb Hgpv \ne-p-t]m-bnpw Xm-em-hpw-]Sn ap-ff
- h
- v D]-Imcw sNbvXpsImv \ PohnXw hen-p-\o-n. saen, tPmk-^v, X\qP XpSn IYm]m-{X--fp-tSbpw
PohnXw A{]-Xo-n-X-ambn amdn-sm-n-cn-p-p. Cs ImgvNb
- \msf F-Xn Pohn-Xns A\n-n-X-Xzhpw `oI-c-Xbpw hnjm-Z-hp-ap-v. {]Xn-Im-c-\n-lWw \nm-chpw {]Xn-Ic
- W-te-ia
- n-m-X
- p-ambn A\p-`h
- s
- \ PohnXw aXn-bm-p-p. \ne-\n-ev]n\v AtXmsS Aan-m-Xm-hp-p. Fnepw Abmp-In-nb CS-thf Abm kvt\lw-sImp \ndp FXv
{it-ba
- m-Wv.

ImWp--X ImgvN-I
1.

"AsX-m-amWv s]s-sm-cp-\m Cm-Xm-bXv ' GsXmw?

aI \jvS-s--tXmsS Fmw \jvS-s \ amf-hn-I-bpsS A F {]n-b-s

tahn-emkw amdpp thZ-\m-I-c-amb ]pXnb tahn-em-kw.
2.

\\v ]pkvX-I-hn-ev]\ Hcp D]-Po-h-\-amw am{X-am-bn-cp-n hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.

]pkvX-I-sf kvt\ln-n-cp \ \ ]pkvXIw Fm-hm-b-\-m-cnepw Fn-m\mWv {ian-p-sIm-n-cp-Xv ]pkvXI

-
- fpw IYm-]m-{X-fpw \-hm-b\
-
- mcpw \s {]nb-an{X--fm-bn-cpp icn-bmb t_m[y-ap-ff ]pkvX-I- hmb-\-msc \ncm-i-s-Sp-m-hn[w Fn-m \\v Ign-p.
3.
""aZy-s-m Bg-ta-dnb kulr-Z-amWv hmb-\-bn \npw Dm-Ip--Xv.
XsbmWv Ghpw henb elcn'' \ Cu \nK-a-\-n Fn-b-sX-s\?

hmb-\-

]pkvXI
-
- fpw IYm-]m-{X-fpsat]mse ]pkvXI
- m-kzm-ZI
- cpw \s D-Iq-p-Im-cm-bn.
GXv Bq--nepw B hmb-\m-kplrp \s\ Xncn--dn-p. ]pXnb ]pkvX-I-
Ahv Bthiw ]Ip. Bg-ta-dnb kulr-Z-v ]pkvX-I- hgnXpd-p.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

22

School of Distance Education

4.

aIp-thn \ \nd-p-sIm-n-cn-p IY-bpsS Ad-I.

ssZ\w-Zn-\m-\p-`-h- IY-I-fmn \ amf-hn-I-bpsS apn Ah-X-cn-n-p-sIm-n-cpp. Ip-s]m-\pw apS-\

- p-sams Xoh-n-bn \nn-dn sshX-ey-f
- n-msX s]cp-am-^p
ApXw \ A`n-\b
- np ^en-n-p. amf-hnI B thj- A`n-\-bnv \s\bpw tcWp-Itbbpw Nncn-n-p. Ah t]mb-tXmsS Abm-fpsS IY-bpsS Ad-I Ft-bvp-ambn Hgn-p.
5.

aI t]mb-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap-ff tcWp-I-bpsS Ah-.

aI t]mb-tXmsS Iocns alm-k-ap-{Z-n-tev tcWpI \jvS-s-p. Ftmgpw InSm-bn. Ah GXp-\n-an-jhpw Fm Ah-km-\n-n-t-p-sav \\v tXmn. Ah-fpsS t\mnepw Ne-\-n-ep-samw Hcp hncn IpSn-tb-dn. aI-fn-msX X\nv Pohn-m-\m-hn-sv
tcWpI ]e-gpw Hmn-p.. ac-W-n-\p-apv amf-hnI kln sImSpw-th-Z\ ico-c
- nepw a\nepw Bhm-lnv tcWpI XI-Sn-psIm-bn-cp-p.
6.

saen \s kplr-m-b-sX-s\?

Hcp I\--a-g-bn H-s-p-t]mb saens\ \ kzw IpS-bn-tev Iqp-I-bm-bn-cpp. A{]-Xo-n-X-ambn ag-bpa i-amb Impw Fn-b-tm saens \nhnb sImpIpS shdp-samcp ioe-q-m-ca
- m-bn. taq-cb
- n-m Hmh{_n-UvPn BsI \\pw ]Ipw
\np-t]mb saen\v \ klm-bn-bm-bn. sImta-gvky mb saen tPmk^v A-s\\-s D-kp-lr-m-bn. at\m-hn-j-a- Cd-n-sh-m-\p-ff Am-Wn-bmbn saen\v \
]no-Sv.
7.

\ "\jvS-s em-[n-]Xn' Bb-sX-s\?

K^q Hcn- `mKy-\--dp-ffsXp hnti-jn-nv Hcp temdn Snv \\v sImSp-p.

tem-dn-sb-Sp-pI ioe-a-m--Xp-sImv \ AXp kvt\l-]qw \nc-kn-p. ]ntv B
Sn-n-\mWv A-Xp-ew Inn-b-Xv. `mKyw ssIbnsh-p-X-mepw hmn-tm Fv K^q
]cn-`-hn-p. honhv CY ]d--tm-gmWv \s {]nb-]p-{Xn-bmb amf-hnI "\jvS-s
em-[n-]-Xn-sbv' \s\ hnfn--Xv.

2
8.

Imdp-I-tfmSv amf-hn-Ib
- vp-m-bn-cp hnNn-{X-amb _hpw BIj-Wh
- pw.

amf-hn-Ib
- psS hon Imdn-m-bn-cp-p. At\m Abvtm Imdp-Is
- f-n Imcy-am-sbmpw
Adn-p-Iq-Sm. Fnpw Ap-h-b-p- apXt amf-anI Imdns Ifn-m--f
- n-jvSs
- -p. hgnbn IqSn-t]m-Ip Imdp-Isf Xncn--dn-p. AXoh _pn-bp-ff Ipn-I Nne hkvXp-t- fmSv
{]tXyI aaX kqnpsa-m-bn-cpp \ CXn-s\-smn Dm-n-sb-Sp \nK-a\
- w. ko{]-iv\-v ]cn-lmcw ImWm\pw Imcy- a\-n-em-m\pw AXoh ka-bm-bn-cpp
amf-hnI.
9.
Xoh-n-pI \nd BIm-i-ns taqc Xmtgm-t-bvp-sa--Xmbn \\v tXmnb-sX-tm.
]oU-\-n sIm-s s]Ip-n-bp-sS- A- F hnti-jWw Fcn-Xo-bn Fsbm-gn--Xp-t]mse \s Zp:Js Bfn--n-p. temIs A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-msX \nhr-nae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

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School of Distance Education

bn-m-Xm-b-Xp-sImv ]pd-n-d-nb \\v At\z-j-W--fnse kl-Xm-]w-t]mepw kln-m-\mhp-n-. \jvS-t_m-[-m sRcp--s \\v BIm-i-ns taqc Xmtgm--a-Xmbn
tXmn.
10.

saens Zm-Xy-nse kwLjhpw tPmk-^ns Pohn-Xs

- si-en-bpw.

saen tPmk-^ns\ {]W-bnp hnhmlw Ign-X

- m-Wv. BZy-L-
- n Abm-fpsS B{ZXbpw {]iv\-pt\p-t]m-ep-ap-ff sNdp-]p-n-cnbpw Ahsf Hcp-]mSv BIjn-n-cp-p.
Fm tPmk-^v {ItaW Ae-k-\m-bn. tPmen sNmsX Inp e-sf Imv tem-dn-Sn-p-I hmn-q-n. saens hmKvZm-\-m apS-p-ap-X sImSp N{-lm-k\v Ah-sfs hnevm\pw Abm aSn-n-sv ]ns-ns Ah Xncn--dn-p.
11.

Ctm tam-e-ns ssZLyw Ipd-n-cn-pp Fv \\v tXmm ImcWw?

saens XI IpSpw-_P
- o-hnXw \s Akz-X
- b
- m-bn-cp-p. GXp-\n-an-jhpw Ah
B-l-Xy-sN-bvtXmw Fv Abm-fpsS a\-p-]-d-p. Fm hopw Ip-ap-n-b-tm
Ah-fpsS \n-bZ- mVy-ap-ff a\v \ Is-n. Ah A-lXy sNn-spw t]mcmSn
Pohn-p-sapw kwkm-c
- n \nv t_m[y-s-t- m Abm Biz-kn-p. a\v Akz-a
- mb-tm tam-e-n\v ssZLyw hfsc IqSp-X-em-sWpw Xm\-Xp-\-S-s-m IjvS-s-Spsapw Abmv tXmn-bn-cp-p. saen {]iv\-sf AXn-Po-hn-p-sapw hnizmkw htm tam-e
- ns ssZLyw Ipd-n-cn-pp F-bmp tXmn.

3
12.

sihs Zp:Jw.

CS-Xp-Im-en\v kzm[o-\
- p-dh
- p-ff sih\v sdbnth tj-\n Hcp Xmm-enI tPmen
Dm-bn-cp-p. ]Ww sImSpv Iq-kp-]-tbm-Kn-m hcp-h
- -cpsS ssIbn \npw \mW-bp-p-I hmn-sh-bv-em-bn-cpp AXv. HmSn-\S- -t ]Wn-sbmpw Ah\v sNm-\m-hn-mbn-cp-p. Hcp Znhkw \mW-b
- p-p-I Ipd-m sihs B tPmen-t]mepw ]ncn-p-hn-S
`oj-Wn-bn-em-bn-cp-p.
13.
"Hcp ]mSp-\m-fs CS-s]-Se
- n-eqsS A-c
- msc Xncn-d- n-bm Ign-bp Hcp knn \
cq]-s-Sp-n-bn-cpp' F-c-msc ?
]pkvX-I-hm-b-\b
- n Xmev]-cy-ap-ff a\p-jysc A]-cn-Nn-Xc
- m-bmepw Xncn--dn-bm \\p
Ignncn-p. a\p-jy-cp-am-bp-ff \nc--c-k-w sImv Abm hfn-sb-Sp--Xm-bn-cpp B knn. Ahv ]pkvXIw ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-p-I-gn-m Abmv hm-sX-sbmpw
kwkm-cn-tn hn-cp-n-. hmb-\t- bm-sS-t- ]mse hmb-\-m-tcmSpw lrZy-amb Hc-Spw \\p-m-bn-cp-p.
14.

hnhn[ {]iv\--tfm-Sp-ff \s CS-s]-S-ep-I.

IpSpw_ _w inYn-ea- mb saen {]iv\

- ]d-n-cp-Xv \-t\m-Sm-bn-cp-p. \s
\nt-i- Ahv hne-s--Xm-bn-cp-p. ]pkvX-I-hn-\-bvn-S-bn Xoh-n-bn I
Btd-gp-h-b
- p-ff Xan-gv_m-es\ t]meo-kn-te-ev]n-m \ k-\-p-Im-n. ]no-sSm-cn-
Ah\v A-\--amsc Xncn-p-In-n-b-X-dnv \ ktm-jn-m\pw CS-bm-bn. A]-cn-Nn-Xpth-n-bm-bmepw Xm Ign-bp D]-Imcw sNm \ Ftmgpw Hcp--am-bn-cp-p.

School of Distance Education

4
15.
apv hon h-hc
- n ]ecpw Ghpw HSp-hn-embn tNmZn-p tNmZyhpw AXm-bn-epp
GXv?
\mbn ]T-\
- n anIhp ]pep-Ibpw IS-Y
- I
- -fp-sSbpw KWn-X
- n-sbpw \qem-ame-I \njv{]-bmkw Agn-p-Ibpw sNp anSp-n-bmb amf-hnI Fs\ kpKp-Ws NXnp-gn-bn-e-I-p Fv ]ecpw kwi-b-n-e-I-s-p. tcWp-I-bpsS a\-n-se-p-Xv Ipn-met amf-hn-I-bvp-m-bn-cp Imdp-I-tfm-Sp-ff {`aw Ahsf NXn-p-gn-bn-e-I-s-Sp-p-sav
apIqn ImWm X\np Ign-n-tm Fm-Wv. Fp-sIm-mWv kpKp-Ws ASpv
Ahv A{Xbpw kzmX{yw sImSn-Xv F tNmZyw hcp--hc
- p-sS-sbmw At\z-j-Wa
- m-bn.
16.

amf-hn-I-bpsS IY

"]dpw t]SIw' Fm-bn-cpp amf-hn-I-bpsS IY-bpsS t]cv. AXv Hcp s]Ip-n-sbp-dn-m-bn-cp-p. IuXpIw \nd-temI-n-eqsS X\nsb k-cn-m CjvSs
- Ah ]pXnb
ImgvN-I Ip-sIm-n-cp-p. H \nd-ap-ff ag-hnpw, s]v Xe-Io-gmbn \S-m XpS-nb
hynbpw Ah-fpsS am{Xw ImgvN-bm-bn-cp-p. A am{X-am-W-hsf hniz-kn--Xv. Hcn-
Xs apn-se-nb ]dpw t]S-I
- n Ib-dn-b-tm-gmWv AXp \nb-{n-p hynv apJan-sv Ah-f-dn--Xv. Ah t]Sn-p-\n-e-hn-fn-s-nepw t]SIw Ah-sfbpw sImv apI-fn-tebvp-bp. AXn-\p-tijw B s]Ip-nsb Bcpw In-n Fm-bn-cpp IY Ah-km-\n-Xv.

5
17.

"Hcn-epw kzm`m-hn-Ia
- mb Hcp s]cp-amw Abm-fn ImWm-dn' Bcn? hni-Za
- m-p-I.

saens `mhv tPmk^v Hcp kz]v\t- em-I

- n-emWv Pohn-p-X
- v. Abm Ftmgpw
Xs tXSn-hc
- p `mKys {]Xo-n-p-sIm-n-cp-p. temdn Sn-p-If
- n-em-bn-cpp Abm-fpsS
henb {]Xo-I
- . km\w \jvS-s-Sp-tm s]mn--c-bp-I, \nm-c-amb Hcp km\w Innbm s]mnncn-pI XpSn Akzm-`m-hn-I-ambn Hcp]mSp s]cp-am-- Abmp-m-bn-cpp. Innb XpIbvp apgp-h tem-dn-Sn--s-Sp-p-I-bmWp ]Xn-hv. Hcp km[m-cW IpSpw-_\
- mYs kzm`m-hn-I-amb s]cp-amw Abm-fn ImWm-dn-m-bp-cp-p.
18.

cXo-jn-t\bpw tkmWn-b-tbbpw \ ]cn-N-b-s hn[w.

tam-e-ns `mK-tv \S-p-tm-gmWv \ H-a-c-ns Nph-n-ep-ff knapw

s_n ASp--Sp-n-cn-p bphm-hn-t\bpw bph-Xn-sbbpw I-Xv. sNdp--m-c ]pkvXI-hn-ev]-\-m-c-s\v \s\ kwt_m-[\ sNbvX-tm Abm Ah-cpsS ASp-s-n. AhcpsS kw`m-jW
- -f
- n \nv t]cp-Ifpw Ah-cpsS Xmes CS-]mSpw \\v ]nSn-In-n. XncY Fgp-X-emWv cXo-jns tPmen. tkmWn FPn-\o-b-dn-n\p ]Tn-p-p. \ ]pkvX-Isf kvt\ln-p-h
- -cm-bn-cpp Ah.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

25

School of Distance Education

6
19.

"AXp-a-Xn-bm-bn-cpp \s\ Xfm' kml-N-cy-taXv ?

As kplr-mb kpKp-Ws\ hniz-kn--Xn-\m PohnXw \jvS-amb amf-hn-I-sb-pdnv \nc-h[n {]kn-o-I-c-W--fpsS kNn-{X-^o--dp-I e`y-am-bn-cp-p. ]e ]{X-fpw hmb\mcpsS Ip-I \s A{U-n-e-b-psImSp-p. Ah aI-fpsS ac-W-s-p-dn-p-ff
kaqlns ImgvN-mSv \\p t_m[y-s-Sp-n-sm-Sp-p. ]ecpw Ip-I-fn-eqsS \s\
kam-[m-\n-n--I-tbm Zp:Jn ]p-tN-cp-Itbm sNbvXp. Fm Hcp Ip-am{Xw \s
Dc-hm-Zn--an-mbvasb tNmZyw sNp-Ibpw amf-hn-I-bpsS Zphn[np ImcWw Ah-fpsS
]nXm-hmb \ am{X-am-sWp ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbp-Xp. B Iv Abmsf Xfn. aq-tbdnb hmt]mse, Npp-s]m-f-fp I\--t]mse AXv \s\ ]nfp-Itbm s]mf-fn-pItbm sNbvXp.
20.
Xm Ip-ap-p Fm-hcpw Acw tNmZy-fpambn Xs hf-bp-Itbm ]np-S-cpItbm sNp-sav Abm `b-p. AtXm-sS-bmWv \ Fpw t]mIm-Xm-bXv hni-Zo-Ic
- n-p-I.
As D-c-hm-Zn--an-m-bva-bmWv aI-fpsS Zpn-[np Imc-W-sav kaq-l-nse
]ecpw hn[n-sb-gp-Xn. ImcWw Fp-sImv kplr-ns Zpz-`m-h-a-dnv aIsf cn-n
Fn-s\ t\cn-tS-n-h-t-m-hp tNmZy- Abmsf `b-s-Sp-n. X\n-p-hptN
`oI-ca
- mb \jvSt- m-tSm-w, {]Xn-q-n-se-t- ]mse Xm t\cn-tS tNmZy- Abmsf Zo\mf-tv hons Xp--h-\m-n.
21.

kpKp-W-\p-am-bp-ff \s ap]-cnNbw.

hj-p-apv \K-c
- n tPmen-tX-Sn-h kpKp-Ws\ \ ]cn-N-bs
- -Xv bmZr-nI-am-bn-m-bn-cp-p. \nc--c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I Ahsc kplr-p--fm-n. ]no-Sp-ffXv kpKpWs hf-bpsS Ime-am-bn-cp-p. Abm SmIvkn-ss{U-hdpw Imt{_m-dpw \K-c-nse
]Wmcn Hcm-fp-ambn hfp. \s Pohn-X-nse {][m\-kw-`h
- -f
- n-semw kpKp-W\
- pm-bn. Abm-fpsS hnhm-l
- n\pw tcWp-Ib
- psS {]k-hk
- -ab
- pw amf-hn-Ib
- psS tNmdq-Wn\pw
Ah-fpsS \r Ac-t-
- n\pw Icp-Xt- emsS kpKp-W IqsS-bp-m-bn. amf-hnI Hcp apXn
Ipn-bm-b-tm km-\-hp-ambn kpKp-W-\p-m-bn-cp-p. Ahp-m-kw-]-I-cp bm{X-I
Ftmgpw Abm Dm-n-sm-n-cp-p.
22.
lnsm-tm-m-a-ns\ amf-hn-Ibvpw henb CjvS-am-bn-cp-p. AXns `wKn-bn-m-bvabmWv Ah {in-X
- v. `wKn-bn-m-h
- sc kvt\ln-m\pw Bsc-nepw tht Fm-bn-cpp
Ah Btem-Nn--Xv. Ah-fpsS kz-amb ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw {]tXyI Xmev]-cy-fpw amf-hnIsb \\v Hp-IqSn {]nb-s--h-fm-n.

7
23.

kkv amt\-P \-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s Imcyw.

\ ]pkvXI
-
- f
- n-eq-sS-bmWv \ kkv amt\-Pc
- psS kulrZw ]nSn-p-]- n-bX
- .v ]pkvXIv \n ]d-p. Abm Hcp {]tXy-I-Imcyw kwkm-cn-m-\mbn \s\ ImW-W-sa-mh-iy-s-p. X\qP F kv Iem-Im-cnbpsS Zp:Jam-bn-cp-p. Abmv ]d-bm-\p-m-bn-cpae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

26

School of Distance Education

-Xv. Bkmtam _wKmtfm BWv Ah-fpsS \mSv. Fm A tIc-fo-b-\m-bn-cp-p. Btdm

Gtgm hb-p-hsc Ah I A-t\bpw Xd-hm-Sn-t\bpw Is--W-sav X\qP Xo{h-ambn
B{K-ln-p-p. ap _p-an-{Xm-Zn-Is
- fmpw Cm X\q-Psb As\ Is-m klm-bn-W-sa-mWv \-t\mSv amt\-P Bh-iy-s-X
- v.
24.

amt\-P kqNn-n ]nSn-h-ffn Fm-bn-cpp ?

cp-amkw apv X\qP tjmn-n-\mbn ]pd-p-t]m-bt- m sabntdmUv tmm-bX

- n\m Hmtm-dn Hcn-S-h-gn-bn-eqsS t]mbn. CS-bv-h Xm Ip-a-d HcnSw hopw ImWm\n-S-bm-bn. ]Sn-p-cb
- p-ff hoSpw Ipfhpw Ah-fpsS Ipn-m-e-t-Xp-X-s-bm-bn-cp-p. Fm
AhnsS Xma-kn-n-cp-h
- A]-cn-Nn-Xc
- m-bn-cp-p. Ah-fpsS A Fhn-sS-bm-sWtm Abmsp-kw-`h
- np Ftm Bho-p-Impw Adn-bn-m-bn-cp-p. Fnepw hoSp-I-s-nb nXnv
As\ tXSm ]nSn-h-f-fn-bm-sbv amt\-P hniz-kn-p-p.
25.
cm{Xn-bn Btem-Nnp InSt s]s-mWv kkv amt\-P Hcp-nb cmh-WtIm-bn \npw ]pd-t-p-ff hgn \s a\-n sXfn-Xv Fm-bn-cpp AXv?
amf-hn-Isb Fpw kvt\l-]qw A\z-jn-p-sIm-n-cp Iamjvv X\qPbpsS
hoSn-t\bpw ]cn-k-c-tbpw Ipdnv IrXy-ambn Adn-bm-am-bn-cn-p-sav \ Duln-s-Sp-p.
hSt Cy-bn-em-bn-cp amf-hn-Ibpw A\pw Ah-fpsS A acn--tXmsS \mn-tev hcp-Ibm-bn-cp-p. B Xdhmn bmsXmcp Ah-Im-i-hp-an-msX Abmv bm{X-bm-tI-n-h--XmsW hnhcw I amjv ssIamdn. CXv At\z-j-W-nse hgn-n-cn-hm-bn-cp-p.

8
26.

tPmk-^ns ]pXnb kml-N-cy-.

]c-kv]cw {]W-bnp hnhmlw Ign tPmk-^n-tbpw saen-tbpw Zm-Xy-n\v at\mlm-cn-Xb

- psS ]cn-th-j
- s
- fmw \jvSs
- -n-cp-p. saen {ItaW shdp-samcp ]W-bh
- k
- vXp-hmbn. N{-lm-k F sImf-f
- e
- n-i
- m-c\
- n \npw tPmk^v hXpI ssI-n-bXv saens
Pohn-X-ns Dd-n-em-Wv. _nkn-\v XpS-m-s\ hymtP\ hmnb ]Ww tPmk^v Ft-bpa t]mse Xpe-p. tem-dn-Sn-p hmnbpw BUw-_c
- b
- m-{X-I \S-nbpw ]pXnb t^m
taSnpw ISw hmnb XpI Xop-Xv saen \n-l-bmbn Ip-\np-p. ]Ww Xp
Xop-Xp hsc saen N{-lm-ksXmbn-cn-p--Xnepw {]iv\-an-m Xc-n tPmk^ns _pnbpw hnIm-c-fpw apc-Snp t]mbn-cp-p.
27.

cXo-jns sNdnb A-hn-izm-k-.

a\p-jys Nne A-hn-izm-k-pw \nan--pw A-ap-sv cXojv IcpXp-p. Abm-fpsS Pohn-X

- nse \ Imcy-smw AI-S- n-bmbn Nmag Dm-bn-cp-p.
AXp-sIm-p-Xs tkmWn-bp-am-bp-ff hnhm-l-Xo-cp-am-\-n\pw Nmag AXym-h-iy-am-sWv
Abm Icp-Xn.
28.

cp {]iv\--fmWv \s\ BbnsS Ae-n-sm-n-cp--Xv. Gh ?

sNd--ns \jvS- A-s\-t-Sn-bp-ff X\q-P-bpsS Ae-nepw IpSpw-_P

- o-hn-Xn kz-X-bn-m-Xmb saenhv F ho-b
- psS KXn-tISpw \s ]pXnb {]iv\-f
- mbn.
X\q-Pbvv As\ Is-m-\p-ff `mKy-ap-m-Imw. Fm saens PohnXw Zpcn-X
- ns
Ib-n-te-m-p-t]m-hp-Ib
- m-hm-sav Abm Zp:Jnp-p.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

27

School of Distance Education

9
29.
"Ftm-tbvpw t\mm Ign-bmsX \ Xe-Ip-\n-n-cpp' \s\ kvX_v[-\mnb kw`-hw.
sdbnth tjs Ingv `mKv \ Hcp IpSpw-_s ImWm-\n-S-bm-bn. AXn
sFizcyw Xpfp-p apJ-ap-ff ho-sb Abm {]tXyIw {in-p. Iq-nse Ipn-I-tfmSv
Nncnp kwkm-cn-p-sIm-n-cp Ah bm{X-bpsS Xnc-p-I-sfmpw ImWn-n-. ]Xn-hn]Sn
\ IuXp-I-tmsS Ahp-tN-cp Hcp t]cp k-ev]np Dp-p-ep-kp. hS-tm-p-ff
hn hp-t]m-Im-dm-b-tm-gmWv Ah ]nS-s-Wo--Xv. HmSn-p-S-nb Xoh-n-bn Ib-dn-m \ Ahsc klm-bn-p. apJw sImpw a\-p-sImpw \ndsb Nncn-m Ign-bpI Hcp
`mKy-am-sWv Abm Hmp. ssIhoin AI-ep Ah-cpsS lrZy-amb cq]w \ ]no-SpIm-Wp-Xv Xohn{InS-bnsp IjvW
- -fm-bm-Wv. \-t\mSv \n-]d- b
- m ]pd-tbvm--tm-gmWv Ah sXdn-p-ho-WXv F-dn--tXmsS \ Xfp-t]m-bn.
30.
atmcp Zp:Jns Hm-If
- n-tev AXv Xs Fn-ptam Fv \ `bp hniZ-am-p-I.
Xoh-n-bn A\m-Y\
- mbn Is-nb BIp-nsb \ t]meokv tj-\n-se-nncpp. Ipnsb Ip-In-nb hnhcw Xs \shv hm-bmbn \evIm\pw Abm Hmn-p.
t]meokpw ssNUvsse {]h-Icpw Hcp-anp \S-nb At\z-j-W-ns ^e-ambn B
Ipn--bpsS cnXm-sf I-m Ign-p. tImb-
- q-cnse {]i-kvXc
- mb tUmIvS Z-Xnam-cpsS GI aI-\m-bn-cpp Ah. Ipnsb Xncn-p-In-nb amXm-]n-Xm- B Iqn-ap-e
- n\p ImcW-m-c-amb \s\ ImW-Ws
- av hmin-]n-Sn-p. B\-n-sbpw \n-bp-sSbpw Io s]mgnp-sIm-mWv Ah \s\ t\cn--Xv. aIsf Hcn-epw Xncn-p-In-m-\m-hm--hn[w \jvS-s
\, Ah-cpsS kmn-yhpw hmp-Ifpw Xs B Zp:Jns Bg--fn-te-s-n-ptam
Fp Nnn-p-p.

10
31.

]ckyw Ip-h kvXo \-t\mSv CS-s]--hn-[w.

X\qP As\ tXSpp F-dnv Xe-m\ el-cn-bn \ns-nb kvXo ]W-ns

{]uVnbpw Al-m-chpw {]I-Sn-np sImmWv CS-s]-X
- v. I-i-m-cnbmb B kv{XobpsS
`mhv tImSo-iz-c\pw kaq-l-n DX m\-ap-f-f-h\pw Bbn-cp-p. Abmv am\-lm\n-bp-m-p-X
- mWv {]kvXpX ]ckysav kvXo Btcm-]n-p. Xs `m-hn\v A-s\-sbmcp
aI-fn-sp kv{Xo Xd-np ]d-p.
32.

{Iu kqam-n saens\ Imn-cp A]-am-\w.

sdbnth tPmen-nsS \n--ambn kqamv A[n-Ir-X saens\ hnfnp hcpp-Ibmbn-cp-p. tPmk^v Ahn-Sv ]e XhW tamjWw \Sn HSp-hn ]nSn-s
- -Sp-Ib
- m-bncp-p. km[-\-fpsS hne-sIm-Sp-m Abmv Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-n-. \n-tbmsS t\mp
Bq--n-\n-S-bn Ip-t_m-[tam B{Z-Xtbm CmsX tPmk^v \np. ]c-ky-ambn \ampw hn[-ap-ff A]-am-\-am-bn-cpp saen\v AXv.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

28

School of Distance Education

11
33.

cXo-jn-sbpw tkmWn-bp-tSbpw `mhn \nan-- \n-bn-p--sX-s\ ?

Pohn-X-n Nne Xocp-am-\- FSp-p--Xn\v \nan--sf B{i-bn-m-sav cXojv

Ddp hniz-kn-n-cp-p. {][m-\-s aplq--fnepw Xocp-am-\
- -fnepw Nmag ]npSpsIm-n-cp-Xv Hcp \nan-a
- mbn Abm Icp-Xn. P\n-t- mgpw hnZym-cw-`k
- a
- b
- pw tNmdq-Wn\pw
hnZym-eb
- {- ]-th-i\
-
- n-\p-samw ag-bpsS BiomZw Dm-bn-cp-p. tkmWn-bp-am-bp-ff hnhmlw
X\n-p-hn-[n--Xm-sW-n ag s]p-sa-p-Xs cXojv hniz-kn-p. \-s\bpw tkmWn-tbbpw
Biz-kn-n-p-sImpw cXo-jns Xocp-am-\-n\v t{]c-Wb
- mbpw ag s]p-I-Xs sNbvXp.

12
34.
tPmk-^n-s\-p-dnv saen\pw ap-ff
- h
- pw Dm-bn-cp A_-[
- m-cW
- I
- , ]pXp-Xmbn
Dmb Xncn--dn-hp-I.
tPmk-^ns\ e`n--Xn Xm `mKy-h-Xn-bm-sWv saen BZy-Im-ev Nnn-n-cp-p.
GXp {]Xn-k
- n-bnepw tPmk^v {]tIm-]n-X\
- m-bn-. ip-Xbpw \njvf
-
- X
- bpw \nd]pncnbpw B{Z-amb apJhpw BWv Abm-fn-tev saens\ ASp-n--Xv. ]gb KmV-amb {]Wbs Hms-nepw tPmk-^n\v amdmI-gn-bp-sa-p-Xs Ah hniz-knp sImn-cp-p.
Fm Hn-t\mSpw {]Xn-Ic
- n-m Ign-bm \nw-K-Xb
- mWv Abm-fpsS mbn-bmb kz`m-hsav saen sshIn-bm-W-dn--Xv. If-f-\mb tPmk-^ns `mcy F hnti-j-W-amWv
kqam-p-Im saen\v km-\n-X
- v. N{-lm-ks
- \ sImf-f
- e
- n-i
- m-c\v saens\ ssIamdm]pw-hn[w \nw-K-Xbpw {Iqc-Xbpw Abm-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bmbngn-c
- p-p.
35.

a\-n\v imX Xcp cp-Im-cy-tf Dffq Fv saen Ipc-Xp-p. GXm-Wh ?

Hm^o-kn-en-cn-p-tmgpw \-t\mSv kwkm-cn-p-tmgpw am{X-amWv saen imX Adn-Xv. Hm^o-knse Xnc-p-I-fn Ah Fm thh-em-Xn-Ifpw ad-p. XohnI a\-n\v
lrZy-amb Xmfw-]-Ip. \-s\ \ kplr-n-t\mSv {]iv\- ]p-sh-bvp-tm a\ns `mc--sfm-gn-bp-Xv Ah-f-dpp.
36.
Hcp {]iv\-hp-an-s-n Abm Hcp {]iv\-ap-mn AXns ]ndsI HmSpw k`taXv?
N{-lm-k X\n-mWv hne-]d- --sX `bw saens\ Akz-\
- m-n. Bizm-k
- n\mbn Ah \s\ At\z-jnp Xs Ae-p {]iv\-v \ ]cnlmcw Itbvpw.
As-n kam-[m-\h
- m-p-Isfnepw ]d-bpw. Fm \ e-n-m-bn-cp-p. sdbnth
tj-\nse sskXmen ]d hmp-I-fm-Wnh . \ ap-ff
- -h-cpsS {]iv\
- -tf-s-Spv HmSnsm-n-cn-pw. H-s-n asmv Abmsf At\z-jn-p-h-cpw. ]cn-Nn-Xpw A]-cn-Nn-Xpsamw Abm XWa-c-am-bn. Hcp {]iv\-hp-an-s-n Dm-m\pw Abm sa\-s-Sp-sa-mbn-cp-p sskXm-en-bpsS ]w. tkmWnsb Biz-kn-nv kok Sn-ns ]cn-[nbpw Ignv
bm{X-sNbvX \ kvIzmUns ]nSn-bn-em-bn-cp-p. Cs\ {]iv\-n Abm Nne-tmsgms kzbw AI-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

29

School of Distance Education

37.

tPmk-^ns ioe-sf kw_-nv saens\ Ap-X-s-Sp-nb amw.

tPmk^v samss_ t^mWp-I CjvSs

- -n-hc
- p-n-. AXp-IqsS sImp-\S-
- p-I, AXneqsSbpff hnfnv ImtXmpI CsXmw hfsc _pn-appff Hmbn Abm Icp-Xn-bn-cp-p.
Fm saens\ Ap-Xs
- -Sp-n-smv Abm hne-]n-Sn-p-ff samss_-ep-I D]-tbm-Knm XpS-n. N{-lm-ks ]Ww ]e-X-c-n Abmsf amn-a-dn-p.
38.

]Ww Xncn-p-sIm-Sp-p-X
- ns\ kw_-nv N{-lm-k \nt-in ]cn-lmcw?

saens Dd-n tPmk-^n\v ]Ww \Inbtms N{-lm-k\v IW-p-Iq-e

- p-Ifp-m-bn-cp-p. saent\m tPmk-^nt\m ]Ww Xncn-p-Xc
- m-\m-In-spw Abm-dn-bmw. ]Ww
Xcp--Xp-hsc saen Xs I-Un-bn-en-cn-p-sa-mWv Abm Hmn-n--Xv.

13
39.

X\q-Pbvv ]nXm-hns\ Xncn-p-In-m-\n-S-bmb kml-N-cyw.

Akn- v Io-j-W cmPvtam-l-\p-am-bp-ff \s _w X\q-P-bpsS A-\n-tev

Ffp--hgnbpm-n. Atlw Xe-m-\-\-K-cn-bnse t]meokv ta[m-hn-bpsS klm-b-m
X\q-P-bpsS As\ Ip kwkm-cnp Atm-gmWv {]Xm-]\m-b F A Xs aI
Xs tXSp-p-s-d- n-X
- v. As\ Atlw \t\bpw kkv amt\-Pt- cbpw Xs henb
tlm-en-tev hnfn-n-p. tImSo-iz-c-\mb At-l-ns Ffna \s\ Ap-X-s-Sp-n. Ccph-tcmSpw Atlw AI-a-gnv \n ]d-p. \nhr-n-bn-m-Xmb kml-N-cy-n-emWv aIsf
k-n tN-Xv. Pohn-p-hm Ign-bp \ne-bn-em-b-tm Atlw aI-sf-Xn-cn-p-In-m
{ian-pshnepw ^ew \ncm-i-bm-bn-cp-p. \ hgnv Ahsf Xncn-p-In-p-sa tXm
At-ls hfsc ktm-jn-n-p. kv amt\-Pc
- psS \nt-i{- ]-Imcw XnIpw \mS-Io-b-ambmWv B Ip-ap- ]-Xn-bn--Xv. Bdp-h-b
- p-f-f-tm ]ncn aI bph-Xn-bmbn Fnepw
Xncn--dnv Xs Am Fp hnfn Akp-e-`-ap-lqw {]Xm-]\m-b A\p-`-hn--Xn\p
kmn-bm-b-tm kkv IqSmcw apgp-h-\p-ap-m-bn. \\pw AXv IrXm-bm-bn.

14
40.

\-t\m-Sp-ff kpKp-Ws \ne-]mSv

]Xn-hn\p hn]-co-Xa
- mbn kpKp-W-s\ sIme-bmfn `b-s-Sp-h\m-bn-cp-p. \ ]npS-cp-p-sh tXm Imc-W-amhmw Abm Ign-bp-{X thKw Hmtcm cwK-p-\npw A{]-Xy-\m-bn-sm-n-cp-p.
41. aI-fpsS A{]-X-y--am-I \s Hm-I-fn
Imdp-It- fmSv Akm-am-\-ya
- mb {`a-ap amf-hn-I-bpw Imt{_m--dmb kpKp-W\pw Xn
Nm--n-emhpI kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn-cp-p. ama-s\v Ah hnfn-n-cp kpKp-W amf-hnIsb ]pIm-dp-If
- n Npn-bS- n-msIm-p-t]mbn, sFkv{Iow hmn-sm-Sp-p. CsXmw
]Xn-hpIfmbncpXpsImv \\v Apw {]tX-yI
- am-sbmpw tXmn-bn-. kvqhnv Bnen-ac
- t- m-fs
- a-nb amf-hn-Isb ImWm-Xn-cp-t- m Nph-a
-
- n Imdns Sb-dS- b
- mfw \s\
Bizknn-p-I-bm-Wp-sN-bvX-Xv. aI hcm sshIn-b-tm \ At\-z-jn-n-d-n. ]Xnhv
sFkv{Iow _mdn \nv Sqdnv tlm-an-tev Ah t]msbv IS-bn-ep--h ]d--tmgpw
\\v kpKpW\n hni-zm-k-ap-m-bn-cp-p. cm-bn-c-n-aqmw \ apdn-bn s_-Sn-npw
Xpd-m-Xn-cp-t- m \s Dn Hcm-fe
- p-bp. D-n kpKp-Ws\ hnfn-t- m Abm
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

30

School of Distance Education

s]sv hmXnXpdv ]pd-t-tmSn. AIv In-en C-bq-\n-t^m-tamsS Npn sFkv{Iow]m-S-bn IpXnc--m-tSmsS amf-hnI acn-p-In-S-p-Xv \ Ip. Ah acnpF
bmYm-yt- mSv s]mcp-s
- Sp-hm Abm hfsc _p-n-ap-n.
42. kpKp-W Hcp ISw-I-Y-bmbn amdpp Fv \\v tXmm-\n-S-bm-b-sX--s\?
amf-hn-I-bpsS sIme-]m-X-I-n-\p-tijw Pbn-en\nv Pmayw Inn Cd-nb kpKpW as-mcp ]cn-{`m--h-y-n-bm-bn. Ip-Ip-Sn-m Abm _mdn ]e-tmgpw {]X-y-sp. \ncoiz-c-\mb Abm Zqsc henb A-e--fn sXmgm XpS-n. \s t\mn\nv Abm hnZ-Kvambn sXn-am-dn-sm-n-cp-p.

15
43. Xs Fm-Zp-cn-X--sfbpw Xm-e-tv hnkva-y-Xn-bn-tev Xp Hcp-`m-h-am-bncpp AXv. hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I.
kpKp-Ws\ tXSn-bp Ae-n-en \ \mn\npw Zqsc-bp t{X-n-sen.
Fm-bn-Spw k-y-bm-Ipw-h-sc-Xn-c
npw \\v kpKp-Ws Hcp an-emw am{Xta
ImWm Ign-p-q. s]smWv \n-]-dv Hcp kv{Xobpw Ipnbpw ]pcp-j\pw \s
Xohn-bn A\m-Y-\mbn I _mes\ t]meokpw
]-{X-fpw hgn cn-Xm-sf In Gev]n-Xv \-\m-bn-cp-p. AvI Ipn cn-Xm-fpsS kmn-[-y-n anSpanS\pw {]k--h-Z-\\pw Bbn-am-dn-bn-cp-p. A-\--am-cnepw
Ipn-bnepw I B\w \s\ asmw hnkva-cn-n-m ]c-ym-]vX-ambncpp. Xs CS-s]S sImv ]dnp-\-S-s Pohn-Xa
- mWv Ah-cp-tS-sXv \ Iy-Xm-X
- -tbmsS Hmp.
a

s
-

X
-

v.

k
-

a
-

44. "Abmv Ip-t_m[w tXmn. AXv Hcp hngp-p-I-Ws Xs s]mXn-bpIbmsWpw

Adnp' \s HSp-hn-es NnI \ncq-]-Wm--I-ambn hne-bn-cp-p-I.
(\-sbpw tcWp-I-bp-sSbpw tamfp-sSbpw PohnXw kpl-y-Zv_-- kpKp-Ws
kml-N-c-y- A{]-Xo-n-X-amb ]c-y-]-km\w kpKp-Ws Pma-y-n-en-d- \s
Pohn-X-e-yw t{Xw Gkn Imvsa v ]mew hn[n tNmZn-p-hm-p kpKp-W
tXm-Sp \nanjw XtmSpXs \oXn]pem-\m-hmsX Fm-e-y- fpw \jvS-s ]pgbpsS e-y-n-tev IpXn-p \.)
45. \s kz-`m-h-Nn-{Xo-I-c-Ww.
(t\m-h-env t\mh CXn-h-yw a\p-j-y-kvt\-ln-bmb \s kwX-y-]vX-amb
IpSpw-_m--cow kvt\lh-ebw kpl-y-p- ]tcm-]-Imc {]h-WX aI-fpsS acW-n-\p-tijw GI-e-yw AXns ]qo-I-cWw \-bpsS ]v \ne-bp-d-n-hs kz-`m-hnI Zpc-w.)
46. "ImWp--X ImgvN-I' ioj-I-ns {]kn
(am-dp a\p-j-y-Xzw \-s\m-gnsI as-h
- -cp-sSbpw Pohn-Xm-h-I
- fpw ImgvN
- m-SpIfpw amdn-a-dn-bnp saen, tPmk-^v, tc-Wp-I, \ Fm-hcpw I ImgvN-Isf Imew
s]mSp-s\ amn-a-dn-pp amdp ImgvN-I amf-hnI Xncn--dn-n-cnmw F kqN\
fpsS IY-bn)
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

31

School of Distance Education

samUyq 4
bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw
Ibvtdm- I-p-I
kpUm-\n-sebpw CuPn-]vXn-sebpw ]pcm-X\
- \
- K
- c
-
- f
- psS Ah-in-jvS
- f
- n-eq-sS apJy-ambpw
ss\ \Zo-Xo-ck
- mw-kvIm-cn-I-cw-K--fn-eq-sS Fkv. sI \S-nb ]T-\]
- c
- y-S\
-
- nse \nco--W-fmWv Ibvtdm-I-p-I. kpUm-s\bpw CuPn-]vXn-s\bpw kw_-n {K-fpw ]{X-am-knIm-te-J-\-fpw teJ-I tiJ-cnpw ]Tn-p-amWv Cu bm{X-bvsm-cp-s--Xv. A`n-ap-Jo-I-cnt Am-bncw hj--fpsS Ncn-{X-tamp-tm Xs ]T\w ]qn-bm-bnt Cspw
Hcn-epw ]qn-bm-hp-I-bn-spw Fkv.-sI. ]d-bp-p. ]nm-ev ImWm-\m-hm--hn[w
Ahn-Ss ]e am-fpw an-c-fpw Fs-t-p-ambn A{]-Xy--am-bn. ss\ shn NneXv apn-tm-bn. ap NneXv Ata-cn--bn-sebpw bqtdm-n-sebpw \K-c
- f
- nepw ImgvN_w-m-hp-If
- nepw tijn-p-p. Cu bm{Xm-hn-hc
- W
- -n A`nkwt_m-[\ sN-s kplrv
hmb-\
- m-c Xs-bm-Wv.
1.

Jmq-an Fkv.sI kzoI-cn--s hn[w

Jmq-an sNe-hg- n H-Xp-Zn-hk
-
- Fkv. sI. sb kw_-n-n-St- mfw DWhpw
Dt-jhpw ]pXp-abpw \nd--Xm-bn-cp-p. hnZq-c-amb Cy-bn\nv BZy-ambn Ahn-sS-hp
tN ]{X-{]-h-Is \ne-bvmWv Jmq-anse Ad-_n-{]-am-Wn-I At-ls kzoI-cn-Xv. "kpUm-\nse nXn-KX
- n-Is
- f-p-dnp ]Tn-p-hmh ]{X-{]-h-Is
- \-p-dnv ]{X-
Fgp-Xn. cmjv{So-b-I
- n-Ifpw t\Xm--mcpw ]{X-{]-h-Icpw X-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I hyamm At-ls Wn-p-sIm-n-cp-p. kzX-{-\m-sbmcp ]{X-{]-h-Is thjw sItn-h
- -Xn Fkv.s
- I. ktm-jn-p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
2.

kpUms kzcw ]pdw-\m-Sp-If

- n sNs-p-n-. Imc-W-sav?
kpUms InSpw `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw AXns\ ]pdw-\m-Sp-If
- n\nv thXn-cn-p. am{X-a `cW-nse Iqp-I
- n-bmb {_n Chn-Ss cl-ky--sf-n A\y Adn-bm-Xn-cn-m kI-eapI-cp-Xe
- p-Ifpw sNbvXp-sh-n-p-ap-v.
3.

Jmqw \K-cs
- -p-dnv Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.
ku-cy-t_m-[t- msS kwhn-[m\w sN-s Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-\-K-c-amWv hmqw. \oess\epw sh-ss\epw ChnsS kt-fn-p-p. Xn Ie-cmsX Ccp-\n-d
- f
- mbn Ah cp-ssatemfw Hgp-Ip-p-v. CuPn-]vXn\p sImSp-m hf-q-dp apw sNfnbpw tiJ-cn-p hchmWv \oe-ss\-en\v \ndw sImSp-X
- v. {_n\pw CuPn]vXpw Iqq`cWw \S-n-hc
- p kpUms
Xe-m-\-amWv Jmqw. bqtdm-]ya-n Ah-\yq-Ifpw ]mp-Ifpw ]p amXr-I-I-fneq Iq shm-S
- fpw aZy-im-eI
- fpw \nim-
- p-Ifpw \nd \ tamSnbpw hrn-bp-ap
\ho\ \K-c-am-W-Xv. Cm-an-I-kw-kvIm-c-ns F-Xn-s\-m ]mm-Xy-]-cn-jvIm-c-ns
{]Zi-\-im-e-bmWv Jmpw knn.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

32

School of Distance Education

hnkvXr-Xh
- o-Yn-Ifpw ]mp-Ifpw ssaXm-\-fpw CS-I-e Cu \Kew BIm-i-p-\np-t\m-p-tm bqWn-bPmv hncn-n--t]mse tXmpw. {_ns ]Xm-I-ap-{Z-bm-W-Xv.
\oe-ss\-ens Ccp-]miz-f
- n-ep-am-bmWv Jmqw \ne-sIm-p-X
- v. at\m-lc
- a
- m-sbmcp
]mew \oe-ss\-ens Ccp-I-c-I-sfbpw tbmPn-n-p-p. \oe-ss\-csb kv]in-p-sImv
aqp ssa \of-n InS-p "Fw_m-vsam'Wv Jmq-anse {][m\hoYn.
nc-Xm-ak
-
- m-cmb C-en-mcpw {Kop-Imcpw ChnsS [mcm-fa
- p-v. \K-c
- nse hym]mcw
an-hmdpw Ch-cpsS ssIbn-em-Wv. SmIvkn-m-dp-I HmSn-p--h kpUmIm-cm-Wv.
\K-c
- ns ]Sn-m-dp-`mKw hyXy-kvXa
- m-Wv. \mS tlm-ep-Ifpw Imn-S- I
- fpw hnt\mZ-Ifpw _l-f
- fpw hrn-tI-Sp-Ifpw ChnsS ASn-p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-p-p. aZy-]m-\hpw NqXmhpw hy`n-Nm-chpw Hfnp sXfn-p-ap Cu {]tZiw "\mp-Im-cpsS aqe' F-dn-b-s-Sp-p.
Fpw sNm aSn-m sXm-Sn-I-fpsS ktXw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. A-cm-{Xn-hsc Xpd-n-cnp tlm-ep-I-fnepw Imn--S-I-fn-epw Xo\pw IpSnbpw _l-f-a-b-ambn Ign-m Chn-Ss
Ad-_n-I CjvSs
- -Sp-p.
4.

Hmw Zpam \K-c-s-p-dnv Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.

kpUm-\n-I-fpsS tZio-b-]-W
- -amWv Hmw Zpam. ss\ens ]Sn-m-sd--cb
- n nXnsN-p Cu \Kcw ]pcm-X\
- hpw Ncn-{X-{]-kn-h
- p-am-Wv. Ign-p-t]mb temI-al
- m-bp-I
- m-ev
ChnSw anen--dn-m-h-f-am-bn-cp-p. AXp-sImv In-th-en-I-fm Np-s ]m-f-]-cn-io-e-\-Iymp-I-fp-sSbpw bp-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS kw`-c-W-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-in-jvS
- Ahn-Ss hc
taSp-ItXmdpw Xn-m-Wmw.
Npnhf-p-t]m-Ip ]mX-bpsS Ccp-hi
- pw Ad-_n-If
- psS atIm-{- Km-a
- f
- m-Wv. hnNn{Xm-Ir-Xn-bp IqNn-Xp-p-It]mse \ndsb aIp-Sn-ep-If
- p-.v Jmq-an\nv {_nojv
kwkvIm-c-ns Nn--fmb {Smw, tamtm Im, kn\n-a, sSen-t^m apX-em-bh ]Ip-hn-p-s-nepw ]uc-kvXy-amb ]gb Cm-an-Ik
- w-kvIm-c]
- m-c
- c
- y-am-Wv Hmw Zpam\n Gsdbpw
ImWm-hp-X
- v.
kpUm-\nse Cyhym-]m-cn-If
- n hen-sbmcp hn`mKw HmwZpam-\n-em-Wv. Cy kmcn-I ChnsS Xosc A]q-am-bX
- p-sImv Chn-Ss hym]m-cn-I Fkv.sI sb kvt\lm-Zc
-
- tfmsS k-cn-m a-cn-p.
]n-bpsS apnse hnkvXr-Xa
- mb NXz-ca
- mWv \K-ct- I-{w. Chn-sS-bmWv P\- apIme--fn Iq-{]m-\bvv kt-fn-n-cp--Xv.
5.

dn-_vfnv Zn\m-tLm-js
- -p-dn-p Imcym-tem-N\
- m-tbmKw Ae-kn-n-cn-s
- X-s
- \?

Cy-m-cpsS dn-nv Zn\m-tLm-jt- m-S\

- p-_
- n-p hncp-p-km-c
- n ]sSp-m-sav kpUm Kh Gn-p-m-bn-cp-p. HmwZpam-\nse Cy hwi-Ps
- cmw bmsXmcp
t`Z-Ie
- v]\
- b
- p-an-msX Khp ssIsIm-Sp-p-Ibpw At-lt- m-sSm-n-n-cpp `Ww Ignp-Ibpw sNp Imcyw apX-em-fn-amp ]Yy-am-bn-. X-fpsS the-m X-tfm-sSmw
Kh kmbn-n\p ssIsIm-Sp-p--Xv A]-am-\-I-c-am-sWv Ah Icp-Xn. Xpey-\n-e-bn
]s-Sp-mte Cy-m-cp-tS-Xmb BtLmjw ^e-h
- mhq Fv asmcp ]w hmZn-p. Cs\
N FpsamsX ]ncn-p.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

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6.

{_n\pw CuPn-]vXp-ambn 1899 P\p-h-cn-bn-tes Icm-dnse \n_-\

- -I.
{_n kpUms ta Cpw ]nSn-ap-dp-n-bn-cp-p-Xv Cu Icm-dnse {][m\ \n-b{]Im-ca
- m-Wv.

1.
{_n-sbpw CuPn-]vXn-sbpw ]Xm-II
- Htc-ka
- b
- v kpUm-\nse sh-nepw
Ic-bnepw D]-tbm-Kn-t--Xm-Wv..
2.
kpUm-\nse KhP-\d- m\w {_nojv alm-dm-Wn-bpsS ip]misb ASnm-\-amn Bbn-cn-pw. Kh P\-de
- ns\ \ow-sN-p-Xpw dmWn-bpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbmsS
Bbn-cn-pw. \nb-a\
- nm-WI
- m-cy-n KhP-\d- e
- n\v ]cn-]qm-[n-Im-chpw Icm-dn hyh-sN-bvXn-cp-p.
7.

{_ns `c-W-\bw kpUm-\n.

B[n-]Xyw \on-sm-p-t]m-hm {_n Cy-bn FSp-p-]-tbm-Kn "`nn-np `cnpI' F AS-hp-X-s-bmWv kpUm-\nepw {]tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Hcp GIo-IrX kpUm Dmhm-Xn-cn-m-\p kIe apI-cp-X-ep-Ifpw {_n sNbvXp-sh-n-p-v. aX-]-c-amb hn`m-Ko-bX
Dm-p-Ib
- mWv apJy-amb coXn. kpUms D\m-Sp-If
- n-ep A]-cn-jvIr-Xh
- -msc {InkvXpa-X
- n-te-m-Ijnv kpUm-\nse apnw in-s-Xnsc {InkvXo-bi
- n sIn-S- p-m\pw {_n
{ian-p-sIm-n-cp-p. (e-Lp-]-\ymk tNmZy-n\v {_ns AS-hp-I F `mKw (]pdw 54-55)
IqSn Ds-Sp--Ww).
8.

kpUm\v Cy-tbm-Sp at\m-`m-hw.

kpUm-\nse cmjv{So-b-t\-Xm-v am-Zi\w \evIp-Xv Cy-bpsS tZio-bk
- -a-cN
- cn-{X-am-Wv. kzw kzmX-{y-hn-jbw sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bn-epw _mly-tem-I-ns {i-bnepw
sImp-h-cm kpUm t\Xm--m Gjy-bnse al--n-bmb Cy-bpsS t\mWv Dpt\m-p--Xv. CybpsS Ncn-{Xhpw cmjv{So-bhpw Ahv Bg-n-e-dn-bm-sa-Xv s]ms-mSns\ Ap-Xs
- -Sp-n. Cy \mj-W tIm{K-ns\ A\p-Ic
- n-p-sImv AhnsS "kpUm
\mj-W tIm{Kkv' Dv. Jmq-anse ]e hoSp-If
- nepw "t\cp' Fv Ah hnfn s\lvdphns ]Sw Xqn-bn-cp-p.
9.

kpUm-\nse cmjv{So-b-\ne
H-tXmfw cmjv{So-b
- mn-I kpUm-\n-ep-.v Cm-anse cp-aX
- h
- n-`m-K
- f
- mb Akm,
Jmvanbm Fn-h-bn GsX-n-ep-sam-n-t\mSp _-s--h-bmWv Cu ]mn-I. Cm-anI
knm--sf hymJym-\n-p-X
- n-ep hyXym-k-amWv Cu cp {]_-eh
- n-`m-K
- sf krjvSn-np--Xv. Dm-]mn, Ajn-m-]mn, bqWn-b-\nv ]mn, bqWnn Hm^v Zn ss\hm-en, \mjW {^v ]mn, en_-d, t]mp-e, dn-n- Fo In-Is-mw-IqSn 14 ]{X--fpv.
(e-Lp-]-\ym-ka
- m-Xr-Ibvv Hmtcm ]mn-bp-sSbpw Dt-iy-e-y-fpw {_n, CuPn-]vXv,
kpUm-\p-I-fpsS ImgvN-mSpw IqSn (]pdw 57, 60) Npcp-n-sb-gp-Xp-I.)
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

34

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10.

kpUm-\nse kzmX-{y-Nn-I
- -sf-n k amqw A`n-{]m-b-s--sXv?

kzmX-{y-e-_v[n-p-apv Cy-bn, ]m-_n kl-I-cW

-
m-]\
- --fpsS ta[m-hn-bmbn-cpp k amqw. {_n kpUm hnp-t]m-IW
- s
- a-mWv Fm cmjv{So-bI
-
- n-If
- p-sSbpw
B{K-l-sav s]ms-mSv ]d-t- m Atlw {_ns hm-hmbn Cs\ ]dp: "Iznnym-hmZw krjvSnv Imcyw t\Snb Kmn-sb-tmse Iznv kpUm hmZ-n-\p-]n-n Hcp KmnbpsS Dd t\Xr-Xz-in C; Dm-hp-Ib
- p-an' kpUm\nse cmjv{So-bI
-
- n-Is
- f-p-dnv XnI
Adn-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cpp Cu ]cm-aiw.
11.

A_p-knw-_t-{X-s-p-dnv Ipdn-s-gp-Xp-I.

{]mNo-\-Im-es Iqin-em-t-{X--fpsS Ah-in-jvS

- ss\ens aW-cb
- n
ASn-p-In-S
- p-m-bn-cp-p. Ah-bn-sem-mWv A_p-knw-_t-{Xw. {In. ap. 1265 sNmd-bn \nn Ap-Xk
- r-jvSn-bm-Wn-Xv. dmwskkv ZznXo-b F ^mdmthm N{I-hn-bmWv
A_p-knw-_ \nn--Xv. Iq sNp-n shn-bp-m-nb cp-t-{X--fp-v.
sNdpXpw at\m-lchpam-bXv N{I-hn Xs ]Xv\nv kan-X
- m-W.v ]pdw `nn-If
- n dmwskkv
ZznXo-bs \mep `oam-Im-c{- ]-Xn-aI
- f
- p-v. Ch-cpsS CSpw hepw ]mZ-n-Sb
- nepw cmP-IpSpw-_mw-K
- f
- psS sImp-{]-Xn-aI
- f
- p-v. ]qap-J-`n-n-bn Ata-d- m-tZ-hs
- bpw lmds tZhsbpw cq]-f
- p-v. kqcy-tZ-h\
- mWv Cu cp-cq-]
- f
- p-sSbpw k-ev]w. ]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXns
inev] sshZ-Kvyhpw ambm Nmb-q-p Nn{X-fpw N{I-hn-bpsS Pohn-X-k-`-fpsS Bhn-jvc
- W
- h
- p-samw A_p-knw-_t{Xs Ahn-kvac
- W
- o-ba
- m-n. {]`m-Xk
- q-cys
civan{]-k-c-n t{X-im-e-bnse {]Xn-a-Ifpw Dd`nn-I-fnse Nn{X-IemcXv\-fpw sXfnp-Im-W- \ne-bn-emWv t{Xhpw Kpl-Ifpw Ad-Ifpw kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp-sh-n-cn-p-Xv. A_p-knw-_-ense kqcy-hn-{Klw Atm Pohsh--t]mse {]Im-in-pw.
]Xn-\
- p-hj-tmfw ka-bs
- a-Sp-mWv A_p-knw-_ t{X-Wn ]qn-bm-bX
- .v \qmp-I-tfmfw an Hfn-p-In-S Cu alm-p-Xs Is-n-bXv _mtkmWn F C-enm-c\
- m-Wv.
12.

sjm-fn Fkv. sI. bpsS kl-bm-{Xn-I t\cn {]iv\w.

CuPn-]vXp-Imv {_no-jp-Im-tcmSv {]tXy-Inpw hntcm-[a

- p-v. Fkv. sI bpsS Bwt-bkp-lrv an tkkns ]mkvt]mv Ah kkqvaw ]cn-tim-[n-p. XpSv a--\np Ctm-p-te-j Ign-X
- ns kn-^n-v Bh-iy-s-p. kpUm a-\
- n-bpsS tI{am-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Ahn-S-p-h-cp--h Ipn-shv FSp kn-^n-p ImWn-mte
CuPn-]vXns an-en-d-m A\p-h-Zn-n-cp-p-q. Akm-[m-c-W-ambn Im-i-n-bp tZln kqNn-Ip-m tkkn\p `b-am-bn-cp-p. Cu hkvXpX Atlw shfn-s-Sp-n-bX
- p-an-.
kn-^n-v Cm-X
- n-\m Atlw Ggp-Zn-hk
- s XS-hp-Im-c\
- mbn t]mtI-n-h
- p. Xma-kn\pw `-W-n\pw acp-n-\p-ap XpI Abm-fn\n-p-Xs ]nSn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpw.
13.

epIvkt-{X-s-p-dnv eLp-hmbn Fgp-Xp-I.

Atatlm-sv F ^mdmthm {In. ap. 2140 ]WnX tZhm-eb

- a
- mWv epIvkt-{Xw.
ap ]e ]pcm-X\ tZhm-eb
- --fp-sa--t]mse epIvkt-{Xhpw apaqSn Ipsd-mew InS-p.
Agp-p-sh--ns Ipg m]n-m Ipgn hop-Im Hcp Iq Is-n-b-Xn-s\p-SmWv ]pcm-hk
- vXp-hI
- pv ChnSw Gs-Sp-X
- v. cp-sIm-s ITn-\m-zm\w epIvkt{Xs ]pd-p-sIm-p-h
- p.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

35

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inem-kvXw-`]
- -c
- c
- I
- f
- psS {]Zi-\c
- w-Ka
- mWv t{X-n-te-bvp ]mX. a[p-ca
- o-\m-nt-{X-nse Bbncw Ima--]s t\mpw-t]mse Fkv. sI bvv tXmn. Icn-qWp-Ip]-Icw sNq-Wp-If
- m-sW hyXym-kt- a-bp-q.
epIvkt-{X-n Xo_vknse {Xnaqn-If
- mWv {]Xn-jvTI
- . Aam-d- m, Aam-d- mbpsS ]Xv\n apv, Ah-cpsS ]p{X tJmkp Fn-h-cmWv {Xnaqn-I. kvXw`-fpw Ahbnse Nn{X]c--c-Ifpw Ah-bpsS Nmb-q-p-Ifpw Bbn-c--W-n\v hj-sf AXn-Po-hnv
sXfn-p-\n-evp-p.
Ccp-hi
- pw kv^nMvkv {]Xn-aI
- {]Xn-jvTn cmP-]mX Chn-S
- m-cw-`nv Imv t{Xw
hsc \ofp-p. tdmUm-bn-onpw ]gb kv^nMvkv {]Xn-aI
- f
- psS Ah-in-jvS
- Ccp-hi
- pw
ImWmw.
Ata tlms-ns "Znhy-amb P\\w' tcJ-s-Sp-p Nn{X--tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb PmX-Ii
- me-bmWv bm{Xn-Isc BIjn-p asmcp an-cw. t]c-dn-bm-h
- bpw s]mfn-p-am-p-t]m-bh-bp-amb \nc-h[n ime-Ifpw an-c-fpw Ahn-sS-bp-v. tdmam-m Ah-cpsS tZhm-e-b-ambn
CXns\ CS-m-ev amn-bn-cp-p. Ae-Ivkm- N{I-hn ]pXp-n--WnX "]pXnb De'hpw Zriy-am-Wv.
Nn{X-f
- psS Iem-`w-Kn-sb-mfpw Aaq-ey-amWv Ah-bnse Ncn-{X-e
- y-. 4000 sImp-ap-p CuPn-]vjy P\-X-bpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-cw-K--fmWv ]te-Spw ]In-sh-np--Xv. P\--fpsS hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn, `-Ww, BS-bm-`-c-W-, A\p-jvTm-\-, D-hmtLm-j
- Fmw ]Ip-X-cp Ncn-{X-hn-m\w hne-s-X
- m-Wv.
14.

^dmthm BNmc{]Im-c-ap cmPym-hI

- m-iw.
^dmthm coXn-b-\p-k-cnv ]p{X-\-, aq-]p-{Xn-bpsS `m-hn-\m-bn-cpp ]np-Sm-hIm-iw. kzpw A[n-Im-chpw ]pd-p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-m-\mbn kzw ktlm-Z-cn-Isf hnhmlw
sNp BNm-c
- ns Dhw A-s\-bm-Wv.
15.

lmv sj]vkpv cmn-bpsS `c-W-Im-ew.

temI-Nc
- n-{X-n-se-s Adn-bs
- -Sp BZys cmn-bmWv lmSv sj]vkq-v. Ah
Xo_vkv Xe-m-\-amn CuPn-]vXn `c-W-ta-s-Sp-p. ^mdmthm BNm-c-a-\p-k-cnv Ah
kzw ktlm-Zc
- \
- mb Xqvtamkv ZznXo-bs\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. At-l
- ns ac-Wt- ijw cmPy`mcw cmn-bpsS Npa-X-e-bn-em-bn. _me-\mb ASp A\--cm-h-Im-in. Ahv ktlm-Z-c]p-{X\pw ]nd-m aI\pw `mhpw Fm-am-bn. Xpvtam-kvXr-Xn-b F Cbmsf ]c-am-h[n
cmPy-Im-cy-f
- n\nv cmn AI-n-\nn. {]iw-k\
- o-ba
- mb Xc-n Ah cmPys ]ptcmK-Xn-bn-tep \bn-p. Xsbpw Xs `c-W-Im-e-sbpw A\-iz-c-am-m-\mbn Ah ssZ-F--_-lm-cn-p-ns sNcn-hn \nc-h[n kvXw`-]-c--I-c-I ]Wn-I-gn-n-p. Fm AXn\n-]p-W-amb Cu `c-W-Im-e-n-\p-tijw cmPy-`mcw Gs-Sp Xpvtamkv XrXo-b Xs Cfb ]Wn-I-gn-n t{X-fpw kvXw`-fpw kvamc-I-fpw XIp-I-f
p.
16.

saavt\m {]Xn-a-I-sf-p-dnv Ipdn-s-gp-XpI/D]-\y-kn-p-I.

ss\-cb
- n\nv apm ssa k-cn-p-tm ImWm-hp cp Iq {]Xn-aI
- fmWv saavt\m-Wp-I. BwK-te-bI
- h
- n-bmb Iovkv Ch-sb-p-dnv Ihn-Xb
- n ]cm-ain-n-p-v.
hnim-e-am-sbmcp hb-en Ime-ns Imhm-sc-tm-se B Ip {]Xn-a-I ImW-s-p.
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

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School of Distance Education

A{I-an-Ifpw {]Ir-Xn-tm`fpw Ahbvv ]cn-t-ev]n-n-p-v. B {]Xn-a-I-fpsS ]pdv Ahsb-p-dn-p hni-Zh

- n-h-c--fp-v. inev]n Xs alm-cm-Pm-hn-\p-thn At-l-ns BIm-ckm-Zr-iyap cp _rlZv cq]- NmW--p-IsImv \nn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ip-I
sImp-hc
- m Fp-I
- -ep-I thn-h-p. lmp-hns ]p{X-\mb Bsa tlmsv (B-sa-tm^o-kv) BWv inev]n. ^dmthm cmPm-hns t]cpw Bsatlm-sv Fm-bn-cp-p. cmPm-hns
arX-tZlw AS-w-sN-m apIqn ]Wn-Xo alm-t-{X-ns ]Sn- m]n {]Xn-aI-fm-bn-cpp Ch. 1200 Sn-e-[nIw Xqw-h-cp Cu cp-I-p-I \Zn-bn-eqsS \m\q-dn-e-[nIw
\mgn-Ibpw Ic-bn-eqsS Hcp \mgn-Ibpw k-cn-mWv AhnsS Fn-b-Xv. (]pdw 108-112)
17.
bht\Xn-lm-k--fnse saavt\m.
ssSt-\-kvtZ-h\v Dj-n P\n ]p{X\pw FtXym-]y-bnse cmPm-hp-am-bn-cpp ]cm-{Ian-bm-bn-cp saavt\m. Bn-kv F hoc Ct-ls h[n-p. Djvv lrZ-bw-s]mn hne]n-t- m bh-\c
- psS Ghpw henb ssZh-amb k]vXv tZh saavt\m-Wn\v Aa-cXzw \In.
saavt\m-Wns hn[n-sb-smn amXm-hmb Djv \nXyhpw s]mgn-m-dp Io-W
- -fmWv
ap-Xp-n-I-sfv bh\ Icp-Xp-p. A-bpsS BK-a-\-th-f-I-fn saavt\m timIm-IKm\w s]mgnp hne-]n-p--Xmbn k-ev]n-mWv {]Xn-av Ah B t]cv \In-b-Xv.
18.

epIvk t{X-s-p-dnv D]-\y-kn-p-I.

(A-ta tlmsv F ^mdmthm {In. ap. 2140 ]WnX tZhm-e-bw ap-aq-Sn-tmb
t{Xw ]pcm-h-kvXp-h-Ipv cp-hjw sImv ]pd-s-Sp-p Xo_vknse {Xnaqn-I
am Nmb-q-p-I D-h-im-e _en-a--]w Nn{X- ]pdw 95-101 kw{K-lw)
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ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w 1

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