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Communication Tasks

The document discusses key concepts in data communication including terminology like links, paths, circuits, and packets. It describes techniques for transmission system utilization such as multiplexing and congestion control. It also covers important communication tasks like interfacing with transmission systems, signal generation, synchronization, exchange management, error detection and correction, flow control, addressing and routing, recovery, security, and the role of protocols in establishing rules for communication syntax, semantics, and timing.

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waqas08
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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7K views

Communication Tasks

The document discusses key concepts in data communication including terminology like links, paths, circuits, and packets. It describes techniques for transmission system utilization such as multiplexing and congestion control. It also covers important communication tasks like interfacing with transmission systems, signal generation, synchronization, exchange management, error detection and correction, flow control, addressing and routing, recovery, security, and the role of protocols in establishing rules for communication syntax, semantics, and timing.

Uploaded by

waqas08
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Communication Tasks

KEY DATA COMMUNICATION


TERMINOLOGY
• Link: connects adjacent nodes Wires,
Cables, Any thing that physically connects
two nodes
• Path: end-to-end route within a network
• Circuit: the conduit over which data travels
• Packetzing: dividing messages into fixed-
length packets prior to transmission over a
network’s communication media
• Routing: determining a message’s path from
sending to receiving nodes
Communication Tasks
Transmission System Utilization
• Need to make efficient use of
Transmission facilities that are shared
among a no. of communicating devices
• For Example:
• Techniques like Multiplexing to allow
multiple users to share total capacity of a
Transmission Medium
• Congestion Control: TX. System should
not be overwhelmed by traffic
Interfacing
• A device must have an Interface with the
Transmission System/Transmission
Medium
Signal Generation
• Electromagnetic Signals travel over
Transmission Medium. Once an interface
is established, Signal generation is
required
– Properties of Signals
• Capable of being propagated over Tx. Medium
• Interpretable as data at the Receiver
Synchronization
• The transmission and the reception should
be properly synchronized.
• Synchronization means that the receiver
must be able to determine, when to expect
a new transmission and when to send
acknowledgements.
• In other words transmitter and receiver
should have an agreement on the nature
as well as timing of the signals
Exchange Management
• If the data needs to be exchanged in both
directions over a period of time, both
parties must cooperate as follows
– Whether both devices must transmit
simultaneously or take turns
– Amount of Data to be sent at one time
– Format of the Data
– What to do when an Error Arises
Error Detection and Correction
• In all comm. Systems, there is a potential
risk for errors and impairments.
• Tx. Signals are distorted to some extent
before reaching their destination.
• Error Detection & Correction needs to be
employed in Data Processing Systems
where a change in say the contents of a
file cannot be tolerated
• Flow Control
– To make sure that source does not
overwhelm destination by sending data faster
than it can be handled and processed
• Addressing & Routing
– If tx. facility is shared by two or more devices ,
source must specify the identity or the
address of the destination system
– And if Tx. System is itself a system , a proper
route must be allocated that the data will take
in order to reach the desired destination
Recovery
• If a data transmission is interrupted due to
a fault somewhere in the system, recovery
techniques are needed.
• The objective is either to resume activity at
the point of interruption and to restore the
state of the system to what it was prior to
the interruption
Security
• Security is very important issue in a Data
Communication System.
• The sender needs to be assured that
– Only the Intended receiver receives the data
– Data is delivered unaltered
Introduction to Protocol
• In computer Networks, communication occurs
between two entities in different systems.
– Entity is anything sending and receiving information
– SYSTEM is a physical object containing more than
one entities
• Now, two entities in different systems cannot just
send data
• For communication to occur, these entities must
agree on a PROTOCOL
PROTOCOLS
• “Protocol is a set of rules governing
communication”
– What is Communicated?
– How it is Communicated?
– When it is Communicated?
KEY elements of a PROTOCOL
• Syntax:
– Represents the Structure or the format of the
Data
– Meaning the order in which data is presented
– For Example
• First eight bits to be Sender address
• Next eight to be Receiver’s Address
• The Rest to be Data
• Semantics:
– Refer to the Meaning of each section of bits
– How is a particular pattern to be interpreted?
– What action should be taken based on
interpretation?
– For Example
• Does an address identify the route to be taken or
the final destination of the message?
• Timing
– When data should be sent?
– How fast it should be sent?
– For Example
• If sender produces data at 100 Mbps
• But Receiver can only process data at 1 Mbps
• The TX. will overload receiver and data will be lost
Characteristics of a Protocol
• Direct or indirect
• Monolithic or structured
• Symmetric or asymmetric
• Standard or nonstandard
• Direct
– Systems share a point to point link or
– Data can pass without intervening active
agent
– Simple Protocol
• Indirect
– Switched networks or
– Internetworks or internets
– Data transfer depend on other entities
– Complex Protocol
• Monolithic or Structured
– Communications is a complex task
– To complex for single unit
– Structured design breaks down problem into smaller
units
– Layered structure
• Symmetric
– Communication between peer entities
• Asymmetric
– Client/server
• Standard or Nonstandard
– Nonstandard protocols built for specific computers
and tasks

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