GENETICS

Unit 6

1. Summarize the outcomes of

Gregor Mendels
experimental procedures.

Mendel bred pea plants

Looked at specific traits
Counteda lot.

1. Summarize the outcomes of

Gregor Mendels
experimental procedures.

Inheritance determined by
genes
Inherit one gene for every
trait from each parent
Trait may not show up, but
can still be passed on

2. Differentiate among the laws and

principles of inheritance:
Dominance, Segregation,
Independent Assortment.
Dominance: one allele hides the
.
other one.
o One allele dominant, one recessive

Example: If a genotype has 1 allele

for brown fur and 1 allele for white
fur, the phenotype will be brown fur.

2. Differentiate among the laws and

principles of inheritance:
Dominance, Segregation,
Independent Assortment.
.Principle of Segregation: for

any trait, the pair of alleles

separate and only 1 is passed
from parent to offspring.

Example: you have two alleles

for hair color, but you only give
one to an offspring.

2. Differentiate among the laws and

principles of inheritance:
Dominance, Segregation,
Independent Assortment.
Principle of Independent
.
Assortment: alleles for one trait
are passed independently of
alleles for other traits.

Example: the likelihood of blue eyes

doesnt increase or decrease the
likelihood of having 6 fingers on each
hand.

3. Use the laws of probability and

Punnett squares to predict
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
.Heterozygous: has two
.

different alleles for a trait.

oEx: Bb

Homozygous: has two of

the same alleles for a trait.
oEx: BB or bb

3. Use the laws of probability and

Punnett squares to predict
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
.
Genotype: genes or
.

alleles for a trait.

oEx: BB, Bb, or bb

Phenotype: physical trait

that shows up.
o Ex: Brown hair

3. Use the laws of probability and

Punnett squares to predict
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
.
Heterozygous or
.

Homozygous?

AA

Ho

Bb

He

Aa

He

bb

Ho

aa

Ho

BB

Ho

3. Use the laws of probability and

Punnett squares to predict
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
.
Genotype vs. Phenotype:
.
Brown eyes are dominant to
blue eyes
BB
Brown eyes
Bb

Brown eyes

bb

Blue eyes

3. Use the laws of probability and

Punnett squares to predict
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
.
Genotype vs. Phenotype:
.
Straight hair is dominant to
curly.
BB, Bb Straight bb
Curly

3. Use the laws of probability and

Punnett squares to predict
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
.
Punnett
Square practice:
.
1. B = Brown eyes; b = blue eyes
Mom = Bb
Dad = BB

BB

Bb

BB

Bb

Genotypic Ratio:

_2_ BB: _2_ Bb : _0_ bb

Phenotypic Ratio:

4_ Brown eyes : 0_ blue

eyes

3. Use the laws of probability and

Punnett squares to predict
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
.2. Freckles are recessive. No
. freckles are dominant.
Mom = Heterozygous
Dad = homozygous recessive

Aa

aa

Aa

aa

Genotypic Ratio:

_0_ AA: _2_ Aa: _2_ aa

Phenotypic Ratio:

2_ No freckles: 2_

3. Use the laws of probability and

Punnett squares to predict
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
.3. R = rough coat; r = smooth
. coat
Parent 1= RR
Parent 2= rr

Rr

Rr

Rr

Rr

Genotypic Ratio:

_0_ RR: _4_ Rr: _0_ rr

Phenotypic Ratio:

4_ Rough: 0_ Smooth

3. Use the laws of probability and

Punnett squares to predict
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
.4. D = Dwarf; d = normal
. Dad= Heterozygous
Mom= Heterozygous

DD

Dd

Dd

dd

Normal child: 1 in 4
(25%)
Dwarf child: 2 in 4
(50%)
Child that dies: 1 in 4
(25%)

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
Crossing
over.

Incomplete Dominance:
oNeither trait completely

hides the other

oThey blend
oMust use two different
letters to represent alleles

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
1. Show over.
a cross producing all
Crossing
pink flowers.
R

RW

RW

RW

RW

Parent
Phenotypes:
Parent 1 = Red
Parent 2 =
White

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
2. Complete
Crossing
over.a 2nd generation
cross (F2)
R

RR

RW

RW

WW

Phenotypes
Produced:
Red, Pink, &
White

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
Crossing
over.

Codominance:

oBoth traits show up

completely
oBoth are dominant
oMust use two different
letters to represent alleles

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
1. Cross over.
an erminette chicken
Crossing
with a black chicken.
B

BB

BW

BB

BW

Possible
Phenotypes:
Black or
erminette

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
2. Cross over.
a black chicken with a
Crossing
white chicken.
B

BW

BW

BW

BW

Could you have

offspring that are
plain black?
No, theyre all
erminette

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
Crossing
over.

Sex Linkage:

oGenes are found on the

sex chromosomes.
oUsually only on the X
oMust show chromosomes
and alleles

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
1. A female
carrier for hemophilia
Crossing
over.
marries a normal male.
XH

Xh

XH XHXH

X HX h

XhY

X HY

Percentage of
hemophiliacs:
25%

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
2. A homozygous
normal female
Crossing
over.
marries a hemophiliac male.
XH

XH

Xh

X HX h

X HX h

X HY

X HY

Percentage of
hemophiliacs: 0%

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
Crossing
over.

Multiple Alleles:

oMore than two alleles for

a single trait

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
1. A heterozygous
type A is
Crossing
over.
crossed with type AB.
IA

IA

IAIA

I Ai

IB

IAIB

I Bi

Possible blood
types: Type A,
Type AB, & Type
B

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
2. Type O
is crossed with
Crossing
over.
homozygous type B.
i
IB
IB

IBi
IBi

i
I Bi
I Bi

Possible Blood
types: Type B

inheritance: Incomplete
dominance, Codominance, Sex
linkage, Multiple alleles, and
over.
Crossing
Crossing Over:
o When chromosomes switch

genetic information.
o Increases genetic variation
o Only occurs on homologous
chromosomes
Chromosomes have same
genes, but different versions.

5. Evaluate karyotypes for

abnormalities: Monosomy and
Trisomy

Karyotype:
o Picture of a persons

chromosomes

5. Evaluate karyotypes for

abnormalities: Monosomy and
Trisomy

Karyotype:
o Normal has 2 of each

chromosome
22 autosome pairs
23rd pair is either XX or XY
(Determines gender)

5. Evaluate karyotypes for

abnormalities: Monosomy and
Trisomy

Normal
Female

Normal Male

5. Evaluate karyotypes for

abnormalities: Monosomy and
Trisomy

Monosomy:
o Karyotype is missing a single

chromosome.

Trisomy:
o Karyotype has an extra

chromosome.

5. Evaluate karyotypes for

abnormalities: Monosomy and
Trisomy

Missing a
copy of
chromosome

Has an extra
sex
chromosome

5. Evaluate karyotypes for

abnormalities: Monosomy and
Trisomy

Caused by:
o Nondisjunction:

Chromosomes dont split up

during meiosis when
gametes are made.
o Then a gamete has either a
missing or extra chromosome.

5. Evaluate karyotypes for

abnormalities: Monosomy and
Trisomy

Identify the following

karyotypes as monosomy,
trisomy, or normal.
Then identify each as either
male or female.

5. Evaluate karyotypes for

abnormalities: Monosomy and
Trisomy

Monosomy- missing a sex

chromosome

5. Evaluate karyotypes for

abnormalities: Monosomy and
Trisomy

Trisomy- has an extra chromosome

21

5. Evaluate karyotypes for

abnormalities: Monosomy and
Trisomy

Trisomy- has an extra chromosome

10

6. Compare and contrast the different

types of mutation events, including point
mutation, frameshift mutation, deletion,
and inversion.

How do mutations occur:

o In your notes, highlight things that

cause mutations.
Includes:
Copying errors
Sunlight
Cigarette smoke
Radiation
etc

6. Compare and contrast the different

types of mutation events, including point
mutation, frameshift mutation, deletion,
and inversion.

Point mutation:

o Simple change in one base of the

gene sequence.

Example:
o Original sequence:

ATT CGA TAG

CCG
o Mutated sequence: ATT CCA TAG

CCG

6. Compare and contrast the different

types of mutation events, including point
mutation, frameshift mutation, deletion,
and inversion.
Frameshift mutation:

o One or more letters are

inserted or deleted. Shifts the

reading frame.

6. Compare and contrast the different

types of mutation events, including point
mutation, frameshift mutation, deletion,
and inversion.
Insertion mutation:

o One or more letters are

inserted.

Example:
o Original:

ATT CGA TAG CCG

o Mutated: ATT CGA

AAC GTA
Inserted

GCC G

6. Compare and contrast the different

types of mutation events, including point
mutation, frameshift mutation, deletion,
and inversion.
Deletion mutation:

o One or more letters are

deleted.

Example:
o Original:

ATT CGA TAG CCG

o Mutated: ATT CTA GCC G

Deleted GA

6. Compare and contrast the different

types of mutation events, including point
mutation, frameshift mutation, deletion,
and inversion.
Inversion mutation:

o Entire section of DNA is

reversed.

Example:
o Original:

ATT CGA TAG CCG

o Mutated: ATT GAT AGC CCG

7. Identify effects of changes brought about

my mutations: Beneficial, Harmful,
Neutral

Characteristic of Mutation:
oHarmful

Video Notes:
o Take as you watch the video

Discussion Notes:
o Take as we discuss in class

7. Identify effects of changes brought about

my mutations: Beneficial, Harmful,
Neutral

Characteristic of Mutation:
oNeutral

Video Notes:
o Take as you watch the video

Discussion Notes:
o Take as we discuss in class

7. Identify effects of changes brought about

my mutations: Beneficial, Harmful,
Neutral

Characteristic of Mutation:
oBeneficial

Video Notes:
o Take as you watch the video

Discussion Notes:
o Take as we discuss in class