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Transformer Protection

This document discusses transformer protection, including various types of transformer faults and abnormal conditions. It describes how earth fault current depends on the earthing method and winding impedance. Effective earthing methods maintain healthy phase voltages below 80% during earth faults, while non-effective earthing allows higher overvoltages. The document also covers different protection methods like overcurrent, differential, and restricted earth fault protection and their settings. Biased differential protection provides stability for through faults and inrush while restricting earth faults.

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KVRamanan
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
63 views

Transformer Protection

This document discusses transformer protection, including various types of transformer faults and abnormal conditions. It describes how earth fault current depends on the earthing method and winding impedance. Effective earthing methods maintain healthy phase voltages below 80% during earth faults, while non-effective earthing allows higher overvoltages. The document also covers different protection methods like overcurrent, differential, and restricted earth fault protection and their settings. Biased differential protection provides stability for through faults and inrush while restricting earth faults.

Uploaded by

KVRamanan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSFORMER

PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER FAULTS
EARTH FAULTS
PHASE FAULTS
INTER TURN FAULTS
CORE FAULTS
TANK FAULTS AND COOLING FAILURE
TAP CHANGER FAULTS

TRANSFORMER ABNORMAL
OVERLOAD

Increase copper loss & Temperature rise

SYSTEM FAULTS
OVERVOLTAGE
OVERFLUXING

EARTH FAULT CURRENT DEPENDS ON


Method of Earthing
Impedance of the winding
Position of the fault on the winding

TYPES OF EARTHING
EFFECTIVE EARTHING
Solid and low impedance earthed systems
During Earth fault healthy phase voltage is
below 80% of nominal
Used in higher voltage level

Solidly Earthed Systems

TYPES OF EARTHING
NON - EFFECTIVE EARTHING

High resistance and Reactance earthed systems


Systems are subjected to high over voltage
Suitable for Lower voltage distribution networks

Impedance Earthed Systems

Degradation of winding
insulation due to
lightning or switching
70 to 80% of the
Transformer failures

Inter-turn Faults

Core Faults
Breakdown in the insulation b/w silicon steel
core lamination
Breakdown in the core bolt insulation
Causes excessive eddy currents to flow and
hot spots formed in Transformer core

Due to

Tap Changer Faults

Flashovers
Selector or Divertor failure
Contact failure
Burn out of divertor resistors

Transformer
Reactance

Fault
Current

Permitted
Duration (Sec)

25

20

16.6

14.2

System Short Circuit


Limited by self reactance
Severe mechanical stress

Over Voltages
Transient Surge Voltage
Arise from switching & Lightning disturbances
Cause interturn faults
Power frequency Voltage
Load throw off condition
Increase stress on the insulation
Damage the core bolt and coil
insulation

OVERALL TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION REQUIREMENT
SENSITIVITY FOR INTERNAL FAULT
FASTER OPERATION FOR INTERNAL
FAULT
THROUGH FAULT STABILITY
MAGNETIC INRUSH STABILITY
OVER FLUXING STABILITY

TYPES OF PROTECTION
OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL
BIASED DIFFERENTIAL
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT
WINDING / OIL TEMPERATURE
BUCHOLZ GAS

Biased Differential
CT error
Tap Changer variation
Magnetizing Inrush
Through fault stability
Through fault stability - CT saturated condition
Overfluxing Stability

4.5

Highset Differential at 12x


(12A)

4.0
3.5

| I1 - I2 | 3.0
2.5
(A)

OPERATE

2.0
1.5

RESTRAIN

1.0

Measured Point under Maximum Load

0.5
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

| I1 + I2 | / 2

3.0

3.5

(A)

Biased Differential Protection

4.0

Y Supply

SETTING RESISTOR

REF RELAY

METROSIL

IP

IF
SETTING RESISTOR

EARTHING
RESISTOR

Figure 8.

Restricted Earth Fault

REF RELAY

METROSIL

Restricted Earth Fault

100

15

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT


RELAY

PERCENTAGE OF WINDING PROTECTED

60
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
40

20

10

15

20

25

FAULT SETTING - PERCENTAGE OF FULL LOAD

30

CURRENT AS A MULTIPLE OF FULL LOAD

12

80

Earth Fault Current - I F

Primary Current - I P

20
40
60
80
100
K - PERCENTAGE OF WINDING FROM NEUTRAL AT WHICH
EARTH FAULT OCCURS

Protection against Earth Faults Variation of Earth Fault Current with


position (solidly earthed)

Protection Overview

Current amplitude correction (0.25 - 3.0)

Vector group compensation

Proven biased differential protection

Low or high impedance REF/SEF

Backup IDMTL and DTL overcurrent and earth fault

Overfluxing protection

DTL Overvoltage

Protection Overview
4-stage Undervoltage / under-frequency load shedding
Neutral voltage displacement
Trip circuit supervision

Biased Differential Protection Settings

Differential, Initial setting (10 - 200% xIn)

Differential, Bias Slope (0 - 70%)


Setting > maximum percentage unbalance (tap
mismatch, CT mismatch)

Differential, Bias Slope Limit (1-20 xIn)


Aids stability for heavy external faults accompanied by
CT saturation
Setting > transformer maximum 3phase through fault
current/2

Biased Differential Protection Settings

Differential, Highset (1-30 xIn)


Setting > max through fault, and
Setting > max magnetizing inrush

Mag. Inrush Restraint Level (10-50% x Id)


Determines level of even harmonic that will cause
relay to be inhibited

Single phase line diagram


Mag inrush
detector

RMS
converter

+
-

Inrush level
+
-

5% of In

Phase
inhibit

Inhibit
enable

Other
phase
inhibits

Initial setting
Bias limit

I1

I1-12
-

Operate

Bias slope
RMS
converter

Trip
Restraint

I2

+-

I1+12

0.5

I1 + 12
2

RMS
converter

Trip from
other phases

Biased Differential Characteristic


8

Operate Current (I1 - I2)

Highset Differential Set to x7

6
OPERATE
4

RESTRAIN

2
Initial
Setting

Bias Slope
Setting

Bias Slope Limit Set at x4

Restraint Current ( |I1| + |I2| ) / 2

10

A.C. line diagram

Duobias - Line currents

Duobias - Output relays

Transformer Details:
7.5 MVA; 66 / 11 KV; Dyn11; HVCT ratio = 100/1;
LVCT ratio = 450/1;
HV full load current

= 7.5MVA / (1.732 x 66KV)


= 65.61A

HV CT secondary current

= (65.61 x 1) / 100
= 0.656A

LV full load current

= 7.5MVA / (1.732 x 11KV)


= 393.65A

LV CT secondary current

= (393.65 x 1) / 450
= 0.875A

Tap changer range

= -10% to +10%

HV ICT multiplier

= 1 / 0.656 = 1.52

LV ICT multiplier

= 1 / 0.875 = 1.14

Transformer Impedance

= 12.5%

DUOBIAS - M Relay SETTINGS:


Initial setting

= 20%

Bias setting

= 20%

Bias slope

= 4 x In

High set over current

= 8 x In

HV ICT vector connection

= Ydy0, 0

HV ICT multiplier

= 1.52

LV ICT vector connection

= Yd1, 30

LV ICT multiplier

= 1.14.

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