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LVL Portal Frame Design

CHH Woodproducts New Zealand

Disclaimer
This design example has been prepared solely to provide guidance and recommendations to suitably qualified engineers and other suitably qualified
design professionals for diligent and professional use by them (and no other person) in the calculation of design solutions for LVL portal frame systems
in accordance with currently available New Zealand Standards.
To the best of Carter Holt Harveys knowledge and belief this example has been prepared in accordance with currently available technology and
expertise however good design and construction practice may be affected by factors outside the control of Carter Holt Harvey and beyond the control and
scope of this design example. This example is not intended to be used as the sole recipe, nor is it to be considered the authoritative method, for
producing the relevant design and it is assumed that the relevant designers will employ sound and current engineering knowledge and will take all
reasonable care when designing LVL portal frame solutions using this example.
Accordingly, Carter Holt Harvey and its employees, agents and design professionals accept no liability or responsibility whatsoever and howsoever
arising for any losses, damages, costs or expenses (whether direct, indirect and/or consequential) arising from any errors or omissions which may be
contained in this example, nor does it accept responsibility to any persons whatsoever for designs prepared in reliance upon this example or any other
information contained in this document.
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Table of Contents
1.0

Introduction

2.0

Purlin design
2.1
Dead Load
2.2
Live load
2.3
Wind load
2.4
Proposed Purlin Layout
2.5
Connection Design
2.6
Lateral restraint design
2.7
Purlins supporting axial loading

3.0

Portal frame design

3.1
Proposed Portal Frame
3.2
Serviceability
3.3
Strength
3.4
Design Actions
3.5
Rafter Design
3.5.1 Combined bending and compression
3.5.2 Combined bending and tension
3.5.3 Flybrace design
3.6
Column Design
3.6.1 Combined bending and compression
3.6.2 Combined bending and tension
3.6.3 Flybrace design
3.7
Gusset Design
3.7.1 Knee Gusset Design
3.7.2 Ridge Gusset Design
3.7.3 Nail Ring Design
3.7.3.1
Knee Nail Ring Design
3.7.3.2
Ridge Nail Ring Design
3.8
Column to Footing Design

4.0

Girt Design, Side Wall

4.1
Wind Loading
Connection Design
4.2

5.0

Mullion Design, Side Wall

Wind Loading
5.1
5.2
Connection Design

6.0

Eaves Beam Design

6.1
Wind Loading
6.2
Connection Design

7.0

Girt Design, End Wall

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8.0

7.1
Wind Loading
7.2
Connection Design
Mullion Design, End Wall
8.1
Wind Loading
8.2
Connection Design

9.0

Longitudinal Bracing Design

10.0

Bibliography

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Appendix 1 - Mullion deflection, bending and shear equations

Appendix 2 - 90mm thick hy90 compared with 63mm thick hySPAN

Published by:

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September 2008

Enquires

Free call
Free fax

Web

www.chhwoodproducts.co.nz/engineerszone

Carter Holt Harvey Limited

0800 808 131

0800 808 132

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1.0 Introduction
This design example has been provided as an aid to engineers in the development of design solutions for LVL
and I-beam portal frame systems. The development of loading and the design of footings are not covered as
part of this example as their nature is not specific to timber. The design example has been prepared assuming
the building is proposed for Auckland, is within an Industrial Estate, and is subject to the following site
information:
Building Span
Building length
Building Clear Height
Dominant openings
Cladding
Region
Terrain Category
Directional Multipliers

30.0 m
60.0 m, consisting of 6 x 10.0 m bays
6.0 m
6.0 x 6.0 m in one end and one side wall
Pierce fixed sheeting of weight 6.0 kg/m2
A6, v500 = 45 m/s, v20 = 37 m/s
3
as per AS/NZS 1170.2:2002

This example has been based on relevant current design standards as detailed below:
AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 Structural design actions. Part 0: General principles
AS/NZS 1170.1:2002 Structural design actions. Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions
AS/NZS 1170.2:2002 Structural design actions. Part 2: Wind actions
NZS 3603:1993 Timber structures standard
AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures. Part 1:Design Methods
Note: Snow and Earthquake loading have been ignored due to location.

Other Referenced Design Documents:

Technical Note 82-07-04 - Limit States Design Information for Specific Engineering Design for New
Zealand Construction.
Mitek Specifiers and Users Manual.
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2.0 Purlin Design

Purlin Span
Purlin Spacing

10,000-90 =

9910 mm
1600 mm (max.)

Propose HJ360 90 hyJOIST for use as purlin

Typically a hyJOIST purlin roof system becomes cost effective at spans above 6.0 m whilst hySPAN or MSG pine
pulins remain cost effective for spans less than 6.0 m.

2.1 Dead load

Assume roof sheeting mass of 6.0 kg/m2 plus a miscellaneous load of 1.0 kg/m2

7.0 1.6 9.81

+ self_weight
1000
w*g = 0.17 kN/m
w*g =

Serviceability
Deflection of timber i-beams requires the consideration of shear deflection as well as bending deflection.
Additional guidance on the calculation of shear deflection can be found in many Timber Design texts and is briefly
discussed in Technical Note 82. Timber components subjected to long term loads such as dead load require the
consideration of creep effects. Table 2.5, NZS 3603:1993 demonstrates the relationship between duration of load
and creep. The k2 factor is applied to elastic deflections. LVL products are considered dry at the time of supply
and can be assumed to have a moisture content less than 18%.
Refer Technical Note 82 for Section and Material Properties.

T = k2(bending + shear )
5.w.l 4
5 0.17 9910 4
w.l 2
0.17 99102
= k2
+
=
2
.
0
.
+

9
6
384 2338 10 8 2.39 10
384.EI x 8.GAw
G = 20.0mm or Span 495
Serviceability limits for timber purlins are the same as those applied to other building products. For long term
deflection of industrial purlins span/300 or 30.0 mm are deemed acceptable.

2.2 Live load

Live load of 0.25 kPa applied in accordance AS/NZS 1170.1:2002 Table 3.2.

w*g = 0.25 1.6 = 0.40kN / m

Serviceability

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5 0.40 99104 0.40 99102

Q = 1.0.
+
9
6
384 2338 10 8 2.39 10
G = 23.5mm or Span 421
Strength
Based on respective k1 and load combination factors, combined dead and live load design actions will always be
more critical for design than permanent loads where low roof masses (less than 20 kg/m2) are applied.

w1*.2G +1.5Q = 1.2 0.17 + 1.5 0.40

w1*.2G +1.5Q = 0.80kN / m

M 1*.2G +1.5Q =
M 1*.2G +1.5Q

w.l 2 0.80 9.9 2

=
8
8
= 9.8kNm

Check Bending Capacity

The bending capacity of an I-beam is based on the critical flange stresses due to bending. For composite timber Ibeams the bending moment capacity can be based on a lever arm action about the centroid of the flanges with
one flange in tension and the other in compression for a single span application. The restraint offered to the
compression flange is instrumental in the capacity of the I-beam. Further guidance on the bending moment
capacities of I-beams may be found in Technical note 82.

Purlin design assumes the use of pierce fixed roof sheeting providing continuous lateral restraint to the
top flange of the purlin. Since compression edge is fully restrained k8=1.0.
So for bending about XX axis
Since k8>0.73

M bx = .k1 . f t . A f .D1 10 6 kNm

Refer Technical Note 82

where:

= 0.9 k1 = 0.80
AF = 90 36

f t = 33MPa

(318 288) 12

AF = 3060mm

D1 = 360 36 = 324mm

M bx = 0.9 0.8 33 3060 324 106 kNm

M bx = 23.6kNm > M *
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Check Shear Capacity

v1*.2G +1.5Q =
v1*.2G +1.5Q

0.80 9.9
2
= 4.0kN

From table 14, Technical note 82

V = k1 .12.6 = 0.8 12.6

V = 10.1kN > v *

2.3 Wind loading

= 0, Lateral wind critical (by inspection)
a = min(0.2b, 0.2d, h) = 6.0m

w*i = qu .spacing .(ka .kl .c pe c pi )

w1* = 0.84 1.6 (1.0 1.5 0.9 + 0.61)
w1* = 2.63kN / m
w2* = 0.84 1.6 (1.0 1.0 0.9 + 0.61)
w2* = 2.02kN / m

Calculate weff
Calculate Reactions

R* = 2.02 1.955+ 2.63 3.000

R* = 11.84kN
Calculate Moment

2.63 3.0 2
M = 11.84 4.955
2.02 2.0 4.0
2
*
M Wu
= 30.7 kNm
*
Wu

0.17 9.9 2
+ 30.67
8
= 28.8kNm

M 0*.9G +Wu = 0.9

M 0*.9G +Wu
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Calculate weff

30.67 8
9 .9 2
*
weff
= 2.50kN / m
*
weff
=

For uplift

w0*.9G +Wu = 0.9 0.17 2.50

w0*.9G +Wu = 2.35kN / m
Serviceability
To obtain the serviceability wind load the ultimate uniform loads can be factored by the square of the ratio
serviceability wind speed to ultimate wind speed.

v
ws = s
vu

ws

37
ws = 2.50= 1.69kN / m
45
5 1.69 9910 4 1.69 9910 2
+
w = 1.0.

9
8 2.39 10 6
384 2338 10
w = 99.0mm or Span 100
The acceptance of serviceability is at the engineers discretion. On the basis of applied local pressure factors and
the instantaneous nature of the wind gust span/100 is deemed acceptable.

Strength
Since the tension flange is fully restrained under uplift actions and the hyJOIST purlin is a composite section, use
Appendix C of NZS3603:1993 for stability calculations.

Check Capacity
Calculate S1

1.1.EI x
S1 =

M E .y

0.5

Eq. C1.1, NZS 3603

where:

EI x = 2338 109 Nmm 4

ME = ?
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y = 360 / 2 = 180mm

Technical Note 82

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Eqn. C7 may be employed due to the continuous restraint offered to the tension flange by the pierce fixed sheeting.
A suitably designed lateral restraint system provides intermediate buckling restraint to the purlins.

Calculate Euler Buckling Moment

2

(EI y ) D + yo2 + GJ
4
Lay
ME =
(2. yo + yh )

Eq. C7, NZS 3603

where:

yo = 360 / 2 = 180mm
9

EI y = 57.7 10 Nmm

yh = 360 / 2 = 180mm D = 360mm

2

GJ = 1848 106 Nmm 2

Lay = 9910 / 4 = 2478mm

(Restraint at quarter points)

2

3602

6
57.7 10
+ 180 2
+ 1848 10
4
2478

ME =

2 180+ 180
M E = 43.7 kNm

1.1. 2338 109

S1 =

6
43.7 10 180

0.5

S1 = 18.1

Calculate k8
Since 25>S>10

k8 = a1 + a2 .S + a3 .S 2 + a4 .S 3
k8 = 0.21 + 0.175 18.1+ 0.0116 18.12 +

1
18.13
5000

k8 = 0.76
Since k8>0.73

M bx = .k1 . f t . A f .D1 10 6 kNm

Refer Technical Note 82

where:

= 0.9 k1 = 1.0
AF = 3060mm

f t = 33MPa

D1 = 324mm
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M bx = 0.9 1.0 33 3060 324 106 kNm

M bx = 29.4kNm > M *
Note: Where k8 < 0.73 the moment capacity becomes a function of the compression flange buckling
rather than the tension flange being critical. The moment capacity equation is altered to represent this
where the characteristic tension stress is replaced by the product of the stability factor k8 and the
characteristic compression stress.
ie. M bx = .k1 .k 8 . f c . A f .D1 10 6 kNm
Calculate shear and support reaction for wind load.
Considering local pressure factors
Case 1

w*i = qu .spacing .(ka .kl .c pe c pi ) + 0.9.wg

w1* = 0.84 1.6 (1.0 1.5 0.9 + 0.61) + 0.9 0.17
w1* = 2.48kN / m
w2* = 0.84 1.6 (1.0 1.0 0.9 + 0.61) + 0.9 0.17
w2* = 1.88kN / m
R0*.9G +Wu =

1
3 .9 2

1
.
88

+ 2.48 6.0 6.9

9 .9
2

R0*.9G +Wu = 11.81kN

Case 2

w*i = qu .spacing .(ka .kl .c pe c pi ) + 0.9.wg

w1* = 0.84 1.6 (1.0 2 0.9 + 0.61) + 0.9 0.17
w1* = 3.09kN / m
w2* = 0.84 1.6 (1.0 1.0 0.9 + 0.61) + 0.9 0.17
w2* = 1.88kN / m
R

*
0.9 G +Wu

1
6 .9 2
=
+ 3.09 3.0 8.4
1.88
9 .9
2

R0*.9G +Wu = 12.2kN

Calculate dead & live load combined actions

R* =

0 .8 9 .9
= 4.0kN
2

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Timber capacity is dependant on the duration of the load in question, this must be taken into account in the
determination of the critical load case. One method of assessing the critical design load is to remove the duration
of load factor,k1, from the capacity equation and divide the load action effect by k1,
*
RMax
12.2 4.0
= max
,

k1
1 .0 0 .8
*
Rmax

= 12.2kN
k1

Check shear capacity

Since k1 was taken into account in the calculation of design action, apply k1=1.0

V = k1.12.6 = 1.0 12.6

V = 12.6kN > v*

Table 14, Technical note 82

Therefore the HJ360 63 hyJOIST is suitable for use as a purlin based on the implied loading at
a spacing not exceeding 1600 mm
2.4 Proposed Purlin Layout

2.5 Connection design

Connection of hyJOIST purlins to LVL rafters needs to ensure that the structural integrity of both the hyJOIST purlin
and the hySPAN rafter are maintained. Connection to the hyJOIST by nailing through the plywood web provides
the most cost effective method of connection for purlins typically subject to high wind loads (please note this type
of connection is not recommended for i-beams subject to high permanent and/or live loads). Nailing through
plywood allows for nailing close to the end/edge of the plywood. Packing out the web and using proprietary joist
hangers can also provide a suitable connection however the cost of the packing, brackets and labour involved can
make this an expensive alternative.

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Purlin connection blocks, or seating blocks as they are sometimes called, have been used in a number
of design situations for connection of C or I beam purlins where the connection block is either screwed
or nailed to the rafter and the web of the composite purlin is connected directly to the connection
block. A purlin connection block is proposed for connection using 2.87 diameter nails through the
plywood web and 14g type 17 screws through the connection block to the rafter. Target the connection
for design shear capacity, Vps of the purlin.
Note: The selection of a suitable purlin connection block needs to take into account the end and edge distances of
the fasteners as well as the spacing along and across the grain. The use of 4 x-banded connection block reduces
the tendency of the long band to split, allowing for the spacing of fasteners into the face to be similar along the
grain to across the grain. The orientation of the connection block is important where the plywood web is fixed to
the face of the connection block.

Calculate minimum number of 2.87 FH nails

Joint Group

J5

Table 3, Technical note 82

S * Qk

Eq. 4.1,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k .Q k

Eq. 4.2,

NZS 3603

Qn = .n.k .Qk
where:

= 0.8 k1 = 1.0 Qk = 0.526kN

k=1.4 since nails are through plywood with flat head nails.
k=1.1 since we are proposing 20 nails per connection
(linear interpolation between 1.3 for 50 nails and 1.0 for 4 nails)

NZS 3603

Cl. 4.2.2.2(g)

NZS 3603

Other k modification factors are not relevant as timber is dry, nails are in single shear and are nailed into the
edge or face of the timber.

From Table 14, Technical Note 82 Vps=12.6.k1

12.6 1.0 = 0.8 n 1.0 1.4 1.1 0.526

n = 19.4
Say 20/50x2.87 FH nails, nailed through plywood web into purlin connection block
Calculate minimum number of 14g type 17 Hex Head screws
Type 17 screws are preferred for timber connection as they are a self drilling screws through the timber.

Joint Group

J4

Table 3, Technical note 82

S * Qn

Eq. 4.5,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k .Qk

Eq. 4.6,

NZS 3603

Qn = .n.k .Qk
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where:

= 0.8 * k1 = 1.0 Qk = 3.303kN

NZS 3603

Other k modification factors are not relevant as timber is dry, screws are in single shear and are screwed into the
edge or face of the timber.
*=0.8 is applied as Type 17 screws are as reliable as nails in service.

From Table 14, technical note 82 Vps=12.6.k1

12.6 1.0 = 0.8 n 1.0 3.303

n = 4.76
Say 5/100x14g type 17 Hex Head screws, screwed through the purlin connection block into the rafter.
Proposed Purlin Connection

2.6 Lateral restraint design

The lateral restraint system needs to prevent the top and bottom flange of the hyJOIST purlin from
moving independently of each other. Many systems are appropriate but may require the fabrication of
special components. One of the most effective systems is to use hyJOIST pieces together with a
hyCHORD bottom flange restraint and continuous mild steel galvanised strap over the top, as shown
below.

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Calculate force on lateral restraint

*

FA = k33 .k34 .k35 .

0.05M A
d (nr + 1)

Eq. B9,

NZS 3603

where:

k33 = 1.0

(Wind loading)

k34 = 0.4

m +1
22 + 1
k35 = min
,5 = min
,5 = 5
2

M A = 28.79kNm
d = 360mm
nr = 3
FA = 1.0 0.4 5

0.05 28.79 106

360(3 + 1)

FA = 2.0kN
Check capacity of lateral restraint propose 90x45 hyCHORD

N c* = N t* = 2.0kN
Typically a 45 mm thick section is recommended to allow for a 75mm long screw through both the lateral restraint
and into the flange of the hyJOIST. Using hyCHORD for the lateral restraint is a good choice given its high strength
and lower cost.

Consider column action

Since Lay=1600 mm and Lax=1600 mm (defined by purlin spacing)

N c* N ncx and

N c* N ncy

Eq. 3.17,

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.19,

NZS 3603

Minor axis buckling is critical by inspection

N ncy = k1.k8 . f c . A
N ncy = .k1.k8 . f c . A
where:

= 0.9

f c = 45MPa

A = 90 45 = 4050mm

N ncx = 0.9 k1 k 8 45 4050

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N ncx = 164.0.k1 .k 8 .kN

Calculate k8 for buckling about the minor axis

S3 =

k10 .L
b

or

Lay

Eq. 3.15,

NZS 3603

N t* .N nt

Eq. 3.20

NZS 3603

N nt = k1.k4 . f t . A

Eq. 3.21

NZS 3603

whichever is less

1600
45
S3 = 35.6
S3 =

Since 25>S3>10

k8 = a5 .S a6
k8 = 235.5 35.6 1.937
k8 = 0.23
Since k1 = 1.0

N ncx = 38.3kN > N c*

Consider tension strength

N nt = .k1.k4 . f t . A
where:

= 0 .9

f t = 33MPa k4 = 1.0

Technical Note 82

A = 90 45 = 4050mm 2
k1 = 1.0
N nt = 0.9 1.0 1.0 33 4050
N nt = 120.3kN
Consider connection between purlins and lateral restraint
Use screws for increased withdrawal capacity for practical purposes

Calculate minimum number of 14g type 17 Hex Head screws

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Joint Group

J4

Table 3, Technical note 82

S * Qn

Eq. 4.5,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k .Qk

Eq. 4.6,

NZS 3603

Qn = .n.k .Qk
where:

= 0.8 * k1 = 1.0 Qk = 3.303kN

NZS 3603

Other k modification factors are not relevant as timber is dry, screws are in single shear and are screwed into the
edge or face of the timber.
*=0.8 is applied as Type 17 screws are as reliable as nails in service.

Consider Qk reduction due to the penetration into the receiving member (Purlin/blocking)
Penetration = 75-45 = 30 mm
Since da = 6.3 mm

Table 4.5,

NZS 3603

Cl. 4.3.2(e),

NZS 3603

Therefore portion of diameter in penetration = 4.76

Calculate reduction from capacity relating to 7 da
Reduction factor =

4.76
= 0.68
7

Qk = 0.68 3.303 = 2247 N

So:

2.0 1.0 = 0.8 n 1.0 2.247

n = 1.11
Say 2/75x14g type 17 Hex Head screws, screwed through the purlin connection block into the rafter.

2.7 Purlins subject to axial loads

Purlins in end bays may be subjected to tension and compression forces from braced bays. These
forces need to be considered in the design capacity. Refer to section 9.0, Longitudinal bracing.

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3.0 Portal Frame Design

The following portal frame has been analysed using elastic structural analysis with Microstran. Elastic
structural analysis of a timber portal frame differs little from that applied to steel members except for
the different section and material properties. For solid timber a five percent allowance for shear
deflection is included in the average modulus of elasticity which removes any need for the separate
consideration of shear deflection.
To achieve portal frame action rigid connections need to be made at both the ridge and eave. One of
the most efficient methods of providing rigid connections is via use of nailed plywood gussets. The
additional stiffness provided by the knee and ridge gussets is generally ignored in analysis.

3.1 Proposed Portal Frame

Refer Technical Note 82 for Material Properties.

3.2 Serviceability
Serviceability design limits for timber and steel buildings are very similar where the consideration of
cladding and absolute clearances need to be taken into account in the relative stiffness of the frame.
Short term duration of loading for wind, live and earthquake loads may be calculated by applying a
duration of load factor of 1, hence using the elastic deflection directly from analysis packages. For long
term loads the effects of creep need to be taken into account. NZS 3603 Table 2 defines k2 as 2.0 for
loading of twelve months or more where the moisture content is less than 18%.
Serviceability 900x90 hySPAN portal frame
Load Case

k2

Dead load*
Live load
Wind loading
Lateral wind1
Lateral wind2
Longitudinal wind1
Longitudinal wind2

2.0
1.0

Carter Holt Harvey Limited

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

Deflection
Vertical
Horizontal
96.2 mm or span/302
16.2 mm or height/396
75.5 mm or span/385
9.6 mm or height/668
134.7 mm or
74.5 mm or
108.5 mm or
64.6 mm or

span/216
span/390
span/268
span/450

28.4 mm or
15.7 mm or
13.5 mm or
8.1 mm or

height/225
height/408
height/475
height/792
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* It is typical to pre-camber the portal by its un-factored deflection (ie. Approx 50 mm in the case)

3.3 Strength
The selection of design moments is important in the design of timber portal frames. The nature of the
interaction of gussets provide specific locations for the selection of critical design actions for the
design of rafters, columns gussets and nail rings. Hutchings and Bier [2000] provide guidance on the
design moment locations as shown below.

Location A Rafter design actions at knee

Location B Column design actions
Location C Knee gusset design actions
Location D Gusset to rafter at knee connection actions
Location E Gusset to column connection actions
Location F Ridge gusset design actions
Location G Ridge gusset to rafter design actions
A further check along the rafter is require where the critical design actions may not to be at the
gusseted location and should be taken as the maximum along the rafter.
3.4 Design Actions
The consideration of critical design actions also needs to take in account the effect of duration of load factors for
capacity, hence affecting the determination of critical load case. As with steel portal frames the bending moment
diagram should also be taken into account together with the lateral and torsional restraint offered by purlins,
girts and flybraces. The following design actions have been tabled as being of interest, other actions have been
dismissed by inspection. The point of contraflexure is within close proximity for each case meaning that the
critical load case can be determined by inspection.
Critical Design Actions
M*
Load Case
1.2G+1.5Q
0.9G+Wu - Lat
1.2G+Wu - Lat
Carter Holt Harvey Limited

k1
0.8
1.0
1.0

kN
-240.0
271.0
-276.0

Column
N*
kN
-84.1
101.0
-113.0

V*
kN
71.5
55.4
62.3

M*
kN
-268.0
293.0
-307.0

Rafter
N*
kN
-60.4
67.3
-79.2

V*
kN
50.5
87.6
-95.0
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k1 factored Design Actions

Column
M*/k1
Load Case
1.2G+1.5Q
0.9G+Wu - Lat
1.2G+Wu - Lat

k1
0.8
1.0
1.0

N*/k1

kN
-300.0
271.0
-276.0

kN
-105.1
101.0
-113.0

Rafter
V*/k1
kN
89.4
55.4
62.3

M*/k1

N*/k1

kN
-335.0
293.0
-307.0

kN
-75.5
67.3
-79.2

V*/k1
kN
63.1
87.6
-95.0

3.5 Rafter Design

A check of the capacity of main frame members of a timber portal frame involves a check of combined bending and
buckling action, both in plane and out of plane, and a check of combined bending and tension.

3.5.1 Combined bending and compression

Design Criteria

M x* N c*

+
1.0
M
N
nx
ncx

2
*
M x N c*
1 .0

+
N
M
nx
ncy

Eq. 3.23

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.24

NZS 3603

M * M n

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

M n = k1.k 4 .k5 .k8 . f b .Z

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

Critical Design Actions

Critical load case - 1.2G+1.5Q
M* = -268.0 kNm

N c* = -60.4 kN

V* = 50.5 kN

Consider Bending Moment Capacity

For solid sections with member depths greater than 300 mm, apply size factor (k11, AS 1720.1). For
further information refer AS1720.1 (Clause 2.4.6) or Technical Note 82.
Therefore

M n = .k1.k4 .k5 .k8 .k11. f b .Z

where:

= 0 .9 k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

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f b = 48MPa

Technical Note 82

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300
k11 =

0.167

300
k11 =

900

Cl. 2.4.6

0.167

AS1720.1

= 0.83

d 2 .b 900 2 90
=
6
6
Z = 12.15 106 mm3
Z=

M n = 0.9 k1 1.0 1.0 k 8 0.83 48 12.15 10 6

M n = 435.65.k1 .k 8 kNm
Since k1=0.8

M n = 348.52.k 8 kNm
Calculate k8
The timber structures standard does not talk about critical flange like the steel structures standard however
similar principles apply to the restraint of LVL beams. Guidance is provided for solid sections in Clauses 3.2.5 of
NZS 3603:1993 for end-supported beams with discrete restraint to the compression edge (Cl 3.2.5.2) and tension
edge continuously restrained (Cl 3.2.5.3). Typically these can be useful in the calculation of slenderness of simple
beams and secondary framing however composite sections and members within structural frames require
analysis using Appendix C of NZS3603:1993 for slenderness calculations.

Consider slenderness equation

1.1.EI x
S1 =

M E.y

0.5

Eq. C1

NZS 3603

Since for 900x90 hySPAN

EI x = 13200
y=

900 3 90
= 72.17 1012 Nmm 4
12

900
= 450mm
2

Therefore:

176.418 109
S1 =

ME

0.5

Calculate Euler moment, ME

Consider compression edge unrestrained from edge of column to point of contraflexure.
Some authors including Milner [1997] have developed theories based on the contribution of lateral restraint
offered to the tension edge by purlins and girts, such theories are beyond the scope of this example.
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Consider Moment Diagram

c
M E = 5 (EI )y .GJ
L
ay

0.5

Eq. C3

NZS3603

where:

0
=0
268

= ratio of bending moments between buckling restraints

c5 = 5.5
EI y = 13200

Table C1

NZS3603

Eq. C2

NZS 3603

90 3 900
= 721.71 10 9 Nmm 4
12

Since for rectangular sections:

B D B3

J = 1 0.63
D
3

90 900 90 3

GJ = 660 1 0.63
= 135.25 10 9 Nmm 2

900
3

Therefore:

5 .5
9
9
ME =
721.71 10 135.25 10
4900
M E = 350.68kNm

0.5

From previous:

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176.418 109
S1 =
6
350.68 10

0.5

S1 = 22.43
Since 25>S1>10

k8 = a1 + a2 .S + a3 .S 2 + a4 .S 3
k8 = 0.21 + 0.175 22.43+ 0.0116 22.432 +

1
22.433
5000

k8 = 0.56
M n = 348.52 0.56 = 195.2kNm
Mn<M* so consider flybrace. The flybrace needs to be located relative to purlin spacing along the
rafter but also needs to offer the appropriate level of stability to the rafter. Propose 3rd purlin from eave.
Consider moment diagram

Calculate Euler moment, ME

c
M E = 5 (EI )y .GJ
L
ay

0.5

Eq. C3

NZS 3603

where:

171.1
= 0.64
268.0

c5 = 3.82

= ratio of bending moments between buckling restraints

Table C1

NZS 3603

Therefore:

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3.82
9
9
ME =
721.71 10 135.25 10
1741
M E = 685.51kNm

0.5

From previous:

176.418 109
S1 =
6
685.51 10

0.5

S1 = 16.04
Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3

Cl C2.10

k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 16.04+ 0.0116 16.04 2 +

NZS 3603

1
16.04 3
5000

k 8 = 0.86
M n = 348.52 0.86 = 299.7 kNm > M *
Check remaining unrestrained section

M* = 171.1 kNm

Lay = 3160 mm c5 = 5.5

Therefore:

5 .5
9
9
ME =
721.71 10 135.25 10
3160
M E = 543.78kNm

0.5

From previous:

176.418 109
S1 =
6
543.78 10

0.5

S1 = 18.01
Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 18.01+ 0.0116 18.012 +

NZS 3603

Cl C2.10

1
18.013
5000

k 8 = 0.77

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M n = 348.52 0.77 = 268.4kNm > M *

Consider region along rafter between point of contraflexure and apex along the rafter.
Bending Moment Diagram

Since purlins provide restraint to compression edge, Lay = 1600 mm where c5 = 3.1 (moment ratio
between purlins = 0 (conservative)).
Calculate Euler Moment

3 .1
9
9
ME =
721.71 10 135.25 10
1600
M E = 605.33kNm

0.5

From previous:

176.418 109
S1 =
6
605.33 10

0.5

S1 = 17.07
Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 17.07 + 0.0116 17.07 2 +

Cl C2.10

NZS 3603

1
17.07 3
5000

k 8 = 0.81
M n = 348.52 0.81 = 282.3kNm > M *
Consider column action
Major axis buckling XX
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N ncx = k1.k8 . f c . A

Eq. 3.18

NZS 3603

N ncx = .k1.k8 . f c . A
where:

= 0.9

f c = 45MPa

A = 900 90 = 81000mm

N ncx = 0.9 k1 .k8 45 81000

N ncx = 3280.5.k1.k8 .kN
Calculate k8 for buckling about the major axis
L=Lax=14221 mm (rafter length from ridge to column)

S2 =

k10 .L
d

Lax
whichever is less
d

or

k10 = 1.0

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.14

(Conservative)

1.0 14221
900
S 2 = 15.80
S2 =

Since 25>S2>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 15.80+ 0.0116 15.80 2 +

NZS 3603

Cl C2.10

1
15.80 3
5000

k 8 = 0.87
Since k1 = 0.8

N ncx = 2278.1kN > N c*

Minor axis buckling YY
From previous:

N ncx = 3280.5.k1.k8 .kN

Calculate k8 for buckling about the minor axis YY
Lay=1600 mm (purlin spacing)
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S3 =

k10 .L
b

or

Lay
b

whichever is less

Eq. 3.15

NZS 3603

Cl C2.10

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.23

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.24

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.25

NZS 3603

1600
90
S3 = 17.78
S3 =

Since 25>S3>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 17.78+ 0.0116 17.78 2 +

1
17.78 3
5000

k 8 = 0.78
Since k1 = 0.8

N ncx = 2047.03kN > N c*

Combined actions

268.0 60.4

+
= 0.92 1.0
299.7 2278.1
2

268.0 60.4

+
= 0.83 1.0
299.7 2047.0
3.5.2 Combined bending and tension
Design Criteria

N t* M *
1 .0

N nt M n
Critical Design Actions
Critical load case - 0.9G+Wu Lateral wind
M* = 293.0 kNm (at eave)
M* = -171.8 kNm (along rafter)
N t* = 69.9 kN
V* = 87.6 kN
Consider Bending Moment Capacity
From previous:

M n = 435.65.k1.k8 kNm
Since k =1.0, wind gust

1
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M n = 435.65.k8kNm
Calculate k8
Calculate Euler moment, ME
Consider compression edge restrained by purlins at 1600 c/c until point of contraflexure.
Bending Moment Diagram

c
M E = 5 (EI )y .GJ
L
ay

0.5

Eq. C3

NZS 3603

where:

176.2
= 0.60
293.2

= ratio of bending moments between buckling restraints (purlins)

c5 = 3.9

Eq. C3

NZS 3603

EI y = 721.71 109 Nmm 4

GJ = 135.25 109 Nmm 2
Therefore:

3.90
9
9
ME =
721.71 10 135.25 10
1600
M E = 761.54kNm

0.5

From previous:

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176.418 10 9
S1 =
6
761.54 10

0.5

S1 = 15.22
Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 15.22+ 0.0116 15.22 2 +

NZS 3603

Cl C2.10

1
15.22 3
5000

k 8 = 0.90
M n = 435.65 0.90 = 392.1kNm > M *
Check remaining sections between points of contraflexure (ie. Negative moment along the rafter)

Propose flybracing as detailed below

Consider region along rafter between point of contraflexure and apex along the rafter.

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Bending Moment Diagram

Calculate Euler Moment

Three buckling zones exist for wind uplift, each restrained at strategic purlin locations by flybraces.
Consideration of bending moment diagram and restraint locations display.
Region 1
Region 2
Region 3

c5 = 5.5, Lay = 5183 mm

c5 ~ 3.1, Lay = 2x1600 = 3200 mm
c5 = 3.1, Lay = 2x(1050+229) = 2558 mm

c5

L
ay

Since: M E = function

Therefore Region 2 is critical buckling region

3 .1
9
9
ME =
721.71 10 135.25 10
3200
M E = 302.66kNm

0.5

From previous:

176.418 109
S1 =
6
302.66 10

0.5

S1 = 24.14
Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 24.14+ 0.0116 24.14 2 +

Cl C2.10

NZS 3603

1
24.14 3
5000

k 8 = 0.49
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M n = 435.65 0.49 = 213.5kNm > M *

Consider tension strength

N t* .N nt

Eq. 3.20

NZS 3603

N nt = k1.k4 . f t . A

Eq. 3.21

NZS 3603

For solid sections with member depths greater than 150 mm, apply k11 size factor for tension. For
further information refer AS1720.1 (Clause 2.4.6) or Technical Note 82.

N nt = .k1.k4 .k11. f t . A

Therefore
where:

= 0.9 f t = 33MPa k4 = 1.0

A = 900 90 = 81000mm
k1 = 1.0
150
k11 =

Technical Note 82

0.167

Cl. 2.4.6

AS1720.1

q. 3.25

NZS 3603

V * Vn

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

Vn = k1.k4 .k5 . f s . AS

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

150
k11 =

900

0.167

= 0.74

N nt = 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.74 33 81000

N nt = 1780.2kN
Combined actions

69.9 171.8

+
= 0.84 1.0
1780.2 213.5
Calculate Shear Capacity

where:

= 0 .9

k1 = 1.0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

f s = 5.3MPa

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Technical Note 82

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AS = 2.b.d / 3
AS =

2 900 90
= 54000mm 2
3

Cl 3.2.3.1

NZS 3603

VS = 0.9 1.0 1.0 5.3 54000

VS = 257.6kN > V *
Use 900x90 hySPAN as rafter with flybraces to locations as detailed.
3.5.3 Flybrace design
Critical Design Moment at flybrace location M* = -171.1 kNm, where k1=0.8
Calculate force on lateral restraint
*

FA = k33 .k34 .k35 .

0.05M A
d (nr + 1)

Eq. B9, NZS 3603

where:

k33 = 1.0

(Dead and live loads)

k34 = 0.4
m +1
1+1
,5 = min
,5 = 1
k 35 = min
2

M A = 171.1kNm
d = 900mm
nr = 1
0.05 171.1 10 6
F A = 1 .0 0 .4 1
900(1 + 1)
FA = 1.9kN
Note: FA is the horizontal force and is shared between two components, one in tension and one in
compression.
Check capacity of flybrace propose 90x45 hyCHORD

N c* = N t* = 1.90kN
Calculate force in brace

N c* = N t* =

Carter Holt Harvey Limited

1.90
= 2.7 kN
Cos (45)

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Typically a 45 mm thick section is recommended to allow for a 75mm long screw through both the flybrace and into
the flange of the hyJOIST. Using hyCHORD for the lateral restraint is a good choice given its high strength and
lower cost.

Consider column action

Since Lay=765 mm and Lax=765 mm (defined by brace length)

N c* N ncx and

N c* N ncy

Eq. 3.17

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.19

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.15

NZS 3603

Cl C2.10

NZS 3603

Minor axis buckling is critical by inspection

N ncy = k1.k8 . f c . A
N ncy = .k1.k8 . f c . A
where:

= 0.9

f c = 45MPa

A = 90 45 = 4050mm

N ncx = 0.9 k1 k 8 45 4050

N ncx = 164.03.k1 .k 8 .kN
Calculate k8 for buckling about the minor axis

S3 =

k10 .L
b

or

Lay
b

whichever is less

764
45
S 3 = 16.98

S3 =

Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 16.98+ 0.0116 16.98 2 +

1
16.98 3
5000

k 8 = 0.82
Since k1 = 1.0

N ncx = 134.50kN > N c*

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Consider tension strength

N t* .N nt

Eq. 3.20

NZS 3603

N nt = k1.k4 . f t . A

Eq. 3.21

NZS 3603

N nt = .k1.k4 . f t . A
where:

= 0.9 f t = 33MPa k4 = 1.0

A = 90 45 = 4050mm
k1 = 1.0

Technical Note 82

N nt = 0.9 1.0 1.0 33 4050

N nt = 120.3kN
Consider connection between purlins and rafters and flybrace
Screws are required to provide tension connection to rafter/purlin

Calculate minimum number of 14g type 17 Hex Head screws

Joint Group

J4

Table 3, Technical note 82

S * Qn

Eq. 4.5,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k .Qk

Eq. 4.6,

NZS 3603

Qn = .n.k .Qk
where:

= 0.8 * k1 = 1.0 Qk = 3.303kN

NZS 3603

Other k modification factors are not relevant as timber is dry, screws are in single shear and are screwed into the
edge or face of the timber.
*=0.8 is applied as Type 17 screws are as reliable as nails in service.

Consider Qk reduction due to the penetration into the receiving member (Purlin/blocking)
Penetration = 75-45 = 30 mm
Since da = 6.3 mm

Table 4.5,

NZS 3603

Cl. 4.3.2(e),

NZS 3603

Therefore portion of diameter in penetration = 4.76

Calculate reduction from capacity relating to 7 da
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Reduction factor =

4.76
= 0.68
7

Qk = 0.68 3.303 = 2247 N

So:

Qn = 0.8 1.0 2 2.247

Qn = 4.0kN
Consider screws in tension

N * Qn

Eq. 4.8,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k . p.Qk

Eq. 4.9,

NZS 3603

Qn = .n.k . p.Qk
where:

= 0.8 * k1 = 1.0 Qk = 79.5 N / mm

p = 35mm

NZS 3603

Other k modification factors are not relevant as timber is dry, screws are in single shear and are screwed into the
edge or face of the timber.
*=0.8 is applied as Type 17 screws are as reliable as nails in service.

Qn = 0.8 2 1.0 35 79.5

Qn = 4.45kN
Say 2/75x14g type 17 Hex Head screws, screwed through pre-drilled holes in flybrace into rafter and
purlin.
Proposed flybrace connection

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3.6 Column Design

3.6.1 Combined bending and compression
Design Criteria

M x* N c*

+
1.0
M nx N ncx
2
M x* N c*
1 .0

M nx N ncy

Eq. 3.23

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.24

NZS 3603

Critical Design Actions

Critical load case - 1.2G+1.5Q
N c* = -84.1 kN

M* = -240.0 kNm

V* = 71.5 kN

Consider Bending Moment Capacity

From previous:

M n = 435.65.k1.k8 kNm
Since k1=0.8

M n = 348.52.k8kNm
Calculate k8
For 900x90 hySPAN:

176.418 109
S1 =

ME

0.5

Calculate Euler moment, ME

Girts provide tension edge restraint to the outside of the outside of the frame. By inspection from the
rafter analysis one flybrace is proposed at the middle girt, 3490 mm from the ground.

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Consider bending moment diagram

c
M E = 5 (EI )y .GJ
L
ay

0.5

Eq. C3

NZS 3603

where:
Region 1

179.3
= 0.59
303.0

= ratio of bending moments between buckling restraints

c5 = 3.92

Eq. C3

NZS 3603

Lay = 2530mm
Region 2

0
=0
179.3

= ratio of bending moments between buckling restraints

c5 = 5.5

Eq. C3

NZS 3603

Lay = 3470mm

EI y = 721.71 109 Nmm 4

GJ = 135.25 109 Nmm 2
Therefore Region 1 is critical:

3.92
9
9
ME =
721.71 10 135.25 10
2530
M E = 484.08kNm

0.5

From previous:
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176.418 10 9
S1 =
6
484.08 10

0.5

S1 = 19.09
Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 19.09+ 0.0116 19.09 2 +

Cl C2.10

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.14

NZS 3603

Fig. 3.5

NZS 3603

1
19.09 3
5000

k 8 = 0.71
M n = 348.52 0.71 = 247.5kNm
Consider column action
Major axis buckling XX
From previous:

N ncx = 3280.5.k1.k8 .kN

Calculate k8 for buckling about the major axis
L=Lax=6000 mm (column height from rafter to footing)

S2 =

k10 .L
d

Lax
whichever is less
d

or

k10 = 1.0

(conservative)

1.0 6000
900
S 2 = 6.67

S2 =

Since 10<S2 k8 =1.0 and k1 = 0.8

N ncx = 2624.4kN > N c*

Minor axis buckling YY
From previous:

N ncx = 3280.5.k1.k8 .kN

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Calculate k8 for buckling about the minor axis YY

Lay=1660 mm (girt spacing)

S3 =

k10 .L
b

or

Lay
b

whichever is less

Eq. 3.15

NZS 3603

Cl C2.10

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.23

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.24

NZS 3603

Eq. 3.25

NZS 3603

1660
90
S3 = 18.44

S3 =

Since 25>S3>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 18.44+ 0.0116 18.44 2 +

1
18.44 3
5000

k 8 = 0.75
Since k1 = 0.8

N ncx = 1968.3kN > N c*

Combined actions

240.0 84.1

+
= 1 .0 1 .0
247.5 2624.4
2

240.0 84.1

+
= 0.98 1.0
247.5 1968.3
3.6.2 Combined bending and tension
Design Criteria

N t* M *
1 .0

+
M
N
nt
n

Critical Design Actions

Critical load case - 0.9G+Wu Lateral wind
M* = 271.0 kNm

N t* = 101.0 kN

V* = 55.4 kN

Consider Bending Moment Capacity

From previous, since k1=1.0, wind gust
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M n = 435.65.k8kNm
Calculate k8
Calculate Euler moment, ME
Consider compression edge restrained by grits at 1660 c/c.
Bending Moment Diagram

c
M E = 5 (EI )y .GJ
L
ay

0.5

NZS3603

Eq. C3

where:

177.7
= 0.66
271.0

= ratio of bending moments between buckling restraints (grits)

c5 = 3.78

NZS3603

Eq. C3

EI y = 721.71 109 Nmm 4

GJ = 135.25 109 Nmm 2
Therefore:

3.78
9
9
ME =
721.71 10 135.25 10
1660
M E = 711.43kNm

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From previous:

176.418 109
S1 =
6
711.43 10

0.5

S1 = 15.75
Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 15.75+ 0.0116 15.75 2 +

NZS 3603

Cl C2.10

1
15.75 3
5000

k 8 = 0.87

M n = 435.65 0.87 = 379.0kNm > M *

Consider tension strength
Since k1 = 1.0 , k11 = 0.74

N nt = 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.74 33 81000

N nt = 1780.2kN
Combined actions

101.0 271.0

+
= 0.77 1.0
1780.2 379.0

Use 900x90 hySPAN as column with flybraces to locations as detailed.

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3.7 Gusset Design

The knee and ridge connections of an LVL portal frame can be completed by using a plywood gusset.
Plywood gussets allow an ease of fabrication and can be readily fixed using machine driven nails.
Plywood or minimum 4 x-band gussets are recommended for use in heavily nailed rigid connections
because the x-band plies help reduce the tendency of the long band plies to split. This allows the nail
spacing to be governed by the grain direction of the rafter or column which ever the gusset is being
fastened to.
Plywood is available in Stress Grade F11 from Carter Holt Harvey in thicknesses up to and including 25
mm. For thicknesses over 25 mm required for large span portal frames CHH have developed 4 x-band
hySPAN sheets (2400x1200) in a 42mm thickness allowing 28 mm (8 plies) of parallel plies.
Design actions can be factored by the duration of load factor k1 for comparison in the determination of
the critical design action.
Gusset Design Actions

Load Case
1.35G
1.2G+1.5Q
0.9G+Wu Lat
1.2G+Wu Lat
0.9G+Wu Long
1.2G+Wu Long

M*
kNm
-123.0
-324.0
362.0
-382.0
239.1
-295.4

K1
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

Knee
N*
kN
-31.6
-83.1
102.2
-111.7
64.6
-60.3

V*
kN
19.2
50.5
-54.3
-65.2
55.1
-69.7

M*
kNm
69.7
183.6
-156.9
171.2
-117.0
161.0

Ridge
N*
kN
-19.0
-50.1
71.1
-75.5
65.9
-56.6

V*
kN
2.5
6.6
-5.0
14.5
25.3
7.5

k1 factored Gusset Design Actions

Knee
M*/k1
Load Case
1.35G
1.2G+1.5Q
0.9G+Wu Lat
1.2G+Wu Lat
0.9G+Wu Long
1.2G+Wu Long

K1
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

kNm
-205.0
-405.0
362.0
-382.0
239.1
-295.4

N*/k1
kN
-52.6
-103.9
102.2
-111.7
64.6
-60.3

Ridge
V*/k1
kN
32.0
63.1
-54.3
-65.2
55.1
-69.7

M*/k1
kNm
116.2
229.5
-156.9
171.2
-117.0
161.0

N*/k1
kN
-31.7
-62.6
71.1
-75.5
65.9
-56.6

V*/k1
kN
4.2
8.3
-5.0
14.5
25.3
7.5

3.7.1 Knee gusset design

The capacity of a plywood gusset is based on the critical depth at which the gusset bends, which is a
horizontal line across the centroid of the rafter and column intersection as shown below.

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Geometrically, assuming the rafter depth

and column depth are equal, the critical
section for the knee connection may be
calculated by:

Depthcs = D +

LD
D

1 + 1
tan
2L

Design Criteria
2

N c* M i* Vi*

+
+
1.0
N nc M ni Vni

N t*

N nt

M i*
+
M ni

Vi*
+
Vni

1.0

Eq. 6.17

NZS 3603

Eq. 6.18

NZS 3603

It is typical that the design shear and tension action effects have little influence on the size of a gusset and can in
many cases be omitted from calculation such is their effect on sizing. Compression loads are generally past
through in bearing and not required for consideration in gusset design.

Critical Design Actions

Load case - 1.2G+1.5Q (Combined bending, compression and shear)
M* = -324.0 kNm

Nc* = -83.1 kN

V* = 50.5 kN

k1=0.8

Load case - 0.9G+Wu (Lateral wind) - (Combined bending, tension and shear)
M* = 362.0 kNm

Nt* = 102.2 kN

V* = 54.3 kN

k1=1.0

Consider bending moment capacity

Many authors have proposed methods of calculating the capacity of plywood gussets. Batchelor [1984] proposes
a bilinear stress distribution along the critical section while Hutchings [1987] methodology assumes a
triangulated stress distribution across the critical section and recommends the application of a size factor.
Hutchings [1987] methodology is applied in this example. This methodology is suitable for application to both
opening and closing moments of portal frames, and has been used on many portal frame structures. Milner and
Crosier [2000] propose a similar calculation based on a triangulated stress distribution but propose an alternate
critical section and omit the use of the size factor.

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M i* M ni
M ni = k1 .k 8 .k14 .k15 . f pb .

t e .d
6

Eq. 6.9

NZS 3603

Eq. 6.10

NZS 3603

Now include size factor - for further information on size factor, k11 refer AS1720.1 (Clause 2.4.6) or Technical Note
82.

M ni = .k1.k8 .k11.k14 .k15 . f pb .

Therefore

te .d 2
6

Since the gussets are in pairs:

t .d 2
M ni = 2..k1.k8 .k11.k14 .k15 . f pb . e
6

Propose 42 mm 4 x-band LVL, where:

= 0 .9
k1 = ?
k8 = 1.0

(localised, gusset edges are restrained by gusset stiffeners)

k14 = 1.0
k15 = 1.0

(moisture content < 18%)

(only parallel plies are being considered)
0.167

300
k11 =

d
f b = 48MPa

Cl. 2.4.6

AS1720.1

t e = (42 (4 3.5)) = 28mm

28 d 2
M ni = 2.0.9 k1 1.0 1.0 1.0 k11 48

M n = 403.2 k1 .k11 .d 2 kNm

For 900x90 hySPAN portal frame with 7.5 pitch

1200 900
900

1 + 1
tan (7.5)
2 1200
d = 1177.2mm
d = 900 +

300
k11 =

1177.2
k11 = 0.80

0.167

Calculate bending moment capacity

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M ni = 403.2 k1 0.8 1177.2 2

M ni = 447.0 k1 .kNm
Calculate Shear Capacity

V p* Vni

Eq. 6.15

NZS 3603

2
Vni = .k1.k8 .k14 .k15 .k18 . f ps .t.d
3

Eq. 6.16

NZS 3603

where:

= 0 .9

f ps = 5.3MPa

Technical Note 82

k1 = ?
k14 = 1.0 (moisture content < 15 %)
k15 = 1.0 (face grain = 0)
2

Vni = 2 0.9 k1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.3 42 d

3

Vni = 267.12 k1 .d .kN

Since d = 1177.2mm

Vni = 314.45 k1 .kN

Consider tension capacity

N t* .N nt

Eq. 6.11

NZS 3603

N nt = k1 .k14 .k15 . f pt .t t .d

Eq. 6.12

NZS 3603

N nt = .k1 .k14 .k15 . f pt .t e .d

where:

= 0 .9

f pt = 33MPa

Technical Note 82

k1 = ?
k14 = 1.0 (moisture content < 15 %)
k15 = 1.0 (face grain = 0)
t e = 28mm (parallel plies only)
N nt = 2[0.9 k1 1.0 1.0 33 28 d ]
N nt = 1663.2.k1 .d .kN
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Since d = 900mm (use minimum section) - conservative

N nt = 1496.9 k1 .kN
Consider compression capacity

N c* .N nc

Eq. 6.13 NZS 3603

N nc = k1 .k 8 .k14 .k15 . f pc .t e .d

Eq. 6.14 NZS 3603

N nc = .k1 .k 8 .k14 .k15 . f pc .t e .d

where:

= 0 .9

f pc = 45MPa

Technical Note 82

k1 = ?
k14 = 1.0 (moisture content < 15 %)
k 8 = 1.0 (localised, gusset edges are restrained by gusset stiffeners)
k15 = 1.0 (face grain = 0)
t e = 28mm (parallel plies only)
N nc = 2[0.9 k1 1.0 1.0 1.0 45 28 d ]
N nc = 2268.0 k1 .d .kN
Since d = 900mm (use minimum section) - conservative

N nc = 2041.2 k1 .kN
Consider Combined Actions
Combined bending, compression and shear from Eq. 6.17, NZS 3603:1993
Factor capacities by appropriate duration of load, k1 = 0.8
2

83.1

324.0 50.5

+
+
= 1.07 1.0
0.8 2041.2 0.8 447.0 0.8 314.5
It is typical to consider the maximum implied forces on the structure, rather than the applied forces at the specific
design location. However if the design criteria is not met then consideration of the implied design actions at the
design location may be required. Therefore consider moment and shear forces at critical stress line for analysis.

Design Actions at critical stress line, Load case 1.2G+1.5Q

M* = -303.0 kNm
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Nc* = -83.1 kN

V* = 50.5 kN

k1=0.8
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2

83.1

303.0 50.5

+
+
= 0.97 1.0
0.8 2041.2 0.8 447.0 0.8 314.5
Combined bending, compression and shear from Eq. 6.18, NZS 3603:1993
Factor capacities by appropriate duration of load, k1 = 1.0
2

102.2 362.00 54.3

+
+
= 0.90 1.0
1.0 1496.9 1.0 447.0 1.0 314.5

3.7.2 Ridge Gusset Design

The design of the ridge gusset is similar to the knee gusset where the design capacity is based on the
moment resistance offered by the ridge gusset section. Typically a mitre type joint is considered.
Hutchings [1989] proposes a 0.9 factor be applied to the critical section as defined below.
Savings in design and fabrication can be made by keeping the distance L constant across the ridge and the knee
gussets. Whilst the ridge gusset may be thinner often for consistency of purlin lengths and minimum gusset
order quantities it may be preferable to maintain similar gusset thicknesses.

D
+ L. tan
Cos
Depthcs = 0.9.Dgusset
Dgusset =

.
Design Criteria
2

N c* M i* Vi*

+
+
1.0
N
M
V
nc
ni

ni

N t*

N nt

M i*
+
M ni

Eq. 6.17

NZS 3603

Eq. 6.18

NZS 3603

Vi*
+
1.0
Vni

Critical Design Actions

Critical load case - 1.2G+1.5Q
M* = 183.6 kNm

Nc* = -50.1 kN

V* = 6.6 kN

Critical load case - 0.9G+Wu Lateral wind

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M* = -156.9 kNm

Nt* = 71.1 kN

V* = -5.0 kN

Consider Bending Moment Capacity

From previous, propose 42mm 4 x-band LVL, where:

M n = 403.2 k1 .k11 .d 2 kNm

For 900x90 hySPAN portal frame with 7.5 pitch

D gusset =
D gusset

900
+ 1200 tan(7.5)
Cos (7.5)
= 1065.7 mm

d = 0.9 D gusset = 959.2mm

300
k11 =

959.2
k11 = 0.82

0.167

Calculate bending moment capacity

M ni = 403.2 k1 0.82 959.2 2

M ni = 305.5 k1 .kNm > M *
Calculate shear force capacity
From previous:

Vni = 267.12 k1 .d .kN

Vni = 256.2 k1 .kN
Calculate Tension Capacity
From previous:

N nt = 1663.2.k1 .d .kN
Since d = 900mm (use minimum section) - conservative

N nt = 1496.9 k1 .kN
Calculate Compression Capacity
From previous:
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N nc = 2268.0 k1 .d .kN
Since d = 900mm (use minimum section) - conservative

N nc = 2041.2 k1 .kN
Combined bending, compression and shear from Eq. 6.17, NZS 3603:1993
Factor capacities by appropriate duration of load, k1 = 0.8
2

50.1
6 .6

183.6

+
+
= 0.63 1.0
0.8 2041.2 0.8 305.5 0.8 256.2
Combined bending, compression and shear from Eq. 6.18, NZS 3603:1993
Factor capacities by appropriate duration of load, k1 = 1.0
2

71.1
5 .0

156.9

+
+
= 0.57 1.0
1.0 2041.2 1.0 305.5 1.0 256.2
Use 42 mm 4 x-Band hySPAN as both knee and ridge gusset pairs

3.7.3 Nail ring design

The design of the nail ring is important because more than half of the nailing needs to be performed on
site. It is also important to consider end and edge distances together with allowable nail spacings
(both along and across the grain) for the chosen fasteners. Selection of the nail diameter is also critical
as it will affect the available spacing and hence number of nails within the group as well as the
required penetration into the column/rafter. A staggered nail pattern provides an increased moment
capacity by maximising the lever arm action about the nail group centroid.
The design of nail groups associated with rigid moment connections are often subjected to combined
actions including bending, axial and shear forces. Whilst the bending and axial forces contributions
are minor they need to be taken into account. It is normally most efficient to calculate the proportion of
force remaining in the nails after the contribution to the design moment affect is taken out.
The complexity of calculations for the nail ring mean hand calculations can be time consuming and
conservative. For this reason computer packages are often employed to develop design solutions. The
following design data have been taken from design capacity tables relating to the corresponding roof
pitch and member size.
The design methodology, including k factors, from AS1720.1 has been applied to create nail ring
capacities for a number of section sizes and gusset widths. These tables can be found in Engineering
Bulletin No.2, Rigid Moment Connections using CHH veneer based products. AS1720.1 was used due to
its close relationship between the lateral capacities of nails in testing with CHHs range of LVL and the
published values for joint group JD4. It should be noted that many of the k factors used in calculation
of connection capacities differ between the standards and it is recommended that for connections
these not be mixed and matched.
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3.7.3.1 Knee nail ring design

Critical Design Actions
The critical design actions need only be considered in the nail ring design as the effects of stress reversal do not
affect the nature of the nail design.

Knee, Critical load case - 1.2G+1.5Q

M* = -324.0 kNm
N c* = -83.1 kN
#
As per Table 2.7, AS1720.1

V* = 50.5 kN

k1=0.77#

The methodology proposed for the calculation of nail group capacity for combined bending, axial and
shear force involves the following steps:
1. Calculate moment capacity of nail rings in accordance with AS1720.1. AS1720.1 provides a
capacity calculation for transfer of in plane moments through nailed moment ring such that:

i =n
r
M j = .k1 .k13 .k14 .k16 .k17 .rmax .Qk . i
i =1 rmax

AS1720.1

Eq. 4.2(4)

where:
n = number of fasteners
Qk= characteristic strength of fastener
ri= distance to the ith fastener from the centroid of the fastener group
rmax= the maximum value of ri
= capacity factor (0.8 - nails used with primary elements in structures other than houses)
k1 = duration of load factor (Clause 2.4.11, AS1720.1)
k13 = 1.0 (nails in side grain)
k14 = 1.0 (nails in single shear)
k16 = 1.1 (nails driven through plywood gussets)
k17 = multiple nail factor for resisting in plane moments (AS1720.1 Table 4.3(B))
Qk = 810 N (3.15 nail, JD4 strength group, AS1720.1 Table 4.1 (B))
Since nail rings will be applied through gusset pairs the total moment resistance offered by nail
rings connecting gusset pairs is:

i=n
r

M = 2. .k1 .k13 .k14 .k16 .k17 .rmax .Qk . i

i =1 rmax

3
2

2. Calculate remaining portion of nail capacity after bending actions have been considered.
3.
a. Qn = .k1 .k13 .k14 .k16 .k17 .Qk
b. N axial / shear

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M*
Qn n
= 1
M
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4. Calculate vectorial sum of the combined axial and shear forces for comparison with remaining
capacity. These forces are assumed to be evenly distributed over the nail group.

*
N axial
/ shear = max

(N ) + (v ) , (N ) + (v )
* 2
c

* 2

* 2
t

* 2

Engineering Bulletin 2 Rigid Moment Connection Details can be used for selection of the moment ring
capacity for the nail ring to suit the 7.5 roof pitch and 1200 mm wide gusset as drawn above.
From Table 50, Engineering Bulletin 2 for nine (9) nail rings

and

M = 0.77 454.14
M = 349.7 kNm
Qn = 0.855kN

Calculate remaining nail group capacity after resistance to moment has been calculated.

M*

Qn n
N axial / shear = 1
M

324.0
N axial / shear = 1
0.855 (684 2 )
349.7
N axial / shear = 86.0kN
Calculate vectorial sum of axial and shear force, divided by k1 for direct comparison

*
N axial
/ shear = max

(N ) + (v ) , (N ) + (v )
* 2
c

* 2

* 2
t

* 2

83.1 2 50.5 2 102.2 2 54.3 2

*

N axial
=
max
+
,
+

/ shear
0.77 0.77
1 .0 1 .0

*
N axial
/ shear = max (126.3,115.7 )
*
N axial
/ shear = 126.3kN
*
Since N axial
/ shear > N either add an additional nail ring or adjust nail size. Try using a 3.33 nail.
Using Table 3 from Engineering Bulletin 2 the capacity of the nail rings can be factored proportionally to
the Characteristic Capacity of the nail laterally loaded in single shear.

3.33/3.15 factor =

898
= 1.11
810

Therefore:

M = 0.77 454.14 1.11

and
Carter Holt Harvey Limited

M = 388.15kNm M *
Qn = 0.855 1.11
Qn = 0.949kN
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30 metre Span LVL Portal Frame Design

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Calculate remaining nail group capacity after resistance to moment has been calculated.

N axial / shear
N axial / shear

M*
Qn n
= 1
M
324.0

= 1
0.949 (684 2 )
388.15

N axial / shear = 214.6kN > N *

Use nine nail rings of 3.33 x75 FH nails to pattern as marked.

Proposed Nail Ring

3.7.3.2 Ridge nail ring design

Critical Design Actions
Critical load case - 1.2G+1.5Q
M* = 183.6 kNm
Carter Holt Harvey Limited

Nc* = -50.1 kN

V* = 6.6 kN
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Engineering Bulletin 2 Rigid Moment Connection Details can be used for selection of the moment ring
capacity for the nail ring to suit the 7.5 roof pitch and 1200 mm wide gusset as drawn above.
From Table 50, Engineering Bulletin 2 apply four (4) nail rings. Since we are using 3.33 nails in the
knee connection, apply same nail size in the ridge, therefore apply 1.11 factor from previous to apply
nail ring capacities from Table ##.

M = 0.77 265.96 1.11

and

M = 227.3kNm M *
Qn = 0.949kN

From previous

Calculate remaining nail group capacity after resistance to moment has been calculated.

M*

Qn n
N axial / shear = 1
M

183.6
N axial / shear = 1
0.949 (344 2 )
227.3
N axial / shear = 125.52kN
Calculate vectorial sum of axial and shear force, divided by k1 for direct comparison

*
N axial
/ shear = max

(N ) + (v ) , (N ) + (v )
* 2
c

* 2

* 2
t

* 2

50.1 2 6.6 2 71.1 2 5.0 2

*

N axial
=
+
max
,
+

/ shear
0.77 0.77
1 .0 1 .0

*
N axial
/ shear = max (65.6,71.1)

*
N axial
/ shear = 65.6 kN < N

Use four nail rings of 3.33 x75 FH nails to pattern as marked.

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3.8 Column to footing connection design

Connection of portal frame columns to footings can be achieved by base brackets that are suitably sized and fixed
directly to the LVL columns. A similar design philosophy is applied to the design and specification of hold down
anchors and base plates as would normally be applied to steel where the buckling of the plate under tension
needs to be considered.
The connection of the base brackets to the column could be achieved using nails, screws or bolts. Nails are
typically not recommended of base plates in larger structures because of the number of nails required combined
with the fact they would need to be hand driven through holes in plates. Bolts can be used and are good to aid in
the transfer of bracing loads across the column. Screws are ideal for most base bracket connections due to their
ease of application. It is important that screw patterns are staggered for both sides of the column so that splitting
of the LVL does not occur.
Again reactions are factored to take into consideration duration of load factors.

Consider Design Reactions

PF1
Rx
Load Case
1.35G
1.2G+1.5Q
0.9G+Wu (Lateral)
1.2G+Wu (Lateral)
0.9G+Wu (Long)
1.2G+Wu (Long)

k1
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

kN
19.19
50.53
-58.60
-53.96
-24.61
52.50

Ry

(Rx2+Ry2)0.5

kN
35.82
86.87
-99.28
115.53
-78.67
102.30

Angle

kN
40.6
100.5
115.3
127.5
82.4
115.0

61.8
59.8
59.4
65.0
72.6
62.8

k1 adjusted values
PF1
Load Case
1.35G
1.2G+1.5Q
0.9G+Wu (Lateral)
1.2G+Wu (Lateral)
0.9G+Wu (Long)
1.2G+Wu (Long)

k1
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

Rx
kN
31.98
63.16
-58.60
-53.96
-24.61
52.50

Ry
kN
59.70
108.59
-99.28
115.53
-78.67
102.30

(Rx2+Ry2)0.5
kN
67.7
125.6
115.3
127.5
82.4
115.0

Angle
61.8
59.8
59.4
65.0
72.6
62.8

It is typical in Timber structures to provide a moisture barrier at the base of the columns to eliminate the column
from getting wet and staying wet during the construction period. This can be typically achieved by using H3.2
treated Plywood and melthoid at both the LVL column end and ground as detailed in the structural drawings.
Downwards loads may be considered to be taken out in bearing so for the design of connections only uplift loads
need be considered.

Calculate minimum number of 14g type 17 Hex Head screws

Joint Group

J4

Table 3, Technical note 82

S * Qn

Eq. 4.5,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k .Qk

Eq. 4.6,

NZS 3603

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Designed : C.R

Qn = .n.k .Qk
where:

= 0.8 * k1 = 1.0 Qk = 3.303kN

k = 1.25

NZS 3603

Other k modification factors are not relevant as timber is dry, screws are in single shear and are screwed through
close fitting steel plates into the edge or face of the timber.
*=0.8 is applied as Type 17 screws are as reliable as nails in service.

Since critical design reaction is 115.3 kN, calculate minimum number of 14g screws.

115.3 = 0.8 1.0 n 1.25 3.303

n = 34.9
Say 48/14gx50 type 17 Hex Head screws, screwed through base plate sides into column.

Proposed Connection

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4.0 Girt Design, side wall

Girt Span
Girt Spacing

(10,000-(90+65))/2 = 4923 mm
1660 mm

Propose 190x45 hyCHORD for use as side wall girt

4.1 Wind loading

The capacity of solid timber girts is also dependant on the nature of lateral tortional buckling restraint and the
critical edge to which the loading and restraint is provided. It is therefore important to consider both positive and
negative wind pressures.

= 0, Lateral wind
qu=0.84 kPa

Case 1
Case 2

cp,e= +0.7, cp,i= -0.56, kL= 1.25

cp,e= -0.3, cp,i= +0.61

= 90, Longitudinal wind

qu=0.76 kPa

Case 1

cp,e= -0.65, cp,i= +0.54, kL= 1.5

Calculate design loading

w*i = qu .spacing .(k a .kl .c pe c pi )
w1* = 0.84 1.66 (1.25 + 0.7 0.56)
w1* = +1.93kN / m
w2* = 0.76 1.66 (1.5 0.65 + 0.54)
w2* = 1.84kN / m

Serviceability
Refer Technical Note 82 for Section and Material Properties.
2

37
ws = + 1.93= + 1.30kN / m
45
5.w.l 4
w = k 2 .

384.EI x

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5 + 1.30 4923 4
w = 1.0.
9
384 283 10
w = 35.3mm or Span 140
Strength
Check capacity for positive wind pressures
w.l 2 +1.93 4.92
=
8
8
*
M = 5.79kNm
M* =

Consider shear and support reaction for wind load

w.l +1.93 4.9

=
2
2
*
*
N = V = 4.73kN
V* =

Calculate Bending Moment Capacity

M * M n

Eq. 3.3 NZS 3603

M n = k1.k 4 .k5 .k8 . f b .Z

Eq. 3.4 NZS 3603

where:

= 0 .9

k1 = 1.0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

f b = 48MPa

Technical Note 82

M n = 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 k8 48 271 103

M n = 11.7.k8kNm
Continuous restraint to compression edge via pierce fixed sheeting, therefore k8=1.0

M = 11.7 kNm > M *

Calculate Shear Capacity

V * Vn

Eq. 3.3 NZS 3603

Vn = k1.k4 .k5 . f s . AS

Eq. 3.4 NZS 3603

where:

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= 0 .9

k1 = 1.0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0
AS = 2.b.d / 3

f s = 5.3MPa

AS =

Technical Note 82

Cl 3.2.3.1 NZS 3603

2 190 45
= 5700mm 2
3

VS = 0.9 1.0 1.0 5.3 5700

VS = 27.2kN > V *
Consider negative wind pressures.

w.l 2
1.84 4.9 2
M =
=
8
8
*
M = 5.5kNm

Calculate bending moment capacity

From previous:

M n = 11.7.k8 kNm
Calculate k8
Continuous lateral restraint is provided to the tension edge via pierce fixed sheeting.
Calculate S1

d
b
190
S! = 3
= 12.67
45

S1 = 3.

Eq. 3.6

NZS 3603

Since 25>S1>10

k8 = a1 + a2 .S + a3 .S 2 + a4 .S 3
k8 = 0.21 + 0.175 12.67 + 0.0116 12.67 2 +

1
12.673
5000

k8 = 0.97
M = 11.7 0.97
M = 11.3kNm > M *

4.2 Connection design

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Connection of hyCHORD girts is easiest performed using proprietary brackets and screws or nails. The proposed
bracket is manufactured by Mitek. It is important to ensure that the depth of proprietary brackets is at least 60%
of the depth for beams up to 50 mm thick. Propose JH47x190 to suit 190x45 hyCHORD. It is typical to apply a
practical minimum number of nails for bracket and beam stability, for members around 190 mm deep we
recommend a minimum of 10/3.15x35 FH nails ie. 5/3.15 nails per tab.

Check Capacity
Joint Group

J5

Table 3, Technical note 82

S * Qn

Eq. 4.1,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k .Qk

Eq. 4.2,

NZS 3603

Qn = .n.k .Qk
where:

= 0.8 k1 = 1.0 Qk = 0.631kN

NZS 3603

n = 10
k=1.25 since nails are through steel side plates < 3.0 mm thickness.

Other k modifaction factors are not relevant as timber is dry, nails are in single shear and are nailed into the
edge or face of the timber.

Qn = 0.8 10 1.0 1.25 0.631

Qn = 6.3kN > N *
Also confirm Characteristic Strength Capacity of Bracket.

Q = 18.0kN > N *

Mitek Literature

The 190x45 hyCHORD girt to span 4.9 m at maximum 1660 mm spacing is adequate to support the
design load.
Proposed Girt Layout

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5.0 Mullion design, side wall

The mullion is best calculated as a vertical member supporting a series of point loads that share a common spacing, which
is typical of mullions. Standard beam formulae have been adapted to best provide accurate but easy to calculate
equations. Refer Appendix 1 for beam equations, where n is the number of girts.

Consider side wall mullion

Mullion Span

6.4 m

Girt Spacing

1660 mm

Propose 300x63 hySPAN for use as side wall mullion.

5.1 Wind loading

Girts provide lateral restraint to the compression edge for positive pressures and to the tension edge for negative
wind pressures. Girt reactions have been recalculated excluding the local pressure factors as the mullion does not
directly support the cladding.

= 0, Lateral wind
Girt loading (positive pressure)

P*= +8.61 kN

= 90, Longitudinal wind

Girt loading (negative pressure)

P*= -7.35 kN

Serviceability
Apply maximum wind pressure for serviceability
2

37
Ps = + 8.61= + 5.82kN
45
n=4
1
P.L3
4
w = k 2 .
.n.3 1 + 2
192.EI 2 n

Carter Holt Harvey Limited

Appendix 1

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1
5820 6400 3
4
w = 1 .0 x
4 3 1 + 2
6
192 13200 142 x10
2 4
w = 30.3mm or Span 211

Strength
Calculate bending moment and shear
Positive wind pressures
+
P.l
8.61 6.4
M = n.
= 4
8
8
*
M = 27.55kNm
*

Negative wind pressures

7.35 6.4
P.l
= 4
8
8
*
M = 23.5kNm

M * = n.

Consider shear and support reaction for wind load

+
P
8.61
= 4
2
2
*
* +
N = V = 17.2kN

V * = (n 1).

Calculate Bending Moment Capacity

Positive Pressure.
Calculate k8
Compression edge restrained by girts at 1660 mm spacing.
0.5
2
L

ay . d
S1 = 1.35
1

b b

0.5

1660 300 2 0.5

S1 = 1.35
1

63 63

Eq. 3.5

NZS 3603

0.5

S1 = 14.95
Since 25>S1>10

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k8 = a1 + a2 .S + a3.S 2 + a4 .S 3
k8 = 0.21 + 0.175 14.95+ 0.0116 14.952 +

1
14.953
5000

k8 = 0.90
M * M n

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

M n = k1.k 4 .k5 .k8 . f b .Z

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

where:

= 0 .9

k 1 = 1 .0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

f b = 48MPa

Technical Note 82

M n = 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 k8 48 945 103

M n = 40.82.k8kNm
Since k8=0.90

M = 36.74kNm > M *
Negative Pressure.
Calculate k8
Tension edge restrained by girts at 1660 mm spacing.
Consider Stability equation for Discrete Restraint to Tension Edge from AS 1720.1.

d
S1 =
b

1.35

Lay

0.5

Eq. 3.2(5)

AS 1720.1-2008

M * M n

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

M n = k1.k 4 .k5 .k8 . f b .Z

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

1.35

300 1660
S1 =

63 300
S1 = 19.34

0.5

Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 19.34+ 0.0116 19.34 2 +

1
19.34 3
5000

k 8 = 0.70

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where:

= 0 .9

k 1 = 1 .0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

f b = 48MPa

Technical Note 82

M n = 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 k8 48 945 103

M n = 40.82.k8kNm
Since k8=0.70

M = 28.6kNm > M *
Calculate Shear Capacity

V * Vn

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

Vn = k1.k4 .k5 . f s . AS

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

where:

= 0 .9

k1 = 1.0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0
AS = 2.b.d / 3

f s = 5.3MPa

AS =

Technical Note 82

Cl 3.2.3.1

2 300 63
= 12600mm 2
3

NZS 3603

VS = 0.9 1.0 1.0 5.3 12600

VS = 60.1kN > V *
5.2 Connection design
Two different connections are required for the mullion. Connection to the ground is proposed using
Mitek CF2x brackets whilst the connection to the eaves beam can be performed using two Mitek N21
Diagonal Cleats. The design capacities expressed in the Mitek literature are based on fully nailing out
the holes. We can calculate a reduced number of fasteners for ease of installation whilst maintaining
the structural integrity. It is recommended that the reduced number of fasteners are evenly distributed
across the tab/bracket area.
Propose use of proprietary 3.15x35 FH nails for connection to mullion.
Joint Group

J5

Table 3, Technical Note 82

S * Qn

Eq. 4.1,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k .Qk

Eq. 4.2,

NZS 3603

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Qn = .n.k .Qk
where:

= 0.8 k1 = 1.0 Qk = 0.631kN

NZS 3603

n=?
k=1.25 since nails are through steel side plates < 3.0 mm thickness.

Other k modification factors are not relevant as timber is dry, nails are in single shear and are nailed into the
edge or face of the timber.

Qn = 0.8 n 1.0 1.25 0.631

Qn = n 0.631kN
n =

17.22
= 27.25
0.631

Say 15/3.15x35 FH nails per tab, per bracket. Stagger nails.

Also check Characteristic Strength Capacity of Bracket.
One pair of Mitek N21 Diagonal Cleats.

Q = 40.0kN > N *

Mitek Literature

One pair of CF2x brackets with 2/M12 Chemical anchors.

Load in shear only.

Q = 48.0kN > N *

Mitek Literature

Proposed Mullion Connection

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6.0 Eaves beam design

Eaves Beam Span
Mullion location

10,000-(90+(2x41)) = 9828 mm
Mid-span (critical)

Propose 400x63 hySPAN for use as eaves beam

6.1 Wind loading

Positive pressure
P*= +17.22 kN, w*=+0.97kN/m
Negative pressure
P*= -14.7 kN, w*=-0.69 kN/m
Serviceability
Positive wind pressure critical for serviceability
2

37
Ps* = + 17.22= + 11.64kN
45
2

37
w = + 0.97 = + 0.66kN / m
45
*
s

5+ 0.66 98284 +11640 98283

w = 1.0.
+

9
48 4435 109
384 4435 10
w = 70.0mm or Span 140

Strength
Check capacity for positive wind pressures
w.l 2 P.L + 0.97 9.8 2 17.22 9.8
+
=
+
8
4
8
4
*
M = 53.8kNm
M* =

Consider shear and support reaction for wind load

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w.l P + 0.97 9.8 17.22

+ =
+
2
2
2
2
*
*
N = V = 13.4kN
V* =

Calculate Bending Moment Capacity

M * M n

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

M n = k1.k 4 .k5 .k8 . f b .Z

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

For solid sections with member depths greater than 300 mm, apply k11 size factor. For further
information refer AS1720.1 (Clause 2.4.6) or Technical Note 82.

M n = .k1.k4 .k5 .k8 .k11. f b .Z

Therefore
where:

= 0 .9

k 1 = 1 .0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

f b = 48MPa

300
k11 =

Technical Note 82

0.167

300
k11 =

400

Cl. 2.4.6

0.167

AS1720.1

= 0.95

M n = 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 k 8 0.95 48 1680 10 3

M n = 68.9.k 8 kNm
Continuous restraint to compression edge via pierce fixed sheeting, therefore k8=1.0

M = 68.94kNm > M *
Calculate Shear Capacity

V * Vn

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

Vn = k1.k4 .k5 . f s . AS

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

where:

= 0 .9

k1 = 1.0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0
AS = 2.b.d / 3

f s = 5.3MPa

AS =

2 400 63
= 16800mm 2
3

Carter Holt Harvey Limited

Technical Note 82

Cl 3.2.3.1

NZS 3603

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VS = 0.9 1.0 1.0 5.3 16800

VS = 80.1kN > V *
Consider negative wind pressures.
w.l 2 P.L 0.69 9.8 2 14.7 9.8
+
=
+
8
4
8
4
*
M = 44.3kNm
M* =

Calculate bending moment capacity

From previous:

M n = 68.94.k8kNm
Calculate k8
Continuous lateral restraint is provided to the tension edge via pierce fixed sheeting.
Calculate S1

S1 = 3.

d
b

S! = 3

Eq. 3.6 NZS 3603

400
= 19.04
63

Since 25>S1>10

k8 = a1 + a2 .S + a3 .S 2 + a4 .S 3
k8 = 0.21 + 0.175 19.04+ 0.0116 19.042 +

1
19.043
5000

k8 = 0.72
M = 68.94 0.72
M = 49.6kNm > M *

6.2 Connection design

Connection of the eaves beam to the column needs to provide both torsional restraint as well as
adequate fastening for the horizontal wind loads. It is proposed to use a combination of a pair of Mitek
MS1430 split joist hanger together with a Mitek N21 Diagonal Cleat.
Calculate load taken by split joist hangers using 6/ 14g type 17 Hex Head screws per member
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Joint Group

J4

Table 3, Technical note 82

S * Qn

Eq. 4.5,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k .Qk

Eq. 4.6,

NZS 3603

Qn = .n.k .Qk
where:

= 0.8 * k1 = 1.0 Qk = 3.303kN

NZS 3603

k=1.25 since nails are through steel side plates < 3.0 mm thickness.
Other k modification factors are not relevant as timber is dry and screws are in single shear.
*=0.8 is applied as Type 17 screws are as reliable as nails in service.

Qn = 0.8 6 1.0 1.25 3.303

Qn = 18.2kN
Consider use of Diagonal Cleat to provide stability and additional support
Joint Group

J5

Table 3, Technical note 82

S * Qn

Eq. 4.1,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k .Qk

Eq. 4.2,

NZS 3603

Qn = .n.k .Qk
where:

= 0.8 k1 = 1.0 Qk = 0.631kN

n = 10

NZS 3603

k=1.25 since nails are through steel side plates < 3.0 mm thickness.
Other k modification factors are not relevant as timber is dry, nails are in single shear and are nailed into the
edge or face of the timber.

Qn = 0.8 10 1.0 1.25 0.631

Qn = 6.3kN
Consider design Reaction, N* = 13.8 kN

QT = 18.2 + 6.3
QT = 24.5kN > N *
Proposed Connection
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Also confirm Characteristic Strength Capacity of Bracket.

N21 Diagonal Cleat, one only

Q = 20.0kN

Mitek Literature

Pair of MS1430 Split Joist Hangers

Q = 29.6kN

Mitek Literature

Total capacity of brackets

Q = 20.0 + 29.6 = 49.6kN > N *

7.0 Girt Design, end wall

Girt Span
Girt Spacing

6000 mm
1660 mm

Propose 240x45 hySPAN for use as end wall girt

7.1 Wind loading

The capacity of solid timber girts is also dependant on the nature of lateral tortional buckling restraint and the
critical edge to which the loading and restraint is provided. It is therefore important to consider both positive and
negative wind pressures.

= 0, Lateral wind
qu=0.84 kPa

Case 1
Case 2

cp,e= -0.65, cp,i= +0.61, kL= 1.5, over 6.0 m

cp,e= -0.65, cp,i= +0.61, kL= 2.0, over 3.0 m

= 90, Longitudinal wind

qu=0.76 kPa

Carter Holt Harvey Limited

Case 1

cp,e= +0.7, cp,i= -0.65, kL= 1.25, over 3.0 m

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Calculate design loading

Case 2 is critical by inspection

w*i = qu .spacing .(ka .kl .c pe c pi )

w1* = 0.84 1.66 (2.0 0.65 + 0.61)
w1* = 2.66kN / m
w2* = 0.84 1.66 (1.0 0.65 + 0.61)
w2* = 1.76kN / m

Calculate weff
Calculate Reactions

R* = 2.66 1.5+ 1.76 1.5

R* = 6.63kN
Calculate Moment

*
M Wu
= 6.63 3.0

2.66 1.5 2
1.76 1.5 2.25
2

*
M Wu
= 10.96kNm

Calculate weff

10.96 8
6 .0 2
*
weff
= 2.44kN / m
*
eff

Calculate critical reaction and shear

Calculate Reactions

R* =

1
3 .0 2
2
.
66

+ 1.76 3.0 4.5

6 .0
2

R* = 7.31kN

Serviceability
Refer Technical Note 82 for Section and Material Properties.

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2

37
ws = 2.44= 1.62kN / m
45
5.w.l 4
w = k2.

384.EI x
5 1.62 6000 4
w = 1.0.
9
384 684 10
w = 40.0mm or

Span 150

Strength
Calculate Bending Moment Capacity

M * M n

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

M n = k1.k 4 .k5 .k8 . f b .Z

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

where:

= 0 .9

k 1 = 1 .0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

f b = 48MPa

Technical Note 82

M n = 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 k 8 48 432 10 3

M n = 18.7.k 8 kNm
Calculate k8
Since negative pressures produce a higher moment than positive pressure for this case and continuous restraint
is offered, the tension edge restraint will produce a less stable option, hence we only need to consider capacity for
negative pressure in this case.

Continuous lateral restraint is provided to the tension edge via pierce fixed sheeting.
Calculate S1

S1 = 3.

d
b

S1 = 3

Eq. 3.6

NZS 3603

240
= 16.0
45

Since 25>S1>10

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k8 = a1 + a2 .S + a3 .S 2 + a4 .S 3
k8 = 0.21 + 0.175 16.0+ 0.0116 16.02 +

1
16.03
5000

k8 = 0.86
M = 18.67 0.86
M = 16.1kNm > M *
Calculate Shear Capacity

V * Vn

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

Vn = k1.k4 .k5 . f s . AS

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

where:

= 0 .9

k1 = 1.0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0
AS = 2.b.d / 3

f s = 5.3MPa

AS =

2 240 45
= 7200mm 2
3

Technical Note 82

Cl 3.2.3.1

NZS 3603

VS = 0.9 1.0 1.0 5.3 7200

VS = 34.34kN > V *
7.2 Connection design
Propose JH 47x190 to suit 240x45 hySPAN so that the same bracket can be used for both side and end walls (Depth
of bracket is 79.2 % of girt depth so suitable).

Consider 12/3.15x35 FH nails.

Joint Group

J5

Table 3, Technical note 82

S * Qn

Eq. 4.1,

NZS 3603

Qn = n.k .Qk

Eq. 4.2,

NZS 3603

Qn = .n.k .Qk
where:

= 0.8 k1 = 1.0 Qk = 0.631kN

n = 12

NZS 3603

k=1.25 since nails are through steel side plates < 3.0 mm thickness.
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Other k modification factors are not relevant as timber is dry, nails are in single shear and are nailed into the
edge or face of the timber.

Qn = 0.8 12 1.0 1.25 0.631

Qn = 7.6kN > N *
Also confirm Characteristic Strength Capacity of Bracket.

Q = 27.0kN > N *

Mitek Literature

The 240x45 hySPAN girt to span 6.3 m at maximum 1660 mm spacing is adequate to support the
design load.

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8.0 Mullion design, end wall

Wind posts may be designed for buildings where smaller frames are used in the end walls. Wind posts would be required
to resist axial loads from the frames as well as horizontal wind loads. A reduced frame was not used in this example as its
analysis is similar to other portal frame components where special attention is paid to the bending moment diagram and
restraint offered by purlins. Additional end wall bracing may also be required to limit the sway achieved by the reduced
section frame.
End wall mullions are typically symmetrical about the ridge line to allow for repetition of detail and order lengths.
Depending on spans and quantities individual calculations of mullion sizes may have cost benefits. In this case given
there are only four mullions per end wall we will design the mullion that has the maximum span.
End wall mullions can be detailed to fix to the inside or outside of the end wall frame. Connection to the outside of the
frame is less complicated because the purlins do not create clashes with proposed mullion locations.

Consider end wall mullion

Mullion Span

8.2 m

Girt Spacing

1660 mm

Propose 400x63 hySPAN for use as end wall mullion.

8.1 Wind loading

Girts provide lateral restraint to the compression edge for positive pressures and to the tension edge for negative
wind pressures. Girt loads have been recalculated excluding local pressure factors.

= 0, Lateral wind
Girt loading (negative pressure)

P*= -10.56 kN

= 90, Longitudinal wind

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Girt loading (positive pressure)

P*= +10.20 kN

Serviceability
Apply maximum wind pressure for serviceability
2

37
Ps = + 10.56= 7.14kN
45
n=5
w = k 2 .

P.L3
192.EI

1 1
1

.n .3 1 2
n 2 n

7140 8200 3
1
1 1
w = 1 .0 x
5 3 1 2
6
192 13200 336 x10 5 2 5
w = 55.9mm or Span 147

Appendix 1

Strength
Calculate bending moment and shear
Positive wind pressures
+
P.l
10.20 8.2
2
M = (n 1).
= (5 1)
8.n
85
* +
M = 50.2kNm
*

Negative wind pressures

P.l
10.56 8.2
= (5 2 1)
8.n
85
*
M = 52.0kNm

M * = (n 2 1).

Consider shear and support reaction for wind load

P
10.56
= (6 1)
2
2
*
*
N = V = 26.4kN

V * = (n 1).

Calculate Bending Moment Capacity

Positive Pressure.
Calculate k8
Compression edge restrained by girts at 1660 mm spacing.
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0.5
2
L

ay . d
S1 = 1.35
1

b b

0.5

Eq. 3.5

NZS 3603

M * M n

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

M n = k1.k 4 .k5 .k8 . f b .Z

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

1660 400 2 0.5

S1 = 1.35
1

63 63

0.5

S1 = 17.35
Since 25>S1>10

k8 = a1 + a2 .S + a3 .S 2 + a4 .S 3
k8 = 0.21 + 0.175 17.35+ 0.0116 17.352 +

1
17.353
5000

k8 = 0.80

where:

= 0 .9

k 1 = 1 .0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

f b = 48MPa

Technical Note 82

M n = 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 k 8 48 1680 10 3

M n = 72.6.k 8 kNm
Since k8=0.80

M = 58.1kNm > M *
Negative Pressure.
Calculate k8
Tension edge restrained by girts at 1660 mm spacing.
Consider Stability equation for Discrete Restraint to Tension Edge from AS 1720.1.

d
S1 =
b

1.35

Lay

1.35

0.5

400 1660
S1 =

63 400
S1 = 24.69
Carter Holt Harvey Limited

Eq. 3.2(5)

AS 1720.1

0.5

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Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a 3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 24.69+ 0.0116 24.69 2 +

1
24.69 3
5000

k 8 = 0.47
From previous:

M n = 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 k8 48 1680 103

M n = 72.58.k8kNm
Since k8=0.47

M = 34.11kNm < M *

Not sufficient

The effect of beam slenderness have reduced the capacity of this section such that it is not suitable to support the
required load. In this type of situation it is an opportunity to select a thicker, lower strength and cost section such
as 400x90 hy90 to replace the 400x63 hySPAN. Whilst hy90 has a lower Characteristic Bending Strength the
additional thickness means that a 63mm hySPAN and 90mm hy90 compare favourably with each other as a direct
strength and stiffness comparison (refer Appendix 2). The fact that the hy90 section in question has a lower depth
to breadth ratio means it is more stable, and hence may be suitable for the end wall mullion.

Try 400x90 hy90 as end wall mullion:

1.35

400 1660
S1 =

90 400
S1 = 15.26

0.5

Since 25>S1>10

k8 = a1 + a2 .S + a3 .S 2 + a4 .S 3
k8 = 0.21 + 0.175 15.26+ 0.0116 15.262 +

1
15.263
5000

k8 = 0.89
For hy90:

= 0 .9

k1 = 1.0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

f b = 35MPa

Technical Note 82

So:

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M n = 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 k8 35

400 2 90
6

M n = 75.60.k8 kNm
Since k8=0.89

M = 67.3kNm > M *
Calculate Shear Capacity

V * Vn

Eq. 3.3

NZS 3603

Vn = k1.k4 .k5 . f s . AS

Eq. 3.4

NZS 3603

where:

= 0 .9

k1 = 1.0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

f s = 5.3MPa

Technical Note 82

Consider reduced section at notch for shear capacity, notch to match 240 deep girt.

AS = 2.b.d / 3
AS =

2 240 90
= 14400mm 2
3

Cl 3.2.3.1

NZS 3603

VS = 0.9 1.0 1.0 5.3 14400

VS = 68.7kN > V *
Consider notching of mullion top.
The mullion notch to accommodate the rafter needs to be checked. The notch will only fracture due to an opening
moment which would be caused by a positive wind pressure. Since the rafter acts as a support for the mullion the
moment at the notch is zero, however the shear force needs to be considered as per equation 3.7, NZS 3603.

M* = 0 kNm, V* = N* = 26.4 kN

V * + 1 .2

M*
1.5.k1.k4 .k5 .k7 . f s . Asn
dn

Eq. 3.7, NZS 3603

where:

= 0 .9

k1 = 1.0

k 4 = k 5 = 1 .0

f s = 5.3MPa

Technical Note 82

It is best practice to always make the notch slope as long as possible to limit the stress concentration at the notch
location.
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Since:

a = (400 240) = 160mm

bn = 4 160 = 640mm
a 0.1.d
2 .2
k7 = 0.25
d
2 .2
k7 =
= 0.49
4000.25
Asn = 2.b.d n / 3

Table 3.1 NZS 3603

Cl 3.2.6 NZS 3603

2 240 90
= 14400mm 2
3
26.4kN 50.5kN
AS =

8.2 Connection design

Connection to the ground is proposed using Mitek CF2x brackets, similar to the side wall mullion. The
connection to the rafter requires tension capable fixings. One system using proprietary brackets
involves the use of three Mitek concealed purlin cleats (CP80) together with one suitable length
cyclone tie.
Consider system capacity
CT1200 Cyclone Tie, wrapped around mullion with 5 nails per end.

Q = 13.0kN *

Mitek Literatue

3/ Concealed purlin cleats (CP80), fixed with 8/3.15x30 FH nails and 4/14gx35 type 17 screws per
bracket

Q = 1.5 16.0 = 24.0kN

Q = 13.0 + 24.0 = 37.0kN > N

Mitek Literatue
*

Mitek Literatue

Proposed Connection

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9.0 Longitudinal Bracing

Portal Frame action takes care of the lateral loads however Longitudinal Bracing is required to transfer the
longitudinal forces to the ground. For spans up to 20m strap bracing is a cheap and easy way to achieve the
required longitudinal bracing requirements. For spans above 20m the installation time required for strap bracing
can outweigh any advantages of the low costs of materials. Traditional threaded rod may be used for bracing or
timber braces can be developed.
Timber (LVL) braces can be used for loading in tension and compression and can be suitably fixed to purlins and
girts to reduce buckling lengths. Both Mitek and Pryda have proprietary brackets suitable for connection to timber
frames.
Matching bracing points with mullion/wind post loads is theoretically the best option but is nearly always
impractical for larger structures. Essentially the braced bays will act as a truss transferring the loads through the
purlins between braced bays. This can be easily modelled using structural analysis packages.

= 90, Longitudinal wind

qu=0.76 kPa

cp,e (Windward) = +0.7, cp,e (Leeward)= -0.3

Calculate design loading

Calculate end wall force

1 heave + hridge b
.
Area = .
2
2
2
1 6.789 + 8.764 30
Area = .
.
2
2
2
Area = 58.3m 2 / side
*
Pend
_ wall = q u . A.(c p ,e (W ) c p ,e ( L ) )
*
+

Pend
_ wall = 0.76 58.3 ( 0.7 0.3)
*
Pend
_ wall = 44.3kN

Consider friction due to sheeting profile

d 60.0
=
= 7 .7
h 7.79
d 60.0
=
= 2 .0
b 30.0

Cl 5.5 AS/NZS 1170.2:2002

Since both building ratios exceed 4 the friction force acting on the building needs to be resisted.
Calculate Friction Force
Calculate Load Area for friction

Area = (b + 2h)(d 4h)

Carter Holt Harvey Limited

AS/NZS 1170.2

Eqn. 5.5(a)
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(30.0 + 2 7.8)(60 4 7.8

)
2
Area = 656.6m 2 / side
Area =

For large buildings the area may be broken up into its roof and wall contribution to take advantage of the lower
loads to be resisted however for this example the loads do not reach levels where any significant advantage may
be gained.

c f = 0.04
*
friction

- Ribs across the wind direction

AS/NZS 1170.2

Table 5.9

= qu . A friction .c f

*
Pfriction
= 0.76 656.6 0.04
*
Pfriction
= 20.0kN

Total load to be resisted by bracing per side

*
*
PTotal
= Pend* _ wall + Pfriction
*
PTotal
= 44.3 + 20.0
*
PTotal
= 64.3kN

For long buildings it is good practice to have a bracing bay each end of the building rather than relying on the
building to transfer all bracing loads from one end to the other, for this example we propose two braced bays.

Therefore the horizontal load to be transferred in each braced bay is 32.15 kN.
Consider Roof Bracing Layout (Wall Bracing similar except tension only)

Calculate force in roof brace

Rbrace =

32.15
= 40.3kN
Cos37.1

Calculate force in wall brace

Rbrace =

32.15
= 38.2kN
Cos32.6

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Design for critical load, 40.3 kN

Propose 2/90x45 hyCHORD braces, separated with 7mm plywood strips to form a spaced column.
Calculate Buckling capacity

N ncx = k1.k8 . f c . A

NZS3603

Eq. 3.18

N ncx = .k1.k8 . f c . A
where:

= 0 .9

f c = 45MPa

A = 2 90 35 = 6300mm

Technical Note 82

N ncx = 0.9 k1 .k8 45 6300

N ncx = 255.2 k1 .k8 .kN
Minor axis critical for buckling by inspection
Minor axis buckling YY
Calculate k8 for buckling about the minor axis YY

Lay =
Lay

Purlin _ spacing
Sin
1600
=
= 2652mm
Sin37.1

This component is considered to be a spaced column. Clause E4 of AS1720.1 details stability equations for spaced
columns. This procedure can be used to determine the slenderness coefficient for this member.

S 5 = 0.3g13 .g 28 .L.

A
I

Eq. E4(5)

AS1720.1

Table 3.2
Table E5

AS1720.1
AS1720.1

where:
g13=1.0
g28=1.0
A=2x90x35=6300 mm2

90
12
= 3.421 10 3 mm 4

I yy = 77 3 7 3
I yy

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S 5 = 0.3 1.0 1.0 2652

6300
3.421 10 3

S 5 = 34.15
Since S5>25

k 8 = a5 .S a6
k 8 = 235.5 34.15 1.937

Eq. 3.18

NZS3603

k 8 = 0.25
Since k1 = 1.0

N ncx = 64.37 kN > N c*

Consider connection, propose proprietary Mitek B145 bracket system

Consider 2/M16 Bolts

For three member system

be = 2 35 = 70mm

Table 4.9

NZS3603

Qskl = 2.Qkl

Table 4.9

NZS3603

Qkl = min(k11 . f cj .d a2 ,0.5 be . f cj .d a )

Cl 4.4.2(a)(i)

NZS3603

Apply joint group J3 for bolts parallel to the grain

Technical Note 82

Since load is parallel to the grain

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Qkl = min(2.0 45.2 16.0 2 ,0.5 70 45.2 16.0)

Qkl = min(23.14,25.31)
Qkl = 23.14kN
Calculate Bolt system capacity

N * Qn

Eq. 4.16

NZS3603

Qn = n.k1 .k12 .k13 .Qsk

Eq. 4.17

NZS3603

N * Qn

Eq. 4.18

NZS3603

Qn = f pj . Aw

Eq. 4.19

NZS3603

Qn = .n.k1 .k12 .k13 .Qk

where:

= 0.7 n = 2 Qsk = 2 23.14 = 46.28kN

k1 = 1.0 k12 = 1.0 k13 = 1.0
Therefore:

Qn = 0.7 2 1.0 1.0 1.0 46.28

Qn = 64.8kN > N *
Consider bracket bolts in tension

Qn = .n. f pj . Aw
where:

= 0 .7 n = 2

f pj = 14.5MPa

Aw = 65 65 18 2

NZS 3603

Aw = 3206.7 mm 2
Therefore:

Qn = 0.7 2 14.5 3206.7

Qn = 65.1kN > N *
Check colt capacity for fin plate connection to cleat.
Propose M16 G8.8 bolt, including threads V = 59.3 kN > N*

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Consider Wall Bracing Connection

9.1 Purlins subject to axial loads

Purlins in end bays may be subjected to tension and compression forces from braced bays. These
forces need to be considered in the design capacity. The load to be transferred through the purlin
system in both tension and compression is relative to the force in the brace. This force can be
calculated as a designer would for a steel building.
Critical Design Actions
Critical load case - 0.9G+Wu (from section 2)
M* = -28.8 kNm

N c* = N t* = 9.64 kN

M = 29.4 kNm

Consider column action of purlins subject to axial force due to bracing loads.
Major axis buckling XX

N ncx = k1.k8 . f c . A

Eq. 3.18

NZS3603

N ncx = .k1.k8 . f c . A
Take only the flange area into account. Remember to include for the penetration of the web into the flange.
Technical Note 82 includes guidance on the calculation of hyJOIST section properties.
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where:

= 0 .9

f c = 45MPa

t.(hr hw )

A = 2. B.h f

9 (318 288)

2
A = 2. 90 36
= 6210mm
2

6
EA = 13200 6210 = 81.97 10 N
N ncx = 0.9 k1 .k8 45 6210
N ncx = 251.50.k1.k8 .kN
Calculate k8 for buckling about the major axis
L=Lax=9910 mm (Purlin length)

0.823(EA)
S3 =

PE

0.5

Eq. D2

0.823 81.97 106

S3 =

PE

67.46 106
S3 =

PE

NZS3603

0.5

0.5

Calculate Euler buckling load.

PE =
PE =

2 (EI )y
L2E

2 2338 109
9910 2

PE = 235150 N
Calculate S3

67.46 106
S3 =

235150

0.5

= 16.93

Since 25>S1>10a

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k8 = a1 + a2 .S + a3.S 2 + a4 .S 3
k8 = 0.21 + 0.175 16.93+ 0.0116 16.932 +

1
16.933
5000

k8 = 0.82
Since k1 = 1.0

N ncx = 205.8kN > N c*

Minor axis buckling YY
From previous:

N ncx = 251.5.k1 .k 8 .kN

Calculate k8 for buckling about the minor axis YY
Lay=3303 mm (lateral restraint spacing)
Calculate Euler buckling load. Design assumes that top edge of purlin is continuously restrained by
roof sheeting and bottom flange is effectively restrained by lateral restraint.
2

(EI )y d + yo2 + GJ
Lay 4

PE =
(EI ) + (EI )y
y o ( y o + 2. y e ) +
(EA) (EA)

Eq. D3

NZS3603

360
57.7 109
+ 180 2 + 1848 106

2478 4

PE =
9
2338 10
57.7 109
180(180 + 2 0 ) +
+
81.97 106
81.97 106
PE = 127582 N

) (

Calculate S3

67.46 106
S3 =

127582

0.5

= 22.99

Since 25>S1>10

k 8 = a1 + a 2 .S + a3 .S 2 + a 4 .S 3
k 8 = 0.21 + 0.175 22.99+ 0.0116 22.99 2 +

1
22.99 3
5000

k 8 = 0.53
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Since k1 = 1.0

N ncy = 133.3kN > N c*

Combined actions

28.8 9.6

+
= 1.02 1.0
29.4 205.8

Eq. 3.23

NZS3603

Eq. 3.24

NZS3603

28.8 9.6

+
= 1.03 1.0
29.4 133.3

Note that the combined actions are 3 % over, however both axial and bending moment capacities are based on the
flange area of the hyJOIST, although listed at 36 mm the hyJOIST flanges have a minimum thickness of 38 mm,
therefore increasing the capacity by 3 %.

Consider tension strength

N t* .N nt

Eq. 3.20

NZS 3603

N nt = k1.k4 . f t . A

Eq. 3.21

NZS 3603

N nt = .k1.k4 . f t . A
Since the section depth of the individual components is less then 150, size effect factor k11 can be ignored.

where:

= 0 .9

f t = 33MPa k4 = 1.0

Technical Note 82

k1 = 1.0
N nt = 0.9 1.0 1.0 33 6210
N nt = 184.44kN
Combined actions

28.8 9.6

+
= 1.03 1.0
29.4 184.4

Eq. 3.25

NZS 3603

Note that the combined actions are 3 % over, however both axial and bending moment capacities are based on the
flange area of the hyJOIST, although listed at 36 mm the hyJOIST flanges have a minimum thickness of 38 mm,
therefore increasing the capacity by 3 %.

The HJ360 90 hyJOIST are suitable for the imposed combined actions from longitudinal winds wind
loads and bracing.
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10.0 References
1. CHH Woodproducts New Zealand, Technical Note 82-07-04, Limit States Design Information for
Specific Engineering Design for New Zealand Construction.
2. CHH Woodproducts New Zealand, Engineering Bulletin No. 2 Rigid Moment Connections
using CHH veneer based products.
3. Batchelor, M.L. (1984), Improved Plywood Gussets for Timber Portal Frames, Proceedings of
the Pacific Timber Engineering Conference, Auckland 1984, Paper No. 185B.
4. Hutchings B.F (1989), Moment Joist Design, Design, Construct and Detailing in Timber
Conference, 15-17 May, 1992, Timber Development Association (NSW) Ltd.
5. Hutchings B.F and Bier H (2000), Timber Engineering Design Made More Accessible,
www.chhwoodproducts.co.nz/engineerszone
6. Milner H.R (1987), The Design and Construction of Timber Portal Frames, Chisolm Institute of
Technology
7. Milner H.P and Crozier D.A (2000), Structural Design of Timber Portal Frame Buildings,
Engineers Australia Pty Ltd.
8. National Association of Forest Industries, Timber Datafile SS1, Timber Portal Frames, National
Association of Forest Industries
9. Standards Australia, AS 1720.1-1997 Timber Structures, Part 1: Design methods
10. Standards New Zealand, NZS 3603:1993 Timber structures standard

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Appendix 1 - Mullion deflection, bending and shear equations

The following design action equations have been provided from commonly available equations for a series of
evenly spaced point loads as idealised for a mullion in service.
Due to the nature of loading of mullions n in the equations is the number of girts supported by the mullion. It
is assumed that the loads applied by girts at each location are equal.
Where n is odd:

1 1
1

n n .3 2 1 n 2

2
n 1 .P.L
M max =
8.n
n
.
P
R* =
2

P.L3
192.EI

Where n is even:

1
P.L3
4
.n.3 1 + 2
192.EI 2 n
P.L
M max = n.
8
n.P
R* =
2

Note: The reaction equation differs slightly from the conventional reaction equation for a series of point loads
supported by a simply supported beam. This is to take into account the fact that a girt is located at the base
of the mullion.

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Appendix 2 90mm thick hy90 compared with 63mm thick hySPAN

The following serviceability and strength (bending moment) comparisons between a 63 mm hySPAN section
and a 90mm thick hy90 have been provided to illustrate the relative similarities between the sections. The
Characteristic Properties have been taken from Limit States Design Information Technical Note 82-07-04.
Serviceability

EI = E.

B.D
12

Strength
3

90.D 3
= 71250.D 3
12
63.D 3
= 13200.
= 69300.D 3
12
> EI hySPAN

EI hy 90 = 9500.
EI hySPAN
EI hy 90

B.D 2
6
90.D 2
M hy 90 = .k18 .35.
= 525.D 2
6
63.D 2
M hySPAN = .k18 .48.
= 504.D 2
6
M hy 90 > M hySPAN
M = .k18 . f b

As can be seen above, in both serviceability and strength limit states, an equivalent depth 90mm thick hy90
exhibits structural properties exceeding those of a 63mm hySPAN. Please note that these comparisons do not
take into account the effects of lateral stability.

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September 2008