Seanewdim Nat Tech Ii8 Issue 73
Seanewdim Nat Tech Ii8 Issue 73
Seanewdim Nat Tech Ii8 Issue 73
com
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
p-ISSN 2308-5258
e-ISSN 2308-1996
www.seanewdim.com
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Editorial board
Editor-in-chief: Dr. Xnia Vmos
Honorary Senior Editor:
Jen Barkts, Dr. habil. Nina Tarasenkova, Dr. habil.
Andriy Myachykov, PhD in Psychology, Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences,
Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle
upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Edvard Ayvazyan, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, National
Institute of Education, Yerevan, Armenia
Ferenc Ihsz, PhD in Sport Science, Apczai Csere Jnos Faculty
of the Universityof West Hungary
Ireneusz Pyrzyk, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, Dean of Faculty of Pedagogical Sciences, University of Humanities and Economics in Wocawek, Poland
Irina Malova, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, Head of Department of methodology of teaching mathematics andinformation
technology, Bryansk State University named after Academician
IG Petrovskii, Russia
Irina S. Shevchenko, Doctor of Science in Philology, Department of ESP and Translation, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National
University, Ukraine
Lszl Ktis, PhD in Physics, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungary, Budapest
Larysa Klymanska, Doctor of Political Sciences, associated
professor, Head of the Department of Sociology and Social Work,
Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine
Liudmyla Sokurianska, Doctor of Science in Sociology, Prof.
habil., Head of Department of Sociology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv
National University
Marian Wloshinsk, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, Faculty of
Pedagogical Sciences, University of Humanities and Economics
in Wocawek, Poland
Melinda Nagy, PhD in Biology, associated professor, Department
of Biology, J. Selye University in Komarno, Slovakia
Alexander Perekhrest, Doctor of Science in History, Prof. habil.,
Bohdan Khmelnitsky National University of Cherkasy, Ukraine
Nikolai N. Boldyrev, Doctor of Science in Philology, Professor
and Vice-Rector in Science, G.R. Derzhavin State University in
Tambov, Russia
Oleksii Marchenko, Doctor of Science in Philosophy, Head of
the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Bohdan
Khmelnitsky National University of Cherkasy, Ukraine
Valentina Orlova, Doctor of Science in Economics, IvanoFrankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ukraine
Vasil Milloushev, Doctor of Science in Pedagogy, professor of
Departament of Mathematics and Informatics, Plovdiv University
Paisii Hilendarski, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Veselin Kostov Vasilev, Doctor of Psychology, Professor
and Head of the department of Psychology Plovdiv University
Paisii Hilendarski, Bulgaria
Vladimir I. Karasik, Doctor of Science in Philology, Department
of English Philology, Professor and Chair, Volgograd State Pedagogical University, Russia
Volodimir Lizogub, Doctor of Science in Biology, Head of the
department of anatomy and physiology of humans andanimals,
Bohdan Khmelnitsky National University of Cherkasy, Ukraine
Zinaida A. Kharitonchik, Doctor of Science in Philology, Department of General Linguistics, Minsk State LinguisticUniversity, Belarus
Zoltn Por, CSc in Language Pedagogy, Head of Institute of
Pedagogy, Apczai Csere Jnos Faculty of the Universityof West
Hungary
Managing editor:
Barkts N.
EDITOR AND AUTHORS OF INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES
The journal is published by the support of Society for Cultural and Scientific Progress in Central and Eastern Europe
BUDAPEST, 2015
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Statement:
By submitting a manuscript to this journal, each author explicitly confirms that the manuscript
meets the highest ethical standards for authors and coauthors. Each author acknowledges that fabrication
of data is an egregious departure from the expected norms of scientific conduct, as is the selective
reporting of data with the intent to mislead or deceive, as well as the theft of data or research
results from others. By acknowledging these facts each author takes personal responsibility for the
accuracy, credibility and authenticity of research results described in their manuscripts. All the articles
are published in author's edition.
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
CONTENT
MEDICINE, PHYSICAL REHABILITATION AND SPORT ......
.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. ..
.. . 10
.. , .. , .. .
14
VETERINARY SCIENCE . 18
Blood biochemical parameters and associated interpretations in sport horses
I. Maksymovych, L. Slivinska, K. Buczek, M. Staniec, A. Milczak 18
BIOLOGY ...
21
Coprophilous microfungi of the genus Sporormiella Ellis & Everh. from Ukraine
O.V. rolyova ... 21
Biochemick markery lipidovho profilu u muov a ien s kardiovaskulrnymi ochoreniami
v okrese Bardejov (vchodn Slovensko)
M. Mydlrov Blakov, . Blakov, M. Nagy, J. Mydlr, J. Porov .. 25
14-15
-
.. , .. , .. , .. .... 29
.. 33
ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ... 36
.
.. , .. ... 36
Zn hatsnak vizsglata szivrvnyos guppi lrvk tllsre s szvversnek intenzitsra
Holis D., Simon E. .
40
.. , .. .
44
.. , .. , .. ..
48
GEOGRAPHY .... 53
Vznam klastrov cestovnho ruchu v regionlnom rozvoji
J. Mydlr .. 53
.. . 57
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
ASTROPHYSICS ...
62
.. , .. . 62
PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES .... 68
Methods of description of the structure of amorphous substances
E.I. Borkach, V.P. Ivanitsky, V.S. Kovtunenko 68
- -
.. , .. .. 75
-
.. , .. .. 79
TECHNICAL SCIENCES . 82
The efficiency improvement of the permanent voice control over the ATC actions
V.A. Temnikov, A.V. Peteichuk ... 82
Methodology of selecting optimal parameters of OFDM- SCC in conditions of selective stopping
in radio path
S.V. Tolupa, I.I. Parkhomenko ... 85
-
. , . , . ... 88
. , . , . .
93
.. , .. .. 98
.. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. ... 103
.. , .. ... 107
ISO 12647-2:2013
.. , .. , .. , .. .. 111
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.. , .. *, .. , .. ,
.. , .. , ..
, . ,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 22.11.15; Revised 28.11.15; Accepted for publication 02.12.15.
. (N)
. N ,
, N--L- (L-NN)
7 .
, .
,
. L-NN
NO
. NO .
: , , , N--L-,
. , [1].
,
,
[4,6]. , ,
[2,3], , , , (NO) [5,7].
.
.
. 72
0,15-0,18 .
.
(n=36),
(12.00:12.00)
7- .
(n=36), N-L- (L-NNA) 20 /
7- (12.00
: 12.00). 8- 5%
-
.
4-
. , , , ,
. -, .
( ), ,
.
- ,
(
- ).
(2 ) , .
.
EXCE-2003 (Microsoft Corp., ).
(), (Sx).
(t),
() . , <0,05.
.
.
.
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
, NO ,
, NO
(. 1).
, - (. 1).
,
.
37% (.).
NO
(. 1).
, ,
(.), , ,
.
(. 1).
1. NO
( x S x )
NO
(n=36)
(n=36)
(%)
(%)
,
3,20,28 18,71,55
1,80,25;
24,51,01;
/2
p<0,001
p<0,001
,
5,10,29 24,81,41
5,10,15
6,50,81;
/
p<0,001
,
15,90,62 35,41,31
9,10,81;
21,31,01;
/
p<0,001
p<0,001
, / 2
201,22,7 49,92,35
151,12,52;
57,31,51;
2
p<0,001
p<0,01
,
49,81,38 19,92,11
36,82,21;
19,71,12
/
p<0,001
,
3,50,44 16,91,91
1,80,21;
29,11,02;
/2
p<0,01
p<0,001
,
623,514, 22,01,52
443,913,21;
42,11,61;
/
91
p<0,001
p<0,001
,
95,10,56 1,60,41
96,20,59;
0,80,05
%
p<0,001
, 24,61,81 40,71,01
29,61,12;
20,51,12;
p<0,05
p<0,001
,
0,10,01 30,11,91
0,10,01
20,10,72
/
,
0,20,03 27,81,22
0,20,03
33,61,32;
/2
p<0,01
,
0,10,01 32,81,62
0,10,01
30,11,42
/100
: ; n .
. , L-NNA
NO
:
, ,
, ,
, NO
, ,
NO
,
-
NO , .
, ,
.
. NO
, , .
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
..
, . ,
E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 05.12.15; Revised 10.12.15; Accepted for publication 14.12.15.
. ,
. , . ,
.
.
: , ,
.
,
[2, 4,
5, 6].
,
() [3, 9, 10, 12, 13].
29
, ,
.
. ,
,
, , [1, 3, 7, 8]
. (, , ) (, ).
,
,
[1, 3, 7, 8].
.
,
, .
.
. 17 21 . 124 (52,5%). -
. ,
10 ( 10), ,
30 (30) , .. [9].
, 1 (),
A. Shogy, G. Cherebetin
[17]. -,
,
,
, ( 14 70
), (, ) . : ,
; , - ; , ( ).
:
,
( )
. -
, ,
.
. - :
, , , .
. 1. (33,9%), (4,8%).
10 . , .
10
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
15,3
4,8
33,9
22,6
23,4
. 1. %.
, 10 .
4913,8109,1 -1, 15,4% , 4256,384,7 -1 (<0,05).
10 . 26,8%
, 3874,676,1 -1 (<0,01)
3988,378,4 -1 (<0,01).
10 .
.
10
.
10
-1
-1
. (67,51,62 )
10,4%
(61,11,55 -1-1), 18,8%
(56,61,47 -1-1) 56,81,41 -1-1 (< 0,05),
, 10 .
(54,51,38 -1-1) 23,9%.
(30) ,
30
4880,5108,9 -1, 10,6% ,
(<0,05),
4583,299,36 -1; 15,4% ,
(<0,01), 4230,682,2 -1; 28,3%
(<0,01), 3803,864,9 -1.
30 . (>0, 05).
. , 30 .
(53,51,53
-1-1) (54,91,69 -1-1)
, (>0,05).
30 .
67,01,68 -1-1. ,
30 .
(>0, 05).
1.
1. (n=124)
, m
(n=42)
(n=29)
(n=19)
(n=6)
(n=28)
10, -1
4256,384,7
4913,8109,1
4640,7596,2
* 3874,676,1
* 3988,378,4
10, -1-1
56,81,41
67,51,62
61,11,55
54,51,38
56,61,47
30, -1
4230,682,2
4880,5108,9
4583,299,36
* 3803,864,9
* 3871,271,3
30, -1 -1
56,41,64
67,01,68
60,41,61
53,51,53
54,91,69
, -1
2003,641,2
2061,242,5
2204,343,4
2111,451,2
1921,846,8
, -1 -1
26,70,8
28,30,9
29,01,01
29,70,9
27,30,7
,
75,0 3,7
72,83,4
75,94,2
71,063,3
70,42,8
. (<0,05):
* ;
;
;
;
.
11
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
, . ,
2204,343,4 -1, 2111,451,2 -1,
10,1% (2003,641,2 -1)
(2061,242,5 -1),
(<0,05). .
14,7%
, 1921,846,8 -1 (<0,05). .
.
.
. (28,30,9 -1-1)
(29,70,9
-1-1) (29,01,01 1
-1) (0,05). , (29,70,9 -1-1)
-
1. .. - 8. .. ()
/ .. ,
.. // (17 19 ) / .. , .. // ,
, : . - . 2009. . 64. . 433-436.
: . . ./ . .. 2. ..
: (), 2005. 15. . 51-55.
- 9. .. /
.. // / .. , .. , .. // . , 1994. . 29-36.
. 2010. 2. . 437-441.
10. Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O2
3. .. deficit / J.I. Medbo, A.C. Mohn, J. Tabata [and others] // J.
,
Appl. Physiol. 1988. P. 50-60.
/ 11. Gaul, C.A. Differences in anaerobic performance between
.. // ,
boys and men / C.A. Gaul, D. Docherty, R. Cicchini // Int. J.
. 2015. . 1(51). . 284 289.
Obes Relat. Metab. Disord. 2000. Vol. 24. P.7841-7848.
4. .. - 12. Green, S. Measurement of anaerobic work capacities in hu mans / S. Green // Sports Med. 1995. Vol. 19. P.132-142.
/.., .. // Science 13. Habitual physical activity and peak anaerobic power and in
and education a new dimension. Natural and Technical
elderly women / T. Kostka, M. Bonnefoy, L. Arsac [and others]
sciences, III (5). 2015. Issue 41. . 15 19.
// Eur. J. Appl. Physical. 1997. Vol. 76. P. 181-187.
5. .. : / .. - 14. Krptalja sk vidkein lak fiatalok fizikai egszsgnek ta. .: , 2003. 480 .
nulmnyozsa az aerob anyagcsere energiaszintje alapjn /
6. .. O. Dulo, Z. Fabry, X. Melega, O. Huzak // Magyar sport / ..
tudomnyi szemle. 15. vfolyam 58. Szm. 2014/2.
, .. // . 2004. 1.
O. 28-29.
. 193-197.
15. Shogy, A. Minutentest auf dem fanradergometer zur bes7. .. -timmung der anaeroben capazitar Eur / A. Shogy, G. Cherebet in // J. Appl. Physiol. 1974. Vol. 33. P. 171 176.
: / .. , .. - 16. Testing Anaerobic Power and Capacity / C. Bouchard,
, . . . : : . -,
A.W. Taylor, G. A. Simon [and others] // Physiological Test2013. 174.
ing of the High-Performance Athlete. Human Kinetics.
1992. P. 185-222.
12
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
REFERENCES
1. Bondarchuk, N.Y. Efficacy of a differentiated approach to the
of motor activity of male students (17-19 years) / Y.M.
physical education of students from different biogeochemical
Furman, S.P. Drachuk // Pedagogy, psychology, medicalareas of Transcarpathia / N.Y. Bondarchuk, V.D. Chernov //
biological problems of physical education and sports: Coll. sc.
Visnyk Chernihivskoho derzavnogo pedahohichnogo universiworks / ed. S.S. Yermakova Kharkiv: HDADM (HHPI),
tetu, seria Pedahohichni nauky. Physichne vyhovannya ta
2005. 15. P. 51-55.
sport. 2009. Is. 64. P. 433-436.
9. Shaparenko, P.F. Dynamics of development of overall size of
2. Gunas, I.V. Relationship sonographic parameters of renal antrothe body / P.F. Shaparenko // Principle proportsyonalnosty in
posomatometrychny indicators of healthy urban boys and girls
gametogenesis. Vynnytsa, 1994. P. 29-36.
of Podillya with ektomorf somatotype / I.V. Gunas, Y.G. 10. Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O2
Shevchuk, D.B. Boluch// Visnyk morfologii. 2010. 2.
deficit / J.I. Medbo, A.C. Mohn, J. Tabata [and others] // J.
P. 437-441.
Appl. Physiol. 1988. P. 50-60.
3. Dulo, O.A. Comparative characteristic of aerobic productivity 11. Gaul, C.A. Differences in anaerobic performance between
of girls with different somatotyps who live in mountain and
boys and men / C.A. Gaul, D. Docherty, R. Cicchini // Int. J.
lowland areas of Transcarpathia / O.A. Dulo // Naukovyi
Obes Relat. Metab. Disord. 2000. Vol. 24. P. 7841-7848.
visnyk Uzghorodskoho universytetu, seria Medicina. 2015. 12. Green, S. Measurement of anaerobic work capacities in hu 1(51). 284 289 p.
mans / S. Green // Sports Med. 1995. Vol. 19. P.132-142.
4. Dulo, O.A. Study the level of physical health of girls, which are 13. Habitual physical activity and peak anaerobic power and in
living in mountain areas of Transcarpathia by the metabolic
elderly women / T. Kostka, M. Bonnefoy, L. Arsac [and others]
level of anaerobic energy ensuring / O.A.Dulo, Y.M. Furman //
// Eur. J. Appl. Physical. 1997. Vol. 76. P. 181-187.
Science and education a new dimension. Natural and 14. Krptalja sk vidkein lak fiatalok fizikai egszsgnek taTechnical sciences, III (5). 2015. Issue 41. P. 15-19.
nulmnyozsa az aerob anyagcsere energiaszintje alapjn / O.
5. Makarova, G.A. Sport medicine: textbook / G.A. Makarova.
Dulo, Z. Fabry, X. Melega, O. Huzak // Magyar sportM.:Sovetskyi sport, 2003. 480 p.
tudomnyi szemle. 15. vfolyam 58. Szm. 2014/2.
6. Sarafynuk, P.V. Features of ultrasound heart size of healthy city
O. 28-29.
adolescents with different somatotypes / P.V. Sarafynuk, I.D. 15. Shogy, A. Minutentest auf dem fanradergometer zur besKuhar // Visnyk morfologii. 2004. 1. P. 193-197.
timmung der anaeroben capazitar Eur / A. Shogy, G. Cherebet7. Furman, Y.M. Perspective models of fitness technologies at
in // J. Appl. Physiol. 1974. Vol. 33. P. 171 176.
physical education of students at universities: monografy / 16. Testing Anaerobic Power and Capacity / C. Bouchard, A.W.
Y.M. Furman, V.M. Miroshnychenko, S.P. Drachuk. Kiev:
Taylor, G. A. Simon [and others] // Physiological Testing of
NUFVSU: Olimp. l-ra, 2013. 174 p.
the High-Performance Athlete. Human Kinetics. 1992.
8. Furman, Y.M. Correlation relationship of aerobic and anaerobic
P.185-222.
(lactate) productivities of organism with qualitative parameters
Study the level of physical health of boys, which are living in mountain area of Transcarpathia by the metabolic level of anaerobic energy ensuring
O.. Dulo
Abstract. The work is devoted to study the level of physical health of boys of the age of 17-21 which are living in the mountainous area of
Transcarpathia. Level of anaerobic productivity of mountain boys is addicted to their somatotypes. Determinating the power of alactate
10-WAT and lactate 30-WAT anaerobic processes by the relative value showed us probably low level of the results of ectomorphic somatotype and high level of mezomorphic somatotype. High avarage results of MCEWabs had persons with ectomorphic 2111,451,2 kgmmin-1
and mezoectomorphic 2204,343,4 kgmmin-1 somatotypes (p<0,05). Low results of MCEWrel had boys with endomezomorphic somatotype. The presence of fat in mountain boys (under hypoxic) is like ballast because they need more oxygen for oxidation this fat which cause
less results of work for 1 min to boys with endomezomorphic somatotype.
Keywords: anaerobic productivity, physical health, somatotype
13
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.. , .. *, ..
, . ,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 12.11.15; Revised 23.11.15; Accepted for publication 27.11.15.
. ' ' Stressraser (Helicor, USA)
() . , 15 (). . StressEraser.
: , , , , '
. ()
() [7, 15]. 20 '
[1, 2, 4,
9]. ,
[7, 12]. , ,
[3, 8, 10],
, .
-, [1, 2, 4, 8].
[11, 13].
,
' [2, 3]. ,
,
, [3, 5, 8].
' ,
.
.
. ,
[3, 10].
. () , ' [5, 13].
,
(). , , ,
. ,
0,150,4 (HF).
'
,
[1, 7, 12]. , [3, 8, 10-13].
, , , , , .
,
',
StressEraser (Helicor, USA). ,
, , . ,
, [10, 13].
.
,
, .
.
.
20 18 20 ,
2 10 . 18,40,5 . ' ',
.
-
14
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
StressEraser (Helicor, USA), .
10 15 . 10 .
StressEraser.
, .
.
(. 1, , ). 3 1 .
30 .
(SD, ) ;
(RMSSD,
), ; R-R,
, 50
(NN50), . , , TP (2)
,
; HF
(2)
0,15-0,4 , , ; LF (2)
0,04-0,15 ,
, .. -
VLF(2)
0,003-0,04 ,
. -
(LF/HF) (HF% / LF%
VLF%).
p<0,05.
. .
.
1-
Polar RS800CX 10
. 5
. 15
,
5 .
, 5- . 1.
. 2.
StressEraser
1- ; 15-
Polar RS800CX Polar ProTrainer5.
5-
1- - (1996) [7].
-
1.
SressEraser (n=10)
(n=10)
SD,
52,56,2
62,72,6*
54,95,4
61,45,6*
RMSSD,
34,34,3
46,53,8*
37,14,2
43,26,6
pNN50,%
18,61,5
22,81,8*
16,51,3
19,81,6*
TP, 2
3797345
4799433*
3944401
4585434*
HF, 2
762108
894144
725223
764156
LF, 2
1781223
2888216*
1955225
2664301*
VLF, 2
1254176
1017198*
1264257
1157232
LF/HF
2,30,21
3,20,23*
2,7,22
3,50,24*
HF, %
20,14,4
18,63,7
18,44,7
16,73,9
LF, %
46,95,2
60,24,9*
49,63,6
58,13,9*
VLF, %
33,03,5
21,22,9*
32,03,3
25,22,9*
. * (p<0,05)
15
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
,
, . ,
. , SD StressEraser, 10,21,2
(p<0,01);
6,52,4 (p<0,05). pNN50
4,20,4 % (p<0,001) 3,30,7 %
(p<0,01), . RMSSD, ,
12,21,4 (p<0,01) (. . 1).
, TP, 1002145 2 (p<0,01)
645189 2 (p<0,05).
. ,
LF, - . LF
StressEraser 1107123 2 (p<0,01),
709109; (p<0,05) (.
. 1).
5-7 , LF
(0,1 ).
LF , . LF/HF
0,90,16 2 (p<0,05) 0,80,18 2 (p<0,05)
. HF
2- .
VLF 23756 (p<0,05) (. . 1). , VLF%
11,8+2,2% (p<0,01) 6,8+2,4% (p<0,05)
(. . 1). ,
(VLF%)
.
,
, 10-
VLF VLF%
.
. , ,
[1].
StressEraser
SD TP, ,
, , (. .
1).
,
[3, 5]. ,
SD .
LF,
.
, (5-7 )
LF (0,1 ),
,
. ,
( Lehrer) [8]. ,
( 5 )
, .
.
, ,
[6, 14]. , . -, .
.
,
StressEraser,
.
.
StressEraser 15 .
. , .
16
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
1. .., .. - 9. Low heart rate variability and the effect of depression on post , 1997.
myocardial infarction mortality / [Carney, R.M., Blumenthal,
.: , 235 .
J.A., Freedland, K.E., et al.] // Archives of internal medicine,
2. .., .., ..
2005. Vol. 165, # 13, P. 1486-1491.
- 10. Paul, G., Elam, B., Verhulst, S.J. A Longitudinal Study of
//
Students Perceptions of Using Deep Breathing Meditation to
, 2011. , 25 .
Reduce Testing Stresses // Teaching and Learning in Medicine,
3. Biofeedback training to increase heart rate variability / Lehrer,
2007. Vol. 19, # 3, P. 287-292.
P. // Principles and practice of stress management, 3 rd ed. / 11. Preliminary Results of an Open Label Study of Heart Rate
Lehrer, P.M., Woolfolk, R.L., Sime, W.E. (Eds.), 2007. New
Variability Biofeedback for the Treatment of Major Depression
York: Guilford Press, P. 227-248.
/ [Karavidas, M.K., Lehrer, P.M., Vaschillo, E., et al.] // Ap4. Biofeedback treatment increases heart rate variability in patients
plied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2007. Vol. 32, # 1,
with known coronary artery disease / Del Pozo, J., Gevirtz, R.,
P. 19-30.
Scher, B., Guarneri, E. // American Heart Journal, 2004, # 147, 12. Thayer, J.F., Hansen A.L., Johnsen, B.H. The Non-invasive
P. G1-G6.
Assessment of Autonomic Influences on the Heart Using Im5. Effects of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Biofeedback Versus
pedance Cardiography and Heart Rate Variability // Handbook
Passive Biofeedback Control / Sherlin, L., Gevirtz, R.,
of Behavioral Medicine. 2010. New York, NY: Springer SciWyckoff, S., Muench, F. // International Journal of Stress Manence+Business Media, LLC, P. 723-740.
agement, 2009. Vol. 16, # 3, P. 233-248.
13. The effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback on
6. Heart rate variability biofeedback increases baroreflex gain and
heart rate variability and posttraumatic stress disorder symppeak expiratory flow / [Lehrer, P., Vaschillo, E., Vaschillo, B.,
toms: A pilot study / [Zucker, T.L., Samuelson, K.W., Muench,
et al.] // Psychosomatic Medicine, 2003, # 65, P. 796-805.
F., et al.] // Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2009,
7. Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological
# 34, P. 135-143.
interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European So- 14. Vaschillo, E., Vaschillo, B., Lehrer, P. Characteristics of resociety of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing
nance in heart rate variability stimulated by biofeedback // Apand Electrophysiology // Circulation, 1996. Vol. 93, # 5,
plied Psychophysiology Biofeedback. 2006. Vol. 31, # 2,
P. 1043-1065.
P. 129-142.
8. Lehrer, P., Vaschillo, E. Heart rate variability biofeedback: A 15. Wheat, A.L Larkin, K. T.. Biofeedback of heart rate variability
new tool for improving autonomic homeostasis and treating
and related physiology: A critical review // Applied psychoemotional and psychosomatic diseases // Japnese Journal of Biphysiology and biofeedback, 2010, # 35. P. 229-242.
ofeedback Research, 2004, # 30, P. 7-16.
REFERENCES
1. Baevsky, R.M., Berseneva, A.P. Evaluation of adaptive capabil- 9. Low heart rate variability and the effect of depression on postities of the organism and the risk of diseases, 1997. Moscow:
myocardial infarction mortality / [Carney, R.M., Blumenthal,
Medicine, 235 p.
J.A., Freedland, K.E., et al.] // Archives of internal medicine,
2. Yarmosh, I.V., Suvorov, N.B., Boldueva, S.A. Application of
2005. Vol. 165, # 13, P. 1486-1491.
cardiorespiratory training in patients with acute myocardial in- 10. Paul, G., Elam, B., Verhulst, S.J. A Longitudinal Study of
farction // Improved medical technology, 2011. SPb, 25 .
Students Perceptions of Using Deep Breathing Meditation to
3. Biofeedback training to increase heart rate variability / Lehrer,
Reduce Testing Stresses // Teaching and Learning in Medicine,
P. // Principles and practice of stress management, 3 rd ed. /
2007. Vol. 19, # 3, P. 287-292.
Lehrer, P.M., Woolfolk, R.L., Sime, W.E. (Eds.), 2007. New 11. Preliminary Results of an Open Label Study of Heart Rate
York: Guilford Press, P. 227-248.
Variability Biofeedback for the Treatment of Major Depression
4. Biofeedback treatment increases heart rate variability in patients
/ [Karavidas, M.K., Lehrer, P.M., Vaschillo, E., et al.] // Apwith known coronary artery disease / Del Pozo, J., Gevirtz, R.,
plied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2007. Vol. 32, # 1,
Scher, B., Guarneri, E. // American Heart Journal, 2004, # 147,
P. 19-30.
P. G1-G6.
12. Thayer, J.F., Hansen A.L., Johnsen, B.H. The Non-invasive
5. Effects of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Biofeedback Versus
Assessment of Autonomic Influences on the Heart Using ImPassive Biofeedback Control / Sherlin, L., Gevirtz, R.,
pedance Cardiography and Heart Rate Variability // Handbook
Wyckoff, S., Muench, F. // International Journal of Stress Manof Behavioral Medicine. 2010. New York, NY: Springer Sciagement, 2009. Vol. 16, # 3, P. 233-248.
ence+Business Media, LLC, P. 723-740.
6. Heart rate variability biofeedback increases baroreflex gain and 13. The effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback on
peak expiratory flow / [Lehrer, P., Vaschillo, E., Vaschillo, B.,
heart rate variability and posttraumatic stress disorder sympet al.] // Psychosomatic Medicine, 2003, # 65, P. 796-805.
toms: A pilot study / [Zucker, T.L., Samuelson, K.W., Muench,
7. Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological
F., et al.] // Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2009,
interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European So# 34, P. 135-143.
ciety of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing 14. Vaschillo, E., Vaschillo, B., Lehrer, P. Characteristics of resoand Electrophysiology // Circulation, 1996. Vol. 93, # 5, P.
nance in heart rate variability stimulated by biofeedback // Ap1043-1065.
plied Psychophysiology Biofeedback. 2006. Vol. 31, # 2, P.
8. Lehrer, P., Vaschillo, E. Heart rate variability biofeedback: A
129-142.
new tool for improving autonomic homeostasis and treating 15. Wheat, A.L Larkin, K. T.. Biofeedback of heart rate variability
emotional and psychosomatic diseases // Japnese Journal of Biand related physiology: A critical review // Applied psychoofeedback Research, 2004, # 30, P. 7-16.
physiology and biofeedback, 2010, # 35. P. 229-242.
The dynamics of heart rate variability indices in healthy young persons under the influence of diaphragmatic breathing in the
biofeedback mode
V.P. Feketa, K.P. Meleha, O.S. Palamarchuk
Abstract. The influence of deep diaphragmatic breathing in biofeedback mode using handheld computer device StressEraser ("Helicor",
USA) and without this device on heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy young men was investigated. It was established that breathing
exercises lasting of about 15 minutes significantly affect the functional state of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). According to the
HRV the deep breathing increases the overall tone of ANS activity and redistributed the relationship between its central and peripheral
parts. The most effective influence on the functional state of ANS provides the device StressEraser.
Keywords: autonomic nervous system, heart rate variability, diaphragmatic breathing, breathing exercises, biofeedback device
17
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
VETERINARY SCIENCE
Introduction. Their impact horse has always been a special place among the livestock industries. After the domestication of the horse became a regular assistant to
man, as used in various ways. And today the horse is a
reliable assistant in everyday human of work, tourism,
sport. Horse riding is one of the most exciting, colorful
and dominant species present efforts [1].
In recent years Ukraine has increased the number of
sports clubs and private owners of horses, competitions of
different complexity. In this regard, it increases the demand for horse breeds sporting direction [2].
Classic equestrian of sports species characterized by
considerable complexity and high requirements for animals. Insufficient training sport horses can lead to dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, damage muscles
and joints, neurological disorders [35].
Laboratory research is a type of early diagnosis of diseases of internal organs and an essential part of clinical
practice veterinary [6, 7]. Their use allows to diagnose diseases occurring latent or no characteristic symptoms [8].
Such studies are used to monitor the health of the animal
and planning physical activities of sport horses [9].
It should be noted that morphological and biochemical
blood parameters in horses that do the heavy lifting may
vary within the same species. Although there are reports
in the literature on studies of biochemical blood parameters in horses of various productive direction [1012] but
they are not covered or are limited to certain publications
in clinically healthy sport horses [1315].
The aim of this study was research some blood biochemical parameters in clinically healthy sport horses and
compare the results with values set according to the literature.
Materials and methods. The material for the study
were 40 clinically healthy sport horses (13 mares, 10 stallions and 17 geldings) 415 years old, which are used in
classical types of equestrian sports. Horses kept in condi-
18
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
nosis of diseases. In the interpretation of laboratory results of blood in animals, particularly horses, must take
into account the breed, age, sex, physical activity [8].
The content of total protein in serum described as normo-, hyper- and hypoproteinemia. In the vast majority of
internal diseases recorded hypoproteinemia, which has a
secondary character [16].
Reduction of total protein in serum often develops insufficient receipt with food protein, the liver and kidney
diseases. Less logged increase its concentration, particularly in protein overfeeding, dehydration, certain liver
diseases [8].
The average value of total protein in serum sport horses were at the lower limit (Table) established for the animal species limits [8, 17, 18]. However, albumin content
was high (Table), due to their sufficient synthesis in
hepatocytes [19]. It should be noted that half of the total
number of plasma proteins albumin falls on that in a
healthy organism quickly updated. Owing to the large
concentration of albumin, high their small size and hydrophilic molecules, they perform an important function
in maintaining colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. Albumins have the ability to form chemical complexes with
many biologically active substances, fulfilling the function of detoxification. Determining the level of albumin in
the blood plays an important role for assessing the severity of diseases associated with hypoalbuminemia [16].
Research concentration of bilirubin in the blood is
mainly used for the diagnosis of liver diseases in animals.
Parameter
Total protein, g/l
Albumin, g/l
Total bilirubin, mol/l
Glucose, mmol/l
Urea, mmol/l
Creatinine, mol/l
S, U/l
L, U/l
GG, U/l
ALP, U/l
, mmol/l
, mmol/l
Mg, mmol/l
Na, mmol/l
K, mmol/l
112,28,45
63,0175,0
100,0250,0
109,0315,0
109,0315,0
12,81,10
8,023,0
20,040,0
12,045,0
12,045,0
2,870,036
2,673,08
2,53,5
2,253,12
2,73,4
0,880,057
0,601,33
1,21,8
1,131,90
0,61,7
0,770,022
0,610,88
0,71,0
0,701,15
0,71,0
140,41,54
132,2150,7
135,0145,0
139,1156,5
132,0141,0
3,50,17
2,64,5
2,84,8
3,54,7
2,74,9
19
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
no mechanism of regulation of the content of magnesium
in the blood, so maintaining its normal level is possible
only with the regular flow of food [16].
We found that the average content of inorganic phosphorus and magnesium in blood serum sport horses were
low (Table) and is not consistent with the literature [8, 17,
18]. The discrepancy is probably related to climatic factors, natural features animal feeding sports horses, physical activity [20].
Among the minerals special attention should be paid to
the research content of sodium and potassium in the
blood. The content of sodium in the blood serum of sport
horses varies widely (Table), but the average value does
not exceed limits established by other authors [8, 17, 18].
Potassium ions are involved in the regulation of the
heart, nervous system, skeletal and smooth muscles. The
average value of content of potassium serum sport horses
REFERENCES
1. Hopko, B.M. Unconventional horse (manual) / B.M. Hopka, 11. Borovkov, S.B. Functional state of cardiovascular Ukrainian
V.D. Suday, V.Ye. Skotsyk. Kyiv: Higher Education, 2008.
horse breed horses, depending on age / [S.B. Borovkov, M.I. Ko191 p.
renev, V.M. Borovkova] // Sc. Bulletin of Veterinary Medicine :
2. Shulga, I. Status of equestrian sports in Ukraine as a result of
Coll. Sc. Works. Bila Tserkva, 2013. Vol. 11 (101). P. 22participation in major competitions in 2013 / I. Shulga, Ki25.
richenko. // The first Ukrainian equestrian magazine. 2015. 12. The influence of age and gender on haematological parameters
25 (31). P. 9-15.
in Lipizzan horses / N. ebuli-Kaudune, M. Boic, M. Kosec,
3. Shestakova, A.N. Cardiac activity under the influence of sport
V. Cestnik. // Journal of veterinary medicine. 2002. Vol. 49.
horses training: abtr. dis. cand. biol. sc.: spec. 03.00.13 "Physi P. 217221.
ology" / A.N. Shestakova Moscow, 2009. 20 p.
13. Gorbunova, N.D. Effect of Doping micronutrient supplements
4. Change the resistance of red blood cells in peripheral blood
to restore competition horses after intensive physical exertion:
sport horse under the influence of physical activity / [A.V. AnAbstr. dis. cand. biol. sc.: spec. 03.00.13 "Physiology" /
driychuk, I.V. Tkachova, H.M. Tkachenko et al.]. // Scientific
N.D. Gorbunova. Ryazan, 2009. 20 p.
and technical bulletin. Lviv, 2012. Vol. 13. 3-4. 14. Holovakha, V.I. Functional state of the liver and its pathology
P. 299-307.
in horses (etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis): Abstr. dis. dr.
5. Nizhegorodova, O.V. Myocardiodystrophy at trotting horses.
vet. sc., specials: 16.00.01 "Diagnosis and therapy of animals" /
Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment: abstr. dis. cand. vet. sc.:
V.I. Holovakha. Bila Tserkva, 2004. 43 p.
spec. 16.00.01 "Diagnostics of illnesses and therapy of ani- 15. Kovalchuk, N.A. Metabolic profile of blood and the immune
mals" / O.V. Nizhegorodova Ekaterinburg, 2006. 22 p.
system of sport horses under the conditions of exercise: Abstr.
6. Clinical diagnosis of internal diseases / [V.I. Levchenko,
dis. cand. sc. vet. sc., spec.: 03.00.04 "Biochemistry" / N.A KoV.V. Vlizlo, I.P. Kondrahin et al.]; Ed. V.I. Levchenko.
valchuk. Lviv, 2013. 20 p.
White Church, 2004. 608 p.
16. Kamyshnikov, V.S. Guide to clinical and biochemical research
7. Sharandak, P.V. Informational CK and lactate dehydrogenase
and laboratory diagnostics / V.S. Kamyshnikov. M .:
for the diagnosis of subclinical course miokardiodys in highMEDpress-Inform, 2004. 920 p.
trofy cows / P.V. Sharandak, V.I. Levchenko, V.V. Sharandak. 17. Winnicka, A. Wartoci referencyjne podstawowych bada
// Sc. Herald of Lviv National University of Veterinary Medilaboratoryjnych w weterynarii / A. Winnicka. Warszawa:
cine and Biotechnology n.a. S.Z. Gzhytsky. Lviv, 2010.
SGGW, 2008. 122 p.
Vol. 12, number 2 (44), part. 1. P. 330-335.
18. Southwood, L.L. Practical Guide to Equine Colic / L.L. South8. Laboratory diagnostics in veterinary medicine: Reference /
wood. Portland: Wiley-Blackwell Inc. Published, 2013.
[V.V. Vlizlo, L.H. Slivinska, I.A. Maksymovych et al.]. Lviv:
356 p. (First Edition).
Poster, 2014. 152 p.
19. Veterinary Clinical Biochemistry / [V.I. Levchenko, V.V. Vliz9. Gurgoze, S.Y. The influence of age on clinical biochemical
lo, I.P. Kondrahin et al.]; Ed. V.I. Shevchenko and V.L. Halyas.
parameters in pure-bred Arabian mares / S.Y. Gurgoze, H. Icen
White Church, 2002. 400 p.
// J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2010. Vol. 30 (10). P. 569-574.
20. Lindner, A. Use of blood biochemistry for positive perfor10. Shcherbaty, A.R. Diagnostic criteria and treatment and prevenmance diagnosis of sport horses in practice / . Lindner. // Retive measures for hypokobaltosys and hypokuprosys of Hutsul
vue Md. Vt. 2000. 151 (7). P. 611618.
breed mares in biogeochemical province of Transcarpathia: 21. Hematological and serum biochemical reference values in
Abstr. dis. cand. vet. sc., specials. 16.00.01 "Diagnosis and
healthy working horses Hutsul breed / [I. Maksymovych,
therapy of animals" / A.R. Scherbatyy. Bila Tserkva, 2012.
L. Slivinska, S. Winiarczyk et all.]. // Science and Education a
20 p.
New Dimension Natural and Technical Sciences. 2015.
(5). P. 47-50.
20
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
BIOLOGY
Coprophilous microfungi of the genus Sporormiella Ellis & Everh. from Ukraine
O.V. rolyova
Mykolayiv V.O. Sukhomlynsky National University, Mykolayiv, Ukraine
Paper received 02.12.15; Revised 07.12.15; Accepted for publication 09.12.15.
Abstract. Data on morphological and ecological features, and distribution of 10 species of Sporormiella (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes)
of Ukraine are presented. Three species of Sporormiella (S. australis (Speg.) S.I. Ahmed & Cain, S. minima (Auersw.) S.I. Ahmed &
Cain, S. vexans (Auersw.) S.I. Ahmed & Cain) were not previously described for the Steppe zone of Ukraine. The detailed description of
all the species, synonyms, substrates, and localities in Ukraine and world distribution are also provided as well as the identification key.
Keywords: coprophilous microfungi, Dothdeomycetes, Sporormiella, species diversity, ecological features
Introduction. Microscopic fungi that develop on the animal excrement belong to the ecological group of coprophilous species. Recently, a number of articles describing new species of coprophilous fungi were published [8, 14, 16, 17]. We also have described a new species of the genus Sporormiella Ellis & Everh., S. tomilinii
[5]. Currently, many members of the coprophilous loculoascomycetes of the genus Sporormiella are insufficiently investigated in Ukraine and require careful study.
Overview of the publications. Genus Sporormiella
was described in 1892 by J.B. Ellis and B.M. Everhart
based on a single new species found in cow dung, Sporormiella nigropurpurea [6]. The main feature by which
the authors distinguish Sporormiella Ellis & Everh. from
Sporormia De Not. was the presence of stromata on the
surface of the substrate, but in the subsequent investigations of a representative sample of S. nigropurpurea it
was not confirmed. This fact has called into question the
validity of the description of the genus Sporormiella, and
stimulated a systematic review of certain species belonging to the genera Sporormia and Sporormiella.
A. Breton in 1964 proposed to divide the genus into
two genera, Sporormia and Sporormiopsis [12]. The distinguishing characteristic of the genus Sporormia is the
presence of cylindrical ascospores that are united by a
common gelatinous sheath in a cylindrical formation in
the center of the asc. All other species of the former genus
Sporormia with cylindrical or clavate ascospores, each of
which has an individual gelatinous sheath were assigned
to the new genus Sporormiopsis [12]. Using as the types
species for the new genus Sporormiopsis Bret. et Faur. the
fomer spesies Sporormia minima Auersw. was renamed
as Sporormiopsis minima (Auersw.) Breton & Faurel in
their revision of the genera Sporormia and Sporormiella
reverted to the earlier published name Sporormiella, and
Sporormiopsis was listed as a synonym [6].
In modern taxonomy genus Sporormiella is assigned to
the family Sporormiaceae, order Pleosporales, subclass
Pleosporomycetidae, class Dothideomycetes, division
Ascomycota [22]. All of the currently known 60 Sporormiella species are found on all the continents [10-13, 19,
21]. In Ukraine, species of the genus were described from
the territory of Polissia, Forest-steppe, and Mountaeous
Crimea [1-4]. Most of our research provides information
on the least explored area of the Steppe zone where only 2
species were previously described, Sporormiella intermedia (Auersw.) S.I. Ahmed & Cain ex Kobayasi and S.
lageniformis (Fuckel) S.I. Ahmed & Cain, found in Lugansk Nature Reserve [3].
21
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Sporormiella corynespora (Niessl) S.I. Ahmed & Cain,
Can. J. Bot. 50(3): 435 (1972).
Ascomata scattered or loosely aggregated, immersed
when young, becoming nearly superficial when old,
subglobose, with papilliform neck and wide hole, 320400 m, smooth, bare, black. Asci 150-200 20-23 m,
cylindrical-clavate with a short stipe, 8-spored.
Pseudoparaphyses a few, filiform, septate. Ascospores
clavate, 50-59 10-11.5 m, straight and curved, dark
brown, transversely 7-septate, third cell is much larger than
the other, spores do not break up into separate segments,
terminal cells are large, the first cell is conical, the last cell
round-conical, germ slits located diagonally, zigzag, no
drops of oil, gelatinous sheath colourless, narrow.
General distribution: Europe, North America, Australia. In Ukraine it was known from National Park Sviati
Gory [3]. On dung of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.,
1758), cervids (Cervidae).
Sporormiella cymatomera S.I. Ahmed & Cain, Can. J.
Bot. 50(3): 438 (1972).
Ascomata scattered, immersed or partially immersed, at
maturity almost superficial, pear-shaped, with short
papilliform neck and rounded hole, 270-318 200-220 m,
soft, dark brown. Asci 135-143 15.5-17.5 (-19.0) m,
cylindrical, rounded at the apex, extended downwards, with
a short stipe, 8-spored, spores arranged in two or three
rows. Pseudoparaphyses numerous, unbranched, septate.
Ascospores fusiform, 40-44.5 (-49.0) 7-9 m, straight or
curved, dark brown, transversely 3-septate, spores are
break down (separated) mainly in place central septum,
terminal cells tapered, the first cell ascospores conical,
slightly narrowed at the apex, the last cell rounded, germ
slits located diagonally, direct, gelatinous sheath colourless,
broad.
General distribution: Europe (Denmark, Spain,
Netherlands, Ukraine, Sweden), North America (Canada,
USA), South America (Argentina), Africa (Kenya),
Australia, New Zealand. On dung of horse (Equus ferus
Boddaert, 1785, E. ferus caballus).
Note. Sporormiella cymatomera is morphologically
close to Sporormiella lageniformis. S. cymatomera differs
from the latter by transverse septae and parallel germ slits
of the spores. Spores of S. lageniformis are characterized
by oblique septae and diagonal germ slits. Described for
the first time for Ukraine in 2010 [2].
Sporormiella intermedia (Auersw.) S.I. Ahmed & Cain
ex Kobayasi, Bull. natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 12: 339 (1969).
Ascomata scattered or aggregated in small groups,
embedded when young, becoming more or less superficial
when old, subglobose to pyriform, with short papilliform
neck, 150-250 m, smooth, bare, dark brown to black.
Asci 145-175 24-28 m, cylindrical-oval, slightly
broader below the middle, 8-spored. Pseudoparaphyses
filiform, septate, longer than the asci. Ascospores
cylindrical, 47-59 9-11(-12) m, broadly rounded at the
ends, straight or curved, dark brown at maturity,
transversely 3-septate, segments easily separable, terminal
cells widely rounded, germ slit located diagonally, zigzag,
gelatinous sheath colourless, broad.
Mykolaiv region, Yelanetskyi district, Nature Reserve
Yelanetskyi Step, steppe plot, on dung of roe deer,
8.07.2012; Kherson region, Chaplynskyi district, AskaniaNova Biosphere Reserve, steppe plot, on dung of hare,
26.05.2013.
General distribution: Europe, Asia, North America, South
America, Africa, New Zealand, Arctic. On dung of hare
22
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Note. This species is common in Ukraine [2], but for the
Steppe zone of Ukraine is described for the first time.
According to the literature it can be isolated from soil
samples [4, 18].
Sporormiella minimoides S.I. Ahmed & Cain, Can. J.
Bot. 50(3): 450 (1972).
Ascomata scattered or loosely aggregated, semi-immersed, becoming nearly superficial when old, subglobose to
nearly pyriform, 160-220 m, smooth, bare, with short
papilliform neck, dark brown to nearly black. Asci 90-100
16-17 m, cylindrically oval with a short stipe, 8-spored,
with spores obliquely arranged in two or three rows. Pseudoparaphyses filiform, septate. Ascospores cylindrical, 2835 6-7 m, broadly rounded at the ends, straight or
curved, from olivaceous brown to dark brown, transversely
3-septate, break up into separate segments in places all
sept, terminal cells widely rounded, germ slits located
diagonally, direct, gelatinous sheath colourless, narrow.
General distribution: Europe (Bulgaria, Lithuania,
Ukraine), Asia (China), Africa (South Africa), North
America (Canada, Mexico). On dung of roe deer
(C. capreolus).
Note. Sporormiella minimoides by morphological features in similar to the common for Ukraine S. minima
and differs from the latter by the width of the spores and
by the separation pattern and orientation of germ slit [6].
In S. minimoides spores are wider and separate into individual cells at the site of all the septae, whereas in
S. minima mostly at the central septum. Germ slits of
S. minimoides are diagonal and straight, but in S. minima
are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cell and zigzag bent. Previously, S. minimoides was known from
National Park Desniansko-Starohutskyi [1].
Sporormiella tomilinii O.V. Korol., Mikol. Fitopatol.
34(5): 11 (2000).
Ascomata scattered, immersed or partly immersed in the
substratum, pear-conical, with a wide hole at the apex, 250300 m, glabrous, black. Asci cylindrical-clavate, 160200 20-23 m, 8-spore. Pseudoparaphyses numerous,
elongated, unbranched. Ascospores fusiform, straight and
slightly curved, with 7 partitions (third cell of spores wider
than the other), with a deep constriction, dark brown, with
small drops of oil, 55-70 13-15 m. Mature spores easily
break down into individual cells. Young spores colored,
with drops, banners less expressive. surrounded by thick
mucosa.
23
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Some researchers have recorded a trend toward specialization of coprotrophs to the excrements of certain taxonomic groups of animals, however overall the fungi of
this ecological group demonstrate a broad tolerance with
the respect to the substrate [6, 19]. The substrates for the
development of Sporormiella are the excrements of animals with different types of the digestive system, soil,
plant debris [4, 10, 11]. The greatest number of species
we found in the litter of C. capreolus.
We compared the species composition of the genus
Sporormiella of Ukraine with other countries using
Jaquards Index. It was found that species composition of
Sporormiella of Ukraine is close to the composition of
that of Italy, Lithuania, and the United Kingdom correspondinly to the highest level of similarity (Kj from 0.60
to 0.75). The level of similarity is high due to the large
number osmopolitan species. The low degree of similari-
REFERENCES
1. Holubtsova, U.I. New for Ukraine species of ascomycetes pro- 13. Breton, A. Deux especes remarquables inedites de champigfile. I. Pyrenomycetes and Loculoascomycetes / Yu.I. Holubnons coprophiles appartenant au genre Sporormia De Not.
tsova // Ukr. Botan. ., 2008. Vol. 65, 5. P. 701-710.
(sensu lato) Bull. / A. Breton, L. Faurel // Tri. Soc. Mycol. Fr.,
2. Holubtsova, U.I. The new findings relevant ascomycetes from
1964. Vol. 80. P. 247-258.
Crimea / U.I. Holubtsova, I.H. Mykos, O.U. Akulov // Black- 14. Both, T. Taxonomic notes on coprophilous fungi of the Arctic:
Sea Botan. J., 2010. Vol. 6, 1. P. 67-83.
Churchill, Resolute Bay and Devon Island / T. Both // Can. J.
3. Mushrooms reserves and national parks Left Bank Ukraine /
Bot., 1981. 60, 7. P. 115-123.
I.O. Dudka, V.P. Heluta, T.V. Andrianova [et al.] K.: Aristei, 15. Ellis, J.B. The North American Pyrenomycetes / J.B. Ellis,
2009. Vol. . 306 p.
B.M. Everhart. New Jersey: Newfild, 1892. 793 p.
4. Zhdanova, N.N. Species composition of micromycetes of 16. Glocking, S.L. Video microscopy of spore development in
contaminated by radionuclides soil / N.N. Zhdanova, A.I. VaHaptoglossa heteromorpha, a new species from cow dung /
silevskaya, L.V. Artishkova, V.I. Havriluk // Mycology and
S.L. Glocking, G.W. Beaker // Mycologia, 2000. Vol. 92, 4.
Phytopathology, 1990. Vol. 32, Is. 4. P. 298-308.
P. 747-753.
5. Korolyova, O.V. A new species of ascomycete Sporormiella 17. Lundqvist, N. Podospora austroheisphaerica, a new heterotomilinii Korolyova / O.V. Korolyova // Mycology and Phytothallic ascomycete from dung / N. Lundqvist, D.P. Mahoney,
pathology., 2000. 34, Is. 5. P. 11-13.
A. Bell, L.E. Lorenzo // Mycologia, 1999. Vol. 91, 2. P. 4056. Achmed, S.I. Revision of the genera Sporormia and Sporormiel415.
la / S.I. Achmed, R.F. Cain // Can. J. Bot., 1972. Vol. 50, 3. 18. Pelez, F. Endophytic fungi from plants living on gypsum soils
P. 419-477.
as a source of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity /
7. Arenal, F. Variability of spore length in some species of the geF. Pelez, J. Collado, F. Arenal, A. Basilio, A. Cabello, M.T. Dnus Sporormiella / F. Arenal, G. Platas, F. Pelaez // Mycotaxon,
ez Matas, J.B. Garca // Mycol. Res., 1998. 102. P. 755-761.
2004. 89. P. 137-151.
19. Richardson, M.J. Diversity and occurrence of coprophilous
8. Arenal, F. Preussia africana and Preussia pseudominima, two
fungi / M.J. Richardson // Mycol. Res., 2001. 105, 4. P. 387new Preussia species based on morphological and molecular
402.
evidence / F. Arenal, G. Platas, F. Pelaez //Fungal Diversity, 20. Sun, J.-Q. Endophytic fungi IV. Two new records of the genus
2005. Vol. 20. P. 1-15.
Sporormiella in China / Sun Jian-Qiu, Guo Liang-Dong, Zang
9. Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods / Ed.
Wei, Li Wen-Chao, Chi De-Fu // Mycosystema, 2006. 25(4).
Miller G.M., Bills G.F., Foster M.S. Amsterdam: Elsevier
. 688-690.
Academic Press, 2004. 777 p.
21. Treigiene, A. koprofiliniai pirenomicetai ir lokuloaskomicetai
10. Barr, M.E. Notes on coprophilous bitunicate ascomycetes /
Lietuvoje. Sporormiella ir Preussia gentys / A. Treigiene //
M.E. Barr // Mycotaxon, 2000. 74. P. 105-112.
Botanica Lithuanica, 2004. Suppl. 6. . 77-88.
12. Bell, A.E. Dung Fungi. an Illustrated Guide to Coprophilous 22. Index Fungorum // CABI Bioscience databases. 2015. http: //
Fungi in New Zealand / A.E. Bell. Wellington: Victoria Uniwww.indexfungorum.org
versity, 1983. 88 p.
24
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Preovsk univerzita v Preove, Fakulta humanitnch a prrodnch vied, Katedra biolgie, ul. 17. Novembra . 1, 081 16 Preov, Slovensko
*Corresponding author. E mail: [email protected]
2
Univerzita Pavla Jozefa afrika v Koiciach, Prrodovedeck fakulta, Katedra biofyziky, Jesenn 5, 041 54 Koice, Slovensko
3
Univerzita J. Selyeho v Komrne, Pedagogick fakulta, Katedra biolgie, Bratislavsk cesta 3322, 94501 Komrno, Slovensko
4
Preovsk univerzita v Preove, Fakulta humanitnch a prrodnch vied, Katedra geografie a aplikovanej geoinformatiky,
ul. 17. Novembra . 1, 081 16 Preov, Slovensko
Paper received 15.11.15; Revised 20.11.15; Accepted for publication 30.11.15.
Abstrakt. Srdcovocievne ochorenia s zaloen na multifaktorilnom podklade. Z hadiska mortality, morbidity aj finannch nkladov
patria kardiovaskulrne ochorenia k zvanm ochoreniam sasnej doby. Postihuj obidve pohlavia, svojimi nsledkami vrazne
zhoruj kvalitu ivota jedinca. V naej tdii 100 jedincov (50 muov a 50 ien) sme merali antropometrick parameter, krvn tlak a
stanovovali sme hladiny lipidovho profilu (CHOL, HDL, LDL, TAG, ApoA, ApoB). Prostrednctvom Studentovho T-testu sme zistili
tatisticky vznamn rozdiel medzi skupinou muov a ien v antropometrickch parametroch: telesn vka (p<0,01), BMI (p<0,05),
obvod psa (p<0,05), obvod bokov (p <0,001) a biochemickch parametroch: HDL (p<0,01), ApoA (p<0,01).
Kov slov: srdce, analza, jedinec, faktory, markery
vod
Srdcovocievne ochorenia patria v sasnej dobe medzi najastejiu prinu mrt nielen na Slovensku, ale i celosvetovo. Rone umiera na nsledky tchto ochoren najviac jedincov. Na zklade dajov zo tatistickho radu SR v roku
2010 najastejou prinou smrti tchto ochoren bola ischemick choroba srdca, aktny infarkt myokardu, mozgov
infarkt, srdcov zlyhanie, cievna mozgov prhoda, aterosklerza, mozgov krvcanie, hypertenzn choroba srdca
a pcna emblia [1].
Z hadiska mortality, morbidity aj finannch nkladov
patria kardiovaskulrne ochorenia k zvanm ochoreniam
sasnej doby. Postihuj obidve pohlavia, svojimi nsledkami vrazne zhoruj kvalitu ivota jedinca [2].
Srdcovocievne ochorenia s zaloen na multifaktorilnom podklade. Na ich vzniku sa podieaj viacer rizikov
faktory a mechanizmy. Poznanie podmienenosti tchto ochoren od nukleotidu a po samotn fenotypov prejavy me
vraznm spsobom prispie k rozvoju poznatkov v tejto
oblasti, a tm prispie k innejej prevencii a liebe kardiovaskulrnych ochoren [3].
Medzi rizikov faktory srdcovocievnych ochoren patr
fajenie, hyperlipidmia zven hodnoty celkovho cholesterolu, zven hodnoty LDL a TAG, znen hodnoty
HDL cholesterolu, hypertenzia, diabetes mellitus, obezita [4].
K neovplyvnitenm rizikovm faktorom srdcovocievnych
ochoren patr vek [5], pohlavie znmy je ochrann inok
estrognov na vvoji srdcovocievnch orchoren [6], rodinn
anamnza vskyt srdcovocievnch ochoren u pokrvne prbuznch [7]. Pri tdiu zvanosti jednotlivch rizikovch
faktorov boli identifikovan faktory, ktorch sasn prtomnos zvl ohrozuje nositeov rchlym rozvojom koronrnej
arterosklerzy a vznikol pojem metabolick syndrm. Jeho
defincia nie je celosvetovo jednotn, na tdiu rizikovosti
jednotlivch zloiek sa stle pracuje. Za nositea metabolickho syndrmu je povaovan kad, u koho sa sasne
vyskytuj najmenej tri z nasledujcich faktorov: glykmia na
lano 6,1 mmol/l, triacylglycerolmia 1,7 mmol/l, HDL
25
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Vsledky a diskusia
Z antropometrickch parametrov sme zisovali biologick
vek, merali obvod psa a bokov, telesn hmotnos a telesn
vku. Na zklade zistench parametrov sme vypotali BMI
index. V tabuke 1 uvdzame priemern hodnoty vybranch
parametrov v obidvoch skupinch jedincov (mui a eny).
Index telesnej hmotnosti (Queteletov index) je jednm
z najpouvanejch ukazovateov pri meran obezity. Jednoduchm vpotom mono zisti, do akej kategrie dan
jedinec patr a akmu vysokmu zdravotnmu riziku sa
v svislosti so svojou telesnou hmotnosou vystavuje [12].
Materil a metdy
Vskumn sbor tvorilo 100 jedincov (50 muov a 50 ien)
z okresu Bardejov. Kad jedinec absolvoval dan vedeck
tdiu dobrovone a poskytol psomn informovan shlas
o pouit dajov a vzorku venznej krvi, priom vzorka bola
anonymn a pouit iba na vedecko-vskumn ely. Vzorka venznej krvi sa odoberala z vena mediana cubity do
skmaviek s obsahom antikoagulanho inidla. Z krvn
vzoriek sa centrifugciou (Selecta R, Centronic BL II, panielsko) separovalo krvn srum, v ktorom bola stanoven
koncentrcia biochemickch markerov lipidovho profilu
CHOL, HDL, LDL, TAG, ApoA a ApoB prostrednctvom
plnoautomatizovanho biochemickho analyztora Cobas
Integra 400 (vajiarsko).
Jedincom sa merala telesn hmotnos na digitlnej osobnej vhe DM 117 Dimarson, telesn vka sa zisovala
prostrednctvom digitlneho vkomera (Soehnle), a to
v ahkom odeve naboso ako priemer dvoch po sebe nasledujcich meran. Nsledne sme z dajov telesnej hmotnosti a telesnej vky vypotali body mass index BMI
poda tohto vzorca: BMI = m/h2 , kde m je hmotnos v kg
a h je telesn vka v metroch. alej sme jedincom merali
obvod psa (periumbiliklne) a obvod bokov (peritrochantericky), priom sme pouili textiln psov mieru.
Tlak krvi bol meran prostrednctvom tlakomera OMRON
M1 Plus. Nameran daje sa spracovali programom Excel
2010 a Statistica ver. 10. Jednotliv parametre sme vyhodnocovali pomocou tatistickch charakteristk polohy
(priemer) a variability (smerodajn odchlka). Na zistenie
vznamnosti rozdielov medzi skupinami v jednotlivch
parametroch sme pouili parametrick metdu Studentov Ttest. Pre zistenie tatisticky vznamnej zvislosti medzi
dvoma parametrami sme pouili Spearmanov korelan
koeficient.
26
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Priemern hodnota koncentrcie ApoA u ien bola 1,630,26
g/l, o je nad hornou hranicou normlnych fyziologickch
hodnt (1,11,6 g/l) [15]. Priemern hodnota apolipoprotenu
B (ApoB) bola 1,000,25 g/l, o je norma. Priemern hodnoty koncentrcie apolipoprotenov u muov boli taktie v
slade s referennmi hodnotami (ApoA 1,460,35 g/l;
ApoB 1,040,30 g/l). Na zklade Studentovho-T-testu sme
zistili signifikantne vznamn rozdiel medzi skupinou muov
a ien v biochemickom parametri ApoA (p<0, 01).
Vo vdsku bola uskutonen tdia AMOROS (Apolipoprotein related Mortality Risk Study), ktor mala overi
do akej miery mu hodnoty ApoA a ApoB odhali riziko
infarktu myokardu. Pacienti boli sledovan poas 67 mesiacov. Vsledkom tdie bolo zistenie, e hodnoty ApoB boli
spoahlivejm prediknm ukazovateom rizika kardiovaskulrnych ochoren. Je to zrejme spsoben tm, e ApoB je
obsiahnut vo vom pote aterognnych astc (LDL,
VDL, IDL). Na druhej strane ApoA m protektvny vznam
podobne ako HDL cholesterol [16].
Rcz [17] vo svojej tdii Apolipoproten B100, do ktorej
bolo zahrnutch 75 chorch (53 muov a 22 ien) s poruchami lipidovho metabolizmu zistili, e meranie koncentrcie
apolipoprotenu B100 v klinickej praxi poskytuje informciu,
ktor je ovea bliia skutonm pomerom lipidovho
metabolizmu, ako je koncentrcia cholesterolu, alebo LDL
cholesterolu. Priemern koncentrcie ApoB, ktor namerali
dosahovali u ien hodnotu 1,500,18 g/l a u muov
1,480,17 g/l. Priemern biologick vek celho tatistickho
sboru bol 53,709,10 rokov.
Nami nameran priemern koncentrcia ApoB u ien mala
hodnotu 1,000,25 g/l a u muov 1,040,30 g/l. Hodnoty
apolipoprotenu B v naom vskumnom sbore (mui, eny)
s v porovnan so tdiou Rcz et al. (2009).
Vetky vypotan priemern koncentrcie lipidov (CHOL,
LDL, HDL, TAG) boli v slade s referennmi hodnotami.
Mui mali v priemere vyie koncentrcie lipidov ako eny,
okrem HDL cholesterolu. Priemern hodnota HDL cholesterolu bola vyia u ien ako u muov, o je pozitvnym vsledkom pre eny, kvli kladnm inkom HDL cholesterolu v
rmci kardiovaskulrnych ochoren. Treba vak poznamena,
e eny boli v priemere pribline o tri roky starie ako mui.
Na zklade Studentovho-T-testu sme zistili signifikantne
vznamn rozdiely medzi skupinou muov a ien v biochemickom parametri HDL (p<0,01).
Jurkoviov [14] vo svojej tdi, do ktorej bolo zapojench
16 748 jedincov s priemernm biologickm vekom 47,3 rokov; 36,2% muov bolo s priemernm biologickm vekom
46,9 rokov a 63,8% ien s priemernm biologickm vekom
47,6 rokov uvdza nameran koncentrcie celkovho cholesterolu u muov 5,041,1 mmol/l a u ien 5,251,10 mmol/l.
Koncentrcia celkovho cholesterolu v priemere dosiahla v
naom prpade u ien hodnotu 5,481,19 a u muov 5,641,50.
Nameran koncentrcie celkovho cholesterolu s v naom
prpade vyie u oboch pohlav. Predpokladme, e ilo o
men vskumn sbor jedincov.
Martinkovi [18] vo svojej tdi, ktor tvorilo 107 pacientov (75 muov, 32 ien) s priemernm biologickm vekom
65,301,00 rokov namerali v priemere nasledovn koncentrcie lipidov: celkov cholesterol 5,430,12 mmol/l, triacylgly-
27
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Meme skontatova, e poruchy metabolizmu lipidov a lipoprotenov s jednm z nadleitejch rizikovch faktorov
srdcovocievnych ochoren. V sasnosti existuje viacero experimentlnych a epidemiologickch tdi, ktor dokazuj
vzah medzi ovplyvnenm lipidovho profilu a poklesom
morbidity a mortality.
Je potrebn si uvedomi, e najdleitejia je prevencia,
ktor by sa mala sstredi na hlavn priny ochoren, akmi
podporen
projektami
ITMS
REFERENCES
1. Rieansk, I. Aterosklerotick choroby. Bratislava: Vydalo Vyda- 11. ajter, V. et al. Biofyzika, biochmia, rdiolgia. Martin: Osveta,
vatestvo zdravotnckej literatry HERBA, spol. s. r. o., 2009.
2006. 272 s.
252 s.
12. Mydlrov Blakov, M. et al. Vybran hormny a minerlne
2. Barkov, A. et al. Choroby obehovej sstavy epidemiologick
prvky asociovan s osteoporzou u postmenopauzlnych ien
situcia v SR v rokoch 2000 2010: vskumn sprva. Bratiz vchodnho Slovenska. In Slov. Antropol, 2015. 18(2)35 39.
slava: Nrodn centrom zdravotnckych informci. 2010.
13. Dukt, A. et al. IDEA prv vsledky o prevalencii abdominal3. Teren, A., Gavornk, P. Genetick faktory a riziko kardiovaskulrnej obezity na Slovensku. In Via practica, 2006. 3(12) 554- 558.
nych ochoren. In Vnitn lekstv, 2007. 53(6)678-693.
14. Jurkoviov, J. Stav zdravia dospelej populcie sbor dobro4. Hradec, J., Spil, J. Kardiologie, Angiologie. Praha: Nakladatelstvonkov zo Slovenska. In Kardiovaskulrne ochorenia najvv Galn, 2001. 357 s.
ia hrozba, 2009. s. 53 64.
5. ORourke et al. Kardiologie Hustv manul pro praxi. Praha: 15. Dzrik, R. et al. tandardn klinickobiochemick diagnostika.
Grada Publishing a. s., 2010. 767 s.
Martin: Vydavatestvo Osveta, 1996. 464 s.
6. Gvozdjk, J. et al. Intern medicna. Martin: Vydavatestvo Osve- 16. Apolipoproteins.[online].[cit.2013-03-16]. Dostupn na internete:
ta, 1995. 631 s.
<http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS01407. Klbel, F. et al. Praktick kardiologie. Praha: Nakladatelstv Karo6736%2801%2907098-2/fulltext> www.thelancet.com).
linum, 2011. 305 s.
17. Rcz et al. Apoproten B 100 vznamn krok k presnejej dia8. Brechtlov, M. et al. Lekrska biochmia. Bratislava: Vydavagnostike rozvoja aterosklerzy a rizika manifestcie jej nsledtestvo Univerzity Komenskho, 2011. 168 s
kov. In Labor Aktuell, 2009. 3.
9. Varga, F. Klinick biochmia. Martin: Vydavatestvo Osveta, 18. Martinkovi, M. et al. Vyuitie kombinovanej humorlnej a zo1996. 376 s.
brazovacej detekcie nestabilnho plaku pri sekundrnej prevencii.
10. Kohtov, L. vybran biochemick markery srdcovch ochoren
In: Cardiology Letters, 2007. 1(16) 9 14.
u muov a ien v okrese Bardejov. 2013. 123 s.
19. tevlk, J. Klimaktrium a kardiovaskulrny systm. In Via Prac
tica, 2006. 3(6) 293- 297.
Biochemical markers of lipid profile in men and women with cardiovascular diseases in Bardejov district (Eastern Slovakia)
Marta Mydlarova Blascakova, Ludmila Blascakova, Melinda Nagy, Jozef Mydlar, Janka Poracov
Abstract. Cardiovascular diseases are based on multifactorial basement. In light of fatality, morbidity and also financial expenses the cardiovascular diseases belong to major affections of current time. Both sexes suffer from these diseases and their results markedly worsen the quality of life. In our study 100 individuals (50 men and 50 women) we measured anthropometric parameters, we measured blood pressure and
also we determined lipid profile levels (CHOL, HDL, LDL, TAG, ApoA, ApoB). Through Student T-test we we found a significantly important difference in groups of men and women in anthropometric parameters: body height (p<0,01), BMI (p<0,05), waist circumstance
(p<0,05), hip circumstance (p <0,001), as well as in biochemical parameters: HDL (p<0,01), ApoA (p<0,01).
Keywords: heart, analysis, individual, factors, markers
28
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
14-15 -
.. , .. , .. , ..
. . , . ,
Paper received 04.12.15; Revised 11.12.15; Accepted for publication 15.12.15.
. ,
14-15 -
. - ,
. . -
.
: , , , ,
.
,
, -, , [2, 6].
, . [4, 9].
,
[7].
,
- : ,
0,53-0,73 [3, 5].
, 14-15 .
.
()
.
[3, 6].
, ,
, ,
, ,
. [2, 7]. , ,
[5, 9].
, - ,
, . , , .
: ,
14-15
-
.
14-15 ,
-80.
,
()
-1 [5]. 120 , .
.
, .
(), , () , ()
() - D&K [1].
,
- [4].
: ,
[8].
.
29
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. , (r=0,46-0,60).
0,27-0,38.
. ,
- 0,45
. ,
,
(0,45 0,28).
14-15
: () ()
().
,
.
1
.
1. 14-15
-
..
..
..
..
41,05,2
38,73,3 *
74,04,5 *
71,23,2 *
39,24,8
35,23,2
67,74,3
66,12,9
38,05,6
30,93,8
60,54,4
61,54,1
: * <0,05.
, .
. , 41,05,2..,
38,73,3 .., 74,04,5 ., 71,23,2 ..
,
. ,
, ,
(<0,05).
, -
- (r=0,460,66). 2 .
2. 14-15 -
20
.
,
630
,
,
()
()
, ()
()
()
2,370,13 *
37,11,12
240,09,3 *
19,51,9
1221,869,6
2,560,21
38,91,06
223,27,5
18,11,6
1147,077,4
2,740,18
38,11,25
220,811,4
17,71,8
1099,568,2
: * <0,05
,
. ,
: 20 2,370,13 .
630 37,11,12 ,
240,09,3 . 19,51,9 ,
1221,869,6
., .
, 20 ,
,
(<0,05).
, , 14-15
,
r=0,44-0,67.
3.
3. 14-15
-
20 ,
, ()
()
, ()
4,80,3
296,528,7*
5,70,7
4,90,4
249,526,5
5,70,6
5,10,4
189,233,4
5,50,8
: * <0,05
30
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
,
. , 20
4,80,3 ,
, 296,528,7 .
5,70,7 5,70,6 . -
.
(<0,05).
.
, 10 (. 4).
4. 14-15
-
, ()
5,31,5
4,81,4
4,11,6
. 5,31,5 . ,
4,81,4 4,11,6 .
,
(r=0,48),
(r=-0,45) (r=0,46).
: , ,
,
0,29-0,48.
, 14-15
,
. , ,
,
.
-
, ,
, [5]. -
, ()
,
.
[3, 5, 6] ,
,
.
1. 14-15 , ,
- .
2. -
, ,
.
3. -
, , ,
.
1.
. . : . 24.00.01 / .. . , 2012. 44 .
D&K-test ( .., ..). - 3. ..
. 2002108583 29.10.2002,
13-14 .
/ .. , .. , .. , .. //
. ., 2003. 4 .
- ., 2015. 1. .70-74.
2. .. - 4. .. / . . , .. ,
.. . .: , 2007. 288 .
: . . . .
31
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
5. ..
/ .. .. . : , 2011. 255 .
6. .. -
: . . . . . .
: . 24.00.01
/ .. . , 2011. 43 .
7. .. /
.. . : . 1982.
96 .
8. .. /
.. . : , 1981. 64 .
9. .. /
.. . , 2001. 104 .
REFERENCES
1. Instructions for using the computer program evaluation and 4. Lysenchuk H.A. Futboll / H.A. Lysenchuk, V.V. Solomonko,
functional reserve capacity of the organism D&K-test (DuO.V. Solomonko. [2-he vyd., vypr. y dopov.] K.: Olympic
shanin S.A., Karlenko V.N.). An inventor's certificate number
literature, 2007. 288 p.
2002108583 from 29.10.2002, registered in the State Depart- 5. Makarenko M.V. Ontogeny of physiological functions of hument of Intellectual Property of the Ministry of Education and
man / M.V. Makarenko V.S. Lyzohub. Cherkasy: Vertykal,
Science of Ukraine. K., 2003. 4 p.
2011. 255 p.
2. Kostyukevich V.M. Theoretical and methodological founda- 6. Maksymenko I.H. Theoretical and methodological foundations
tions of modeling training process of athletes in playing sports:
of long-term training of young athletes in playing sports: abstr.
abstr. dis. Dr. Scd in Physical Education and Sport: spets.
dis. Dr. Scd in Physical Education and Sport: spets. 24.00.01
24.00.01 Olympic and Professional Sports / V.M. KosOlympic and Professional Sports / I.H. Maksymenko.
tyukevich. Kyiv, 2012. 44 p.
Kyiv, 2011. 43 p.
3. Lyzogub V.S. Interrelation between special preparedness and 7. Ostashov P.V. Prognostication abilities of football players /
state of bioenergy of football players 13-14 years old with tyP.V. Ostashov. Moskva: Fizkultura i sport. 1982. 96 p.
pological features of central system / V.S. Lyzogub, V.A. Pus- 8. Suchilin A.A. System of training reserve in football / A.A. Sutovalov, V.A .Suprunovych, Y.V. Koval // Slobozhansky Scichilin. Volgograd: Smena, 1981. 64 p.
entific-Sports Herald., 2015, 1, P.70-74.
9. Shamardin V.N. System of training football young players /
V.N. Shamardin. Dnepropetrovsk, 2001. 104 p.
Special state preparedness and bioenergy of football players of 14-15 years with different levels individual-typological properties
of central nervous system
V.S. Lyzogub, V.A. Pustovalov, V.A. Suprunovych, S.V. Hrechuha
Abstract. The article considers the problem of the characteristics of bioenergetic metabolism, physical, technical training and expert
rating of game activity of players 14-15 years depending on the individual-typological characteristics of higher central nervous system.
Relations between individual-typological characteristics of higher central nervous system and physical, technical training, bioenergetic
metabolism and expert rating of players were observed. Football players with high FANP characterized by better performance of bioenergy properties, physical, technical training and expert rating of play. Link individual typological characteristics of higher central nervous
system, physical, technical training, bioenergetic metabolism and peer review of play has prognostic value and can be used during the
selection and optimization of promising young players improving sports.
Keywords: functional mobility of nervous processes, bioenergetic metabolism, physical, technical training, expert rating
32
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
..
.. , . ,
E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 03.12.15; Revised 07.12.15; Accepted for publication 11.12.15.
. ().
58 1 ,
Marchantiophyta Bryophyta, 4 , 8 , 18 29 . . . Pottiaceae, Brachytheciaceae,
Bryaceae Orthotrichaceae 64,8%. Pottiaceae, 12 , 20,7% .
: , , , , , , , ,
. ,
,
.
, .
.
. ,
: ,
, ,
- .
,
.
.
.
,
2008-2015 . (, ,
).
- .
,
,
. . 0,5 0,5 ,
0,10 0,10 .
.. . [710]
(KHER).
-
-1 Lomo 1 .
15 20 90
0,20 0,65, .
[6].
. 58 1 , 2 (Marchantiophyta Bryphyta), 4 (Marchantiopsida, Jungermaniopsida, Polytrichopsida, Bryopsida), 8 (Marchantiales, Radulales, Polytrichales, Funariales, Grimmiales, Dicranales, Orthotrichales, Hypnales), 18 (Marchantiaceae, Radulaceae, Polytrichaceae, Funariaceae, Grimmiaceae, Ditrichaceae, Dicranaceae, Pottiaceae, Orthotrichaceae, Bryaceae,
Melichoferiaceae, Aulacomniaceae, Amblystegiaceae, Leskeaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Hypnaceae, Pylaiseadelphaceae, Anomodontaceae) 29 (Mar-chantia, Radula,
Polytrichym, Funaria, Grimmia, Ceratodon, Dicranum, Barbula, Didymodon, Phascum, Pseudocrossidium, Pterigoneurum, Syntrichia, Tortula, Orthotri-chum, Bryum, Pohlia,
Aulacomnium, Amblystegium, Leptidictyum, Leskea, Pseudoleskeella, Oxyrrhynchium, Bra-chythecium, Homalothecium,
Hypnum, Pylaisia, Plati-girium, Anomodon, Schistidium).
. 1.
Marchantiophyta
Bryophyta
2
2
4
1.
2
2
6
16
8
18
33
2
28
30
2
56
58
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.
. (147 )
(136 ). (75)
(56).
. , 30 , 34, 14 [7-10].
, ,
.
(.1.). , Marchantiophyta 2
()
2:2:2:2:2:2. Bryophyta 56 2:6:16:28:56,
Bryopsida, 53 ,
27 , 15 5 .
/
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
/
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
3. .
, %
Bryum
9
15,5
Orthotrichum
7
12,1
Brachythecium
6
10,36
Tortula
3
5,2
Polytrichum
3
5,2
Syntrichia
3
5,2
Pterigoneurum
2
3,44
Homalothecium
2
3,44
Amblystegium
2
3,44
Marchantia
1
1,72
Radula
1
1,72
Grimmia
1
1,72
Ceratodon
1
1,72
Dicranum
1
1,72
Barbula
1
1,72
16. Didymodon
17. Phascum
18. Pseudocrossidium
19 Pohlia
20 Aulacomnium
21 Funaria
22 Leptodictium
23 Leskea
24 Pseudoleskeella
25 Oxyrrhynchium
26 Hypnum
27 Pylaisia
28 Platygirium
29 Anomodon
30 Schistidium
:
2. .
, %
Pottiaceae
12
21,7
Brachytheciaceae
9
15,5
Bryaceae
9
15,5
Orthotrichaceae
7
12,1
Polytrichaceae
3
5,2
Amblystegiaceae
3
5,2
Hypnaceae
2
3,44
Lesceaceae
2
3,44
Grimmiaceae
2
3,44
Ditrichaceae
1
1,72
Mielichhoferiaceae
1
1,72
Aulacomniaceae
1
1,72
Pylaisiadelphaceae
1
1,72
Funariaceae
1
1,72
Marchantiaceae
1
1,72
Anomodontaceae
1
1,72
Radulaceae
1
1,72
Dicranaceae
1
1,72
58
100
:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
58
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
1,72
100
6
.
(27,6%) (31%). (. 4)
4. .
, %
1
18
31
2
16
27,6
3
11
19
4
8
13,8
5
2
3,44
6 2
3,44
7
1
1,72
58
100
:
Pottiaceae, Brachytheciaceae,
Bryaceae Orthotrichaceae 64,8%.
Pottiaceae (. 2.), 12 , 20,7%
.
Brachytheciaceae (15,5%) Bryaceae (15,5%).
12 1 2 .
.[1-5].
Bryum, Brachythecium, Orthotrichum (. 3.) 22 ,
37,96%
. Tortula, Polytrichum,
Syntrichia 9 (15,6%).
Polytrichum commune,
P.piliferum, P.perigoniale, Tortula muralis, T. truncate, T.
subulata . 25
1 2 . 46,44% 29
.
.
18 , 31%
.
:
33,3% (Syntrichia ruralis, S. ruraliformis, Polytrichym
piliferum, Pterigoneurun ovatum, Orthotrichum affine),
27,8%
61,1%
(Funaria hugrometrica, Tortula truncate, Polytrichym
perigoniale, P. piliferum, Pterigoneurum ovatum, Bryum
subapiculatum .)
72,2% 16,6% (Polytrichym commune, P. perigoniale, Dicranum scoparium),
34
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
1 1 ( 5,6%).
38,9% (Ceratodon purpureus, Polytrichym commune, P. perigoni-ale
.). Funaria hygrometrica ,
Tortula truncata 5,6%.
16
, 27,6%
.
58,8%
(Anomodon viticulosus, Brachithecium campestre, Pseudoleskeella nervosa, Pylaisia palyantha, Platygirium repens,
Hypnum cupresiforme, Ceratodon purpureus, Leskea polycarpha, Homolothecium sericeum). 17,6% (Amblystegium serpens, Brachythecium salebrosum, B. velutinum), 2 (Brachythecium rutabulum, B. mildeanum) 1
(Leptodictyum riparium,
L. riparium f longifolium).
(47%) (41,2%) 2 (11,8%) (Homolothecium sericeum,
Brachythecium campestre).
11 (19%). 66,7%, 66,7%, 66,7% 55,6% .
(8 )
62,5% (Schistidium apocarpum, Grimmia pulvinata, Orthotrichum speciosum, O. diaphanum),
50% , 75%
62,5% (Grimmia pulvinata, Orthotrichum
speciosum, O. diaphanum, O. pumilum).
.
,
2 ( 3,44%),
1 (1,72%) .
,
,
.
.
58
1 , Marchantiophyta
Bryophyta. Pottiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Bryaceae Orthotrichaceae
64,8%. Pottiaceae, 12 , 20,7%
.
Brachytheciaceae (15,5%) Bryaceae
(15,5%),
.
1. . 7. . , . 4- / : , 2010. 264 .
.., ..; . . ..;
2. .
- .. .: . . 1988.
( , ) // . .
. 2. 180 .
. 2009. .5, 1. . 23-27.
8. . , . 4- / 3. .. .
.., ..; . .. ..;
.:, 1999. 180 .
- . : . .
4. . 1989. . 3. 176 .
. : , 2010. 94 .
9. . , ./ 4- 5. ,
.., .. - .
// . . . 2007. . 3, 1.
.: . . 1987. . 1. 180 .
. 5-29.
10. . , . 4- / 6. .. . .
.., ..; . .. .. .:
: , 2008. 232 .
. 2003. . 4. 255 .
REFERENCES
1. Boyko, M.F. Mossy of steppe zone of Ukraine Monographtoma / Bachurina G.F., Melnichuk V.M.; ed. L.V. Bardunov; AS
Kherson: Ailanthus, 2010.-264
UKRAINE Institute of botany named after Holodnyy K.: Sci2. Boyko, M.F Materials to bryoflora of Nyzhnobuzkyh sands (Myences. Idea. 1988. edition 2. 180 p.
kolayiv region, Ukraine)// Chernomorsk. botanical magazine. - 8. Flora of bryophyte of Ukraine of SSR. Andreevi, brievi. In 4 vol /
2009. Vol. 5. 1. P. 23-27.
Bachurina G.F., Melnichuk V.M.; ed. L.V. Bardunov; AS
3. Boyko, M.F. Analysis of brioflori of steppe zone of Europe.
UKRAINE Institute of botany named after Holodnyy K.: SciK.:Fitosociocenter, 1999. 180 p.
ences. Idea. 1989.
4. Boyko, M.F. Red list of mossy of Ukraine. Monograph.Kherson: 9. Flora of bryophyte of Ukraine of SSR. Andreevi, brievi. In 4 vol.
Ailanthus, 2010. 94 p.
/ Bachurina G.F., Melnichuk V.M.; ed. Bardunov L.V.; AS
5. Boyko, M.F. Taxonomical structure of brioflori of steppe zone of
UKRAINE Institute of botany named after Holodnyy K.: SciUkraine // Chernomorsk. botanical magazine. 2007. Vol. 3,
ences. Idea. 1987. 1st ed. 180 p.
No. 1. P. 5-29.
10. Flora of bryophyte of Ukraine of SSR. Andreevi, brievi. In 4 vol. /
6. Boyko, M.F. Cheklist of mossy of Ukraine. Monograph. Kherson:
Bachurina G.F., Melnichuk V.M.; ed. Bardunov L.V.; AS
Ailanthus, 2008. 232 p.
UKRAINE Institute of botany named after Holodnyy K.: Scienc7. Flora of bryophyte of Ukraine of SSR. Andreevi, brievi. In 4th
es.K.: Akademperiodika. 2003. 4th ed. 255 p.
Taxonomical structure of urbanobioflori of Mykolayiv and adjoining territories (Ukraine)
O.S. Komisar
Abstract. Annotation. The performed analysis of taxonomical structure of of urbanobioflori of Mykolayiv and adjoining territories
(Ukraine). It was detected 58 species of bryophytic and 1 form, which belong to Marchantiophyta and Bryophyta groups, 4 classes,8 orders,
18 families and 29 genera. Briofloristic wealth of Mykolayiv can be described as quite poor in comparison with the cities of other regions of
Ukraine. The dominant families are Pottiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Bryaceae and Orthotrichaceae which together make 64.8%. The greatest
number of species Pottiaceae family is characterized, which has 12 species of mosses that occupy 20.7% from the total quantity of species
of the researched territory.
Keywords: bryophytic, groups, class, order, family,genera,species, Mykolayiv, Ukraine
35
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.
.. , ..
, . ,
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Paper received 24.11.15; Revised 30.11.15; Accepted for publication 11.12.15.
. (Zn, Ni, Fe, n, Pb, Cu) Robinia pseudo acacia L. . - . . , : --.
Robinia pseudo acacia L. .
: , , , - , ,
.
, , .
- ,
.
, , , ,
, ,
.
, ,
(),
.
, , , ,
,
. , , , (
) ,
, , , , ' ( ,
).
: , , , ,
()
.
.
,
Robinia pseudo acacia L.,
. .
.
Robinia pseudo
acacia L.,
. (--) 2014
. :
,
, (.1).
9 . : 3 -
,
,
, ; 6
,
, .
Robinia pseudo acacia L. , -
26 .
Robinia pseudo acacia L. 5 ,
, ,
1,5-2 .
150.
- -115-1. - 26929-94.
Excel, STATISTIKA 6.1.
36
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
1. .
,
, ,
(41,7 /), (15,4 /)
. . 2: ,
, ,
,
. , , Robinia pseudo acacia L.
,
(
).
.
. 10 Fe (20 /),
35 Zn (15,5 /) (. 2: , ).
Fe Zn Robinia pseudo acacia L.,
,
.
37
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
, .
(.2: ).
, ,
, (
4,5 /; 0,4 /; 1,7 /);
1,4 0,7 / .
, (Pl, Ni) Robinia pseudo acacia L. ,
(0,8 /),
(1,4 / 0,8 /),
. (. 2: ).
Ni Pb , ,
(. 2: ). Pb 3,5 , Ni
6 . , , Robinia pseudo acacia L.
.
38
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. ,
,
,
.
( )
. .
Robinia pseudo acacia L. (--). ,
: Fe , Cu, Ni Zn , Pb . :
Zn, Ni; Pb; Mn, Pb.
(/ ): Fe (32,5) > Zn
(23,2) > Ni (6,4) > Pb (0,9); Fe (20) > Zn (15,5) >
Ni (3,8) > Cu (1,5) > Pb (1); Mn (41,7) > Fe (31)
> Zn (16,1) > Pb (3,4) > Cu (2,5) > Ni (2,1).
- ,
Robinia pseudo acacia L.
1. .., .., .. 5. ..
( . ) // // : . . .. , 2011,
. . ,
2(2), . 161-164.
, 2010. 7. . 215216.
6. .., .., ..
2. - ., .
: . . .: , 1989 ., 439 .
// 3. .., .., .. . . - . . : - . 2009. 3. . 3537.
. .: , 2000. 286 .
7. .., .., ..
4. .. . .: , 1982.
154 .
// . . .
.. , ., 2010. . 233-234.
REFERENCES
1. Davydova, O.A., Sharifzyanov, R.B., Klimov, E.S. The content 6. Sharifzyanov, R.B. Factorial dependence of heavy metals in
of heavy metals in wood plantations in industrial city (on an
wood plantations in the urbanized area // Bulletin of the Nizhny
example 2. of Ulyanovsk) // Modern high technologies: Mater.
Novgorod University. Lobachevskii "General Biology", 2011,
Science Intern. Conf. "Environment and Human Develop 2 (2), pp 161-164.
ment", Irkutsk, 2010. 7. P. 215-216.
7. Sharifzyanov, R.B., Davydova, O.A., Klimov, E.S. The impact
3. Kabat-Pendias, A., Pendias, H. Trace elements in soils and
of industrial enterprises on the accumulation of heavy metals in
plants: Trans. from English. M .: Mir, 1989, 439 p.
wood plantations // News of higher educational institutions.
4. Kolomyts, E.G., Rosenberg, G.S., Glebova, O. et al. The natural
North Caucasus region. Ser. Technical science. 2009. 3.
complex of the big city: Landscape and environmental analysis.
P. 35-37
M .: Nauka, 2000. 286 p.
Sharifzyanov, R.B., Davydova, O.A., Klimov, E.S. Greening of
5. Perelman, A.I. Geochemistry of natural waters. M .: Nauka,
urban areas in terms of contamination with heavy metal ions //
1982. 154 p.
Mater. Internat. Conf. "Readings in memory of EL Wolf ", St.
Petersburg., 2010, pp 233-234.
Dynamics of accumulation of heavy metals in wood species, industrial and transport areas of Mykolayiv
A.M. Kosmacheva, A.L. Tsykalo
Abstract. Is defined the seasonal dynamics of heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu) in the urban agglomeration of tree plantations on
the example of Robinia pseudoacacia L. It was found maximum and minimum values of heavy metal accumulation in plants sanitary
protection zone of industrial enterprises, as well as most congested road thoroughfares of the city. Also, carried out a comparative analysis of seasonally of the ability of this type of tree plantations to absorb and accumulate heavy metals. The main bodies of the study of
plants had leaves that perform protective functions and are indicators of the environment. Investigations were carried out during the
spring-summer and autumn 2014. Analyzed the dynamics of the content of each element in the Robinia pseudoacacia L. Are given recommendations on the use of this type of plants in the landscaping of the city.
Keywords: seasonal dynamics, content of heavy metals, wood plantations, sanitary protection zone, industrial zone, transport zone
39
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
40
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
41
felletet, s a videk elemzshez szksges lassts funkci irnytst. Az egyedek szvverst vizulis mdszerrel szmoltuk. Az adatokat Excel fjlba rtuk,
ahol a halak pusztulst/tllst is feljegyeztk, napi szinten. Statistica 7.0 statisztikai programmal vgeztk a statisztikai
kirtkelst. A klnbz Zn koncentrcij oldatok hatst a halak tllsre s
szvintenzitsra Kruskall-Wallis nemparametrikus teszttel rtkeltk.
Eredmnyek. A kontroll oldatokban a
vizsglt egyedek tllse 100%-os volt, ezt
kvette a Zn 0,5 mg/L koncentrcija,
majd, a vrt eredmnyeknek megfelelen,
a legnagyobb pusztuls a Zn 1 mg/L koncentrcij oldatban trtnt (2. bra), br
szignifikns klnbsget nem tapasztaltunk
az egyedek tllsben a klnbz oldatokban val tarts sorn (H = 2,146;
P = 0,342).
A szvvers intenzits vizsglatt az eltelt id (napok) fggvnyben is vizsgltuk. A 3. brn lthatjuk, hogy mind a 0,5
mind az 1 mg/L koncentrcij oldatban a
halak szvverse folyamatosan cskken
tendencit mutat, ellenttben azzal, amit a
kontroll oldatban tapasztaltunk, ahol is az
els nap utn a halak szvverse stabilizldott egy bizonyos rtken, s a rtja
nem cskkent az utols napig. Az utols
napon megfigyelt cskkenst a vzben
felhalmozdott tel- s anyagcseretermkek hatsnak tulajdonthatjuk, mivel az
egsz ksrlet sorn a halak ugyanabban a
vzben tartzkodtak. A Zn oldatok esetn
kizrhatjuk, hogy kizrlagosan az telmaradk s anyagcseretermkek felhalmozdsa volna a felels a szvvers rtjnak
cskkensrt, mivel ezeknl a csoportoknl a cskken tendencia mr rgtn az
els nap utn jelentkezik s az egsz ksrlet alatt megmarad. sszessgben szignifikns klnbsget tapasztaltunk az eltelt
napok fggvnyben az egyedek szvverse szmban (H = 11,528; P = 0,021).
A fent emltettek mellett megfigyelhetjk azt is, hogy mg a kontroll csoport
halainl a szvvers rtknek a szrsa
az els nap kivtelvel nem haladta meg
az 5 szvverst (els nap 5,2), s a szrs
rtke cskken tendencit mutatott, addig
a Zn 0,5 mg/L-es csoportnl a szrs rtke meghaladta a 15 szvverst, s a maximlis rtkt a negyedik napon rte el
(15,1). A Zn 1 mg/L-es csoportnl a szrs
rtke az els 2 napon 5 szvversen bell
maradt, majd harmadik napon ugrsszeren megntt, s meghaladta a 17 szvverst.
A maximlis rtket a Zn 0,5 mg/L-es
oldathoz hasonlan a negyedik napon rte
el, 17,2 rtkkel.
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
REFERENCES
1. Alam, M.K., Maughan, O.E. The effect of malathion, diazinon, 6. Kneis, P., Siegmund, R. Heart rate and locomotor activity in
and various concentrations of zinc, copper, nickel, lead, iron, and
fish: Correlation and circadian and circannual differences in
mercury on fish. Biological Trace Element Research. 1992.
Cyprinus carpio L. 1976. 32(4):474-476.
34(3): 225-236.
7. Lenntech Zinc and water: reaction mechanisms, environmental
2. Clearwater, S.J., Farag, A.M. et al. Bioavailability and Toxicity
impact and health effects. Oline source: http://www.lenntech.
of Dietborne Copper and Zinc to Fish. Comparative Biochecom/periodic/water/zinc/zinc-and-water.htm
mistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2002.
Accessed: 2015.12.14.
132(3): 269-313.
8. Reed, P., Richey, D, Roseboom, D. Acute Toxicity of Zinc to
3. Franco, J.L., Posser, T., Mattos, J.J., Snchez-Chardi, A., TreviSome Fishes in High Alkalinity Water. Illinois Institute Of Natusan, R., Oliveira, C.S., Carvalho, P.S., Leal, R.B., Marques,
ral Resources, Urbana 1980. http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/ pubM.R., Bainy, A.C., Dafre, A.L. Biochemical alterations in juvedoc/C/ISWSC-142.pdf
nile carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to zinc: glutathione reductase 9. Witeska, M., Kosciuk, B. "The changes in common carp blood
as a target. Mar Environ Res. 2008. 66(1):88-9.
after shortterm zinc exposure." Environmental Science and Pol4. Giardina, A, Larson, S.E., Wisner, B., Wheeler, J., Chao, M.
lution Research. 2003. 10(5): 284-286.
Long-term and acute effects of zinc contamination of a stream 10. WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/17. Zinc in Drinking-water. Guidelines
on fish mortality and physiology. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009.
for drinking-water quality, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Health criteria and
28(2):287-95. / URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18
other supporting information. World Health Organization, Gene937529
va, 1996.
5. Halver, J.E., Hardy, R.W. Fish Nutrition. 3rd edition, Academic 11. Zang Weiling, Ye Lin, Xu Xuancheng, Gong Shuchun. Toxic
Press 2002. 264-294.
effects of zinc on four species of freshwater fish. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. 1991. 9(1):64-70.
http://link. springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02849791
42
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Influence of Zn on the survival rate and heart rate of guppy larvae
D. Holis, E. Simon
Abstract: Nowadays the research of different heavy metals in surface and ground waters became a crucial part of ecological researches. Because
of different anthropogenic factors that caused and still cause the pollution of all aquatic systems. In our research we used different concentrations
of Zn solutions (0,5 and 1 mg/l) to study the influence of Zn on the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) survival rate and heart rate. The examinations
were repeated 3 times. Mineral water with optimal ion concentration was used as control solution. Our results showed that Zn influences both the
survival rate and the heart rate of guppy, though the Zn sensitivity decreases with age of fish fry. Both survival rate and heart rate significantly
decreased in solutions containing Zn.
Keywords: Poecilia reticulata, toxicity, heavy metals
43
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.. *, ..
. . .. , . ,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 21.11.15; Revised 28.11.15; Accepted for publication 02.12.15.
. 11 .
, , .
Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis,
Ceratophyllum demersumLemna minor, Ceratophyllum demersumHydrocharis morsus-ranae,
12 (15) .
: , , , , , , ,
.
.
,
.
, (), ,
.
,
.
Co 2+, Cu 2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Zn2+
(, , , , ) [1, 3]. ( ).
, .
,
.
, (VI) [5, 7, 8].
, , , , .
- ()
, , , ( ).
. , -
( , ).
0,25 2 .
Lemna minor L., Lemna trisulca L., Hydrocharis
morsus-ranae L., Utricularia vulgaris L., Ceratophyllum
demersum L.,
Ceratophyllum demersum Lemna minor, Ceratophyllum
demersum Lemna trisulca, Ceratophyllum demersum
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae.
,
.
(11- ) +22 +25 .
7 . (1,5 0,3 .)
250 . 15-22
.
-
.
() -
- 1 /.
.
(. 1).
( Cu2+ 2
4 /) Cu2+
, [1, 5, 8,]. 7 Cu2+ 6
Cu2+ 2 / 3
Cu2+ 4 /. 3
Cu2+,
. Cu2+,
[6, 8].
44
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Cu2+
Cu2+. , ,
.
, /
2,5
2,25
2
1,75
1,5
1,25
1
0,75
0,5
,
0,25
0
3
7
Lemna minor
Elodea canadensis
9
14
22
Lemna trisulca
Riccia fluitans
. 1. Cu2+ 2 /
Cu2+
2 /
9
,
.
Cu2+ 2 /
(1,0 /). 14
Cu2+ , 22 .
Cu2+ 4 /
.
Cu2+ (7 ). 9
Cu2+ ,
, -
. Cu 2+
4 / 7 -
, 9
, .
, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Elodea
canadensis, Riccia fluitans ,
( 7 ).
,
Cu2+ .
[8].
Lemna minor, Elodea canadensis. ( 8-9 ).
,
,
(. 1).
, 2 /.
[4].
1. Zn2+ ( )
(/)
1
3
6
12
Lmna mnor
2,05
0,275
0,157
0,148
Lemna trisulca
2,05
0,13
0,252
0,114
Ceratophyllum
2,05
0,159
0,051
0,043
Eloda canadnsis
2,05
0,267
0,144
0,127
Batrachium aquatile
2,05
0,347
0,233
0,160
,
, , .
. 15
. (. 2).
45
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
2. (4 /)
(/)
1
3
6
12
15
Hydrcharis mrsus-rnae
3,85
2,4
0,067
0,00
0,00
Lmna mnor
3,85
0,008
0,009
0,015
*
Lemna trisulca
3,85
0,058
0,028
0,032
Ceratophllum
3,85
1,55
0,02
0,021
0,012
Eloda canadnsis
3,85
0,055
0,016
0,009
*
Batrachium aquatile
3,85
0,012
0,034
0,010
*
Utriculria vulgris
3,85
0,083
0,04
0,046
0,029
: * , , 15 ( ).
,
.
,
,
. , .
, 1000 . (-
).
( ) ( ), . .
(. 3).
3. Ni2+ 4 /
1
3
6
12
22
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
4,097
3,210
1,30
0,630
*
Ceratophyllum demersum
4,097
2,270
0,369
0,360
0,200
Utricularia vulgaris
4,097
2,245
0,972
0,612
0,612
Lemna minor
4,097
2,340
0,589
0,304
0,304
Lemna trisulca
4,097
1,248
0,695
0,453
0,445
4,097
4,097
4,097
4,097
4,097
: * .
Ni 2+
, .
Ni 2+
Hydrocharis morsusranae Utricularia vulgaris , 6
Lemna, 8 Ceratophyllum demersum
Lemna minor, Ceratophyllum demersum Hydrocharis
morsus-ranae, 10 Ceratophyllum demersum.
Ni 2+,
. , .. , -
[2, 8]. Ni 2+
.
( )
, .
.
( 15
).
(. 4).
4.
(/)
(/)
(/)
1
12
1
12
1
12
Ceratophyllum demersum
4,097
0,360
3,85
0,021
1,9765
0,0025
Lemna
4,097
0,453
3,85
0,032
1,9765
0,0120
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
4,097
3,85
1,9765
0,0144
0,000
Ceratophyllum demersum Lemna minor
4,097
0,318
3,85
0,043
*
Ceratophyllum demersum Lemna trisulca
4,097
3,85
0,007
1,9765
0,333
0,0044
Ceratophyllum demersum Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
4,097
0,418
1,9765
0,0130
Ceratophyllum demersum Hydrocharis morsus-ranae
3,85
*
*
0,004
Lemna minor
: * .
46
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
,
. ,
,
, ,
,
.
. -
.
1. Boyle, R.W. Geochemistry of nickel. In: Effects of nickel in the 5. .., .. Canadian environment, Ottawa // National Research Council of
// 12. 2010.
Canada, 1981. Publication . NRCC 18568. P.31-44.
. 74-77.
2. .. - - 6. .., .., ..
(
): . . . . ,
// : . 2014.
2010. 262 .
6 (). . 45-49.
3. .., .. 7. ..
. .: ,1986.
270 .
// . 3. 2014. . 99-105.
4. ., . 8. ..
.: : . . . .
. , 2007. 712 .
. , 2012. 24 .
REFERENCES
1. Boyle, R.W. Geochemistry of nickel. In: Effects of nickel in the 5. Ospanova, Zh.Kh., Khanturin, M.R. Phytoremediation oily
Canadian environment, Ottawa // National Research Council of
wastewater // Herald of OSU 12. 2010. . 74-77.
Canada, 1981. Publication . NRCC 18568. P. 31-44.
6. Petrakova, E.A., Anischenko, L.N., Belov, S.P. Funded and
2. Buhovets, T.N. Ecological and floristic characterization of
phytoremediation opportunity aquatic plants in relation to copaquatic vegetation river basins Iput and gums (within the Bryper ions // Water: chemistry and ecology. 2014. 6 (June). .
ansk region): Dis. cand. biol. sc. Bryansk, 2010. 262 p.
45-49.
3. Linnik, P.N., Nabivanets, B.I. Migration forms of metals in 7. Subbotina, Yu.M. Alternative experience of using higher aquatfresh surface waters. L .: Gidrometeoizdat 1986. 270 .
ic plants for purification of waste water // Science and World.
4. Marchenko, Z., Balcerzak, M. By spectrophotometry in the UV
No. 3. 2014. . 99-105.
and visible regions in inorganic analysis M .: Bean. Knowledge 8. Chan, H. K. The use of aquatic weeds in water purification from
Laboratory, 2007. 712 .
heavy metals: Abstr. dis. cand. biol. sc. Astrakhan, 2012. 24 .
Bioconversion of heavy metals in phytoremediation technologies post-treatment and purification of waste water
E.A. Petrakov, L.N. Anischenko
Abstract. In laboratory conditions studied absorption capacity in relation to the heavy metal cations 11 species of macrophytes four
environmental groups, which studied the residual concentration of metal ions after the exposure of plants in a solution. For phytoremediation activities wastewater proposed species Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, for the construction of polyspecific bioplato
of macrophytes recommended bicomponent absorption of Ceratophyllum demersum and Lemna minor, Ceratophyllum demersum and
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, in the exposure of plants in the water not more than 12 (15) days.
Keywords: macrophytes, heavy metals, sewage, copper, nickel, zinc, lead, phytoremediation
47
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. . 1*, .. 1, .. 2
1
, . ,
, . ,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
. [1].
(
),
.
,
( ) (),
,
, .
,
(, ,
),
. ,
:
, [2].
,
=((t),,(t)),
, ,
[3], (t) ,
.
, ,
.
-
, , (
) , [4].
- .
.
, ,
[5-11].
[2] ,
(), , .
- , ,
.
, ,
[2], , .
- [3,4,6].
[5]
() ,
.
[9]
- :
48
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.
[12]
, .
[13]
.
, (FTA);
(ETA);
(HAZOR); (Check-list); ; GO .
[14]
- .
,
,
, .
, , -.
, , [15]. , .
[6]
-
. .
,
, ,
, ,
.
.
.
-
(
), :
1)
( )
( );
2) -
(
);
3) ,
;
4)
.
s {s1 , s2 ,..., su , su
,..., sk ,..., su
, sU 1,..., sK}
1
U
s s
s W=
=(MR), M s k
, card(M)=K, R [4,5].
1. , ,
.
t .
, t
( )
,
. t .
[6]
,
Ep(s, t, ),
(s, t, ), E(s, t, ),
Ec(s, t, ), (s, t, ),
[3].
E(s,t)
.
.
.
, .
49
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
E()(s, t, ) E() , ()
.
{ E , E , E } ={( E 1 , E2 , , Em ),
(1)
( E 1 , , E4 ), ( E 1 , E 2 , E 3 )},
(s * , t ) arg extr E (, , s, t , ) ,
sG W
(2)
G
E ( s, t , ) Elim ,
lim
E (, s, t , ) E , {""," "}, {"", ""}, (3)
sk {0,1}, k 1,2,..., K ,
.
, G . , - , (, , , ,
). .
(2-3) (),
, [11],
.
,
( )
.
, (2-3)
: F F
.
5. (t)
, S(t)
.
S, , [11],
,
. ,
,
,
.
t0
F (, ) S (. 1).
E , E , E
,
():
E (t ) , , , .
, 1
t0 -
E = ( E 1 , E2 , , Em )
,
E 1 , E2 , E 3 , , Em
, SO2, N ..;
E = ( E 1 , , E4 )
: E 1
, E2 ,
E 3 , E4 ;
E ( E 1 , E 2 , E 3 ) .
2. (1)
.
3.
, .. .
4. , R Re alm {r1realm , ..., rMrealm } .
sk
k (e1k , e2k ,..., eMk ) , sk -
R Re alm . , sk
, .
, Ep(s,t), (s,t), Ec(s,t) (s,t)
. E lim
( E lim , E lim ,
p
lim
E
) () ,
( ) .
, , .. Elim ,
, .. Elim .
, Elim .
,
:
50
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.
(t1(S, ri, F) t0 (S, F)) ( ) ri -
S. ri
F
.
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
I(S, ri, F)
t
t0(S,,s)
t2(S, ,s)
t(S, ,s)
. 1. (2-3)
,
= 1 I(S, ri, F), (t1
t0), .
(t2 t1)
. , . (t t2) .
,
.
(t2 t1) {(t t2)}. ,
,
.
,
(3).
, , Ep(s,t) .
. Ep(s,t)
,
Ep={ E p , E p },
(4)
(2-3)
1 ( 1):
( s * , t ) arg max t0 ( S , , s),
(5)
sG W
E p ( s, t , ) Elim_
,
p
,
E (, s, t , ) Elim_
E (t ) , , , ,
t t ,
0
s k {0,1}, k 1,2,..., U .
2 ( 2.1):
( s * , t ) arg min (t 1 ( S , , s) t 0 ( S , , s)) ,
sG W
_
E p ( s, t , ) Elim
p ,
lim _
E (, s, t , ) E ,
sk {0,1}, k (u 1),..., K .
2 ( 2.3; 2.4):
*
( s , t ) arg min (t E ( S , , s) t1 ( S , , s))
sG W
E ( s, t , ) Elim_ ,
lim_
,
E ( s, t , ) E
s k {0,1}, k (u 1),2,..., K .
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
E p { E p
1 ,, E pN }, E p
.
, -
51
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.
. ,
.
,
.
(
), .
52
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
GEOGRAPHY
vod
Medzi jednotlivmi eurpskymi reginmi a ttmi s stle
vek rozdiely tkajce sa konkurencieschopnosti, rovne
infratruktry, kultry a pod. V poslednch rokoch rastie
popularita klastrov a vznikaj stle nov klastrov
iniciatvy, ktor sa stvaj sasou nrodnch a regionlnych ekonomickch programov. Klastre sa v sasnosti povauj za vznamn faktor, ktor zvyuje atraktvnos a prosperitu reginov. Projekty na rozvoj klastrov
sa mu vytvra tak na bze regionlnej, nadregionlnej
ako aj cezhraninej spoluprce. Klastre cestovnho ruchu
ovplyvuj ekonomick, socilne a kultrne prostredie
v regine. Pomhaj zachova prrodn, kultrne dedistvo reginu a napomhaj koordinovanmu trvalo
udratenmu rozvoju reginu. Hlavnm cieom tejto
prce je poukza na vznam klastrov v regionlnom
rozvoji. Parcilnym cieom je charakterizova klastre cestovnho ruchu na zem Slovenskej republiky z hadiska
legislatvy, lenskej zkladne, fungovania a vplyvu na
rozvoj danho reginu.
Teoretick vchodisk
Klaster (ang. cluster, zhluk) sa zaal v ekonomickej terii
pouva v spojitosti so zvyovanm konkurencieschopnosti reginov, s koncepciami loklneho a regionlneho
rozvoja a aktivitami zameranmi na odstraovanie
regionlnej diferencicie [1].
Tento termn sa objavil v priemyselne vyspelch
ekonomikch, charakterizujci kooperatvne skupiny spolonost, ktor sa pecializuj a ich innos je zaloen na
spoluprci s vedecko-vskumnmi intitciami a samosprvami [2].
OECD [3] definuje klastre ako siete vzjomne zvislch firiem, intitci produkujcich znalosti, premosujcich intitcie a zkaznkov prepojench do vrobnho
reazca, ktor vytvra pridan hodnotu. Koncept klastrov
je viac ne tradin spoluprca firiem, pretoe zaha
vetky formy zdieania a vmeny informci.
Za jednho z hlavnch predstaviteov a propagtorov
klastrov je povaovan profesor Porter, ktor upozoruje
najm na monosti rozvoja klastrov v mench reginoch
[4].
Porter [5,6] definuje klaster ako geograficky blzke
zoskupenie vzjomne previazanch firiem, pecializova-
53
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
ujcim faktorom rozvoja, potom sa v om prostrednctvom klastra rozvja komplexn ekonomick pecializcia. To znamen, e klaster cestovnho ruchu svojou innosou generuje rozvoj aj ostatnch zabezpeujcich
a nadvznch innost, technick a socilnu infratruktru
[10]. innos klastrov cestovnho ruchu v hospodrsky
nerozvinutch oblastiach m za lohu vyrovnva ekonomick rozdiely reginov.
Na zklade sprvne fungujceho klastra regin zvyuje
svoju konkurencieschopnos a priahuje novch investorov a nvtevnkov. V regine sa klastrovanm napomha vytvra trvalej vzah medzi nvtevnkom a producentom sluieb [11]. Vznamnm prnosov klastrov je, e
vytvraj prostredie vhodn pre inovcie. Preto s reginy so silnmi klastrami povaovan za inovanch ldrov,
priom globalizcia tieto trendy prehlbuje. Samotn cestovn ruch s komplexnm balkom sluieb vytvra obraz
celej destincie. Aj ke by v danej oblasti existovala zaujmav atrakcia, bez materilno-technickej zkladne a
doplnkovch sluieb nebude schopn prilka nvtevnkov a dlhodobo si ich udra. Tieto problmy pomhaj
riei klastre prinajce inovatvne mylienky a zaleovania novch produktov a sluieb. Jednotliv subjekty
mu vaka spoluprci ponka viac zitkov a sluieb.
Klastrov znaka prina lepie povedomie o regine
pomocou cielenho marketingu. Malm subjektom poskytuje zviditenenie na atraktvnejch webovch strnkach
a odkazoch [12].
Klastre cestovnho ruchu tvoria nov komplexn
produkt a s schopn ponknu klientom balky sluieb,
ktor sa doteraz neponkali. Ved k inovatvnemu
prstupu k podnikaniu, podniky dosahuj i zlepenie
svojho konkurennho postavenia na trhu, a zrove
prispievaj k zlepeniu postavenia reginu. Vaka
existencii klastrovej siete sa teda rozvja aj regin. Klaster
cestovnho ruchu vplva aj na socilny a kultrny rozvoj
reginu [13,14].
Ketels a Memedovic [15] tvrdia, e klaster podporuje
ekonomick a socilnu stabilitu reginu. V regine na
zklade spolonch cieov lenov klastra zabezpe nie
len trvalo udraten a strategick rozvoj odvetvia, ale
zachovaj sa spoloensk hodnoty a zvi sa ivotn
rove obyvatestva. Prostrednctvom budovania technickej a socilnej infratruktry, zvyovania vzdelanosti,
rozvoja udskch zdrojov, poznvania inch kultr,
ochranou prrodnho a kultrneho dedistva a tradci,
zlepovanm ivotnho prostredia, spolupatrinosti
miestneho obyvatestva prispieva k celkovmu socilnokultrnemu rozvoju reginu.
Vznik klastra je dlhodob proces, ktor je zaloen
poda achajovej [16] na existencii vhodnch podmienok
v stredisku, resp. v regine cestovnho ruchu a zaha
zvyajne 2 fzy:
1. mapovanie klastra,
2. zaloenie a rozvoj klastra.
Medzi hlavn ciele klastrov vinou patr [1]:
tvorba idelnych podmienok pre rozvoj aktivt klastrov,
zvenie potu turistov,
spolon marketingov politika,
tvorba intitucionalizovanho a personlneho zzemia,
tvorba a realizcia spolonho balka sluieb,
spolon vyjednvanie so subjektmi ttnej sprvy
a samosprvy, s odbormi, dodvatemi a distribtormi,
54
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
4 subjekty skromnho sektora z Liptova a tri mest
Liptovsk Mikul, Liptovsk Hrdok a Ruomberok.
Klaster vystupuje ako Organizcia destinanho manamentu so strategickm cieom zvenia nvtevnosti
reginu Liptov [20].
Klaster cestovnho ruchu zpadn Slovensko
(2008) predstavuje koncentrovan zoskupenia nezvislch, regionlne prepojench firiem a pridruench intitci s potencilom zvyovania ich konkurencieschopnosti. Zakladajcimi lenmi s Trnavsk samosprvny
kraj a mesto Galanta. Pridruenmi lenmi s mesto
Sere, obce Doln Streda a opora. Sdlo klastra sa
nachdza v meste Trnava. Hlavnou lohou je vytvorenie
podmienok za elom rozvoja cestovnho ruchu na zem
Trnavskho samosprvneho kraja [21].
Balnea Cluster Dudince (2008), prv kpen klaster
na Slovensku zaha mesto Dudince a subjekty podnikajce v cestovnom ruchu na zem mesta Dudince [22].
Klaster Orava (2009) zaber zemie okresov Doln
Kubn, Nmestovo, Tvrdon. Tvoria ho zujmov zdruenia prvnickch osb v regine Orava a obec Zuberec
[23]. Cieom klastra je propagova regin Orava a vytvra nov produkty v cestovnom ruchu.
Klaster Turiec (2009) zaha okresy Martin a Turianske Teplice. Zakladajcimi lenmi s subjekty skromnho sektora tyroch lyiarskych stredsk a dve mest
Martin, Vrtky. Klaster sa sna ponknu Turiec ako
turisticky atraktvny regin pre domcich a zahraninch
nvtevnkov. Mesto Vrtky neskr z klastra vystpilo
Klaster pohraninch hradov (2010) tvoria obce
iatorsk Bukovinka, Slanec, Vek Kamenec, a tri
obianske zdruenia [24].
Klaster Smolenice (2010) je prv vidiecky klaster na
Slovensku. Snahou klastra je zdrui podnikateov v obci
Smolenice, ktor chc prispie k rozvoju agroturistiky [25].
Klaster Horehronie (2011) predstavuje zdruenie
cestovnho ruchu, ktor zaloilo mesto Brezno, obce
Mto pod umbierom, ierny Balog a 5 podnikateskch
subjektov. Vznik zdruenia iniciovalo mesto Brezno inpirovan klastrom Liptov (Klaster Horehronie Zdruenie cestovnho ruchu 2013).
Klaster Topoany (2012) tvor ho mesto Topoany
a osem vidieckych sdel okresu Topoany [24].
Klaster Koice vznikol v roku 2010 ako prv mestsk
klaster, ktor m za lohu rozvja cestovn ruch v meste
Koice [26].
REFERENCES
1. Gavlkov, P. Klaster cestovnho ruchu v globlnom prostred. 7. Jamnick, P. 2012 Prnos klastrov k regionlnemu rozvoju /
In Merkr 2012, Zbornk prspevkov z vedeckej konferencie
URL: http://www.akademickyrepozitar.sk/.../prinos-klastrov-kpre doktorandov a mladch vedeckch pracovnkov,
regionalnemu-rozvoj
Bratislava: Ekonm, 2012. 1- 12.
8. Sikora, K. Klastry turystyczne szansa rozvoju mikroreginow.
2. Staszewska, J. Klaster perspektywa dla przedsiebiorcow na
In Journal of Management and Finance, 2012. (1,2) 55-66.
polskim rynku turystycznym. Difin, Warava, 2009. 152.
9. Beleov, S. Prvne formy klastrov cestovnho ruchu v
3. OECD. Competitive regional clusters. In: OECD Reviews of
Slovenskej republike. In Ekonomick revue cestovnho ruchu.
Regional Innovation, Par, 2007. 350.
Nitra, 2009. 42(1) 39 49.
4. Porter, M.E. Konkurenn vhoda nrod. 1. vyd.. Praha:
10. Gik, M. et al. Manament regionlneho cestovnho
Victoria Publishing, a.s., 1990. 626.
ruchu. 1.vyd. Kninica cestovnho ruchu 11. Bansk Bystrica:
5. Porter, M.E.1998. Clusters And The New Economics Of
Slovak Swiss Tourism, 2007. 290.
Competition. Harvard Business Review, 1998. 76(6) 7590.
11. Novelli, M., Schmitz, B., Spencer, T. Networks, clusters and
6. Porter, M.E. Location, Competition and Economic Developinnovation in tourism: A UK experience. In: Tourism
ment: Local Clusters in a Global Economy, Economic Devemanagement, 2006. 27(6) 1141 1152.
lopment Quarterly, 2000. 14(1) 15 34.
12. Buek, M. Klastre a regionlne bariry podnikania v SR. /
URL: http://www.cers.tuke.sk./cers2007/PDF/Bucek.pdf
55
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
21. Klaster cestovnho ruchu zpadn Slovensko. [cit. 2012-0411]. / URL: http://www.trnava.biz/?article=Klaster_cestovneho
_ruchu_zapadne_Slovensko&h_menu=1&menu=6&submenu=
0&lng=sk
22. Oblastn organizcia cestovnho ruchu Dudince. [cit. 2012-0411]. / URL: http://www.kupeledudince.sk/o-spolocnosti/ organi
zacia-cr-dudince
23. Klaster Orava. [cit. 2015-04-26]. / URL: http://inovacie.
regionzilina.sk/inovacie/inovativne-institucie/klaster-orava/
24. Ministerstvo vntra Slovenskej republiky, sekcia Verejnej
sprvy. Register zujmovch zdruen prvnickch osb. [cit.
2015-10-15. Dostupn na internete: http://www.ives.sk/
registre/zoznamzzpo.do?action=azX&pa=K&typ=A
25. Klaster Smolenice. [cit. 2013-04-26]. / URL: http://www.
klaster.smolenice.com/
26. Klaster Koice. [cit. 2015-10-15]. / URL: http://www.
terraincognita.sk/sk/klaster-cestovneho-ruchu-kosice-turizmus
27. Klaster Branisko-Bachure. [cit. 2015-10-15]. / URL:
http://www.braniskobachuren.eu/klaster-cestovneho-ruchubranisko-bachuren/
56
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
..
, ,
E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 19.09.15; Revised 15.09.15; Accepted for publication 06.11.15.
. ()
. IV , .
, ,
. .
() .
(, , , ),
. -,
, -, , V . -
, . . . , ,
. -
, - .
, . . - . .
. , .
, 200-205 .
, .
: , , , , - ,
.
,
. .. (1963),
, , ,
.
( )
. ,
,
(). - .
. 1992
.. [12]
, ( ). , , .. [12]
- . -
200-230 .
[9] () .
1972 . 2-3
. 1986
-
2-3 .
..
[3]
.
- [3] - - .
IV .
. .
IV , .
. , .
, 1:50000, ,
.
IV .
. .
- ,
.
(1500-2000 ) [5, . 29].
. .
.. [1] ,
(. 1).
57
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
, , ,
.
-
[10],
( ) . . . , . 130-140 , 190-200 .
- , .
, , .
, ,
,
.
- : 1)
; 2) ; -
: 1) ; 2) ; : 1) ; 2) ; 3)
; 4)
.
- -,
.
, , -,
, V .
-
- . , ( . . ). .. , .. [4] ,
(. 2).
- 200 . .
.
-
,
185-190 . ,
(PR3br, PR3rz),
, .
- ,
-
() . -
, - 160-175 .
. ,
30-40 .
, , [5]. , .
,
200 .
- . .
-
, - 125
.
.
18-22 . ,
[7].
.
. , (" "), , , ,
.
. . , . , (. 3).
4-7 ( 6-) 15-20 .
30 . ,
"" 14-45 .
.
. .
,
20-25 . , . ,
.
.
, - [2].
58
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. 1. - Landsat, : 1 10
. 2. Landsat, 1 2
. 3. . ( )
59
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. 4.
. , .
,
.
, , .
,
.
.
-
. . [11]
. -
. -
( , ).
,
. - , .
.. [8]
- , . . ,
(. ) .
.
[10]
.
.
. ,
. , .
.
, 175-185 160 . , . 3.
.
. - .
.
[11].
, , , . ,
200-205 . . ;
.
60
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
, . , .
"" .
. .
,
, , -
. - , .
-, , -- .
, (
(. ) )
.
1. .. - 7. .., .. : - : - : . .
. : , 2011.
. - . : . 11.00.04
52 .
/ - 8. . . ; . ., 2002. 45 .
(
2. . . () -) : . .
// .
. . ., 1990. 206 .
2006. . 50. . 152-155.
9. / ; . .
3. / .., .. ; . . .. ; . . .. .., .. . ; [ . .. ].
; . .. [ .] ; ..
. : . 1990. 287 .
[ .] ; . . .. [ .]. . : "4. .
", 2008. 440 .
1:1000000 / . ., . ., . . . ; 10.
. ., 2002.
1:200000 5. ., . ,
// -35- () 1975-1977 . / .. : .-, 1978. .
(, 1115 2005 .). : 11. 1:200000
, 2005. . 14-37.
-35- () / . . . ., 1956.
6. . . . //
.
/ . .. . : 12. ..
, 1976. 156 .
. . : , 1992. 116 .
REFERENCES
1. Bortnyk, S.Yu. Morphostructure of central type of Ukraine 7. Melnyk, V.I., Karpyuk, A.M. Yanowa Dolina: Local history
territory: spatio-temporal analysis: abstr. dis. Dr. Geogr. Sc.
essay. Kostopil: Kostopil printing, 2011. 52 p.
specials. 11.00.04 "Geomorphology and paleogeography". In- 8. Morokhovskyy, N.A. Morphostructural research of the part of
stitute of Geography of NAS of Ukraine. K., 2002. 45 p.
platform of Right-Bank Ukraine (on the example of the Middle
2. Budko, O.S. Rivne (Kostopil) basalts and their importance relief
Dnieper and the Volyn-Podillya) : dis. cand. geogr. sc. K.,
// Physical geography and geomorphology. 2006. Is. 50.
1990. 206 p.
P. 152-155
9. National Atlas of Ukraine / NAS of Ukraine ; chief ed. B.Y.
3. Geomorphology of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialistic Republic /
Paton ; resp. ed. L.M. Veklych; sc. ed. P.Yu. Hrytsenko; ed.
I.M. Roslyy, O.P. Andriyash, Yu.L. Grubrin et al.; [ed. I.M. RosI.O. Yevropina [et al.]; cartographers M.V. Belyak [et al.] ; lit.
lyy]. K. : High school. 1990. 287 p.
ed. O.I. Zub [et al.]. K. : SSPE "Kartohrafiya", 2008. 440 p.
4. Geophysical basis of tectonic map of Ukraine. Scale 1:1000000 10. A report of the deep geological mapping (scale of 1: 200,000)
/ V.A. Yentin, O.B. Hintov, B.M. Dzyuba et al. ; PDRHP
and related geophysical studies on the territory of the sheet MPivnichheolohiya. K., 2002.
35-IX (Kostopil) in 1975-1977 / I.A. Turchinov Rovno, 1978.
5. Zaleskyy, I., Bohutskyy, A. The geological features of Volyn Po Funds of Rivne geological expedition.
lissya pre-pleistocene section // Hlyatsial and peryhlyatsial of Vo- 11. Report of the geological mapping (scale of 1: 200,000) on the
lyn Polissya: materials of XIII Ukrainian-Polish seminar (Shatsk,
territory of the sheet M-35-IX (Kostopil) / N.Y. Strelkova et al.
11-15 September 2005). Lviv : PC LNU, 2005. P. 14-37.
K., 1956. Funds of Rivne geological expedition.
6. Korotun, I.M. The geological structure. Geomorphology // 12. Paliyenko, V.P. The newest geodynamics and its reflection in
Nature of Rivne region / ed. K.I. Herenchuk. Lviv : High
the relief of Ukraine. K. : Naukova dumka, 1992. 116 p.
school, 1976. 156 p.
The morphostructure of Kostopil denudation plain
O. Budko
Abstract. Geostructural position of Kostopil denudation plain in relation to higher order morphostructures is exposed in the article.
Fourth-order morphostructures is first distinguished, their detailed description is given. In particular, the morphostructures borders are
described, reliefs relation with tectonic and geological structure of a plain is shown. Drawn conclusion about the role of one or another
factors in morphostructures forming. Not all borders of Kostopil morphostructure is expressed identically well. On territory of Kostopil
morphostructure it is possible to distinguish such morphostructures of IV order: Zlaznensko-Derazhnivska, Suska, BerestovetskoBazaltivska, Borshchivska, Zirnenska and Vedmedivska. Zlaznensko-Derazhnivska morphostructure is characterized by a high position
of chalky sedimentations and separated from nearby morphostructures by tectonic break, that passes on a Goryn valley. BerestovetskoBazaltivska morphostructure agreed with the Volyn trap cover, which has a north-east direction. This morphostructure is well represented in relief by declivous rises, build by volcanic rocks basalts and tuffs. Within a bounds of Zirnenska morphostructure role of turonian
deposits diminishes in relief forming. The quaternary deposits value is increases, considerable areas occupy by the reclamated bog arrays. Vedmedivska morphostructure is characterized by the presence of denudation chalky flat humps in the absolute marks of a 200-205
m. The east border of morphostructure is expressed by the crystalline breeds, coming to the Earth surface along the river valley of Sluch.
Keywords: morphostructure, plain, Polissya,Ukrainian shield, Volyn-Podillya plate, tectonic fault
61
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
ASTROPHYSICS
..1, ..2
1
, .-. ,
, . ,
E-mail: [email protected]
2
, -
, . ,
E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 25.11.15; Revised 30.11.15; Accepted for publication 02.12.15.
. ' . ' , .
, p- .
, p- .
: ,
1.
,
.
ACRIM SMM [15],
PHOBOS ( IPHIR
[7]), SOHO. ,
.
`
p-,
l [1];
.
SMM ` [15].
3 K [15].
IPHIR PHOBOS [2],
[8,10]: `
p-
, .
p- , : , [11], p- l
, [11,16].
,
,
`-
, . ,
` , , p- l
.
,
, .
.
2.
VIRGO (SPM) -. SOHO (http:
//sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov) : 802 , 500 402 ;
10-6
,
60 ; .
2001
-. , , -,
( = 350
, 500 , 650 , 850 , 1100 , 1500 ) 10 % 20% ;
~35.55 , ;
. - .
, -,
..,
.
62
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. ,
.
3.
`
, .
,
,
.
,
, .
, (VIRGO/SPM, -),
,
, ,
( ,
).
, , .
,
` . ,
.
, .
,
[17,16].
[16]
() () ;
,
-
, .
,
.
, ,
.
l,
. ( )
.
l .
3.1
( VIRGO/SPM).
`
[4].
SOHO 24 .
[3],
,
, 5- .
[5] (
; ),
.
, VAL80 ( T = 3 10 ),
. .1 ( ),
(best fitted) ,
( );
.
,
,
,
, , ,
. ,
-
63
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. (
T = 4.5 5.5 ) .2; ,
,
, ,
.
20%, 5% h = -25 25 .
.
(h - 40 , h
100 110 ) h 30 .
.
;
p- .
,
.
. 2 , .
3.2
, ,
, ,
.
: ? , , [16,17].
,
( ,
, ), ,
, ,
, , , ( ). .
'
p- [6,9].
'
. :
)
( -
VIRGO/SPM);
) - ,
(
);
) (
X ) (
VTT)
l.
.
[12], , ,
. 20 40 .
, . k V , ,
Vp,x = 10 15 /, ,
.3.
, . ,
.
(31 ),
, ,
.
,
,
; .
,
7699 KI
[14,13].
.
' , ,
.
.
64
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.3: -
( ).
.4:
.
.3 .
,
. , .
. , , ,
Vz,
Vp,h, Vp,h > Vp (Vp
). , (k - -V ).
, , V1<Vp,x<V2 , k - V12 k x2 2 V22 k x2 .
. 4
,
: Vp,x = 40 / 60 /c;
250 300
( ).
X = 10 20
: ,
( Vp,x
). ,
, ' ,
h > 550 , , .
,
:
30~,
,
' .
T(t,x,h)
T(t,,h) l. k - l
, .
o
. 5. . 5, ( T = 5 )
l ( ) .
, X-. . ,
, VIRGO/SPM .
,
;
. -20 < h < 100
. , l; .
. 5,
5- . 25 < h < 100
( 1800).
: ,
, -, . ,
,
l ( l
).
65
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
378 , 0".5),
.
: ,
. , . ,
( ,
< 6 ) .
h 15 h 80 90 (. . 6).
- ,
, ( -).
,
64~
.
, p- l ( ), ;
.
( VIRGO/SPM,
-)
( VTT) .
' :
l
.
:
100 < h < 180 :
h < -25 .
l , ' ,
h 90 100 ,
h 50 180 .
(
VTT)
, ,
( VIRGO/SPM, -).
' : '
p- ,
.
.5:
5- : ;
.
.6:
( < 6 ).
(170 ; 512*512, , X =
66
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
REFERENCES
1. Atroshchenko I.N., Gadun A.S., Gopasiuk S.I et.al.( exec. editor 9. Hoekzema N.M., Rutten R.J. Astron. and Astrophys. 1998.
Gurtovenko E.A.) Variations of the global characteristics of the
V. 329, 2. P. 725-734.
Sun. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1991. 304 p.
10. Lebedev N.I., Oraevsky V.N., Zhugzhda Y.D., ev L.M.,
2. Bruns .V. Izv. Krymsk. astroph. obs. 2007. V. 103, N 2.
Kostik R.I., Pflug K., Rudiger G. Staude J and Bettac H.-D.
P. 44-53.
Astron.and Astrophys. 1995. V. 296 P. L25-L28.
3. Kostyk R.I., Shchukina N.G. Kinem. and phys. celest. bodies. 11. Komm R., Howe R.W., Hill F. Astrophys. J. 2002. V. 572,
1999. V.15, N 1. P. 25-37.
Issue 1. P. 663-673.
4. Stodilka M.I. Journal of phisical studies. 2004. V. 8, N 2. 12. Musman S., Rust D.M. Solar Phys. 1970. V. 13, N 1.
P. 192-198.
P. 261-286.
5. Hamming R.W. Digital filters. Moscow: Soviet radio, 1980. 13. Ruiz Cobo B., Rodriguez Hidalgo I., Collados M. Astrophys.
224 p.
J. 1997. V. 488, 1. P. 462-472.
6. Espagnet O., Muller R., Roudier T., Mein P., Mein N., Malher- 14. Rodriguez Hidalgo I., Ruiz Cobo B., Collados M., Bellot
be J.M. Astron. and Astrophys. 1996. V. 313, 1.
Rubio L.R. Astrophys. J. 2001. V. 547, 1. P. 491-502.
P. 297-305.
15. Woodard M., Hudson H. Solar Phys. 1983. V. 82.
7. Froehlich C., Bonnert R.M., Bruns A.V., Delaboudiniere J.P.,
P. 67-73.
Domingo V., Kotov V.A., Kollath Z., Rachkovsky D.N., 16. Zhugzhda Y. D., Stix M. Astron. and Astrophys. 1994. V.
Toutain T., Vial J.C., Wehrli Ch. IPHIR: The helioseismology
291, 1. P. 310-319.
periment on the PHOBOS mission // Seismology of the Sun 17. Zhugzhda Y.D. Astron. and Astrophys. Transactions. 2003.
and Sun-like stars, ESA SP-286. 1988. P.359-362.
V. 22, 4-5. P. 593-606.
8. Hasler K.-H., Zhugzhda Y.D., Lebedev N.L., Arlt R., Oraevsky
V.N. Astron. and Astrophys. 1997. V. 322 P. L41-L44.
67
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
II Rkczi Ferenc Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute, 6 Kossuth Square, Berehove, 90202, Ukraine
2
Uzhgorod National University, 32 Voloshin str., Uzhgorod, 88000, Ukraine
3
Cherkasy State Technological University, 460 Shevchenko Blvd., Cherkasy, 18006, Ukraine
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 07.09.15; Revised 14.09.15; Accepted for publication 18.09.15.
Abstract. Today to describe experimentally the structure of the amorphous substances the alternative methods are being sought actively. These methods must require only setting a small number of structural parameters of the atomic network easily sought experimentally. The best of such methods is the method that requires the least number of the initial a priori information about the system
under study.The most of the above experimental methods are based on the use of the binary correlation functions of the mutual spatial location of atoms or other structural particles (or radial distribution function). As of today, the methods that will allow the
structure of the whole macrosample to be described on the basis of the structure of its small fragments are being actively sought. The
main problem of such approach is the optimal choice of the elementary minimal typical microregions of the amorphous atomic
network, which demonstrate the properties that agree with the experimentally determined properties of the macrosample. The studies
of the amorphous state must be based also on the clear distinguishing of the ideal disordered atomic network and its structural defects. The notion of the defective structural particles must be taken as a basis of such distinguishing. Their pointing out among the
main structural particles may be based on the two conditions: a) the concentration of the defective particles must be much less that
the atomic density of the substance; b) the relevant property or the physical and chemical parameter of the defective particle must lie
beyond the limits of the distribution function of this property for the main structural particles.
Keywords: amorphous materials, disorder structure, amorphous structure defects
k 1
The function (r ) exists really for any condensed system, but for different structural states it is specified differently. For the ordered structures one may analytically
strictly specify the location of any atom with respect to
the given one. Their functions of location are called the
first-kind functions (fig. 1 a). These functions describe
totally deteminated functional order in the locations of
atoms using, for example, the translation vectors of the
elementary cell. For the infinite extended disordered locations of the structural particles, when there exist only certain correlations in the locations between the nearest
neighbors and it is impossible to specify the locations of
the distant structural particles, the functions of location
are called the second-kind functions (fig. 1 b).
68
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Now such setting in a pure form is realized only for the
theoretical amorphous structures calculated by computer
modeling [5]. Therefore to describe experimentally the
structure of the amorphous substances the alternative
methods are being sought actively. These methods must
require only setting a small number of structural parameters of the atomic network easily sought experimentally.
The best of such methods is the method that requires the
least number of the initial a priori information about the
system under study [6].
The most of the above experimental methods are based
on the use of the binary correlation functions of the mutual
( ) (
peaks of almost Gaussian shape W( r ), each of them specifying the probabilities of the mutual locations of the atoms j and k at the distance , i.e.:
( )
If the mutual location of the atoms of the system is totally chaotic (the case of the total disorder), then all correlation functions are constants not dependent of the particular set of the spatial coordinates, i.e. (
)
. In the real condensed unordered systems, there exist
the spatial correlations in the atomic locations. This
means that the probability of the location of a certain atom of the system in the certain point of the space depends
on the points, in which the other atoms are located. The
character of such correlations is described by the set of
correlation functions: unitary ( ), binary ( ),
ternary ( ) and so on.
)
(
spherically symmetric. In addition, W( r ) in the amorphous state by their form and content reflect directly the
probabilistic correlation type of ordering of the atomic
network and are directly revealed in the diffractograms in
a form of the smeared Gauss-like distributions of random
quantities.
The function W( r ) is only one of the possible correlation functions of the disordered substances. According to
the general statistical theory for such systems, their characteristics and behavior are completely specified by a set
69
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
ture with respect to the most probable ones. In some cases
it becomes possible to make substantiated conclusions
about the most probable geometry of location of the nearest
neighbors in the atomic network and about the character of
interatomic bonds between them. As of today, it is impossible to reproduce unambiguously the real spatial distributions of the atoms in the amorphous substance on the basis
of RDF only. It also should be noted that in the general
approach the disordered structure is described not by the
separate SRO parameters, but by the whole RDF.
In the most cases the experimental studies relate not
the complete structure of the condensed substances, but
only the structure of its certain subsystem: nuclear, atomic, spin subsystems and so on. Respectively, in these cases the attention should be drawn to the separate specific
subelements of the structure. It seems most expediently to
specify the spatial distribution of the above subelements
in a form of the special functions of the momentary local
density ( ), where is the radius-vector of the corresponding point of the space in the chosen coordinate
frame. Thus, ( ) is the local density of a certain subelement of the structure in the spatial point with the radius-vector at the moment of time t. For the same object
this may be the electron density, the atomic density, the
nuclear density, the electric potential distribution, the spin
density and so on. Not momentary, but measuring timeaveraged microdistributions of the density ( ) related
directly to RDF are obtained experimentally.
The functions ( ), W( r ) and ( ) are the most general, but, at the same time, the most abstract structural
70
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
Table. Basic types of the particles for describing the solids [10]
Particle type
Examples
Role of the particles
Chemical composition particles Atoms, molecules, formula units
Specify the substance as the separate individual quantummechanical macrosystem
Structural particles
Individual groups of atoms
Describe the peculiarities of the structure of the substance
and specify its all properties
Kinetic particles
Electrons, holes, phonons
Specify the kinetic properties of the substance
Defective particles
Impurities, vacancies, charge centers May influence the most of the properties of the substance
The most stable in the substances are the chemical composition particles, for which the conservation law is obeyed,
i.e. the quantitative and qualitative set of the chemical elements included in the substance is fixed. The structural
particles are less fixed characteristic and in their case the
conservation law may not be obeyed. For the amorphous
substances the structural particles are the main elements of
their disordered atomic network. The necessity to correspond to a certain chemical composition of the sample imposes serious restrictions onto the choice of certain microfragment of the structure of the amorphous solid as the
structural particle. For example, provided the validity of the
chemical composition conservation law for the As30S70
glass, the structural particle must include at least 10 atoms,
while for the As32S68 compound 25 atoms. The latter
condition requires the development of the description of the
fragment structure in the non-crystalline substances of rather large size, which is comparable by complexity with the
description of the structure of the whole macrosample.
Pointing the structural particles out is often based on a
clear differentiation of the interatomic interaction forces
into the strong and weak ones. It is assumed here that
strong interactions are revealed only inside the structural
particles and at the sites of their linkage in the general
atomic network. The structural particle is surrounded by a
weak force field that characterizes its interaction with the
neighbors. Thus, in general case, the structural particles
are not independent of each other [10].
In the ideal case the use of the particle method must
ensure the choice of the minimal number of the types of
the structural particles sufficient to describe the maximal
number of different substances and their states. Furthermore, such particles should desirably fill uniformly the
whole space occupied by the substance, not leaving free
volume residuals. In the amorphous substances, some
difficulties arise in this respect. As a rule, it is necessary
to introduce the particles of different types to describe the
structure of the amorphous materials. As the amorphous
materials have different chemical composition, different
geometric 'shapes' and frequent deviations from multiple
relations of different chemical element content, they fail
to ensure the continuous complete filling of rather large
macrovolume. Therefore, the presence of the free volume
is typical for the most disordered substances [10].
In such approach, the real solid body should be considered the system of interacting different-type particlesmicrofragments of the atomic network with the volumes
ids complicates pointing the structural particles out. However, with the development of the notions about SRO of
their atomic network, it became also possible to point out
the structural particles in them (as an example, one could
mention the silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons in the silicate
glasses). According to Ref. [10], the volume of these structural particles should not exceed that of the elementary cell
of corresponding crystal of the same chemical composition.
Thus, the most general and typical for all non-crystalline
solids feature, i.e. the presence of SRO in the atomic locations, makes a basis of dividing the amorphous substances
into the structural particles. Therefore, the correct distinguishing of the structural particles must ensure the total
description of SRO in the atomic network. Moreover, when
choosing the structural particles in the amorphous substances one has to take into account the ordering in the IRO
region and the presence of the mesoscopic structural peculiarities. This is mainly provided by the rules that make a
basis of bonding the structural particles. In such conditions,
the structural particles are the characteristics of both SRO
and IRO simultaneously. The fruitfulness of such approach
for the silica glasses is proven by, e.g., Ref. [11], where the
character of the structure of their atomic network was
found to define by the rules of combining the SiO4 tetrahedrons according to the stishovite, colusite or quartz structure types. This also means that one can, using different
laws of combining, obtain different amorphous structures
of the same structural particles. This problem is analyzed in
details in Refs. [9, 11, 12].
The peculiarities of the atomic network SRO indicate
that the structural particles of the amorphous substances
have certain elements of the spatial symmetry. This assumes the presence of any symmetry elements. In this
context, the maximal symmetry of the structural particles
can be an important criterion of their choice.
In the case of crystals, the knowledge of their elementary cell defines simultaneously the procedure of construction of the whole macrosample. In our opinion, the structural particles in the amorphous substances must play the
role of the elementary cell of the crystalline lattices. This
condition must also determine the procedure of their distinguishing in the disordered atomic network. Evidently, the
procedure of constructing the macrofragment of the atomic
network in the amorphous substances of the structural particles must use both the simplest (translation, rotation) and
much more complicated rules of their mutual spatial combination. These rules were first introduced by Zachariasen
for combining separate polyhedrons in the oxide glasses.
Many amorphous structural particles may be isomorphic, i.e. formally replaceable at the transition from one
chemical composition to another one, e.g., for the case of
the structural particles in AsS3/2, AsSe3/2, AsTe3/2. At the
total (unlimited) isomorphism of the structural particles,
their correspondence by geometry, volume, shape and the
rules of their combining with other structural particles is
assumed. In the case of the presence of common atoms in
71
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
the neighboring structural particles, the conditions of their
isomorphism must be especially rigorous. The use of the
methodological approaches of stereochemistry and
chemistry of polymers can be an important trend of the
studies.
The structure of the particular structural particle may result from both the free manifestation of interatomic interactions and the 'binding' action of the surrounding atomic
network with other types of the structural particles. Such
binding may be of two types: the first, passive, when it
leads only to a slight change of the parameters of the structural particle, which remains itself a stable structural formation. The second, a stronger, kind of binding occurs in
the case, when the structural particles acquires under the
influence of the surrounding matrix the other structure,
which it fails to keep beyond the atomic network. In the
crystals, such binding is possible only in the case when the
number of the structural particles of binding component is
much more than the number of the particles of non-typical
component, since the non-typical structure will be quite
stable only in the conditions of a strong influence of the
main component. The example is the crystalline lattice
structure in the region of occurrence of the impurity atoms
or point defects. In the amorphous substances, the nontypical can be realized much easier, since in the disordered
atomic network they can easily adopt for the structure of
surrounding neighbors. The active 'binding' influence of
certain structural particles on the structure of their neighbors and vice versa is a decisive peculiarity of the structure
of the amorphous substances.
Thus, in the case of the amorphous substances, the structural particles must simultaneously satisfy some important
conditions: the additivity conditions (i.e. the lack of overlapping) at the space filling; each their type must specify a
certain part of the atomic network of the amorphous structure, they must have the maximal symmetry in the SRO
region. Here an important requirement for the structural
particles is excluded to be the smallest possible part of
the structure, which is due to the lack of long range order in
the amorphous matrix. Combining the requirements of additivity of the structural particles at the volume filling with
their maximal symmetry frequently leads automatically to
the necessity to 'cut' the particles of the chemical composition of the substance when pointing out the structural particles (e.g., in the case of the AsS3/2 structural units). Thus,
the chemical composition of certain structural particles may
not coincide with the general chemical composition of this
amorphous substance. In the quantum-mechanical calculations, 'cutting' of the chemical composition particles for the
creation of the additive units is not admitted, therefore, the
other principles of the atomic network partitioning is used,
which may not ensure the condition of maximal symmetry
of distinguished structural particles.
Distinguished structural particles can have different spatial scale. On the lower step of their hierarchy there are the
structural units (SU) widely used to describe the atomic
structure of the amorphous substances. The original variant
of the structural particles of the amorphous substances in a
form of the bipyramids, which are the carriers of information about the SRO symmetry and satisfy the additivity
condition, was suggested by Pinsker [1316]. At their distinguishing the statistical scatter of the structural parameters of the bipyramids is allowed and they fill the space
with the residual free volume.
dn/dpi
72
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
property of any of the principal structural particles of the
atomic network could not deviate from the average value
more than by /2 (fig. 3). It is evident that the relevant
property for the defective particles must lie beyond the
limits of this distribution of a given property of the main
structural particles (fig. 4). For example, if one considers
the internal energy of the structural particles as the parameter P, then the defects will correspond to those of them, the
energy of which differs largely from the average energy
[16]. In this context, the defects of the amorphous substance are treated as the structural particles with relatively
low concentration and with the properties, which differ
substantially from the properties of the main structural particles. In other words, the local volume of the atomic network is the defect of the amorphous structure and the SRO
parameters of it substantially differ from the statistically
average SRO parameters of this network over the macrovolume. In addition, the model ideal amorphous systems
having the atomic networks absolutely free of the defective
structural particles can be used as the benchmark for the
comparison with different real amorphous substances.
One may distinguish two basic types of the effectiveness
of the amorphous substances: the defective particles with
the chemical composition of the atomic network and the
defective structural particles of the atomic network. For
example, in the covalent substances, the 'broken' chemical
bonds, which can be in different charge states, are one of
the most common defects of the atomic network. In many
cases they may interact with each other and, respectively,
exist in a form of the pairs of even the complexes.
fects any deformations of interatomic distances and valence angles? Perhaps the small deformations are inherent
in the amorphous substances, whereas the large ones are
the defects? How can we define the quantitative boundary
between the large and small deformations? Can we consider the defects the 5-term and 7-term rings of the atomic
network in the amorphous germanium, if they include
about 15% of all atoms? What is the defect in the atomic
network of the amorphous selenium the rings or the
chains? What chemical bonds should be considered correct, and what chemical bonds should be meant incorrect
in the atomic network of the As10Se80 glass? What is the
substance that includes 20% of the defects? Who will take
courage to carry out serious researches in the crystals with
such degree of 'defectiveness'?
In the above context, one may also note the known approach with a special emphasis made on the role of the
charged structural defects of the atomic network in the
revelation of the physical and chemical properties and
structural inhomogenuities of the amorphous chalcogenides. Beyond all doubt, the important achievements in the
studies of the photo-induced changes in the amorphous
chalcogenides were obtained in this area, where the main
emphasis is given to the change in the state of the defects.
However, when studying these changes an appropriate
attention was not always drawn to the local structural reconstructions and revelations of metastability of the
amorphous atomic network, which manifest themselves
via the collective (mesoscopic) rearrangements of the
atoms. This especially concerns the studies of the anisotropic (vector) properties in the non-crystalline solids.
An attempt to revise some notions based on the estimates of the specific role of the charged defects of the
atomic network in the revelation of the structural metastability of certain amorphous chalcogenides, in particular,
As2S3, was made in Ref. [22]. K. Tanaka developed the
idea that the nature of so-called tails of weak absorption
in these materials (Urbach edge) can be related not to the
charged defects but to the presence in the atomic network
of a certain part of homogeneous As-As-like atomic
bonds, which form the energy states below the conduction
band. The density of these states recalculated to the total
number of atoms of the substance is at least ~1%, and this
considerably exceeds the concentration of the charged
defects according to the N. Mott's concepts [23]. Moreover, K. Tanaka challenges the decisive role of charged
defects in the electron properties of the covalent amorphous chalcogenides. K. Tanaka's ideas are the object of
intense discussions [24]. Nevertheless, they are quite substantiated and supported by the manifestation of different
structural effects in the amorphous chalcogenides [25-26].
In our opinion, many of these controversial questions can
be easily solved if one introduces generally accepted rule
of constructing the ideal atomic networks and pointing out
the defective structural particles in them. One of the possible variants was suggested by us above.
In this context, the differences between such notions as
fluctuations and defects in the amorphous substances
should be noted [27]. Gubanov was the first to estimate the
parameters of fluctuations of the non-crystalline structure
and related them to the existence of the localized states in
the forbidden band. Statistically, the defects are also fluctuations, but they include mainly the stable discrete violations
of the atomic network structure of quite large amplitude.
2
Fig. 4. Distribution function of the main (1) and defective (2)
73
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
As a result, the defects are related to the strong changes of
the nearest environment by only small number of separate
atoms at almost constant environment of all other atoms.
This allows several defects to be clearly and reliably identified in the structure of the solid. The fluctuations in the
amorphous structure, unlike defects, are related not to the
large discrete changes but to the continuum small change of
the environment of some atoms with respect to the other
ones.
Consider the model system of the ideal gas to clarify this
question. From the point of view of the structure it is treated as extremely chaotic state with full absence of the structure. Nevertheless, such state has its own 'zero' and not
completely unambiguous structure. The idea of the presence of equivocal structure of the ideal gas appears after the
conditional execution of the operation of fixation of its
structural particles in the space. The analysis of configurations of the particles in such momentary photograph shows
that different structural particles have different environment
and different local density of distribution. However, some
average values of the structural parameters can be established, and the local deviations from them are called fluctuations, not defects. It is important that such deviations are
not the characteristics of deviation of the ideal gas from
ideality. Alternatively, the presence of the fluctuations in it
is an integral intrinsic entity of the ideal gas state. Probably,
such approach must make a basis for choosing the ideal
REFERENCES
1. Nukui, A., Shimizugawa, Y., Morikawa, H., Ohsumi, K. RDF 15. Pinsker, G.Z. Defining the parameters of the glass structure
studies of GexS1-x glasses employing anomalous scattering //
B2O3 // Glass Physics and Chemistry. 1981 Vol. 7. 1.
J.non-cryst.solids. 1987. Vol. 95-96. 1. P.433-439.
C.2 2-25.
2. Lannin, Jeffrey S. Local structural order in amorphous semicon- 16. Balmakov, M.D. Fluctuations structure and defects in glassy
ductors // Phys.Today. 1988. Vol. 41. 7. P.28-35.
semiconductors // glassy semiconductors: Abstracts of the All3. Frenkel, Ya.I. Collection of selected works: In 3 vol. / Academy
Union Conference "glassy semiconductors." L., 1985.
of Sciences. Leningrad, 1958. Vol. 2. 600 p.
P. 234-235.
4. Wright A.C. How much do we really know about the structure 17. Balmakov, M.D. The impact of fluctuations in the properties
of amorphous solids // J.non-cryst.solids. 1985. Vol. 75.
of the structure of disordered systems // Herald of Leningrad
1-3. P.15-28.
State Univercity: Physics and Chemistry (issue 2). 1982.
5. Anderson, P.W. Trough the glass lightly. London: Science,
10. P. 104-106.
1995, 267p.
18. Tanaka, K. Wrong bond in glasses: a comparative study of oxid6. Wright, A.C. Basic amorphography // Coherence and energy
es and chalcogenides // J. optoelectronics and advanced materitrans. for glasses (Proc. JATO workshop). Gambuky, 1984.
alls. 2002. Vol. 4. 3. P. 505-512.
P.1-44.
19. Lubchenko, V., Wolynes, P.G. The microscopic quantum the7. Zallen, R. The physics of amorphous solids. Chichester: Wiley
ory of low temperature amorphous solids // Cond-mat 0506708.
classic library edition published, 1998. 304 p.
2005. P. 1-55.
8. Pinsker, G.Z. Determination of lattice patterns in the amorphous 20. Popescu M. Structure, defects and electronic properties of
structure // Glass Physics and Chemistry. 1980. Vol. 6.
amorphous semiconductors. Chichester: Wiley-VCH, 2003.
5. P.521-524.
Vol. 1. P.1-22.
9. Balmakov, M.D. The structural units of Muller in the methods of 21. Elliott, S.R. Physics of Amorphous Materials. 2nd Edn,
calculation of properties of glasses on their composition // Glass
Longman, London, 1990. 504 p.
Physics and Chemistry. 1980. Vol. 6. 2. P.136-142.
22. Tanaka, K. The charged defect exists? J. optoelectronics and
10. Zakis Yu.R. Defects in the glassy state material. Riga: Ziadvanced materials. 2001. Vol. 3. 2. P.189198.
natne, 1984. 202 p.
23. Mott, N.F., Davis, E.A. Electron Processes in Non-Crystalline
11. Models of Disorder. The theoretical physics of homogeneously
Materials, Vol. 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, (1979).
disordered systems by Ziman J.M., Cambridge University 24. Andriaenssens, G.J., Stesmans, A. Gap states in chalcogenide
Press Cambridge, (1979).
glasses. J. Optoelectronics and advanced materials. 2002.
12. Ovshinsky S.R. Fundamentals of amorphous materials // Phys.
Vol. 4. 4. P.837-842.
prop. Amorph. Mater. Bloomfield Hils: New York-London, 25. Georgiev, D.G., Boolchand, P. Intrinsic nanoscale phase sepa1985. P.105-155.
ration of bulk As2S3 glass. Philosophical Magazine. 2003.
13. Pinsker, G.Z. The structure of amorphous films // Proceedings
Vol. 83. 4. P.2941-2953.
of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: Inorganic Materials. 26. ..
1979. Vol. 15. 10. P. 1713-1717.
. .
14. Pinsker, G.Z. Defining the parameters of the glass structure
1989. .15. 2. .289-292.
SiO2 // Glass Physics and Chemistry. 1980. Vol. 6. 6. 27. .. - P. 651-657.
. .-.: - , 1963. 250 c.
74
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
-
-
.. *, ..
.. , ,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 30.11.15; Revised 05.12.15; Accepted for publication 09.12.15.
. - - . P -
, o P , f , P . F = ( G G : G / O (G) f ( )
G / G ( p ) f(p) p (G) ) - - f .
- - bq p -
q .
: ; ; ; - , -
, .
1963
[1]. .. [2]. , [1],
, .. [3]. 1999 .. - - ,
(., , [4, 5]).
- -, -, -, - . -
-, -, -, - . - -
.., .., .., .. (., , [69]).
-
-. - -
[4]. [10]
- . [11] ..
.. ( , )
. [12] - .
, [11], - - . - -
bq p -, q .
. -
. , , [2, 4, 10].
.
,
G
, G .
F , :
1) , G F N
G , G / N F ;
2) G / N F G / M F G / N M F .
F ,
:
1) , G F N
G , N F ;
2) , G = N1 N2 N1, N2 F G , G F .
P , P , G , G -,
G , (G) , (G)
G .
( X ) ,
X , .. ( X ) , X . , ( G )
, G .
p P . N p = G p
p -, p=P \ p , G p = G .
p
GF F - G , ..
F - G , F
; G F F - G , .. G ,
F , F ;
75
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
[11], - f - F
-, f ( p )
Op (G) O (G) N p - G - G
.
F1 F2 . F1F2 = ( G G :
G , f ( p ) F , p { } .
, f
G N F1 ,
G / N F2 ).
f : { }, g : P
{ }, : P {
} F -,
-. F ( f , ) = (
PF -
G G : G / O (G) f ( ) G / G ( p ) f ( p)
p (G) ) - f ; PF ( g, ) =
( G G : G / G ( p ) g ( p) p (G) ) g [4].
- bq -
F , f ( p ) G , f ( p )
F p P .
- () - () F
- () F .
1. q , F -
PFR
bq p - F - f ,
f (r ) = h(r ) r { }( \ {q}) f (q) = Nq
h(q) , h - F
. 1 (1), - F -. - F
, - F .
h - F . bq -,
F p { } .
,
().
,
.
1 ( 4 [4]). F = F ( f , ) ,
PFR -. :
(1) F = F ( g , ) , g ( p ) = f ( p) F p
;
(2) F = F (h, ) , h( ) = F h ( p ) = f ( p )
p .
2 ( 2 [10]). F = F ( f , ) p .
(1) p , G / O p (G) F G / G ( p ) f ( p ) ,
{ }( \ {q}) .
, f - F . , h
- F , r { } h(r ) = G , h(r ) F . , f , r
{ }( \ {q}) f (r ) G , f (r ) F . ,
r q . h(q) = G , f (q) = Nq h(q) = Nq G = G .
h(q) G . , - - , h(q)
F . , f (q) F .
, f (q)
F G f (q) \ F . G
G F;
(2) G / O (G) F G / O (G) f ( ) , G F ;
(3) G / M F , G / G ( p ) f ( p ) p
M = G . , G / Oq (G)
(M ) G / O (G) f ( ) , G F .
3 ( 5 [10]). F - - f b p - .
:
(1) Op (G / G ( p ) ) G ;
, G / Oq (G) F . , G / G ( p )
(2) F - g , g (q) =
f (q) q { }( \ { p}) g ( p ) = N p f ( p) .
h(q) . , (G / G (q ) ) / Oq (G / G (q ) ) h(q) .
76
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
(1) h -
F , (1) h f1 , (1) (2) f (r ) = f1 (r ) = Nr h(r )
3 (1), Oq (G / G (q ) ) =1. G / G ( q )
h(q) . p -, q
, G / Oq (G) F G / G ( q ) h(q) 2 (1) -
r \ {q} . .
1.3. F - F
- f , f (r ) = Nr h(r )
G F (h, ) = F . . , f (q) F . , f - F .
- f , h f
r , h F
1.4. F - F
- f , f (r ) = Nr h(r )
- h F .
f F . .
, P , 1
.
1.1. q P , F
f , f (r ) =
r , h - F
-
- F bq p -, q .
2. q , h1 h 2
F
, - F - , (q )
= G q Nq q P ; - ,
- - F
bq p - , G -
bq p - F -
G / G ( q ) h1 (q) , G / G ( q ) h 2 (q)
. 1. G / G ( q ) h1 (q) .
f (q) = G( Zq ) Nq q P ; -
1, F - f , f (q) = Nq h1 (q)
, (q ) = Sc q q P , Sc q
,
q - . -, -
1 , 2 3 [10].
= Nq h 2 (q) .
G / G ( q ) h 2 (q)
Nq h1 (q) = Nq h 2 (q) G .
G / G ( q )
1 , 2 , 3 bq p -
, (G / G ( q ) ) / Oq (G / G ( q ) ) h 2 (q) .
q , 1 .
1.2. F -
F f , f (r ) = Nr h(r ) r
, h -
F
. q
. 1, F - f ,
f (q) = Nq h(q) f (r ) = h(r ) (1) r
F
bq p - , G G / G ( q ) h1 (q) , G / G ( q ) h 2 (q).
{ }( \ {q}) , h
- F .
r \ {q} . , f (r ) = Nr h(r ) . 1 br p -,
, - F
bq p - , q ,
-, - F .
1 F - f1 , f1 (r ) = Nr h(r ) (2).
77
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
1. Gaschtz, W. Zur Theorie der endlichen auflsbaren Gruppen // 8. .., .. - Math. Z., 1963. Vol. 80, 4. S. 300-305.
// 2. .. . .: , 1978.
, 2011. . 23. . 1. . 94-101.
3. .. // . ., 9. .., .. -
1974. . 94. 4. . 628-648.
// , . 72,
4. .., .. -
. 2, 2002. . 269-282.
// - 10. .. - , 2002. . 71. . 1. . 43-60.
// . . . . i . .
5. .., .. -
i. , 2002. . 36-45.
// , 11. .., .. 2001. .13. . 3. . 125-144.
. .: , 1978.
6. .., .. - 12. .. - - - // . . ., 2010. . 51.
// 5. . 990-1009.
, 2013. 4. . 46-48.
7. .. -
// , 2012. 4. . 12-16.
REFERENCES
1. Gaschtz, W. Zur Theorie der endlichen auflsbaren Gruppen // 8. Korpacheva, M.A., Sorokina M.M. Critical -fibered -closed
Math. Z., 1963. Vol. 80, 4. S. 300-305.
formations of finite groups // Diskretnaya matematika, 2011.
2. Shemetkov, L.A. Formations of finite groups. M.: Nauka, 1978.
Vol. 23. 1. P. 94-101.
3. Shemetkov, L.A. Stepped formations of groups // Math. sbornik, 9. Sorokina, M.M., Silenok N.V. Critical -foliated formations of
1974. Vol. 94. 4. P. 628-648.
finite groups // Matematicheskiye zametki, 2002. Vol. 72. 2.
4. Vedernikov, V.A., Sorokina M.M. -fibered formations and FitP. 269-282.
ting classes of finite groups // Matematicheskiye zametki, 2002. 10. Vedernikov, V.A. On new types of -fibered formations of finite
Vol. 71. 1. P. 43-60.
groups // Ukr. matem. kongress. Alg. i teor. chisel. Pratsi, Kiyev,
5. Vedernikov, V.A., Sorokina M.M. -foliated formations and Fit2002. P. 36-45.
ting classes of finite groups // Diskretnaya matematika, 2001. 11. Shemetkov, L.A., Skiba A.N. Formations of algebraic systems.
Vol. 13. 3. P. 125-144.
M.: Nauka, 1978.
6. Vedernikov, V.A., Dyomina Y.N. -foliated formations of multi- 12. Sorokina, M.M. Semi-inner -satellites of -foliated formations
operator T-groups // Syb.Math.J., 2010. Vol. 51. 5. P. 990of finite groups // Herald of Bryansk State University, Bryansk,
1009.
2013. 4. P. 46-48.
7. Yelovikova, Y.A. On identities of lattices -canonical formations //
Herald of Bryansk State University, Bryansk, 2012. 4. P. 75-79.
On a maximal semi-inner -satellite of an -fibered formation of finite groups
M.M. Sorokina, R.A. Makukhin
Abstract. The work is devoted to investigation of -satellites of -fibered formations of finite groups. Let P be the set of all primes,
o P , let f be a mapping of into the set of all formations of finite groups, let be a mapping of P into the set of all Fitting formations of finite groups. A formation F = ( G G : G / O (G) f ( ) and G / G ( p ) f(p) for all p (G ) ) is called an fibered formation with the -satellite f and the direction . In this paper we describe the structure of the maximal semi-inner satellite of the -fibered formation with the bq p -direction for some prime q .
Keywords: a finite group; a class of groups; a formation of groups; an -fibered formation, an -satellite of a formation
78
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
-
.. 1,2, .. 1
1
. .. , . ,
2
, . ,
Paper received 04.12.15; Revised 10.12.15; Accepted for publication 12.12.15.
.
-.
. .
: -, , ,
1 2 3 + TT ;
E
E
E
1
0 = 1 + 2 3 + TT ;
E
E
E
1
e3 = ( 1 + 2 ) + 3 + T T .
E
E
. , [7]. .
.
. [5, 6, 9].
[2, 3]. ,
, ,
[1, 8].
- ,
,
[10, 11].
. -, , .
e1 =
1 3 ,
:
E
1
1 =
e1 + e3 ( T + T )T ,
1 2 1 +
3 = E 0 [ e3 + e1 ( 2 T + T )T ] ,
E0 = E ( 1 ) / 2 ,
2 = 1 2( )2 ( E / E ) ,
= ( E / E ) /( 1 ) ; E , ; E ,
; T T x1 x3
.
,
[4] (1) -,
:
N = 0 , M Q0 = 0 , Q0 = 0 , Q1 6 30 = 0 ;
:
N = B ( e10 + e30 ) N T , M = D e11 M T ,
3
1
,
Q0 = 2e130 , Q1 = 2e13
4
5
30 = E 0 [ e30 + e10 ( 2 T + T )T0 ;
6
:
e10 = u , e11 = , 2e130 = + w , 2e131 = w1 , e 30 = w 1 / h .
(2) (4) N , Q0
Q1 M ;
ij , u
x1 , ; w
.
1. . 2 h ,
xi , i = 1, 2 , 3 x 2 = 0 .
,
x2 x 2 = 0 x3 = 0 . , x1 = l x2 ,
x 2 = b ,
x1 , x3 . - [5]
79
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
x3 , w1
u
(6) (7),
w
, e10
w = 1 + 2 x 2 ,(11)
= w ,(12)
1 2
(5).
w1 (6) (7)
10 B
k2
k2
k2 =
w1 2 w1 = ( 1 ) T T0 ,
,
h
3
h
w1 = C3 sh ( kx / h ) + C 4 ch ( kx / h ) + h ( 1 ) T T0 .
w1 ( x ) = w1 ( x )
(5) C3 = 0, C4 = 0 .
u (6)
e11 ,
1
e130 e13
e30 ,
: B = 2 Eh( 1 + ) /( 1 2 )
, D = h 2 B / 3
, = 2k hG
, = ( 1 + )( )2 ( E / E ) / 2 , G ; N T = B T T0
M T = D T T1 / h ,
T = T0 ( x1 ) + T1 ( x1 )( x3 / h )
1 +
T ,
-, T =
1
k = 14 / 15 .
x = l
N ( l ) = 0 , u ( l ) h ( l ) = 0 ,
u = T ( 1 + )T0 x .(13)
(12) (5) 2 (11)
(5)
a 2 = T ( 1 + )T0 / 2h (14)
(5)
w( l ) w1 ( l ) = 0 , Q1 ( l ) = 0 .
(2) (3) (4)
(5)
-,
T , .
2. . -, ,
T0 = const , T1 = 0 .
(4) (3) (2) = ,
T = T , E = E :
a1
T (1 + )T0
2h
l 2 h T (1 + )T0 = 0 ,
a1 = T ( 1 + )T0 ( h + l 2 / 2h ) .
,
( 1 + )T0 h 2 2
w= T
+ l x 2
2h
(6)
2
u + w1 / h = C1 / B + t T0 ,
. (7)
- ( ) ((8)
) (10)
(9)
( 1 + )T0 2
w( 1 ) = T
l ,
2h
(16)
( 1 + )T0 h 2
w( 2 ) = T
+ l 2 .
2h
2
= w( 2 ) / w( 1 ) (17) (18)
20 E0
( w1 / h + u t T0 ) = 0 ,
3
2 ( + w ) = 0 , 2 = / D ,
+ w = 0 ,
w
C1 .
(6) (9) w1 0
..
[8].
w(x) ,
( 1 + )T0 2
w= T
( l x2 ) .
2h
, T > 0
x3 , T < 0 .
= 1+
,
(19)
(10)
2
= h / l .
.
- (, ), > 1 ( (19)).
.
T0
,
.
w1 ,
,
80
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. : . , 1976. 310 .
1. : / .. ,
.. , .. .; . . .. 7. / . .. . .: , 1990.
, .. . .: ,
1990. 512 .
8. Christensen, R.M. Mechanics of composite materials. New
York: J. Wiley & Sons, 1979. 348 p.
2. .., .., ..
9. Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses / Hetnarski, R.B. (ed.).
Springer, 2014. Vol. 1 Vol. 11.
. :
10. Youssef, H.M. and El-Bary, A.A. Generalized Thermoelastic
. . .. , 2005. 396 .
Infinite Layer Subjected to Ramp-Type Thermal and Mechani3. .. cal Loading under Three Theories State Space Approach //
. : . , 1973. 248 .
Journal of Thermal Stresses, Vol. 32, No. 12, 2009, pp. 12934. .., ..
1310. DOI:10.1080/01495730903249276.
11. Dimitrienko, Yu.I., Yakovlev, D.O. The Asymptotic Theory
//
. . . : - ,
of Thermoelasticity of Multilayer Composite Plates // Composites: Mechanics, Computations, Applications: An Internation1988. C. 6-8.
al Journal. Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2015, P. 13-51.
5. .., .. . .: . , 1978. 344 .
DOI: 10.1615/CompMechComputApplIntJ.V6.I1.20.
6. .., .. REFERENCES
1. Composite Materials: Handbook / Vasilyev, V.V., Protasov, V.D.,
7. Strength of Rocket Constructions / Mossakovskii, V.I. (ed.).
M.: Higher School, 1990.
Bolotin, V.V., etc.; Vasilyev, V.V. and Tarnopolsky, Yu.M. (ed.).
M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1990 512 p.
8. Christensen, R.M. Mechanics of composite materials. New
York: J. Wiley & Sons, 1979. 348 p.
2. Maksymuk, O.V., Mahnitskyy, R.M., Shcherbyna, N.M. Ma9. Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses / Hetnarski, R.B. (ed.).
thematical Modeling and Calculation Methods of Thin-Walled
Springer, 2014. Vol. 1 Vol. 11.
Composite Structures. Lviv: National Academy of Sciences
10. Youssef, H.M. and El-Bary, A.A. Generalized Thermoelastic
of Ukraine. Pidstryhach IAPMM, 2005. 396 p.
Infinite Layer Subjected to Ramp-Type Thermal and Mechani3. Pelekh, B.L. Theory of Shells with Finite Shear Stiffness.
cal Loading under Three Theories State Space Approach //
Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1973. 248 p.
Journal of Thermal Stresses, Vol. 32, No. 12, 2009, pp. 12934. Pelekh, B.L., Marchuk M.V. Generalized Nonlinear Theory of
1310. DOI:10.1080/01495730903249276.
Thermo-Elastic Shells taking into account the Transversal
11. Dimitrienko, Yu.I., Yakovlev, D.O. The Asymptotic Theory
Deformations // Temperature Problem and the Stability of
of Thermoelasticity of Multilayer Composite Plates // CompoPlates and Shells. Interuniv. Sci. Comp. Saratov: Saratov
sites: Mechanics, Computations, Applications: An InternationState University Publishing House, 1988. C. 6-8.
al Journal. Vol. 6, Issue 1, 2015, P. 13-51.
5. Podstrigach, Ya.S., Shvets, R.N. Thermoelasticity of Thin
Shells. K .: Nauk. dumka, 1978. 344 p.
DOI: 10.1615/CompMechComputApplIntJ.V6.I1.20.
6. Podstrigach, Y.S., Kolyano, Yu.M. Generalized Thermomechanics. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1976. 310 p.
The influence pliability to shear and compression on the deformability uniformly heated of composite plate-strip
M.V. Marchuk, V.S. Pakosh
Abstract. The relations of the refined theory of thermoelasticity for the plates-strips pliable to transversal shear and compression are
obtained. In the case of uniform heating at hinge fixing on the end faces of lower facial plane the analytical solution is found. The
influence of parameters pliability to shear and compression on deformability is analyzed.
Keywords: composite plate-strip, thermoelasticity, pliability to shear and compression, deformability
81
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
TECHNICAL SCIENCES
Introduction
The human-factor aspect has a significant impact on security in various industries. More particularly: the aviation
safety significantly reliant on correct action of ATC. Mistakes in their work can be caused by the ATC emotional
state (ES) finding that they are constantly experiencing
due to the increased responsibility for their decisions.
As one of the ways to solve the problem of impact of
human-factor aspect reducing on aviation safety proposed
to perform the permanent automatic monitoring of the
ATC actions during their duties execution [1]. Under the
reducing of impact of human-factor aspect on aviation
safety understands the accidents number diminution that
can occur due to ATC mistakes.
Said monitoring should be directed on access prevention to information resources that ATC utilize during
operations also unauthorized persons as well as persons in
inadequate ES.
As a biometric persons feature in which control is performed, authors suggest to use the ATC voice. It makes
the possibility to execute the remote control without distracting from the operation (means without direct contact
with the body scanning equipment devices).
For permanent monitoring of ATC access to information resources performing being developed the voice
control system over the ATC actions (CSAA). It operates
in real-time, and will automatically notify the senior manager about detected violations.
The system operation report will serve as the documentary violation evidence.
In a previous authors article [1] were proposed the
concept of one of the part of said control, particularly the
82
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
parameters such as melodic contour angularity, dispersion, central tendency. These parameters frequently used
for ES determining. [3-7].
Generally admitted that the voice pitch increasing indicates about person excitation; therefore the reduction moving a person in constrained, depression state [8].
Meanwhile, the authors during the research received
the results, which indicate that the pitch value can considerably vary. Not only in the pronunciation of different
words by the same person, but to be significantly different
for the same phonemes entering them into the various
speech fragments.
Below are results of voice pitch measurements of various key words and phrases made up to the fixed ATC
phraseology, as well as the phonemes included to these
keywords.
In tab. 1 as an example shown the average value of pitch
for several phrases that made up to the fixed phraseology.
Built algorithm that is based on the developed block diagram building CSAA concept includes the following main
steps:
1. The speech signal sampling (discretisation) from the
microphone output by means of which the communication
(dialogue) between the ATC and crew members implements.
2. The speech signal pre-processing. Is meant that the
signal segmentation to voiced speech fragments, and noise
reduction. The noise presence in the analyzed speech fragments can reduce the reliability the CSAA operation.
3. The ATC continuous speech segmentation to the
speech fragments. Their recognition and key continuous
speech pronouncing selection by parameters of which
perform the ATC ES authentication and monitoring.
4. The ATC authentication by informative speech
fragments parameters utilization that are intended into
authentication process.
5. The ATC ES monitoring by means of speech fragments informative parameters system. It intended for
monitoring, in the case of the ATC passage authentication
procedures (ATC ES monitoring subsystem operation is
described be the authors in [1]).
Below are shown the principles of the basic subsystems CSAA performed the processing of speech fragments in different algorithm stages.
Speech fragments recognition subsystem and key
fragments selection from ATC continuous speech.
Subsystem of identification and key speech fragments
selection from continuous speech based on developed
approach to the automatic words recognition from ATC
continuous speech taken into account the specific of their
operation.
At the core of the developed approach lies the segmentation into phonemes and pauses with further recognition.
The approach, based on which, proposed to perform the
key fragments recognition and selection developed with
taking into account about features of the ATC duties.
After segmenting the speech fragment represents as a
sequence of phonemes and pause, which are shown in the
form of cells. Each cell corresponds to a single phoneme
or pause and defines the boundaries of beginning and end.
At this point it is very important to choose the correct
segmentation method that will give reliable results.
For the method developing aimed on accurate segmentation currently utilizing learned framework based on
Markov models. After perform the classes cells assignment with a consistent comparison of the speech fragments with a keywords dictionary.
At the beginning the assignment is performed for the
deaf consonant phonemes because are the easiest for
recognizing. It is a unique phonemes class without pitch.
After that are allocated voiced consonants and vowels.
Voiced consonants are characterized by the noise presence unlike of the vowel. Voiced consonants noise level
will be much bigger than the vowels. Even at this stage,
the obtained pattern can be compared to fill in the keywords dictionary (a cells sequence, which had been assigned the class). It should be noted that in the database
(dictionary) key fragments are included in two forms: a
sequence of phoneme classes (in the form of cells) and
key parts of speech.
Pitch, Hz
(Vas ponyal)
198
(Tak tochno)
186
,
(Vnimanie vsem vozdushnym sudam)
221
F0, Hz
133,7
144,8
172
116
83
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
The next stage is to divide the class into subclasses of
cells and recognition of phonemes assigned to a particular
subclass.
The vowels class dividing into subclasses. Vowel phonemes recognition is based on results of comparative
analysis of the different formant frequencies values of
phonemes and their correlation (average values of the first
two formant frequencies F1 and F2 and their relation to
the speakers of both sexes). These parameters are basic
parameters for vowel phonemes recognition.
Vowel phonemes class is divided into two subclasses,
the A--E (ratio formant frequencies F1 and F2 lie in the
1.3 to 4.3 range) and -- (the ratio of the frequencies
F1 and F2 lie in the 5.6 to 8.5 range).
Further execute the assignment of phoneme probability
of belonging to one of the subclasses.
Accuracy of phonemes classifying to one of the subclasses is checked by comparing the current pattern with
the existing in dictionary. Similar procedures are performed in relation to the vowel phonemes.
Applying the mentioned approach can improve the
subsystem performance in comparison to its construction
based on artificial neural networks.
accordance with [8] coefficients linear prediction relatively weak depend on the person ES.
Authentication subsystem is based on trained ANN
[10] for the controlled persons recognizing.
Research has shown that as the ANN advisable to use
multilayer perceptrons with one hidden layer.
Specific values of ANN parameters and informative
speech fragments were determined in the process of modules classification testing on the criteria of the maximum
percentage of accurate authentication.
ANN applying with multiple outputs allows increasing
the access control reliability - in case of informed choice
of the accurate authentication parameters can reached
above 98%.
Conclusion
1. Proposed to perform the classification of controlled
persons by means of key speech fragments are allocated
from ATC continuous speech. Said key speech fragments
are parts of words and phrases frequently used during
working process, also included to the fixed by standards
professional phraseology.
2. Applying of developed approaches performance improvement and reliability of subsystem authentication,
including, and grounded choice of its parameters, allowed
to increase the percentage of accurate authentication above
the 98%. Also significantly reduce the implementation
time, which provided subsystem operation in real time.
3. Applying the developed system of ATC control over
their actions will allow significantly reduce the impact of
human factors aspect on the aviation safety. It performed
by means of preventing of possible illegal actions by
unauthorized persons, also reducing the errors likelihood
that can allow the controllers that are in an improper ES.
REFERENCES
1. Temnikov, V, Peteichuk, A. The concept of construction an
communication. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Mediautomatic system for ATC emotional condition monitoring //
cine, 47, 528-533.
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Tech- 7. Congleton, J.J., Jones, W.A., Shiflett, S.G., Mesweeny, K.P.,
nical Sciences, III(6), Issue:54, 2015 P. 52-54.
Huchingson, R.D. 1997). An evaluation of voice stress analy2. Ramiashvili, G.S. Automatic speaker recognition by voice // M.:
sis techniques in a simulated AWACS environment. InternaRadio and Communication, 1981. 224 p.
tional Journal of Speech Technology, 2, 61-69. doi:
3. Frolov, M.V. Monitoring of functional state of human operator
10.1007/BF02539823.
M.: Nauka, 1987. 197 p.
8. Tkachenya, A.V. The problem of the emotions stability in4. Taubkin, V.L. Recognition of the emotional state of a human
formative features in speech recognition problem // Journal
operator using the parameters of the speech signal // Thesis.
BGU, Part1. 2014. 3. P. 56-61
...PhD. ., 1977. 160 p.
9. Rabiner, L., Gould B. Theory and Application of Digital Signal
5. Williams, C.E., &Stevens, K.N. (1969). On determining the
Processing. .: ir, 1978. 848p.
emotional state of pilots during flight: An exploratory study. 10. Haykin, S.Neural networks. // 2nd ed. Tr. From Eng. .:
Aerospace Medicine, 40, 1369-1372.
Publishing house "Williams", 2006. 1104 p.
6. Kuroda, I., Fujiwara, O., Okamura, N., & Utsuki, N. (1976).
Method for determining pilot stress through analysis of voice
84
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
mis F2 ( Pc , M , n, R, d ) mis h ,
where
n code combination length,
signal power;
dimension of signals,
R speed of adjustment code,
d code size range.
Methods of coosing OFDM-SCC for radio systems consists of the following stages.
85
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
is a stationary random sequence Z K K , and output
Data input. Input parameters of transmitter and communication channel = {i}, and the size of permissible
value of probability signal m ish .
Selecting the number of subcarriers. While passing
a group of OFDM signal through nonlinear radio path of
radio subcarriers orthogonality is disturbed, leading to
their mutual influence and to reducing noise immunity of
receiving signals.
Evaluation of transfer characteristic link. At this
stage, using the method proposed in [7] evaluated the
state of multipath channel.
Converting the channel with between the symbols
distortions in set with gaus-channel without the
memory. In real frequency-limited channels (except the
additive noise) occurs intersymbol interference (ISI) caused
by memory channels. The reaction of channel on input
signals sequences cause mutual imposition signals at the
output channel. If normalize the power in amplitudefrequency characteristic of the channel, we can say that the
ISI leads to a significant change in the distance between the
signals at the output channel and, most importantly, to
reducing of the minimum distance between them.
In Gauss-channel with ISI (GCSCC) input and output
of the channel associated in expression [6]
Z Kh X ,
v0
j arg K
i
where bi e
.
Determining the average power of the output signal
at channel. If output channel has significant unevenness
of amplitude-frequency characteristics in Nyquist rate, so
channels could be quite different. The difference between
subchannels characteristics should be taken into account
in the process of signals construction and SCC.
Typically, parallel subchannels with distortion using different alphabets of signals with phase shift keying (PM)
and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). But with the
same minimum Euclidean distance d, which does not depend on the number of subchannel i. The need of considering of this option due to the possibility of building its base
of effective signals and signal-code constructions [5].
Suppose 0 < m1 < m2 < m3 < < mQ M1 splitting
numbers of subchannels. Then, in subchannel with the numbers from mj-1 till mj 1 (m0 = 0) used alphabet with 2qj
symbols, 1 j Q, and q1 > q2 > >
> qQ 1. This
means, that alphabets with more number of points use in
subchannels with higher signal / noise ratio or with large
eigenvalues i.
The average power output of i-subchannel has the form
(2)
hn ln10 .
L Ph
1 M 1
M Pavg L m 0 K m
Pout i Pq / K i , m j 1 i m j 1,
j
(2 1/ 2) / 6, q 2n 1,
x( q ) q
.
(3)
(5)
where v0 the relative speed of transmitting, while inputting protective intervals between signal blocks; L 1
the largest number for output power
PM Pavg
(4)
2
where Pq j d E x(2 j ) average power of output sig-
L
1
,
L0 1 l 0 / L
L
L M 1
Ph
M m 0 K
M
m
i 0, L 1.
channel related in expression Z i K i i i ,
Parameters defining before distortion of signals.
Lets take a look at the approach to encoding channels
with ISI, based on the synthesis of signal-code constructions that consist "warp" in the transmission of signals in
real channel.
For optimization of the signals group parameters with
OFDM use inputting to the signal distortion in transmis-
1 M 1
C v0 log 2 K i
L i 0 2
where
X samples of the transmitted signal at the input channel;
B samples of white Gaussian noise (WGN);
K h matrix of the channel (L0L), elements of which are
components of weight sequence
1
N
out i Pa vg.
i 0
(6)
0.
2
K
1
M 1 1
1 m 1 1
d x( 2 )
Pavg. (7)
N i m Ki 2
j 1
2
E
qj
j 1
Note that
86
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
1 m 1 1
L i m K i
j
f m (m j ) f m (m j 1 ),
j 1
M 1
i 0
j 1
(8)
qj
(9)
Determination of the maximum rate of group signal. The total rate in the channel of the OFDM could be
calculated by expression
v v0
1 Q
q
s j v(q j , d E2 x(2 j ) / Ph ),
N j 1
)
(11)
Pqj d E2 x(2 ).
d E2 x(2 j ) f L (m j ) f L (m j 1 ) Pavg .
d 2 x( 2 q
1 Q
m j v q j , E
N j 1
Ph
(10)
REFERENCES
1. Volkov, L., Nemirovskii, M., Shinakov, Yu. Digital radio
5. Baushev, S., Zaitsev, I., Yakovlev, A. Prospects for the devesystems: the basic techniques and features: tutorial. M.: Ecolopment of signal-code structures for Gaussian communication
Trends, 2005. 392 p.
channel // Foreign radioelectronics. 1990. 1. P. 15-31.
2. Ziuko, A. Noise-immunity and effectiveness of information
6. Baushev, S., Grigoriev, S. Signal-code constructions building
transfer. M.: Radio and Communication, 1985. 272 p.
with a low probability mistakes // Radiotechnics. 1996.
3. Portnoi, S., Ortiukov, S., Florkovskii, D., Gridnev, O. The
12. P. 12-14.
signal-code structures for high-speed modems // Radio engi7. Tolupa S., Gurskii T., Voskolovich A. Analysis of methods for
neering. 1997. 2. P. 91-95.
parameter estimation of multipath channels // Bulletin of State
4. Kuvshinov, O., Lezhniuk, O., Liventsev, S. Basic theory of
University of Information and Communication Technology.
noise-immune coding: tutorial. K.: NTUU KPI, 2001.
2011. V.9, 3. P. 194-204.
72 p.
87
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
-
. , . , . *
, . ,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 13.09.15; Revised 21.09.15; Accepted for publication 14.10.15.
.
. ,
, .
. . . .
.
: , , , ,
. 60 .
() [1;2].
,
[3;4;5].
, .
, , ,
[1;2].
,
[6].
. . [4;5]
.
,
[6].
[3]
( ) .
[2;5].
[1;2]
. , .
-- [4].
[6] ().
.
.
() . .
.
.
() .
N
( x k , yk ) (, )
f ( x, y) ,
j 0 i, j 1...n . , z ( ).
.
[7;8].
:
m m k
f ( x, y) Z ( x, y) akeTk ( x)Te ( y)
(1)
k 0 e 0
Tk ( x), Te ( y ) .
[7]:
Tk ( x) 2x Tk 1 ( x) Tk 2 ( x)
(2)
T0 1 , T1 x .
ake
,
ake ( , ) .
[7].
.
,
, fl ,m (ri , i , i ) ,
r , i , i
[9;10;11].
88
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
f ( , )
Klm ( , ) :
f ( , ) Clm Klm ( , )
Clm .
Klm ( , ) [10]:
1/ 2
(l 1) m
2
4(l 1) 1
Klm os
Kl 1
m
2
Kl 1
r sin cos
r sin sin
r cos
( )
( )]
( )
( )]
(10)
(4)
[ ( )
:
x
y
z
(9)
1/ 2
4
e
f ( g )f ( g )dg
g g f ( , ) , ,
.
[9]:
(3)
l ,m
1
4
( )]
(10)
:
f ( g )f ( g )dg f ( g )
(5)
f ( g ) dg 0
(11)
f ( g ) ds
,
:
.
:
(6)
Ac+ f
; m
Cl ; f
f Z ( x, y ) ; .
(6) :
(7)
=( )-1 f
.
, .
,
. [12].
[12]
:
(8)
=( +Q)-1 f
f ( g )f ( g )dg f ( g )
V
f ( g ) dg
(12)
1
f ( g )2 f ( g ) dg
4
(13)
2 Klm ( g ) l (l 1) Klm ( g )
(14)
, ,
,
:
2
1
(15)
s
l (l 1) Clm
4 l ,m
, Q
g ii l (l 1) / 4 ,
.
,
, , .
s cT Qc , Q ,
[6].
. , ,
, [12].
.
:
1
4
l (l 1)
l ,m
Q , :
S trQ Clm
(16)
3D . 1 , , LandSerf [13].
V.
, ,
,
[2].
h( x, y) , , ,
[6].
89
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
)
. 1. ,
) ; )
{ ( )
{ (
h( x, y)
h( x, y )
h1 h( x, y ) ; h2
; h3
;
y
x
2 h ( x, y )
2 h( x, y)
2 h( x, y)
;
;
.
h4
h
6
5
x 2
y 2
xy
M ij
k14
k24
k34
k44
k15
k25
k35
k45
k55
k16
k26
k36
k46
k56
k66
(18)
.
, hi h j 0 , (17)
:
k11
( M ij )tr
0
k22
0
k23
k33
k22
0
0
k44
k23
0
0
k45
k55
k33
0
0
k46
k56
k66
(19)
.
,
, , .
().
: ,
,
.
[7;14;15].
1 .
(. 3 . 2)
. . 3 5
.
3 ,
i . -
, :
k13
k23
k33
1 x2 x1; 2 y2 y1; hi , h j
, , h2 h3 , ,
h4 h6 ..
, h1 , h2 , h6
. ,
(, ..) .
- [14;
15] h1 , h2 , h6 , ,
k12
k22
E ;
h1 -
k11
( ) }
) (
(17)
kij h1 , h2 , h6 .
, (17),
.
kij .
. hi , h j , ,
Kij (1 , 2 ) , -
, . 4.
1 , 2 0 . :
90
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
1.
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
K()
276.3828
286.1155
285.5888
320.6745
268.0402
213.8575
254.8493
161.4305
174.6947
186.3224
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
K()
K()
K()
K()
K()
K()
K()
K()
K()
K()
242.2172
208.2681
174.5889
149.4574
126.0148
94.6761
69.8579
43.8263
20.7626
6.7354
217.9458
159.3684
99.4519
50.8585
19.6944
0.0620
4.7312
11.2124
17.2405
18.4532
229.6547
166.1328
113.8360
67.6987
47.9173
45.8111
38.5601
26.3298
19.9660
19.1983
233.0171
197.5977
178.5899
140.1052
104.5851
108.8117
94.5168
89.1945
107.2508
76.5301
168.4420
108.8714
100.4540
80.1386
84.1689
40.1279
0.7153
2.5185
13.5258
11.4352
156.3030
106.1053
76.7796
60.0964
41.6073
10.4771
16.0001
16.4722
23.9203
23.2990
162.2970
80.3188
53.8354
42.9544
19.9175
3.7791
12.7160
10.9064
10.9657
24.9065
64.8241
32.5372
0.9412
1.5428
11.3987
37.5372
39.4650
11.5031
13.6460
9.1080
127.0839
73.1661
21.6411
6.1152
1.7265
10.9941
9.0103
6.0952
21.8968
34.8317
129.2001
112.0767
88.6312
59.1919
54.4382
47.6977
33.1841
30.5755
27.7421
32.0058
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2.
cos
Kg()
Kc()
K()
K()
K() K()
0
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
1
0,938167
0,760314
0,488436
0,156155
0,19544
0,52286
0,78562
0,95123
0,9992
0,92361
108,65
90,52845
65,15883
37,17604
10,55567
11,7331
27,8784
37,2024
40,0054
37,3217
30,6387
130,258460677
54,128682759
3,884114367
0,048128197
0,000102979
0,000000038
0,000000000
0,000000000
0,000000000
0,000000000
0,000000000
238,908460677
144,657136445
69,042947982
37,224171476
10,555773773
11,733145246
27,878389081
37,202443478
40,005375903
37,321710083
30,638716308
3,887161300
102,083243384
39,231847237
17,918018162
1,071086403
18,015680646
29,800319761
34,759369555
33,663368172
27,930660135
16,135660867
242,795621977
42,573893061
29,811100746
19,306153314
11,626860176
6,282535400
1,921930679
2,443073923
6,342007731
9,391049949
14,503055440
. 3.
3.
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
1
12
12
0,7
0,8
0,9
10
10
11
10
12
10
12
14
2
.
3
.
4
5
11
5
9
10
6
16
15
15
16
91
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
1.
.
,
.
2.
.
3.
,
. .
4.
. , , .
. 4.
1. ..
/ .. // . 2009.
6. . 5665.
2. .. / .. // . 2008. 6. . 2832.
3. .. /
.. // . .: . 1987.
1. . 3539.
4. ..
/ .. // , . 2002. . 62. . 103110.
5. ..
/ .. , .. // . 2002. 4. . 3237.
6. .. :
[] / .. , .. . . . .
, 2010. 457 .
7. .. / ..
. .: , 1971. 576 .
8. .
/ . . .: , 1983. 384 .
9. . . / . , . .: ,
1970. 720 .
10. .. // ..
, .. . .: , 1974. 303 .
11. Bunge, H.J. Mathematische Methoden der Textur analyse / H.J. Bunge
Berlin: Academie Velag, 1969. 325 s.
12. .. '
// .. , .. , .. . .:
. ., 2008. 165 .
13. ..
/
.. , .. // . 2008. 2(18).
. 111116.
14. .. / .. , .. ,
.. , .. . .: , 1978. 582 .
15 .. : .
/ .. , .. , .. . .:
, 1985. 487.
REFERENCES
92
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. 1, . 2*, . 1
1
, . ,
2
, . ,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
.
, ,
[1, 2]. [3].
,
- UTM ,
.
, , [4, 5, 6, 7].
,
-,
[8].
.
[9].
, ,
.
,
.
, , , . , . , [5]. , , .
,
, [6, 8].
: ,
; ,
[10, 11].
,
.
, . .
.
-
[6].
- ,
,
,
.
[1]. - ,
[12].
- , ,
.
. , . [4].
[10].
[3]. [9], ,
- .
93
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.
(, ) , - , ,
.
-
.
- .
,
.
.
2. . ,
[6]. -
, W , .
:
X V1dx
,
(8)
Y V2 dy
1.
- . ,
,
[4].
- .
:
Y f 2 ,
X f1 ,
(1)
V1 f1 , V2 f 2 ; X, Y , :
X R sin
.
(9)
Y R
(8) ,
(9),
:
m V1 cos
(1) :
m1
m2
X R ai i , Y R 1 bi i cos . (2)
i 1
i
(ai;bi)
.
m, n p.
2
x y
2
m
2
R 2
n V2 cos .
(3)
m1
m2
ia i i 1 2 1 bi i sin 2
i 1
i 1
(11)
p f1 f 2 W .
W. V1 , V2 :
x y
2
n 2 2 2 .
R cos
m2
a
n
n 1 i 1bi .
i
V1 e
(4)
i 1
V2 e
(5)
90 .
nki :
i 1bi nki 1 ,
i
(12)
(13)
ln W n n n n ,
(6)
(14)
i , i , .
,
,
. , m n ,
f1 , -
i 1
m2
:
ln W ln V1 ln V2 ,
bi.
,
:
m2
p m n cos ,
m2
(10)
p V1 V2
. , , f 0 , :
iai i 1 m2 2 1 bi i sin 2 .
(7)
i 1
ai, bi (2) . - m, n p.
i 1
f 2 ,
.
(8) (9), (12)
94
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
2
X Re
0 n n
D0 ( )
cosd
2 nn
Y Re 0
d
n
pi . -
S l, n,
, p 0, l , n,
S D0 , S S j 0, j, S 0, 1, n , (18)
n
S S .
D0
S 1, n
.
. - z ( x, y) , ,
x, y i , i ,
n
i 1
- [12].
,
R
p,
~
r R
2
2
R 1, r x y R
x, y
, (19)
~2
2
r 1 R R
r R
2 1,
~
R R
Si
,
. :
p p I x x0 , y0 i
,
i
p I y x0 , y0 i
i 1
T
1
2
I x i ln r y ,
Si
(20)
I arctg r
y i
Si
y
ry
.
(20)
S i .
,
15 ( ).
,
,
(. 1),
(.
2)
(. 3).
(16)
px, y
p . :
U V U V
p x, y
.
x y y x
p
p .
[13], -
(u, ) , :
V x, y ,
(14) ,
, [13] .
3. .
.
,
-
[14].
.
.
[7].
.
,
, , ,
,
[8]. . ,
.
,
[15].
.
x, y
u U x, y
S 1, n ,
(15)
(17)
, ,
- px, y
p D0 [15].
95
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. 2.
.
. 1. .
1. - ,
.
2.
,
-, .
3.
-
.
. 3.
1. .. 1945 6. .. 1991 : / .. : / .. . , // . . .: .
2012. 552 .
1986. 6. . 139-144.
2. .. : 7. . / . / .. , .. // // . . I.
. .: - , 1983.
( ). , . 152-160.
, 8. .C. : /
2003. 252 .
.C. -M.: - , 1997. -405 c.
3. .. / .. - 9. .. : /
// . . . .: - ,
.. . : . . - .
2009. 192 .
, 2012. 212 .
4. .. / .. - 10. .. , .. . .: , 1992. 292 .
/
5. .. / .. .. // . 3.
. .: , 1998. 400 .
2006. . 13-17.
96
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
11. .., .., .., .. - // . . ..
. .: , 2009. 96 . / . , , .
12. .. / .. .: ,
1999. 78 .
13. . / . , .
.: , 1970. 720 .
14. B.C. /
B.C. , .. // . . . .
1987. 1. . 100-105.
15. - .. / .. , .. // . 1987. 1.
. 38-44.
REFERENCES
1. Alf'orov M.A. Urbanization processes in Ukraine in 1945-1991 9. Mel'nyk, V.M. Fundamentals of cartography: Tutorial /
biennium: Monograph / M.A. Alf'orov Donets'k: Donetsk
V.M. Mel'nyk. Luts'k Editing and Publishing Department of
office of Shevchenko Scientific Society, LLC "East Publishing
East European National University Ukrainian, 2012. 212 p.
House", 2012. 552 p.
10. Baranovs'kyy, V.D. Variational methods of optimization map
2. Kuts', Ye.S. Urban areas: methodology and practice of planning
projections for Ukraine and its separate regions / V.D. Baraand management / Ye.S. Kuts', S.V. Kuts' // Research and Denovs'kyy // Herald of Geodesy and Cartography. #3. 2006.
sign Institute of Urban Development State Construction
P. 13-17.
Committee of Ukraine (Research and Design Institute of urban 11. Baranovs'kyy, V.D., Karpins'kyy, Yu.O., Kucher, O.V., Lyadevelopment). - Melitopol, LLC "Publishing house Melitopol
shchenko, A.A. Topographic and geodetic and cartographic
City printing", 2003. 252 p.
software cadastre // The coordinate systems and map projec3. Kochurov, B.I. Geoecological mapping / B.I. Kochurov // Traintions. for the Society. Ed. Yu.O.Karpinskoho. K.: NIIGK,
ing Manual. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009. 192 p.
2009. 96 p. / Series of geodesy, cartography, cadastre.
4. Bugaevskij, L.M. Map Projections / L.M. Bugaevskij, L.A. 12. Sventjek, Ju.V. Theoretical and applied aspects of modern
Vaxrameeva. M.: Nedra, 1992. 292 p.
cartography /Ju.V. Sventjek M.: Jeditorial, 1999. 78 p.
5. Bugaevskij, L.M. Mathematical cartography / L.M. Bugaevskij. 13. Korn, H. Guide in Mathematics / H. Korn, T. Korn M.: Nau M.: Zlatoust, 1998. 400 p.
ka, 1970. 720 p.
6. Bugaevskij, Yu.L. Vary-valence projection of pseudocylindric 14. Tikunov, B.C. Using anamorphic image map in an urban analtype for anamorphic maps / Yu.L. Bugaevskij // Izv. vuzov.:
ysis / B.C.Tikunov, S.A. Judin // News of AS of SSSR. Ser.
Geodesy and Aerial Photography. 1986. 6. P. 139-144.
Geogr. 1987. 1. P. 100-105.
7. Mudrih, Z. On the subject and method of anamorphosis map / Z. 15. Gusejn-Zade, S.M. Numerical methods for creating animated
Mudrih // Cartography. Issue I. The foreign concepts and areas of
map images / S.M. Gusejn-Zade, V.S. Tikunov // Geodesy and
research. M.: Publishing House "Progress", 1983. P. 152-160.
Cartography. 1987. 1. P. 38-44.
8. Tikunov, V.C. Modelling in cartography: Textbook / V.C. Tikunov. M.: Publishing House MSU, 1997. 405 p.
97
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.. , ..
, . ,
Paper received 26.11.15; Revised 01.12.15; Accepted for publication 15.12.15.
. -5000 ,
() ,
. ,
, , -
.
: , , , ,
[5],
,
()
, 5 /3.
,
2 4
, 6 . ,
0,5
(), 1 2 .
() ,
, ,
, (),
94/63/EC . 2000 ,
2004 . ,
( ) ,
98% [6].
, , 98-99 %.
. ,
,
[7-9]:
1. .
2.
.
3.
, .
, ,
[10], [11,12].
1.
20 . .
[1],
,
1,5 . . [2].
,
[3],
,
, ( 1 2 ).
, [4].
, :
;
, ;
,
.
, .2.2-58.1-94,
.
, ()
-
,
.
2.
.
98
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
(), . 1.
3 , -5000. 1:17
-5000.
. 1.
3.
, ,
-5000 5000 3 [13].
()
,
16
17
13
11
10
14
15
-1
-4
12
5
9
. 1. : 1 ; 2 ; 3
; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8
AND EK-1200i; 9 ; 10 ; 11 (-1); 12 (-1); 13 -4; 14
; 15 ; 16 ( ); 17 ; 18
1. -5000
1 2 3 4 5 6
V
300 /3
1 (0,5 )
2 100 /3
Q
v
5000 3
100 /3
50 /3
10 /3
5 /3
0,3 /3
50 /3
10 /3
5 /3
0,3 /3
0,1 /3
0,16
0,25
0,14 3/
0,28 3/
0,83 3/
1,4 3/
2,8 3/
11,1 3/
5,6 /
5,6 /
16,8 /
28 /
50 /
50 /
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25
14,9 + 2 = 16,9
(14,9 ; 2 )
500 3/ 1000 3/ 3000 3/ 5000 3/ 10000 3/ 40000 3/
1, 2, /3
; c.
:
V
C
(1)
ln 1 ,
q
C2
V (5000 3); q 3/;
99
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
q
(2)
0,54 0,132,
v
q ; v
.
,
:
V (C1 C2 )
(3)
M
1000
1, 2, /3
.
:
M
(4)
m
,
3600
,
;
.
(1)-(4) . 2.
2.
1 2 3 4
54 .
17,2 .
11,5 .
2,75 .
1,3 .
4,4 .
0,30
0,40
0,47
0,46
0,55
0,64
1000
250
200
25
23,5
1,0
5 /
4 /
3,5 /
2,5 /
1,48 /
0,06 /
[14]:
A M F m /3,
(5)
,
2 3
H v1 T
,
(
200); , , /; F ,
(
1); m
( m=1);
, ; v1
, /;
C
,
(=1); , ;
,
50 1 , =1.
:
D2
(6)
v1
w0 ,
4
D , ; w0
, /.
(. 3.)
.
-5000
1,5 . .
3.
1
2
3
4
5
0,67 /3
0,43 /3
0,26 /3
0,15 /3
0,07 /3
M
5,0
4,0
3,5
2,5
1,48
, v1
5,6 /
5,6 /
16,8 /
28 /
50 /
, /3
1-
200 5 1 1 1
0,67
23
16,9
2-
3-
4-
280
0,014 /3
0,06
50 /
200 4 1 1 1
16,92 3 280
0,43
200 3,5 1 1 1
16,92 3 830
0,26
200 2,5 1 1 1
16,92 3 1400
0,15
0,07
0,014
200 1,48 1 1 1
16,92 3 2800
6-
200 0,06 1 1 1
16,92 3 11400
5-
100
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
, , ,
( ) , 250450 [15]. ,
1 2
.
, , -
, :
. 2.
1. ,
, ,
- (. 2).
2.
,
, ,
() (. 3).
,
.
. 3. -
1 ; 2 ; 3 ;
4 ; 5
4.
, - .
-
,
, .
-
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. .
4. ,
.
5.
1. ;
2. 5000,
,
.
3. ,
, .
101
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
1. []
line Distribution Networks. Prepared by the National Task
. .
Force on Vapour Recovery in Gasoline Distribution Networks.
. . 2014. 600 .
CCME. Canada. 1991
2. .. 10. Yinchang, Li. Experimental study on inert replacement ventila []
tion of oil vapor in oil tank [] / Yinchang Li, Yang
/ .. .: , 2004. 190 .
Du, Peili Zhang // Department of Petroleum Supply Engineer3.
ing, Logistical Engineering University, Chongqing 401311,
China. 2012. 45. C. 546-551
[] .. 08.09.1981 . 11. Robinson, M. Recommendations for the design of push-pull
. . . : . 1982. 32 .
ventilation systems for open surface tanks [] / M. Robin4. .. . son, D.B. Ingham // The Annals of Occupational Hygiene.
[] / .. .: , 1991.
1996. 6. . 693704
430 .
12. Fardell, P.J. The evaluation of an improved method of gas5. freeing an aviation fuel storage tank [] / P.J. Fardell,
[] . 10.11.89.
B.W. Houghton // Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1976.
. . . : . 1990. 41 .
1(3). . 237251
6. EU (1994). European Parliament and Council Directive 13.
94/63/EC of 20 December 1994 on the control of volatile or ganic compound (VOC) emissions resulting from the storage of
[] : / .. petrol and its distribution from terminals to service stations
, .. , .. , .. . . :
[] Official Journal L 365. 1994.
, 1969.182 .
7. European Commission (2006). Integrated Pollution Prevention 14.
and Conon Best Available Techniques on Emissions from
,
Storage, July 2006.
[] .. .
8. AEAT (2001). Measures to reduce emissions of VOCs during
04.08.86. . .
loading and unloading of ships in the EU. Report No
.: . 1986 79 .
AEAT/ENV/R/0469 Is.2 AEA Technology, Abingdon. 2001. 15. .. 9. CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment).
Environmental Code of Practice for Vapour Recovery in Gaso [] / .. , , 2003. 154 .
REFERENCES
1. Statistical Yearbook "Ukraine in numbers" [text] The State StaForce on Vapour Recovery in Gasoline Distribution Networks
tistics Committee of Ukraine. Ed. official. K., 2014. 600 p.
[] CCME. Canada. 1991
2. Larionov, V.I. Assessment and security of storage facilities and 10. Yinchang, Li. Experimental study on inert replacement ventilatransportation of hydrocarbons [Text] / V.I. Larionov. SPB.
tion of oil vapor in oil tank [] / Yinchang Li, Yang
LLC "Nedra", 2004. -190 p.
Du, Peili Zhang // Department of Petroleum Supply Engineer3. Temporary instruction on degassing tank from the oil vapor by
ing, Logistical Engineering University, Chongqing 401311,
forced ventilation [Text] Approved by Goskomnefteprodukt of
China. 2012. 45. C. 546-551
RSFSR 08.09.1981. Ed. official. M.: Stroyizdat. 1982. 32 p.
11. Robinson, M. Recommendations for the design of push-pull
4. Beschastnov, M.V. Industrial explosions. Evaluation and preventilation systems for open surface tanks [] / M. Robinvention / M.V. Beschastnov M .: Chemistry, 1991. 430 p.
son, D.B. Ingham // The Annals of Occupational Hygiene.
5. Guide to sweep reservoirs of oil residues [Text] Approved by
1996. 6. . 693704
Goskomnefteprodukt of USSR 10/11/89. Ed. official. M.: 12. Fardell, P.J. The evaluation of an improved method of gasStroyizdat. 1990 41 p.
freeing an aviation fuel storage tank [] / P.J. Fardell,
6. EU (1994). European Parliament and Council Directive 94/63/EC
B.W. Houghton // Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1976.
of 20 December 1994 on the control of volatile organic com1(3). . 237251
pound (VOC) emissions resulting from the storage of petrol and 13. The choice of means to reduce oil loss from evaporation from
its distribution from terminals to service stations. Official Journal
reservoirs and transport containers [Text]: handbook / I.S.
L 365. 1994.
Bronshteyn, V.F. Vohmin, V.E. Gubin, P.R. Rivkin. M.:
7. European Commission (2006). Integrated Pollution Prevention
TsNIITEneftehim, 1969. 182 p.
and Conon Best Available Techniques on Emissions from 14. The method of calculating the concentration in the air of
Storage, July 2006.
harmful substances in industrial emissions [Text]. Approved by
8. AEAT (2001). Measures to reduce emissions of VOCs during
State Committee of the USSR for Hydrometeorology and
loading and unloading of ships in the EU. Report No
Environmental Control of 04.08.86. Ed. official. SPb .:
AEAT/ENV/R/0469 Is.2 AEA Technology, Abingdon. 2001.
Gidrometeoizdat. 1986 79 p.
9. CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). 15. Kulagin, A.V. Forecasting and reducing losses from gasoline
Environmental Code of Practice for Vapour Recovery in Gasoevaporation from horizontal underground tanks of gas station
line Distribution Networks. Prepared by the National Task
[Text] / A.V. Kulagin. Ufa, Spectrum, 2003. 154 p.
Development of new technology degassing storage tank of light oil products
S.V. Garbuz, A.A. Kovalev
Abstract. For example, tank PBC-5000 is shown environmental hazard of degassing, calculation promoted of concentration of harmful
substances (hydrocarbons) in the air for operating in Ukraine degassing method, at all stages. For example, international experience
shows the necessity the introduction of hydrocarbon vapor recovery systems, for the effective operation of which offer a new ejectorvortex method of forced ventilation of tanks.
Keywords: degassing of tanks, forced ventilation, harmful substances, environmental hazards, a method of degassing
102
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.. , .. , .. , .. , .. *, .. ,
.. , .. , ..
, ,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Paper received 05.12.15; Revised 10.12.15; Accepted for publication 20.12.15.
. -
.
. - ,
, , .
.
: , , , , , ,
.
11 45%
.
- ( ) ( ), ,
.
,
, (,
). , (. 1) [1].
1.
,%.
, / 3
:
30-45
32-50
25-30
35-50
20-23
50-60
18-20
25-50
:
16-25
16-30
30-40
2-10
25-45
40-45
16-17
32-40
15-45
7-30
12-16
14-30
20-40
0-24
.
,
, , -
[1].
- 10-14 .
, 5
7 40% [1]. -
,
.
.
- .
,
.
, , , , , , , ,
, , .
, , , , . , ,
[2].
.
, ,
. ,
,
- , , ,
, .. ,
[2].
.
, , [3].
2,6 [4].
[5].
,
, , 4164:2003 [6].
103
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.
-
.
,
.
. .
.1
45 1 .
. 1.
.1, 1
50 ,
.
45 , 20 .
80 .
,
, .
,
[3]. , ,
,
,
.
,
40 ,
.
, .
,
, () [3].
10, 15 20.
[8]. ,
2, ,
10.
2.
20
15
10
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
, /100
12,3
10,9
9,6
13,6
11,2
10,5
9,8
12,0
17,2
16,9
16,2
18,4
, /100
, %
5,3
4,7
4,1
5,8
4,8
4,5
4,2
5,1
7,4
7,2
6,9
7,9
5,6
5,0
4,4
6,2
5,1
4,8
4,5
5,5
7,9
7,7
7,4
8,4
,
, -
, 3.
104
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
3. -
,
, %
/100
, /100
12,76
24,16
89,40
156,42
2,5
25,65
32,12
301,87
508,63
3,3
4,5
3
16,72
21,82
662,64
. I ; II
823,77
3,5
8,5
3 , ,
.
,
.
,
, 10 80 40 .
40 % .
. .
. . 2.
[7]. , 4.
. 2.
4.
, /100
1
33
50
67
17
17
17
17
17
, /100
,
/100
, %
50
33
17
67
26,62
26,25
25,89
26,99
11,41
11,25
11,10
11,57
12,17
12,0
11,83
-
4
1,
.
(7,86%)
(12,17%), ,
12,34
( , , 10%) [8].
, 5.
105
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
5.
4257:2003
, %
40
40
, /100 3
, /100 3
, /100,
4,5
0-20
0,00026
0-1
15,4
222,0
, /
5 ,
4257: 2003 [9].
. ,
-
, .
. .
1. .. / 6. 4164:2003. -. .. , .. . .: . .: ,
, 1975. 327.
2004. 16.
2. .. - - 7. UA 99233. / .. , .. , .. / .., .. . 25.05.2015.
, .. , .. , .. . .: - 8. ' 272
, 2011. 696.
18.11.99
3. ..
/ .. , .. . 2
', .. // IX : 1999 . 834/4127.
. - .: , 2005. C. 123-127.
9. 24556-89 .
4. 4257:2003. -.
C. .: . .: , 2004. 18.
, 1990. 10 .
5. .. / .. : , 2002.
260 .
REFERENCES
1. Bachurin, L.Y. Technology of alcoholic beverages production / 5. Gerzhikova, V.G. Technochemical control methods in winemakL.Y. Bachurin, V.A. Smirnov. M.: Food Industry, 1975.
ing / V.G. Gerzhikova Simferopol: Tavrida, 2002. 260 p.
327 p.
6. DSSU 4164:2003. Beverages liquor. Acceptance rules and test
2. Domaretsky, V.A. Biological and physical-chemical bases of food
methods. K.: DSSU, 2004. 16p.
technology / V.A. Domaretsky, A.M. Kutz, V.A. Shevchenko, 7. Patent UA 99233. The composition ingredients bitters / N.V.
V.A. Piddubny, R.M. Leus, .V. Melnyk. K.: Fenks, 2011.
Popova, A.V. Rybachok. Publ. 05/25/2015.
696 p.
8. Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine from 11.18.99 272
3. Popova, N.V. Investigation of water-soluble substances extracted
"On Approval of Normal physiological needs of the population
from tea materials / N.V. Popova, V.L. Zavyalov, V.S. Bodrov //
of Ukraine in the nutrients and energy." Registered with the MinIX International Conference: conference materials. K.: NUFT,
istry of Justice of Ukraine December 2, 1999 under 834/4127.
2005 P.123-127.
9. GOST 24556-89 Products of fruits and vegetables. Methods for
4. DSSU 4257:2003. Beverages liquor. General specifications.
determination of vitamin C. M.: IMPK Publishing Standards,
K.: DSSU, 2004. 18p.
1990. 10p.
106
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
.. 1*, .. 2
1
- ,
2
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
.
(),
,
()
.
,
(-, , )
4050% 1.
, , , , .
,
: 1)
7 ; 2) -
( ); 3)
; 4) -; 4)
(3280 ).
.
.
()
. , (d = 0,51,2 )
63 2,
, .
,
,
,
,
(3,05,0 /).
. ,
( 0,81,0 /),
(
2,53,0% .).
.
.
,
[3,4]. ,
4
0,5
-5.
,
- , [5] 6,0 8,2% .
:
104 10100 [5].
,
. 10
100 .
r =10 ,
( = 72,810-3 H/),
(
), :
.
, 100
1,456 ,
, -5 4.
107
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
. , ,
.
.
, , . (,
7370:2013), (),
axam-chirchiq Farg'onaazot (),
(, , 2-2013),
AZ Pulawy ().
6, (105 0).
21560.2-82.
.
(50 100 ) ,
.
.
1 ,
. 1
. 1
130150
50 1000 , . ,
.
12 30 /. , 1 .
1 .
. , 6570 ( 2% 33,5 %),
(
9 / 3,93,2 /).
0,51,0 % .
.
75% .
,
,
, [7],
, .
, -
. 65
75 ,
.
, , ..
.
,
.
-.
HPO42-,
, :
Mg(NO3)2 + Na2HPO4 = MgHPO4 + NaNO3 ,
(1)
(2)
, (1)
(2) ,
,
CaNH4PO4
MgNH4PO4 (=10-13).
:
3MgHPO4 + 2NH3 = Mg3(PO4)2 + (NH4)2HPO4 , (3)
3CaHPO4 + 2NH3 = Ca3(PO4)2 + (NH4)2HPO4,
(4)
10-29.
,
.
, 0,5% .
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
0,31,0 % . . ,
, ,
, .
,
6575
( 10 ). . 1
, 0,5 %
, (
10 ).
108
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
, %
1. (6575)
, %
0,5% Na3PO4, %
=10
0,35
0,80
0,53
0,34
0,42
0,87
0,64
0,37
0,48
0,93
0,71
0,40
0,38
0,83
0,57
0,34
0,44
0,89
0,63
0,39
0,31
0,76
0,48
0,31
. 1
.
,
(105)
.
- ,
1,31,7 . , 7,5% . .
. 1
.
, , .
,
13 .
25 1,51,9% .
.
. 1.
.
.
0,5 3
Ltd (). , .
, 80 % , ,
IV-III (H = 1,7 /)
, .
50 0 , .
, .
- (. UA
79813, UA8595).
( 20.5-19436711-007:2012), - 8.
120 0,
, ( ).
.
- , ( 3
.), ( 34004100 /),
( 35-40 )
. 150300 /.
.
7,5% . -
, .
109
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
1. .., .. 5.
. .: , 1986. 376 .
/ .. , .. , ..
2. . US 6761781 B1. C06B31/28.High Density ANFO/
. .: , 1990. 288 .
Lawrence D.L. etc. 09/472800; . 28.12.1999; 6. .. //
.13.07.2004
. 2012. 107/64. . 168-180.
3. .. 7. ..
// .
// . . -. 1952. .71.
2007. 98/55. . 181-191
. 25-51.
4. 8. .., . -
/ .. , .. , .. // . 2006.
// ,
.2 (37), . 2. . 81-84.
. .. : , ,
2013. .189-198.
REFERENCES
1. Baron, L.V., Kantor, V.Kh. Technique and technology of exploum nitrate in large capacitys aggregates. Moscow: Khimiya,
sive works in the USA. Moscow: Nedra, 1986.
1990.
2. Lawrence, D.L. and other. High Density ANFO, 2004. Pat 6. Kovtun, Yu.V. ANFO .. ANFO and Igdanite
6761781 US.
without an equal sign // Vzryvnoe delo, 2012. Vol. 107(64),
3. Kantor, V.Kh. New equipment and technology of manufacturP. 168-180.
ing industrial explosives with thermal treatment of granulated 7. Kurin, N.P. .. The theory packing granulated ammoammonium nitrate // Vzryvnoe delo, 2007. Vol. 98(56),
nium nitrate and possible ways to prevent packing // Izvestiya
P. 181-191.
Tomskogo universiteta, 1952, Is. 71, P. 25-51.
4. Efremov, E.I., Rymarchuk, B.I and other. Improvement elemen- 8. Kovalenko, I.L., Kuprin, V.P. Physicochemical approach to detary explosive mixtures based on ammonium nitrate and oil
veloping of the simplest explosives for underground mining //
products // Visnuk KDPU, 2006. Vol. 2 (37), Is. 2. , P. 81-84.
High-energy systems, processes and models. Dnepropetrovsk:
5. Svanov, M.E, Olevsky V.M. and other. Production of ammoniAktsentPP, 2013, P. 189-198.
Technology of agricultural ammonium nitrate modification in the production of energy condensed systems
I.L. Kovalenko, D.V. Kiyaschenko
Abstract. The method of agricultural ammonium nitrate modification by treatment with sodium orthophosphate, followed by drying, is
given. The necessity of nitrate drying with suction is shown. Modified granules absorb up to 7.5% of the liquid fuel while maintaining
the initial strength of the granules. It was shown that the strength characteristics are provided by creating a hard skeleton in granules of
slightly soluble compounds. The technology of ammonium nitrate modification and obtaining of highly stable granular explosives for
use in underground mining was developed.
Keywords: ammonium nitrate, modification, sodium orthophosphate
110
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
ISO 12647-2:2013
.. 1*, .. 1, .. 1, .. 2
2
1
, ,
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
ISO ,
, .
, .
ISO 12647. ,
, .
ISO 126472
.
2013 ISO 126472.
, ,
2004 . , , , .
,
. ISO 12647
2:2013 CIE LAB. , .
. , -
, .
, , ,
.
, CIE L*a*b
, M1 (D50).
M0 (no filter). M1 (D50).
. ,
-
, .
CIE L*a*b
,
. 2013. , .
. ISO : , , ,
.
,
, ISO,
.
delta
D65 Brightness M0 M2 [1].
, , ECI .
,
. ISO 12647-2:2004
FOGRA.
, FOGRA ECI
,
, :
FOGRA39 ISO Coated v2 Paper type 1,2;
FOGRA45 PSO LWC Improved Paper type 3;
FOGRA46 PSO LWC Standart Paper type 3;
FOGRA47 PSO uncoated ISO 12647 Paper type 4;
FOGRA30 PSO uncoated Yellowish Paper type 5;
30 2015 FOGRA, ECI bvdm
- ISO 12647-2:2013,
:
FOGRA51 PSO Coated v3 Printing Condition 1,
Premium coated paper;
FOGRA52 PSO Uncoated v3 (FOGRA52) Printing
Condition 5, Wood-free uncoated white paper [2].
.
characterization data. ,
,
.
FOGRA FOGRA51 FOGRA52,
L*,a*,b* -
111
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
S (
), [3].
1. Lab ,
ISO 12647-2:2013
ISO 12647-2:2004
PS1
1,2
FOGRA 51
FOGRA 39
80-250 (115)
115
105-135
10-80
35/65
L
a
b
L
a
b
95
1
-4
93
1
-5
93
0
-3
3
2
4
3
2
2
, /2
2. Lab ,
ISO 12647-2:2013
ISO 12647-2:2004
PS5
4
FOGRA 52
FOGRA 47
70-250 (120)
115
140-175
5-15
3
L
a
b
L
a
95
1
-4
92
1
-5
92
0
3
2
2
3
2
, /2
[3] ,
ISO 126472:2013.
L
[4-6].
,
Adobe RGB (1988).
1,0
R,G,B
0,8
0,6
0,6
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,0
0,0
0,2
FOGRA 52
1,0
FOGRA 51
0,0
0,4
0,6
0,8
b
-3
2
,
.
, ,
, , .
[4]
R ( ), G (
) B ( )
1-S (. 1).
0,8
R,G,B
FOGRA51
FOGRA39, FOGRA52
(.1,2).
0,0
1,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1-S
1-S
. 1. ISO 126472:2013:
- ; -
112
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
, 1,
Origin.
(1-3) :
R RC R0 RC 1 SC
G GM G0 GM 1 SM
B BY B0 BY 1 SY
(1)
;
(2)
(3)
, ,
, .
[5] , .
.
(R,G,B) S , ,
>1, S
=1.
S
, :
(4)
S 100 1 S 1 S ,
S ;
.
FindBaseVectors,
S ,
L*a*b*,
.
,
.
. , ISO 126472:2004 ISO 126472:2013, 3.
3. FOGRA
FOGRA,
,
ISO
, C
, M
, Y
FOGRA51, 2015
,
1,585
1,61
1,586
FOGRA39, 2007
,
1,48
1,52
1,505
FOGRA52, 2015
,
1.978
1.994
1.969
FOGRA47, 2009
,
1.74
1.772
1.781
, ,
.
.
. -
,
, (.3).
1,2 PS1
, ,
.
4. (TVI) FOGRA
%
PS1
1,2
PS5 (Fogra52)
(Fogra51)
(Fogra39)
4 (Fogra47)
Y
C
M
Y
Y
98%
1.41
2.21
1.44
1.05
1.25
1.29
1.5
1.53
1.55
1.19
1.40
1.38
95%
3.30
3.81
3.09
2.61
3.07
3.18
3.73
3.8
3.86
2.92
3.34
3.48
90%
5.80
5.85
5.45
4.99
5.89
6.12
7.13
7.26
7.42
5.64
6.36
6.76
85%
7.18
7.41
7.35
7.04
8.34
8.69
9.81 10.05 10.35
8.11
9.13
9.74
80%
8.47
8.31
8.45
8.70
10.22
10.77 12.34 12.65 13.11
10.26
11.52
12.31
75%
9.05
11.01
9.57
9.91
11.57
12.32 14.36 14.74 15.32
12.02
13.62
14.41
70%
10.25
11.85
11.25
10.82
12.68
13.52 16.12
16.6 17.28
13.51
15.37
16.21
60%
11.98
13.45
13.28
11.72
13.81
14.63 18.65 19.32
2.2
15.63
17.81
18.65
55%
10.79
10.70
12.79
11.60
13.90
14.63 19.58 20.32 21.23
16.19
18.43
19.31
50%
10.00
12.05
13.10
11.43
13.67
14.42 20.19 20.98 21.94
16.41
18.62
19.57
40%
9.52
10.38
12.28
10.52
12.31
13.13 20.45 21.36 22.28
15.84
17.97
18.94
30%
6.53
8.32
10.47
8.51
10.15
10.77
19.1 19.98 20.88
14.03
15.91
16.63
25%
6.51
7.80
8.81
7.39
8.80
9.25 17.61 18.41
19.3
12.52
14.37
14.91
20%
5.96
7.58
8.91
6.32
7.22
7.56 15.69 16.42 17.18
10.57
12.44
12.80
15%
4.73
7.31
6.85
4.84
5.63
5.91 12.95 13.55
14.2
8.50
9.93
10.26
10%
1.90
3.19
4.16
3.32
3.93
4.02
9.64 10.09
10.6
6.09
7.03
7.30
7%
0.53
2.04
2.70
2.34
2.84
2.77
7
7.35
7.72
4.48
5.10
5.29
5%
0.54
1.76
2.37
1.67
2.03
1.99
5.11
5.34
5.65
3.31
3.76
3.88
3%
0.59
1.78
1.37
0.94
1.16
1.18
3.16
3.3
3.48
2.07
2.35
2.37
2%
0.27
1.48
0.69
0.58
0.72
0.74
2.12
2.22
2.34
1.43
1.63
1.60
113
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
1,0
0,9
Reflection, %
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
. 3. ,
750
lambda, nm
, , 0,25
. , FOGRA52,
, FOGRA47. L*a*b*
93 3 -10,
95 1 -4. ,
ISO, PSO.
114
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com
,
, ISO 12647-2:2013
(. 2).
, , CIE L*a*b M1 (D50).
M1 M0.
FOGRA [3], .
L*a*b*
(TVI) (. 4).
,
S=12-14%,
S=16-23%. , , . 2 ,
(TVI)
: 1,2
PS1 1%.
. PS5
4 %
4.
, .
,
ISO 126472:2013 (
. 3), ,
, : -
, .
2015 Fogra PS1, 1617 ,
. 3
100%
FOGRA51.
, , ,
ISO 2846-1 [7],
.
. ,
FOGRA, .
1,2 (ISO
126472:2004) PS1 (ISO 126472:2013) ,
,
, .
ISO 126472 0,08-0,1.
.
PS5
0,23 , 4. , TVI
.
,
.
5. ..
/ .. , .. , .. // : . . .
: , 2008. 20. . 247-259.
6. ..
/ .. , .. , .. //
: . . . , 2008. 15.
. 87-89.
7. Graphic technology Color and transparency of printing ink sets.
ISO 2846-1. Part 1 : Offset printing. ISO Geneva, 1997.
REFERENCES
1. Process control for the production of half-tone color separation,
proof and production prints. Part 2: Offset processes. Graphic
technology. Geneva, Switzerland. ISO/DIS 12647-2-2013.
2. European Color Initiative (ECI) / URL: http://www.eci.org/en/start
3. FOGRA characterisation data for offset: International Color Consortium / URL: http://www.color.org/ FOGRA.html
4. Shovhenyuk, M.V. Characteristics of process inks prints in color space
Adobe RGB / M.V. Shovhenyuk, N.V. Zanko, N.S. Pysanchyn //
Computer Technology Printing: Coll. Science. works. Lviv: UAH
works, 2007. 19. P. 203-222.
5. Zanko, N.V. Dot gain evaluation of triad color based on the index of
nonlinearity / N.V. Zanko, N.S. Pysanchyn, M.V. Shovhenyuk //
Computer technologies of Printing: Coll. Scie. Works. Lviv:
Ukrainian Academy of Printing, 2008. 20. P. 247-259.
6. Zanko, N.V. Model of avtotype synthesis of colors by real paints /
N.V. Zanko, N.S. Pysanchyn, M.V. Shovhenyuk // Development
Management: Coll. Scie. Works. Kharkiv, 2008. 15. P. 8789.
7. Graphic technology Color and transparency of printing ink sets.
ISO 2846-1. Part 1 : Offset printing. ISO Geneva, 1997.
115
Science and Education a New Dimension. Natural and Technical Sciences, III(8), Issue: 73, 2015 www.seanewdim.com