CRUZ, ROLANDO JR., T.

BSEE/4TH YEAR
ENGR. GERARD FRANCESCO DG. APOLINARIO

EE406/EEF2FA2
ASSESMENT TASK-M[SO(A)]
FEBRUARY 13, 2016

A STANDARD PRACTICE FOR UTILITY COMPANIES IS TO DIVIDE ITS CUSTOMERS INTO SINGLE-PHASE USERS AND THREE-PHASE USERS.
THE UTILITY MUST PROVIDE THREE-PHASE USERS, TYPICALLY INDUSTRIES, WITH ALL THREE PHASES. HOWEVER, SINGLE-PHASE USERS,
RESIDENTIAL AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL, ARE CONNECTED TO ONLY ONE PHASE. TO REDUCE CABLE COSTS, ALL SINGLE-PHASE USERS IN
A NEIGHBORHOOD ARE CONNECTED TOGETHER. THIS MEANS THAT EVEN IF THE THREE PHASE USERS PRESENT PERFECTLY BALANCED
LOADS TO THE POWER GRID, THE SINGLE-PHASE LOADS WILL NEVER BE IN BALANCE, RESULTING IN CURRENT FLOW IN THE NEUTRAL
CONNECTION.
A DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER BANK OF THREE SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER IS CONNECTED Y-Y (SHOWN IN FIGURE a.)). THE
SECONDARIES OF THE BANK SUPPLY POWER TO A 4003 V, 3-, FOUR-WIRE SYSTEM. THE LOAD IN THE SYSTEM CONSIST OF:
STREET LIGHTS A 48 kW, 1-, PHASE AN
STREET LIGHTS B 30 kW, 1-, PHASE BN
STREET LIGHTS C 60 kW, 1-, PHASE CN
15 RESIDENTIAL HOUSES 10 kW, 0.95 LAGGING, 1- EACH, PHASE AN
35 RESIDENTIAL HOUSES 10 kW, 0.95 LAGGING, 1- EACH, PHASE BN
25 RESIDENTIAL HOUSES 10 kW, 0.95 LAGGING, 1- EACH, PHASE CN
2 COMMERTIAL ESTABLISHMENT 15 kVA, 0.94 LAGGING, 1- EACH, PHASE AN
3 COMMERTIAL ESTABLISHMENT 15 kVA, 0.94 LAGGING, 1- EACH, PHASE BN
4 COMMERTIAL ESTABLISHMENT 15 kVA, 0.94 LAGGING, 1- EACH, PHASE CN
BLDG 1 20 kVA, 0.6 pf LAGGING, 3-
BLDG 2 12 kW, 0.75 pf LAGGING, 3-
BLDG 3 18 kW, 0.8 pf LAGGING, 3-
BLDG 4 10 kVA, 0.6 pf LEADING, 3-
1 MALL 400 kVA, 0.8 pf LAGGING, 3-

FIND:
a.) THE TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO
b.) THE APPROPRIATE NEUTRAL IMPEDANCE IF THE NEUTRAL VOLTAGE IS TO REMAIN BETWEEN 10 V TO 20 V
c.) THE CAPACITOR TO BE CONNECTED IN EACH PHASE TO MAINTAIN THE POWER FACTOR TO 0.95 LAGGING

SOLUTION:

a.) =

13.8103
400

69
2

= 69: 2

b.) METHOD 1: (BY OHMS LAW THROUGH THE NEUTRAL VOLTAGE)

FOR THE NEUTRAL CURRENT, :

SOLVING FOR , , AND USING THE EQUATION = ( ) = ( ), THEN THE LINE CURRENT/S PER LOAD ARE:

STREET LIGHTS A (1-):

48 0
1 =
= 1200
4000

STREET LIGHTS B (1-):

30 0
1 =
= 75 120
4000
STREET LIGHTS C (1-):
60 0
1 =
= 150120
4000

15 RESIDENTIAL HOUSES (1-):

15(10 )
cos1 0.95
0.95

2 =
4000

2 = 394.7368 18.1949

35 RESIDENTIAL HOUSES (1-):

35(10 )
cos 1 0.95
2 = 0.95

400 120
2 = 921.0526 138.1949

25 RESIDENTIAL HOUSES (1-):

25(10 )
cos1 0.95
0.95

2 =
400 240

2 = 657.8947101.8051

2 COMMERTIAL ESTABLISHMENT (1-):

2(15 ) cos1 0.94

= 75 19.9484
3 =
4000

3 COMMERTIAL ESTABLISHMENT (1-):

3(15 ) cos1 0.94

= 112.5 139.9484
3 =
400 120
4 COMMERTIAL ESTABLISHMENT (1-):

4(15 ) cos1 0.94

= 150100.0516
3 =
4000

BLDG 1 (3-):

20 cos1 0.6
4 =

3(4000)
4 = 16.6667 53.1301
4 = 16.6667 173.1301
4 = 16.6667 293.1301

BLDG 2 (3-):

12 cos1 0.75

5 =
3(0.75)(4000)
5 = 13.3333 41.4096
5 = 13.3333 161.4096
5 = 13.3333 281.4096
BLDG 3 (3-):

18 cos1 0.8

6 =
3(0.8)(4000)
6 = 18.75 36.8699
6 = 18.75 156.8699
6 = 18.75 276.8699

BLDG 4 (3-):

10 cos1 0.6
7 =

3(4000)
7 = 8.333353.1301
7 = 8.3333 66.8699
7 = 8.3333 186.8699

1 MALL (3-):

400 cos 1 0.8

8 =
3(4000)
8 = 333.3333 36.8699
8 = 333.3333 156.8699
8 = 333.3333 276.8699

FINALLY, THE LINE CURRENTS ARE

= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 949.5974 23.2981
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 1470.2635 142.0818
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 1314.73698.4303

FOR THE NEUTRAL CURRENT, :

SINCE THE VALUES OF THE LINE CURRENTS ARE DIFFERENT, THE LOAD IS UNBALANCED AND CURRENT WILL FLOW IN THE
NEUTRAL WIRE. APPLYING KCL AT NODE N GIVES THE NEUTRAL CURRENT AS
= + +
= 949.5974 23.2981 + 1470.2635 142.0818 + 1314.73698.4303
= 480.9335177.4472

FOR THE NEUTRAL IMPEDANCE, THE NEUTRAL VOLTAGE MUST BE BETWEEN 10 V TO 20 V (i.e., 10<V<20).

BY OHMS LAW FOR AC CIRCUIT, =

10 < < 20

20
10
<
<
480.9335 480.9335
20.7929103 < < 41.5858103
THE APPROPRIATE NEUTRAL IMPEDANCE MUST BE BETWEEN 20.7929 m TO 41.5858 m

METHOD 2: (BY MILLMANS THEOREM)

, WE MUST SOLVE FIRST FOR THE EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCES FOR EACH PHASES SO THAT WE
FOR THE NEUTRAL IMPEDANCE,

CAN SOLVE FOR THE NEUTRAL IMPEDANCE THROUGH MILLMANS THEOREM, =

FOR THE EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE IN EACH PHASES:

STREET LIGHTS A (1-):

4002
1 = (
) = 3.33330
48 0

STREET LIGHTS B (1-):

4002
= 5.33330
1 =
30 0
STREET LIGHTS C (1-):
4002
) = 2.66670
1 = (
60 0

15 RESIDENTIAL HOUSES (1-):

4002

2 =
10
15
cos1 0.95
0.95
= 0.9627 + 0.3164
2

35 RESIDENTIAL HOUSES (1-):

4002

2 =
10
35
cos 1 0.95
0.95
= 0.4126 + 0.136
2

25 RESIDENTIAL HOUSES (1-):

4002

2 =

10
35
cos1 0.95
0.95
= 0.5776 + 0.1898
2

2 COMMERTIAL ESTABLISHMENT (1-):

+
+

1
1
1
1
+
+
+

4002
3 =

2(10 ) cos1 0.94

3 = 5.01333 + 1.8196

3 COMMERTIAL ESTABLISHMENT (1-):

4002

3 =
1
3(10 ) cos 0.94
3 = 3.3422 + 1.2131

4 COMMERTIAL ESTABLISHMENT (1-):

4002

3 =
4(10 ) cos1 0.94

3 = 2.5067 + 0.9098
BLDG 1 (3-):

3(400)2
4 = 4 = 4 = (
)
20 cos 1 0.6
= = = 14.4 + 19.2
4

BLDG 2 (3-):

3(400)2
5 = 5 = 5 = (
)
12
cos1 0.75
0.75
5 = 5 = 5 = 22.5 + 19.8431
BLDG 3 (3-):

3(400)2
)
6 = 6 = 6 = (
18
1
cos 0.8
0.8
6 = 6 = 6 = 17.0667 + 12.8

3(400)2
)
8 = 8 = 8 = (
400 cos1 0.8
= = = 0.96 + 0.72

BLDG 4 (3-):

3(400)2
7 = 7 = 7 = (
)
10 cos 1 0.6
= = = 28.8 38.4
7

1 MALL (3-):

BY PER PHASE ANALYSIS, WE CAN SOLVE FOR THE EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE IN EACH PHASE AS:
1
= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 =
= 0.3869 + 0.1666
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
= 0.2521 + 0.1024
= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ + + + + + +

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
= 0.2829 + 0.1118
= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

NOW WE CAN APPLY MILMANNS THEOREM, =

+
+

1
1
1
1
+
+
+

NOTE THAT THE NEUTRAL VOLTAGE MUST BE BETWEEN 10 V TO 20 V (i.e., 10<V<20),

+ +

=
=
1
1
1
1
1
+ + +
2 +

1
1
1
+
+
= 481.3698177.3446 / 2 =
+
+
= 9.3358 22.2179 /
( 1 =

10< <20

10< 1 1 <20
2 +

1
2 +
1

>
1
10
1
1
> 2 +

10

1
1
2 >

10

<
1
2
10

1
20
1
>
20
1
>
2
20
1
<
1
2
20
1
1
<
<
481.3698177.3446
481.3698177.3446
9.3358 22.2179
9.3358 22.2179
10
20

17.5378 174.2019 < < 30.2904 171.9113

>

THE APPROPRIATE NEUTRAL IMPEDANCE MUST BE BETWEEN 17.5378 TO 30.2904

c.) METHOD 1: (POWER FACTOR CORRECTION THROUGH COMPLEX POWER ANALYSIS)

FOR THE CAPACITOR CONNECTED IN EACH PHASE, WE MUST SOLVE FIRST FOR THE POWER IN EACH PHASE TO MAINTAIN THE
POWER FACTOR TO 0.95 LAGGING (WE CANNOT USE = 3 2 HERE SINCE THE SYSTEM IS UNBALANCED) THEN WE CAN SOLVE
FOR THE CAPACITANCE THROUGH THE EQUATION = (tan tan )

FOR THE TOTAL COMPLEX POWER IN PHASE A,

15(10 )

= 48 0 +
cos1 0.95 + 2(15 ) cos1 0.94 +
0.95
= 348.8667 + 150.2321 = 379.83923.2981
= 348.8667

= (tan tan )

20 cos1 0.6
3

12

+ 0.75

cos1 0.75
3

18

+ 0.8

cos1 0.8
3

10 cos1 0.6

400 cos1 0.8

3

4002
= 348.8667 (tan (cos1 0.95) tan 23.2981)
1
2(60)

= 589.6207

FOR THE TOTAL COMPLEX POWER IN PHASE B:

12
18
1
cos 1 0.8
35(10 )
20 cos1 0.6 0.75 cos 0.75
cos 1 0.95 + 3(15 ) cos1 0.94 +
+
+ 0.8
3
0.95
3
3
10 cos 1 0.6 400 cos 1 0.8
+
+
3
3

= 544.9667 + 221.0866 = 588.105422.0818

= 544.9667

= 30 0 +

= (tan tan )
4002
= 544.9667 (tan (cos 1 0.95) tan 22.0818)
1
2(60)
= 695.7145

FOR THE TOTAL COMPLEX POWER IN PHASE C:

12
18
1
cos1 0.8
25(10 )
20 cos1 0.6 0.75 cos 0.75
cos1 0.95 + 4(15 ) cos1 0.94 +
+
+ 0.8
3
0.95
3
3
10 cos 1 0.6 400 cos 1 0.8
+
+
3
3
= 489.0667 + 193.3358 = 525.894421.5697
= 489.0667
= 60 0 +

= (tan tan )
4002
= 489.0667 (tan (cos 1 0.95) tan 21.5697)
1
2(60)
= 540.2587

METHOD 2: (POWER FACTOR CORRECTION USING = 2 , THROUGH THE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN EACH PHASES)
FOR THE TOTAL POWER IN PHASE A:
= 2 ( ) = 949.59742 (0.3869)=348881.3574 W

= (tan tan )
4002
= 348881.3574 (tan (cos1 0.95) tan 23.2968)
1
2(60)
= 589.4899

FOR THE TOTAL POWER IN PHASE B:

= 2 ( ) = 1470.26352 (0.2521) = 544958.2069

= (tan tan )
4002
= 544958.2069 (tan (cos 1 0.95) tan 22.1064)
1
2(60)
= 700.2219

FOR THE TOTAL POWER IN PHASE C:

= 2 ( ) = 1314.7362 (0.2829) = 489001.3491

= (tan tan )
4002
= 489001.3491 (tan (cos 1 0.95) tan 21.5636)
1
2(60)
= 539.1559